3 ¤n l f$ - lecture.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jpcai/2009-chapter03...3.1 ¤n l ¤n u ¤n l (3.1.1) : ml) ü¨...

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3.1 ¤nȅ�ŬȀ¤nŵ�

 2ěǟ¤nǠȚȁǣľșǳǦ  3ěǟ¤nǠȚȁǣ�ǤȖǦ?

 ǟ¤nǧ�șȖǠȀȆȁǣǢǣǮȀǹȘǣǦƬ� ǟùŚȅĖDǠȀSǲǮȀƬ� ¤nȅǟáďǰǠǟŵǠȚºŵEǳȖÀì�


¤nȅľÿȀ�ŬȆĿľȅż"�

 ¤nȅǟ|ĳǠ  �ǦȔ�ȃ�ŬǰȗȖ¦VȚ®ǻǸŋPĤ8�

 �ǤȖǸȏȅľÿÀì  ľÿȃ¡ǲǸ�ŬÀì�


Ŧ$�

 ŮƁȅ�Ŭ  ɆɎȯɔɚƎĹɚÃƏǙǚŲ!<��

�

�

�

 ȅȘǱɚ«Á$Pɚ/ȅ÷ö$PǙƆ$ɚƆŐǙǚŦ$<��


¤nȅ�ŬȀȆ�Ǧ?

  ¤nȅ�ŬȆùŚȅĖDȀSǲǹȘǣǦ?  SǲȂȔȇǜļǞȂùĀì=ǧůĂǿǨȖ�Ǘ  «ħǿ¤nȚ�ǤȖoRȐǜī�ȆǟħǠǧĖDǱǾǢȖ�

  ǱǦǱǜùŚȅĖDȆ-ȅoªǦȔȂǪȂȖBÕȐǡȖ��

  ¤nȅ�ŬȆǜùŚȅĖDȀȆŭǣ  �ǤǸ.ȅǟ¤nǠǧpǤȖƓƝƓ�ǤȖ-ȃȐåȖ� ů7ȂĀŘǧ ńƔ�Ǘ  ȐǺȘțùĀì=ȅµų�ȃǡȖƓƖǄƜǆƜƚƓ/ȅŧ�ȓȕŧǪȆ�șȔȂǢƗ�

�


3.1 ¤nȅ�ŬȀ¤nŵ�

 ¤nȅ�Ŭ (3.1.1) ȀȆ: ML)ȅü¨ȅsEǧÏŚ  ÜǞȂ�ǤÀǿSǲǟ¤nǠƖɈȳȭɖȪƗǧ�șȖ�Ǘ  ǟ«ħǠȚŤȖƓƝƓǟ«ħȅȧȽɖǠȚŤȖ�Ǘ  ƆxɈɖɐȚŤȖ�

 «ħȅùĀĆȂĖDȆÏŚǿȂǢ� ¤nŵ (3.1.2): ¤nȚMǬLǻǸBÕȚóȖ

 ɈȳȭɖȪƨƓǟ�`ȆÂÏOǦȔ5ƌǳȖǠ� ǮȅɈȳȭɖȪȅBÕȚŵǿľÿǳȖȀƬ�


¤nȅ�ŬȀ�Ŭ«æ�

 BǰțǧMǬLȖ¤nȆȁǺȔȅoRȐSǲ

 ùĀĆȂ«ħȅĖDȆøż"  ƭǰțȅ«-ǦȔ«ħǧðǤȖǮȀȆÏŚǿȂǢ�

«ħL

«ħL «ħL

«ħL A AB B

(a)«ħȚŤȖoR� (b)«ħȅȧȽɖȚŤȖoR�

«ħL'


¤nȚMǬLǻǸBÕȀȆ?

 ĉ§ĆȂŔÄ  ¤nȚMǬLǻǸoR�Ǘ  ĺ6ȃ�ƉǧǡȖǜǮȗȌǿČȔȂǦǻǸ��ȚČǻǸ�

Ǘ  ȂțȔǦȅ9¾ȅÐ½ȃǿǨȖ��ȚČǻǸ�

 ¤nȚMǬLǻǸȀŇǢƅǢoR�Ǘ  ż�ȅȂǢ«ħȚMǬLǻǸƓƖǄƜǆƜƓţ¥ɈȞɐƗ�

 ¤nȚMǬLȖBÕȆǜMǬLȖ�ȅǟü¨ǠȀż"ǧǡȖ

 ɈȳȭɖȪȅBÕȚǟ¤nŵǠȀǱǾľÿǱǸǢ�


¤nȅŵȆ�ǿóȖȊǨǦ�

  ¼yºǿȆĉ§ȃKǳȖ   Ɵƞƞƞ¼yȅȱȞɑȣȶɈɖɐƓǑǎƜƓƟƞƞ¼yȅǟ¤nǠŏƐZƌ�

 ÄÂȅÓ�ȅvéƓǑǎƜƓÄÂȅȿȟȹȫȝȞɑȫȅvéǙǚƓMǬ«ȃȀǻǾȅ�ĚǺ�ǧŭǣ�

 >`ȅɐɖɑȳȶȅĈƓǑǎƜß`ȅɐɖɑȳȶȅĈǙǚƓMǬ«ǧǳǿȃČǻǾǢȖǦȁǣǦǧŭǣ�

 ȨȞȧɒȅßȅĈƓǑǎƜƓɐɖɑȳȶȅßȅĈǙǚƓɐɖɑȳȶȅÀǧ 'ǧƑǢƬ�

  ĉ§ȃRǣ¤nȅŵȅǡȖȊǨ¢Ś  MǬ«ǧČǻǾǢȖǦȁǣǦȚKÅǱǸȐȅ� MǬ«ȅ�ĚǺ�Ɲ 'ȚKÅǱǸȐȅ�


¤nȅ ' = oRȅºȅñ�ŵ�

  ǥǥȌǦȂ|ĳ: ¤nȅ 'ȆǜMǬ«ȅŰķȚȁȗǹǬñȔǳǦǿóȖ   Ɵƞƞƞ¼yȅȱȞɑȣȶɈɖɐƓǑǎƜƓƟƞƞ¼yȅǟ¤nǠŏƐZƌǙǚƓŰķƨƓ¸ĒÉȅȁȅɃɖȪȚC�ǳȖǦ�

 ÄÂȅÓ�ȅvéƓǑǎƜƓÄÂȅȿȟȹȫȝȞɑȫȅvéǙǚƓŰķƨƓȁȅÍȚċȖǦ�

 >`ȅɐɖɑȳȶȅĈƓǑǎƜß`ȅɐɖɑȳȶȅĈǙǚƓǳǿȃČǻǾǢȖ¤nȆŰķȚñȔǰȂǢ�

 ȨȞȧɒȅßȅĈƓǑǎƜƓɐɖɑȳȶȅßȅĈǙǚƓŰķȅºƨƓƤǚƟƓǑǎƜƓƟƞƞǚƟ�

  �žǜǟŰķȅºǠǿGĦE

�


ŏƐȃżǳȖ¤nȅ '�

 ĒĈǟãOǠȅŏƐ  ÂÏOǜÓîOǜŃîOǜȝɈɏȡOȅȁȗǦ�Ǽǧ5ƌ�

 �>ȃȆȁȗǧ5ƌǰȗȖǦȆ6ǦȔȂǢ�

 ɈȳȭɖȪ: ǟ�`ȆÂÏOǦȔ5ƌǳȖǠ  üëȅsE

 �>ƨƓÂÏOǦȔȝɈɏȡOȅƢĘƍ0űȅŏƐC�ǧ ńǿǡȖ�

 ��ƨƓÂÏOȅC�ǹǬǿǳȎ�


ɈȳȭɖȪȃȓȖoRȅºȅsE�

�ăO 3

�>ü¨ 4

ÂÏO 1


oRȅºȃmǽǪ¤nŵ(ȅ&ŀ)

 Ø1: �  |ĳƨƓ�>ȅoRȅºƓǖƓ��ȅoRȅº� Zƌ÷ƨƓƟƞƞƓǚƓƧƥƓȅoRȀƓƢƓǚƓƟƓǧSǲ 'Ƭ�

 Ø2: Y  |ĳƨƓ�>ȅoRȅºƓƝƓ��ȅoRȅº� Zƌ÷ƨƓ¤nŵȅAì¢Ɩ�ŢƗȚôǸǰȂǢ�

 Ø3: Yȅ�º  |ĳƨƓǈǋǆƖ�>ȅoRȅºƓƝƓ��ȅoRȅºƗ�


¤nŵȅAì¢�

 ¤nȚ��ȃMǬLǻǸoR (A)  ɈȳȭɖȪƭƨƓǟȝɈɏȡOȚ5ƌǳȖǠǙoRȅºƓƢƓǚƓƟ�

 6?ǱǾMǬLǻǸoR (B+C)  ɈȳȭɖȪƮƨƓǟ�ăOȚ5ƌǳȖǠǙoRȅºƓƢƓǚƓơ�

 ɈȳȭɖȪƯƨƓǟÓîOȀŃîOȆ5ƌǱȂǢǠǙoRȅºƓơƓǚƓƟ�

 ¤nŵ(A) = ¤nŵ(B)ə¤nŵ(C) ȀǱǸǢ�


oRȅºȃmǽǢǸ¤nŵȅ|ĳ�

 |ĳ: log2(�>ȅoRȅº / ��ȅoRȅº)

 G�: ȼȳȶ (bit)  ¢Ś

 oRȅºǧuǨǪñȖėºǧuǨǢ� �ǧƠȂȅǿǙ�ĵ�ƖoRȅºǧƠǦȔƟȃȂȖoRƗȃƓƟƜƞ�

 ¤nŵȅAì¢ȚôǸǳ�


¤nŵȅAì¢ȅďő�

log2(4/3)

log2(3/1)

log2(4/1)


¤nŵȅ|ĳ�

 |ĳ: mŦȕȅŰķȚnŦȕȃñȔǳ¤nȅŵ log2(m/n) (ȼȳȶ)

 ȨȞȧɒȅßȅĈƓ� ɐɖɑȳȶȅßȅĈ� ơ×ȅ~ģȅ�Ơ×� >`ȅɐɖɑȳȶȅĈ� ȧȞɔ¬ǭȅĿľ�

ǈǋǆƠƖƤƝƟƗƓ!ƓƠƜƣƧƓȼȳȶƓ�

ǈǋǆƠƖƟƞƞƝƟƗƓ!ƓƤƜƤƢƓȼȳȶ�

ǈǋǆƠƖƟƞƞƞƝƟƞƗƓ!ƓƤƜƤƢƓȼȳȶ�

ǈǋǆƠƖƟƝƟƗƓƪƓƞƓȼȳȶ�

ǈǋǆƠƖƠƝƟƗƓƪƓƟƓȼȳȶ�


¤nŵȅAì¢�

 2Ǽȅ¤nȚȌȀȏǸ¤nȅ¤nŵ = %Ǟȅ¤nŵȅX

 �ƨƓơ×ȅ~ģ��

Ơƞȼȳȶ� ơƞȼȳȶ� ƣƞȼȳȶ�

?34

log2(1000/10) ! 6.64 ȼȳȶ�

8??

log2(1000/100) ! 3.32 ȼȳ

ȶ�

834

log2(1000/1) ! 9.97 ȼȳȶ�+ =


oRȅºǦȔďýȉ�

 �ƌ: ĒĈǟãOǠȅŏƐ (¶)  ÂÏOǜ�ăOȅȁȗǦ�Ǽǧ5ƌǰǵȖ� �>ȃȆȁȗǧ5ƌǰȗȖǦȆ6ǦȔȂǢ� �ăOǧƥƣƕǜÂÏOƓȆƠƣƕǿ5ƌǰȗȖ�

 ȁǺȔǧ 'ǧƑǢɈȳȭɖȪǦ?  ǟ�ăOǧ5ƌǰȗȖǠ� ǟÂÏOǧ5ƌǰȗȖǠ�

 oRȅºȅsEȆȁǺȔȐSǲǹǧ…


ďýȃmǽǪ¤nŵȅ|ĳ�

 |ĳ: -log2(ďý)  G�: ȼȳȶ (bit)  ¢Ś

 ďýǧ�ǢǮȀȚ�ǤȖɈȳȭɖȪȋȁuǨǢǙďýƟƜƞƓǚƓ¤nŵƓƞƚƓďýƞƜƣƓǚƓ¤nŵƓƟƜƞǙďýƓƞƜƠƣƓǚƓ¤nŵƓƠƜƞƚƓďýƞƓǚƓ¤nŵøſu�

 ǂƜǅƜƓûǧ�ŻȚ]țǹƓǑƜǎƜƓ�ŻǧûȚ]țǹ� oRȅºȃmǽǪ|ĳȅ�ĻEƨǙ0ǾǧğďýǿśǮȖÆȆǜoRȅºȅ|ĳȀSǲ�


�k¤nŵ�

  �k¤nŵ -  p1*log2(p1) - p2*log2(p2) - ... -  ÂÏO: 25%,�ăO: 75%ȅoR

  ƛƞƜƠƣƓǈǋǆƠƖƞƜƠƣƗƓƛƓƞƜƥƣƓǈǋǆƠƖƞƜƥƣƗ�ƪƓƞƜƠƣƘƠƓƙƞƜƥƣƘƞƜƢƟƣ�

ƪƓƞƜƦƟƟƓƩƓƟ�

  ƟƛƞƜƦƟƟƪƞƜƟƦƧȆɋɆȅ6�


ȣȞȬ�

vĔȚ�ǻǾ9ÔȅȧȞɔǦȔ*ùȚŅǼǬȖǸȏȅË�`ºȆ?  Ņ±ǬȆ0ǪSǲƓƝƓƟÔǧ*ùƓƝƓǙÏùȅŴǰȆ0ǾSǲƓƝƓ*ùȆÏùȓȕşǢ�

�

 ÀìƟƗƓƭƓǑǎƓƮƚƓƭƓǑǎƓƯƚƓƭƓǑǎƓưƚƓƜƜƜƚƓƭƓǑǎƓƵƓƖË£Ʀ`Ɨ�Ǘ  �ȆƦ`ĈȆ�ńƖƭɥƴǧSǲǚƵǧ*ùƗ�

 ÀìƠƗƓƭƓǑǎƓƮƚƓƯƓǑǎƓưƚƓƱƓǑǎƓƲƚƓƳƓǑǎƓƴƓƖË£Ƣ`Ɨ� ÀìơƗƓƭƮƯƓǑǎƓưƱƲƓǙ� �ǚƓƭƮƯǧşǦǻǸȔƓƭƓǑǎƓƮƓƖƠ`Ɨ�


ȣȞȬ�

vĔȚ�ǻǾ9ÔȅȧȞɔǦȔ*ùȚŅǼǬȖǸȏȅË�`ºȆ?  Ņ±ǬȆ0ǪSǲƓƝƓƟÔǧ*ùƓƝƓÏùȅŴǰȆ0ǾSǲƓƝƓ*ùȆÏùȓȕşǢǦŴǢǦȅȁǺȔǦ�

 ơ`ǿǿǨȖ�

ȧȞɔǧ13ÔȅoRȆ?

*ùǧ2ÔȅoRȆ? �


¤nŵǦȔȅĴ��

 ŉó1`ȅ¤nŵ: �ÀǧŴǢ/şǢ/Sǲȅ3Ŧȕǚ log2(3) ! 1.58 ȼȳȶ

 *ùȅzjǳȖoRȅº

 ƧÔƟÔǹǬşǢƨƓǈǋǆƠƖƧƗƓ!ƓơƜƟƥƓȼȳȶ�

�� ǚƓơƜƟƥƝƟƜƣƦƓƪƓƠ`ǿ6ǦȖ�

 ƧÔƟÔǹǬşǢǦŴǢƨƓǈǋǆƠƖƧǒƠƗƓ!ƓƢƜƟƥƓȼȳȶ�

�� ǚƓơƓƫƓƢƜƟƥƝƟƜƣƦƓƫƓƠƓǚƓơ`��

 ƟơÔƨƓǈǋǆƠƖƟơǒƠƗƓ!ƓƢƜƥƓȼȳȶ�

�� ǚƓơƓƫƓƢƜƥƝƟƜƣƦƓƫƓƠƓǚƓơ`��

 ƟơÔƠÔƨƓǈǋǆƠƖƟơǒƠǒƟƠǒƠƗƓ!ƓƧƜƠƧƓȼȳȶ�

��ǚƓƤƓƫƓƧƜƠƧƝƟƜƣƦƓƫƓƣƓǚƓƣ`��


¤nŵȅ�ąȅ¡ĂɣĝPEȀ¤nŵ�

 ¤nȆ0,1ȅĝPǿľǰȗɚ�ŬǰȗȖ  �Ťŧ�ǧ�|ȂȔȇɚ�ǰǢȵɖȰȋȁÃǪ�ŤǿǨȖ  ȵɖȰȆ�-NĸȂȓǣȃiİǱǾ�ŤǳȖ�

 �ɣ��6ȅŏƐ5ƌ¤nȚĝPEǳȖoRɚþǱǢ¤nȃȆŹǢĝPȚɚþǱǪȂǢĝPȃȆčǢĝPȚ?ȕ�ǾȖɛ  �kĝPŹɤǕɗĝPŹǇǔďýǌƗ�


ĝPEȀ¤nŵɗ�ɘ�

  �kĝPŹɤ0ɛ844   Ɵ�6ȅŏƐȅ¤nȚľǳĝPŹɗɤƟɘȓȕ�kĝPŹǧčǪȂǻǾǢȖ�

ɞ�ɝ�ɢɜɞɡ��ăOə�ăO�

ɟ�ɞɝ�ɠɜɞɡ��ăOəÂÏO�

ɠ�ɞɞɝ�ɠɜɞɡ�ÂÏOə�ăO�

ɠ�ɞɞɞ�ɞɜɞɡ�ÂÏOəÂÏO�

ĝPŹ�ĝP�ďý�5ƌ�


3.2 ¤nŦ$�

 ɀɒȶȧɐ (3.2.2) (a)  Ŧ$ȅƂȅêȏǯȀ�

 Ŧ$ȅē�ȀĊ«ȅőŎ (3.2.3) (a)  ÇPƓćĶȚŽǫ�  ƖőŎƓŦ$JAĵȅŝ-ȅ#ŎƗ�  ƖĲTƓŦ$3�ȅ¶ęȅŽàǜUőȅŽàƗ�


Ŧ$ɀɒȶȧɐ�

  êȏȔȗǸĘƍȅ¤nȚ�ǤȖoRȃȆǜǡȔǦǲȏ�ǤÀȃĥÑ�ǧǡȖ  �Ɨ«ħƨƓ}TȚÉǪoªǜǟé�Ǡǜ�5�ȚÉǪoªǜÂ�ȚÉǪoªǜğǞǙǚƓŻŭǤȖȀ�ǦȂǦǻǸȕǜœņǰȗǸȕ�

  ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȅŦ$ȃȐǜĘƍȃȓǻǾĥÑ�ǧǡȖ  �ƗƓƆxɈɖɐƨƓ}.ȅɈɖɐȝȷɑȫǜ�5�ȅɈɖɐȝȷɑȫǜÂ�ȚÉǪoªǜğǞ�

 �ƗƓƿƿƿƨƓƽƺƶƚƓȵɖȰȅuǨǰƚƓȵɖȰȅĘƍƚƓÈ¿ǰȗǸÂÆƚƓŇŒǜğǞ�

ǚ ɀɒȶȧɐȀWȈ�


ɀɒȶȧɐ (protocol)

 Ŧ$ȅ¦dȚĀņǳȖǸȏȅêȏǯȀ  ƆŐǟȐǱȐǱǠƚƓȶɎɔȩɖȺǟȁǣǷǠ�

 ȧɔȽɌɖȰSqȅŦ$: �ŻȅoRȓȕI�  ƿƿƿƓƖƴƼƼƹɚƴǓǌǄǍƼǄǒǏƓƼǍǀǊǎǅǄǍƓƯǋǊǏǍǋǈƓƹƜƗ� ƆxɈɖɐƓƖƻƷƼƹƚƓƻǇǉǌǈǄƓƷǀǇǈƓƼǍǀǊǎǅǄǍƓƹƜƗ�

 ɀɒȶȧɐȚáǱǪ�ǤȇÞ^ȃȓȔǴŦ$Nĸ�

ȣɎȞȝɔȶ� ȨɖȺ�


ÇP�

 �¼: -ȅȵɖȰǝĞ�ĵȃŕȌȗǸǪȂǢȐȅ  ǟÄÂȅɎɔȲȆȄǘǠ�

 ÇP¼: s³�ȅȵɖȰǝćĶǰȗǾȐ�¼Ț(ĢGȃȆ)Lȕ5ǵȂǢǝ  ǟ\a[_fh(lgeǘǠ�

 ÇPE: �¼ǦȔÇP¼Ț�©ǳȖǮȀ  �P: ÇP¼ǦȔ�¼ȚLȕ5ǳǮȀ  Ÿ: ÇPEȑ�PȅƂȃĂǢȔȗȖȵɖȰ�


2ŦŸÇP�

 �ǼȅŸǿÇPEȀ�PEȅ�ÀȚĽǣɉȵɐ  ŸȚē�ȃ#Ǽ ńǧǡȖ�


1źŸÇP�

 ÇPEȅŸȚ1źǱɚ�PEȅŸȚē�ȃǳȖÀì�


ȵȪȰɐĲTȀÚŎ�


  ŸȚòǰǴȃŸȚ®ǻǾǢȖǮȀȚŎÄǳȖ

�ȲɊɑɔȪɕɑȫɅɔȫ �

ďőǳȖ�ǧɎɔȱɇȃŰȈ�

ŎÄǳȖ��

ďőǳȖ��

ICȡɖȷ{āŎ�

q843fjf8e374343

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3.3 ¤nȸȳȶɓɖȣȅÖĩ�

 �³ȅÀ� (3.3.1)  �³ÞƨƓŦ$ǰȗȖ¤nȚĪŜȃ°ȕ6ǬȖ� `Į�³ƨƓŦ$ŜȚď#� Ȼȥȳȶ�³ƨƓȵɖȰȚĨǦǪ6ǬǾƊĄȃŦ$�Ǘ  ǺǩǻǾȆ¬ǭɚǺǩǻǾȆ¬ǭ�

 ū�ɗlatencyɘȀȫɐɖɀȳȶɗthroughputɘ  broadcastȀunicast


�³À�ȅú¢�

èŠĆ�Ǣ�ƑǪȂǢȀǢǬȂǢ��³Þȅĸ@�

ȵɖȰȚǸȏȖɕŤȕĉǳğȅĸ@ǧ ń�

GĦǿȓǢ�ĜÎȅĸ@�

0�ȅŌ+Ț�ǣÝ;ȃ�ǱǾŖǳ�

`ĮȚHÌǱǾǢȖÆŻȃ�ǱǾŖǳ�

½Ŷ�Ĥ�

WWWȅȓǣȃÆŻǧǦǦǻǾȐÛșȂǢȐȅ�

ƈrȅȓǣȃť7ȗǾȆbȖȐȅ�

ïȗȖ¤nȅĘƍ�

Ȼȥȳȶ (ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶ)

`Į (ƆŐ) �³À��


3.4 ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶ�

 ȸȳȶɓɖȣȅƃR�ȀŦ$ (3.4.1)  ƀ�ɀɒȶȧɐ (3.4.2)   IPȝȷɑȫȀɅɖȶĄP (3.4.3)


3.4 ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶ�

 ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȚ�ǻǾ2ǼȅȧɔȽɌɖȰǧŦ$ȚǱǾǢȖȀǨǜ�ƂȃȆȁǮǿ�ǧśǨǾǢȖȅǦ? í¦ƨƓ�

 ƠǼȅȧɔȽɌɖȰȆĉ²ǼȂǧǻǾǢȂǢ� QȧɔȽɌɖȰȆǜSÆȃļǞȂĊ«ȀŦ$ǱǾǢȖ� SÆȃļǞȂĘƍȅŦ$ȐǱǾǢȖƓƖ�ƨƓɈɖɐȀƿƿƿƗ�

 �ăȅȧɔȽɌɖȰǧŦ$ǿǨȖ�


ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȅŦ$�

 ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȀȆ�ĳȃȆǟȸȳȶɓɖȣȁǣǱȚǼȂǢǹȸȳȶɓɖȣǠȅǮȀ

 ȁǣȑǻǾŦ$ǱǾǢȖǦ?  ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶǿŦ$ȚǳȖoRȆǜ¤nȆļǞȂȸȳȶɓɖȣȚòȕâǢǾȒǪ�

 %ǞȅȸȳȶɓɖȣȅǿȆǜȧɔȽɌɖȰȁǣǱǧĉ²Ŧ$ǿǨȖ�

 ȸȳȶɓɖȣȁǣǱȚǼȂǫÞ^ȚǟɐɖȰǠȀȓȈ�


ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶŦ$ȅ�Ƃ�

�: ÓuǦȔȴɐȝȼȿu{ȉȅɈȳȭɖȪ�ux104$ traceroute post.tau.ac.il traceroute to post.tau.ac.il (132.66.16.11), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 133.11.50.158 (133.11.50.158) 0.78 ms 0.226 ms 0.224 ms 2 192.168.254.65 (192.168.254.65) 0.612 ms 0.49 ms 0.466 ms 3 133.11.249.242 (133.11.249.242) 0.775 ms 0.67 ms 0.647 ms 4 ra36-vlan2.nc.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.127.43) 0.757 ms 0.76 ms 0.701 ms 5 ra37-vlan3.nc.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.127.78) 0.803 ms 0.74 ms 0.721 ms 6 tokyo-s1-g2-0.sinet.ad.jp (150.99.197.169) 0.939 ms 1.229 ms 0.882 ms 7 jt-tokyo-s1-p3-0.sinet.ad.jp (150.99.197.37) 2.186 ms 2.924 ms 2.31 ms 8 nii-s1-p4-0.sinet.ad.jp (150.99.197.22) 2.779 ms 2.615 ms 2.598 ms 9 nii-gate2-p2-0.sinet.ad.jp (150.99.199.174) 2.641 ms 2.473 ms 2.468 ms 10 nii-gate3-p3-0.sinet.ad.jp (150.99.198.246) 189.415 ms 189.298 ms 189.368 ms 11 sinet.ny1.ny.geant.net (62.40.103.233) 199.775 ms 199.893 ms 199.924 ms 12 ny.uk1.uk.geant.net (62.40.96.170) 263.855 ms 263.747 ms 263.851 ms 13 uk.nl1.nl.geant.net (62.40.96.181) 280.256 ms 280.372 ms 280.351 ms 14 nl.il1.il.geant.net (62.40.96.118) 345.219 ms 344.887 ms 345.015 ms 15 iucc-gw.il1.il.geant.net (62.40.103.70) 343.861 ms 343.667 ms 343.758 ms 16 tau-gp1-fe.ilan.net.il (128.139.191.69) 343.89 ms 343.845 ms 348.009 ms 17 * * * 18 * * *


ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȅtÜ¢Ȁƀ�ɀɒȶȧɐ�

 ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȅ�¨ȆÜǞ  Ŧ$3�ȆļǞƨƓȼȵȠɕƆŐɕƿƿƿɕɈɖɐɕɕɕ� Þ^ȅĘƍȐÜǞƨƓøĮƶƭƸƚƓÌĮƶƭƸƚƓƯƭƼƾƚƓƲƼƼƴƚƓƆŐ`ĮƚƓƆ@ĮƚƓƜƜƜ�

 1ǼȅȸȳȶɓɖȣǿļǞǿǨȖȅȆ�·Ǧ? ǂǅƜƓƆŐȀȥɖȿɐȴɑȼȆ:Ǟȅȸȳȶɓɖȣ�

ǚ ƀ�ɀɒȶȧɐ  ļǞȂɑɂɐǿȅɀɒȶȧɐȚêȏǾǥǪ� ɀɒȶȧɐǧSǲǿǡȗȇLȕÊǤNĸȃȂȖ�


ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȅŦ$�

 ȸȳȶɓɖȣȅƃR�: ȤɐɖɀǯȀȃĠĀ  ɐɖȰ: ȸȳȶɓɖȣŻȅŦ$ȚĬ  ÜǞȂɀɒȶȧɐ: �?çȃ6?�


ƀ�ɀɒȶȧɐ (�)

 0ǾȅoRȃ+ǤǸɀɒȶȧɐȚõ+ǳȖøĀ  ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶǿȠȭɒȚǳȖɀɒȶȧɐ� Ų!ǿ�ÙȚ¯ǳɀɒȶȧɐƚƓ´�ƆŐǿcĎǘ�

 ņ: Ŧ$ȀȦɖɇȅɀɒȶȧɐȚ6Ƅ oRȃ¡ǲǾĩȍRșǵNĸȃ�


ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȅoR�

 ȝɀɏȥɖȩɍɔ(WWW,ƆxɈɖɐ…): 1�1ȅŦ$ȅű6ǧ2Ŧ ǚ TCP

 ȸȳȶɓɖȣ3Ŧ$: w�(øĮLAN, ȞɖȨȸȳȶ…)çȃąȂȖ�


TCP/IP ƀ�ɀɒȶȧɐ�

 2ŦȅŦ$«ƊȆSǲɀɒȶȧɐ  ąȂȖű6ǹǬLȕ³ǤNĸ�

TCP

HTTP (WWW) SMTP (ƆxɈȞɐ)

UDP

IP

øĮLAN ȞɖȨȸȳȶ�

Ŧ$3��

1�1ȅŦ$�

ȸȳȶɓɖȣŻŦ$�

ȸȳȶɓɖȣ3Ŧ$�


OSIǛ(Open Systems Interconnect)Ǜȅ 7ƀ�ɉȵɐ�

ùĀ��

ȵɖȰɏɔȣ��

ȸȳȶɓɖȣ��

ȶɎɔȫɅɖȶ��

ȭȳȩɍɔ��

ɀɑȮɔȴɖȩɍɔ��

ȝɀɏȥɖȩɍɔ��

/ȾȜȞȺ,ǛŷĮ,Ǜ�Éƒ,…

Ethernet,ǛPPP,ǛX.25,…

IP

TCP,ǛUDP

ǛǛǛHTTP, SMTP, SCP, …

ǛǛǢȌȁǨȆ�ȌȀȏǛ�


ȡɀȭɐE�

 ƀ�çȃ<�ĂȅȵɖȰȚ�AǳȖ  ɁȳȱƨƓ.Ƌȃ�AǰȗǸȐȅ� ȶɑɖɎƨƓÎ�ȃ�AǰȗǸȐȅ�

 �?  ȵɖȰȅ}.� œȕňá� Ɗ�ȅ<�Ȃȁ�


IPȝȷɑȫ�

  IPȝȷɑȫ: ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶ3ȅ�ª  ơƠǁǇǏƓȅº'ǜƦǁǇǏçȃľŋƨƓƟƧƠƜƟƤƦƜƟƜơ� ȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȃ²ĭǳȖɄȫȶǙǚƓ�¦ȅȝȷɑȫȚ Ǵ®Ǽ�

 ũĭǳȖĄPǧ¦VȚ®Ǽ�Ǘ  ĩıçȃƵƹȝȷɑȫȅȌȀȌȕǿ�ĂȚōNǰȗȖ�Ǘ  ȸȳȶɓɖȣȅ�ªȚľǳ�

  (ɅɖȶĄP: SǲɄȫȶȅłºȅŦ$ȚF:)


IPȝȷɑȫ,ǛȐǣ�Ǟ�

 ɄȫȶȅȝȷɑȫȀȸȳȶɓɖȣȅȝȷɑȫ   ƵƹȝȷɑȫȅƠŪľĐȅÎ�ȃƞǧțǿǢȖȐȅǧȸȳȶɓɖȣȝȷɑȫ�

�ƟƧƠƜƟƤƦƜƟƠƜƠƢƞƓ�

� � �ƪƓƟƟƞƞƞƞƞƞƓƟƞƟƞƟƞƞƞƓƞƞƞƞƟƟƞƞƓƟƟƟƟƞƞƞƞƓƠ�

ƓƓƓƓƟƧƠƜƟƤƦƜƟƠƜƠƢƟɥƟƧƠƜƟƤƦƜƟƠƜƠƣƢȌǿǧǶȅȸȳȶɓɖȣǿ�ǤȖɄȫȶȅȝȷɑȫǛɗƟƧƠƜƟƤƦƜƟƠƜƠƣƣȆSnȅǸȏȃ�ǣƗ�

ǮȅȓǣȂȸȳȶɓɖȣȚǛƟƧƠƜƟƤƦƜƟƠƜƠƢƞƝƠƦǛȀÉǪ�

ƠƦȆ.ƋǦȔƠƦȼȳȶȌǿǧȸȳȶɓɖȣȝȷɑȫȅġc�

 ƠŪºȅȓǢŊįȃȂȖ�


IPȝȷɑȫ,ǛȐǣ�Ǟ�

  ɀɎȞɂɖȶȝȷɑȫ  3ĮĄPȅȓǣȂȐȅ�

�ƟƧƠƜƟƤƦƜƞƜƞƝƟƤ�

ƓƓƓƟƥƠƜƟƤƜƞƜƞƝƟƠ�

ƓƓƓƟƞƜƞƜƞƜƞƝƦ�

 úäȝȷɑȫ  ȿɒɖȷȢɊȫȶȝȷɑȫ�Ǘ Ʉȫȶȅű6ǧƠŪºǿǳȊǾƟȅȐȅ�

 ĺ6ĺŝȚǡȔșǳ�ǛǛǛǛƟƠƥƜƞƜƞƜƟ��


ȷɈȞɔT�

  IPȝȷɑȫ: 32ȼȳȶȅ»ºɕ Ȼȥȳȶȅ}.ȀǱǾ�Ƃȃ�Ă

  ȷɈȞɔT: �Żǧ�ǣǸȏȅȐȅɕ ƀ�EǰȗǾ»Ā

  ȷɈȞɔTȩȫȴɇ  ȷɈȞɔTǦȔƵƹȝȷɑȫȚŗȊȖ�ĩȍƖǂǅƜƆŐ�Ɨ�

ȁǣȑǻǾ4,%ȅT>ȚĠĀǱǾŗȊȖǦ?  QȷɈȞɔȃȆǜȷɈȞɔTȨɖȺƖưƸƻƗȀǢǣȧɔȽɌɖȰǧĂ¦ǰȗǾǢȖ�

 ưƸƻȀȞɔȰɖȸȳȶȚ�ǻǾŦ$ǱǾŗȊȖ�

mail. ecc. u-tokyo. ac. jp��

��

�


ȸȳȶɓɖȣŻŦ$-IP

 ȸȳȶɓɖȣŻ�Ŭȅ�ĩȍ  S�ȸȳȶɓɖȣ3ȃ}.ǧǡȗȇĉ²ŞŤ� ǶǣǿȂǢoRȆɚ}.ȃŤȖȅȃůǱǸS�ȸȳȶɓɖȣ3ȅɐɖȰȃŞŤ�

  IPȝȷɑȫȸȳȶɓɖȣȝȷɑȫ  ĪŜ<�

 ĪŜľȅ;Ă�Ǘ  ƇĆĪŜ<��Ǘ  DĆĪŜ<��


ȸȳȶɓɖȣ3ȅŦ$

 Ŧ$ȅw�ȃȓǻǾąȂȖ  �ľĆȂŦ$w�ǿǡȖȞɖȨȸȳȶȅ�

 ȧɔȽɌɖȰȚř:ǳȖƢƦȼȳȶȅƷƭƯȝȷɑȫ� ŁŨ�đȅĄPȀ�đ3ȅ�¦ȅĄPȅĩȍRșǵ�

  ƵƹȝȷɑȫȀȅs³ȃȆƭƺƹɗƭǃǃǍǄǎǎƓƺǄǎǋǈǐǏǇǋǊƓƹǍǋǏǋǂǋǈƗǧ;ĂǰȗȖ�


IPȝȷɑȫȀɄȫȶTȅ�¡�Ǭ-DNS

 �Żȃ�ǢȑǳǢT>ɗɄȫȶTɘȅ;Ă

 6¹ĠĀ  ƀ�ǯȀȃſȔȗǸ¤nȚĠĀ�

 K�ZǢRșǵȃȓȖņê�

 ZǢRșǵȅīÕȅ4;Ă�

�


Ŧ$Ŝȅɉȵɐ�


�-�ĕŦ$Ŝ�

 �șȗȖ¼yȆ0Ȁ1ȅ�Ǽ  ďýqǿ0Ȁ1ǧKŞ  q=0.5ȅÆȆ�ȃĚǸȂǢŦ$Ŝ�


īRȟɔȶɒȽɖ�

 īRȟɔȶɒȽɖH(X,Y)



Ċ ¤nŵ�


Ŧ$Ŝ�ŵ�

 Xȅďý6�ȚsÈǱǸȀǨȅĊ ¤nŵI(X;Y)ȅËu'

 ĝPEȅÀìȃȓǻǾĊ ¤nŵȚŦ$Ŝ�ŵȃšǽǬȖǮȀǧ5ÒȖ �

3 ¤n l f$ - lecture.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jpcai/2009-chapter03...3.1 ¤n l ¤n u ¤n l (3.1.1) : ml) ü¨...

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