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Organic ChemistryDr. Chin Chu

What is Organic chemistry?• What does organic mean to you?• The name organic was given to molecules found in

living organisms.• Now, organic chemistry refers to the chemistry of

carbon compounds.– Carbon is important to life because of its ability

to form an endless number of molecules• CH4 – methane gas• Proteins• Cotton, wool, silk• CH3CH2OH - Ethanol

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

Typically, organic compounds

Contain carbon.

Have covalent bonds.

Have low melting points.

Have low boiling points.

Are flammable.

Are soluble in nonpolar solvents..

Tetrahedral Nature of Carbon

• When carbon forms four bonds to other atoms, the bonds are situated 109.5o apart from each other.

• This arrangement is a tetrahedral arrangement.

Other Elements

• Carbon in organic compounds also commonly forms covalent bonds with N, O, S, and halogens (Cl, Br)

Learning Check

• Complete the structure of the organic molecule by adding the correct number of hydrogen atoms.

C—C—C

Learning Check

• Complete the structure of the organic molecule by adding the correct number of hydrogen atoms.

H H H | | | H—C—C—C—H | | |

H H H

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AlkanesHydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bondsGeneral formula = CnH2n+2

n = number of carbons

Uses of Alkanes

• Small number of carbons (1 – 4 carbons)– gases– Heating fuels – propane, butane

• 5 – 8 carbons– Liquids– Fuels – gasoline, kerosene, diesel, jet fuel

• 18 + carbons– Waxy solids– Waxes (paraffins), Vaseline

Conformation of Alkanes• Because of the tetrahedral shape of carbon bonds,

carbon bonds are in a zigzag pattern

• Atoms can rotate around a single carbon-carbon bond

– Different arrangements that can occur because of this are called conformations

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Expanded and Condensed Formulas

• Expanded structural formula = all individual bonds (indicated with dashes) and atoms are drawn

• Condensed structural formula =each carbon atom is grouped with its bonded hydrogen atoms. Subscripts are used to indicate number of H’s and bonds are indicated with dashes

• Skeletal Formula= only carbons and bonds(as dashes) are represented- hydrogens are implied

Expanded and Condensed Formulas

• Line bond formulas = lines represent carbon-carbon bonds. No individual atom is indicated. Hydrogens and Carbons are implied.

• Molecular Formula= Atoms are represented and subscripts are used to indicate the number of each atom. No bonds are drawn.

• Geometric Formula= Similar to line bond formulas, but used for cyclic compounds.

IUPAC

• International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

• Determined protocol for naming organic compounds

• Pentane– Prefix states number of carbons

• Pent - = five carbons

– Suffix shows kind of compound• -ane = alkane, only single carbon bonds

Cycloalkanes

• Hydrocarbons do not need to be in a chain, they can also form circular structures

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes: •Are rings of carbons that can be drawn as geometric figures. •Have a general formula of CnH2n or 2 H less than the alkane. • propane C3H8 cyclopropane C3H6. • butane C4H10 cyclobutane C4H8. •Are named with the prefix cyclo- in front of the corresponding alkane name.

Cyclopropane CyclohexaneCyclopentaneCyclobutane

LINE BOND FORMULAS FOR SOME CYCLOALKANES

C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12

Naming Alkanes

• Molecular formulas do not tell us the structure– structural isomers

• Carbon compounds can be continuous-chain or branched-chained

Substituents

• Substituents are groups of atoms that replace a hydrogen on a carbon chain

• If the substituent is a hydrocarbon, it is called an alkyl group– The alkyl group is named by replacing the –

ane with -yl

Steps for naming alkanes

1. Name the longest continuous chain of carbons as the main chain

2. Number the carbon atoms in the main chain starting on the end nearest a substituent

-Where there are 2 or more substituents, the main chain should be numbered to give the lowest possible number set

Naming Alkanes Cont.

3. Give the location and name of each alkyl group in front of the name of the main chain- use prefixes (di-, tri-) if a group appears more than once

4. List the substituents in alphabetical order

Example: Formula to Name

1. Name longest chain first.

2. Number Carbons from the end with the nearest substituent.

3. Give the location and name of each alkyl group in front of the name of the main chain2-methyl-4-ethylhexane

4. List substituents in alphabetical order. 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane

Example: Formula to Name

1. Name Longest Chain First= heptane

2. Number Carbons from the end with the nearest substituent.

3. Give the location and name of each alkyl group in front of the name of the main chain2,5-dimethylheptane

4. List substituents in alphabetical order. Fine as is!

Drawing Structural Formulas

Step 1 – Draw the main chain of carbon atoms

Step 2 – Draw the substituents on the main chain in the positions indicated by the location numbers

Step 3 – Fill in the correct number of hydrogen atoms to give four bonds to each carbon atom

Draw 2,3-dimethylpentane

1. Draw Main Chain of Carbon atoms

2. Draw the substituents on the main chain in the positions indicated by the location numbers

3. Fill in the correct number of hydrogen atoms to give four bonds to each carbon atom

Try a few!

• 2,3,5-trimethylhexane

• 3-ethylpentane

• 4-isopropyloctane

Isomers

• Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

• Example: C5H12

Structural Isomers

• Most organic compounds have structural isomers and their number increases as the number of atoms increases

Physical Properties of Structural Isomers

Different structural arrangement can result in very different physical properties

Drawing Isomers

• Step 1 – Draw the longest continuous chain

• Step 2 – Remove one carbon from the chain and attach it as a methyl group in as many locations as possible

• Step 3 – Remove another carbon atom from the main chain and attach as another alkyl group

Try Some

• Draw isomers for C4H10

– Practice Naming!!

Haloalkanes

• An alkane in which halogen atoms replace one or more hydrogens

• Used as solvents and anesthetics• CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) were used a

propellants in aerosols– React with ozone in the upper atmosphere– Resulted in ozone depletionover the Antarctic

Naming Haloalkanes

• IUPAC names for halogen substituents are:

• Fluorine = fluoro-• Chlorine = chloro-• Bromine = bromo-• Iodine = iodo-

• The halo-substituents are numbered and arranged alphabetically, like we did before

Other substituents• Use the same naming rules

– Number position on the parent chain– Put in alphabetical order

Naming Cycloalkanes

A cycloalkane with: One substituent is named by placing the

name of the substituent in front of the cycloalkane name.

Two or more substituents is named by numbering the ring in the direction that gives the lower numbers to the substituents.

Cycloalkanes with Side Groups

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

methylcyclopentane

1,2-dimethylcyclopentane

1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane

Alkanes are typically not very reactive due to strong C-C single bonds.

The most typical reaction is combustion, where an alkane reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

alkane + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

Chemical Properties of Alkanes

Combustion

A fuel such as propane reacts with oxygen and burns, producing CO2 and H2O.

Propane is burned to obtain energy and heat for cooking or warming a room.

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

Incomplete combustion

• It is dangerous to burn fuels in a closed room

• With limited amounts of oxygen, incomplete combustion occurs– This produced carbon monoxide, which is a

toxic gas

2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO(g) + 4H2O(g) + heat

Classifying Carbon Atoms

• Primary Carbons (1o)- Bonded to only one other carbon atom

• Secondary Carbons (2o)- Bonded to two other carbon atoms

• Tertiary Carbons (3o)- Bonded to three other carbons