31 the changing face of the earth
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31 The Changing Face of the Earth. Before. After. Flooding of Mississippi & Illinois Rivers 1993. At which type of plate boundary would you expect to find large, deep focus earthquakes, but no volcanoes?. Continent-continent collision boundary Continental rift boundary Transform boundary - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PS 100 -- Chapter 31 1
31 The Changing Face of the Earth
Flooding of Mississippi & Illinois Rivers 1993
Before After
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PS 100 -- Chapter 31 2
At which type of plate boundary would you expect to find large, deep focus earthquakes, but no volcanoes?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%1. Continent-continent collision boundary
2. Continental rift boundary
3. Transform boundary
4. Ocean-ocean collision boundary
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What is a Natural System?
Group of natural, interdependent parts or components
Interactions between parts forms the system Forces drive the system All systems tend toward a state of maximum
disorder (entropy) called equilibrium Earth’s two major systems are:
Hydrologic System Tectonic System
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Hydrologic System System of moving
water Rivers Oceans, Lakes Glaciers Groundwater Water Vapor in
Atmosphere
Effects of Hydrologic System Erosion Transportation of
Sediment Deposition of
Sediment Creation of Numerous
Landforms
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PS 100 -- Chapter 31 5
Hydrologic System
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Where is Water Found in the Hydrologic System?
Ocean
Glaciers
All Other
97%
2.2
0.7
0.013
0.0045
0.0009
0.0184
Glaciers
Groundwater
Lakes &Rivers
Soil
Atmosphere
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What Forces Drive this System? Solar Radiation
Average ~342 W/m2 = ~342 joules/sec m2
Causes evaporation
GravityPulls water down slopesCausing erosion, transportation of sediment
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Subsystems of Hydrologic System River Systems Glacial Systems Groundwater
Systems Ocean/Shoreline
Systems Desert Systems
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Rivers Primary mechanism for
erosion Move sediment from
mountains to oceans Also carry dissolved ions
(salts) Can be easily disturbed
by human activity Dams Pollution Irrigation
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Glaciers Rivers of Ice Very effective agents of erosion Carve different topography than rivers Many glaciers are currently shrinking due to global
warming
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Pasterze Glacier, Austria
1875
2004
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Groundwater Rocks can hold a lot of
water! Porosity Permeability
Groundwater is a major source of drinking and irrigation water
Groundwater is often affected by human activity Overpumping Pollution Irrigation
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Water Table
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Oceans & Shorelines
Beautiful, but changeable
Shorelines are places of active… Erosion Transportation Deposition
Human activity can have a significant effect on shorelines
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PS 100 -- Chapter 31 23 NASA
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PS 100 -- Chapter 31 24 Smiley Pool, Dallas Morning News
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17 July 2001
31 Aug 2005: After Katrina
17 Sep 2004: After Ivan
Dauphin Barrier Island: Alabama National Geographic
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Barrier islands and wetlands
No barrier islands or wetlands: Effects of artificial subsidence & sea level rise
National Geographic
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Deserts Dominated by wind
Carries light-weight particles (sand & dust)
Leaves the rest behind
Human effects Desertification
Overgrazing Poor Farming Practices
Destruction of Soil Irrigation adds salts
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Climate Change All of these systems are affected by the
changing climate Earth’s climate changes naturally over time
At times in the past the Earth has been much cooler and at other times much warmer
Human activity can speed up the rate at which these changes occur Pollution
CO2 and CH4 can help hold heat around the Earth Particulates (dust and smoke) can reflect sunlight and lead to
cooling of the Earth
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What is Earth’s Past History?How do we know?
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What Causes Climate Change? Amount of Solar Radiation Reaching the Earth
Milankovich Cycles Distance of Earth from Sun (100,000 yr cycle) Tilt of Earth on its axis (41,000 yr cycle) Precession of Earth on its axis (23,000 yr cycle)
Amount of Solar Radiation Trapped in the Lower Atmosphere Greenhouse Effect
Carbon Dioxide Methane Water Vapor
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What is the evidence that Earth is warming up?
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ICE CORE DATA
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Recent Sea Level Changes
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Possible Human Effects on Climate
Declining CO2 trend reversed 8000 years ago Correlates with clearing of European forests & beginning of rice
cultivation Declining CH4 trend reversed 5000 years ago
Correlates with flooding of lowlands and beginning of rice cultivation
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Should we do anything?
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Geologic record indicates that past sea level changes when polar glaciers melt have been hundreds of meters. The cost would be catastrophic.
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Risk, Cost, & Benefit Cost of reducing greenhouse emissions will
certainly be billions of dollars Certainty of global warming is not 100%
Current predictions depend on imperfect models
Environmental and economic consequences could be truly catastrophic Some say global warming could cause the end of
technological civilization
As voters & consumers, these are your issues
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PS 100 -- Chapter 31 45
Climate change is caused mainly by changes in the balance between the amount of solar radiation received and the amount of heat radiated back into space by the Earth.
True False
50%50%1. True
2. False