3/12/021 old mars mars is further away, we see a smaller image so we need much better telescopes
TRANSCRIPT
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Old Mars
Mars is further away, we see a smaller image so we
need much better telescopes
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Mars
• Reddish color, easily seen with naked eye– on Earth, red colored rocks are found in deserts
• Roman god of war color of blood (second to Jupiter)
• Astrological symbol is a shield and spear
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• Until photography, all images drawn or painted
• very difficult to compare observations - intervention of the observer
• first image due to Fontana (1636)
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Refractor telescopes
• Simple refractor
• not a sharp image
• colors have a
• different focus
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Based on two lenses
Objective lens - concave
Ocular lens - concave
The same as an opera glass - 3 power
o b j e c t i v e
eyepiece
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• First accurate drawing - Huygens 1659
• first showing of polar caps Huygens 1672
• Mars was seem to have dark and light areas– Dark – water (oceans, seas, bays lakes)– Bright – continents (reddish color)
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Syrtis Major
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1672
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• Herschel 1777-1784
• observed tilt to be ~30 degrees (like Earth)
• therefore, 4 seasons (like Earth)
• concluded that the inhabitants would enjoy a life similar to that on Earth
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Big improvement
• Invention of the achromatic objective lens
• Chester Hall, 1729
• Two different kinds of glass in the objective
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Problems with glass
• 1799
• Swiss, Pierre Louis Guinand
• cast high quality lenses as large as 6”
• worked with Joseph von Fraunhofer, a German optician who did the grinding and polishing
• later lenses were much larger
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Applications of new telescopes
• Heinrick Mädler - school teacher (seminary), amateur astronomer
• met Wilhelm Beer - banker and amateur astronomer
• looked at Mars (map in 1830)
• did not name features
• mapped Moon 1834-1836
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More observations• Mountains of Mitchell, 1845 (B & M)
• use of the term canale; Angel Secchi, 1858 (referred to a channel)
• Dawes, 1860s, names features– also determines relation between size of
telescope and resolution– begins a race for big telescopes
• No standard nomenclature
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Next opposition
• 1877
• new telescope (Alvan Clark) 26” at US Naval Observatory
• new observer; Asaph Hall
• not a professional astronomer
• observed two satellites; Phobos (fear) and Deimos (flight) - reference to Iliad
• only terrestrial planet (except Earth) with satellites
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At the same opposition
• Giovanni Schiaparelli
• accurate measurements of lat. & long. of features
• introduced a nomenclature that stuck (1877)
• showed long, straight, narrow dark makings
• called them canali, again meaning channels
• got translated into canals, artificial
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New features
• Schiaparelli - observed gemination, a splitting of canals
• canals had to be several miles wide to be seen
• must have been vegetation on the banks of the canals
• showed dark areas where canals crossed
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Names
• Light areas - terrestrial or imaginary lands– Arabia, Hellas, Syria, Amazonis
• dark areas - bodies of water– seas - Tyrrhenum mare– bays - Sabaeus sinus– gulfs - Golfo sabeo– lakes - Solis lacus
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Problems in viewing Mars
• Opposition every 2 years and 50 days
• best oppositions every 15 or 17 years
• difficult image at opposition
• next (great) opposition: August 28, 2003– Best in thousands of years!
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New player
• Percival Lowell 1855-1916
• an amateur but a serious one
• was convinced that the canals were artificial
• constructed to irrigate deserts (red color)
• view of Mars as a planet drying out
• Dark areas were not seas but marshes
• Wave of darkening (primary evidence)
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If there is water on Mars• Dark areas, light areas (yes)• clouds (yes)• storms (yes)• reflection of Sun on water (no)
– Reflected light not polarized (no)– but suppose the dark areas are vegetation
• polar caps (yes)• red color (yes)
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Implications of water
• On Earth, water comes from volcanic activity
• volcanoes indicate geologic activity
• volcanoes indicate plate tectonics
• moderate temp. & atmospheric pressure
• as we understand it, life can form under these conditions
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General conclusions, 1877
• Moderate climate
• water available
• large desert areas
• planet losing water
• an ideal place for life
• sentient organisms living there
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Requirements for life
• Moderate temperatures (between 0 and 100 C)
• free water
• an atmosphere– does not have to be oxygen