3. introduction to chemistry

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO

CHEMISTRY

Historical Development of CHEMISTRY

• Do you think chemistry has existed even before its declaration as a science?

• What are the proof of its existence?

History of ChemistryEarly practices of chemistry:

1. Metallurgy2. Use of fermentation in making wine and beer

(10,000 yrs ago)3. Leather tanning in Mesopotamia

(7,000 yrs ago)4. Glass making by the Egyptians

(4,500 yrs ago)5. Use of enzymes to make cheese

(3,000 yrs ago)

History of Chemistry

Fermentation in making wine and beer (10,000 yrs ago)


Leather tanning in Mesopotamia (7,000 yrs ago)


Glass making by the Egyptians (4,500 yrs ago) using sand, limestone and baking soda


Use of enzymes to make cheese (3,000 yrs ago)


• 600 B.C. • highlights extraction and working of metals.

Egyptians extracted copper, gold, silver and lead from their ores and work on brass and bronze.

• dyeing and alcoholic beverages production• extraction of oils and alkaloid from plants


• 600 - 200 B.C.• highlights the Greeks curiosity, intellect and

vigorous imagination. • Original ideas and many fundamental scientific

problems was recognized by the philosophers of Ancient Greece.

• Democritus, Aristotle and Leucippus are among those Greek philosophers.

Greek ideasAll substances are made of 4

elementsFire - hotAir - lightWater - wetEarth - cool, heavy

Blend these in different proportions to get all substances

Thales (600 B.C.) Water

Xenophanes (500 B.C.)

Earth Water

Empedocles (440 B.C.)Four elements

Earth

Water

AirFire

(more commonly called dirt)

Two Forces shape matter

Love & Strife

First Table of the Elements

Hot Dry

ColdWet

Fifth ElementQuintessence

Philosopher’s stone

Fifth Element makes up the celestial bodies

Gold is the perfect metal.All other metals are less perfect.

The fifth element is so divine that it can turn the lesser (more base) metals into gold.

Elixir of life (a fountain of youth)

Fifth Element

Chinese ideasAll matters constitute of 5 elements

MetalWoodWaterFireEarth

"Different combinations of earth, metal, wood, water and fire form everything in the world."

Chinese ideas"Water corresponds to moisture and the direction

of down.” “Fire corresponds to blaze and the direction of

up.”“Wood is curvy or straight in nature.” “Metal is unstable under fire.” “Earth is necessary for agriculture.” “Water becomes salty when travelling down.”

Chinese ideas“Fire becomes bitter when blazing

upward.” “Wood may turn acid when it changes

shape.” “Metal may turn bitter when it becomes

unstable.” “Earth may turn sweet when used in

agriculture."


• 400 - 1650 • highlights the rise and spread of alchemy, the pretended

art of changing baser metal into gold. • the quest for the miraculous “philosopher stone”• many useful apparatus were perfected• large number of new and important substances were

prepared/discovered• new techniques developed


• 1400 - 1750 • highlights the development of systematic metallurgy by Georg

Bauer• medicinal application and preparation of remedies and drugs by

Paracelsus• Roger Bacon stressed competent knowledge through

experimentation• Francis Bacon exposed the fallibility of Aristotle’s doctrines• relationship between pressure and volume of gases was measured

by Robert Boyle


• 1700 - 1777 B.C.• Georg Stahl suggested that all combustible

substances contained a “fiery principle”, phlogiston, which escaped as flame when heated

• oxygen gas was discovered by Joseph Priestley• quantitative and qualitative analysis improved

greatly by Joseph Black and Olaf Bergman

Who’s Next? Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) overthrow completely the

phlogiston theory and provided explanation of combustion.

Joseph Proust (1754-1826) showed that a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by weight.

John Dalton (1766-1844) postulated that the fundamental differences among atoms are their masses.


Early Greek Ideas on Matter

1. Democritus proposed the “atomos” which means “cannot be cut” as a building block of all matter (2,500 yrs ago)

2. Aristotle proposed that matter is made of the four elements- earth, air, water and fire (2,400 yrs ago)

History of ChemistryDemocritus proposed the “atomos” which means “cannot be cut” as a building block of all matter (2,500 yrs ago).

His theory was ignored. It was only until the 20th century (1900s) that the concept of the atom was accepted by all scientists.

History of ChemistryAristotle proposed that matter is made of the four elements- earth, air, water and fire (2,400 yrs ago).

It was even believed that a chemist can make gold from any matter by finding the right mix of earth, air, water and fire.

His idea became more popular than Democritus’ idea of the atomos.

History of ChemistryEastern Alchemy

1. The Greeks passed on their knowledge to the Arabians who pursued alchemy (the ancient version of chemistry)

2. Alchemy is the study of:a. Transmuting base metals into gold and

silver (the philosopher’s stone)b. Discovering the universal cure for diseasec. Discovering immortality

History of ChemistryAlchemy is the study of:

a. Transmuting base metals into gold and silver (the philosopher’s stone)

b. Discovering the universal cure for disease

c. Discovering immortality

History of ChemistryAlchemy among the Arabs

1. Ar-Razi (1,100 yrs ago) is considered as one of the Fathers of Medicine.

2. Avicenna (1,000 yrs ago) wrote one of the most famous books in medicine (Al-Qanoon fittib: the Cannon of Medicine)

3. Arabian alchemists first practiced the scientific method and so laid the foundation for chemistry.


Arabian physician-alchemists first practiced the scientific method and so laid the foundation for chemistry.

History of ChemistryEarly Western Alchemy

1. Alchemical knowledge was transferred to Europe through an English Franciscan friar named Roger Bacon (900 yrs ago) who taught that alchemy should be used to produce medicines.

2. Ironically, early European alchemy would be dominated by the quest for transmuting metals into gold.

History of ChemistryRoger Bacon taught that alchemy should be used to produce medicine. But European alchemists became obsessed with the search for the philosopher’s stone.


Iatrochemistry in Renaissance Europe

1. Paracelsus (450 yrs ago) established the practice of iatrochemistry which is the use of alchemy to produce medicines made of minerals such as mercury.

2. He also taught that medicines must be made as “pure substances” or substances that are free from contaminants.

History of ChemistryParacelsus (450 yrs ago) founded iatrochemistry. He also taught that medicines must be made as “pure substances” or substances that are free from contaminants.

History of ChemistryThe Element is Defined

1. Robert Boyle (300 years ago) defined the element as a pure substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

2. He also worked on the behavior of gases and discovered Boyle’s Law: that the volume of gasses decreases with increasing pressure.


Robert Boyle (300 yrs ago) defined that an element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance.

He is still an alchemist however, since he believed in transmutation.


The Father of Modern Chemistry

1. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (200 yrs ago) is recognized as the Father of Modern chemistry.

2. Lavoisier is known for his exact measurements and meticulous experiments in the lab and for establishing the Law of Conservation of Mass.

3. The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is never gained or lost during chemical reactions.

History of ChemistryAntoine-Laurent Lavoisier also

worked on:

1. Combustion2. Reduction3. and the nomenclature of

inorganic compounds

He was beheaded during the French revolution.

It’s because he was a teacher!!!

The Language of ChemistryThe Language of ChemistryCHEMICAL ELEMENTS -

– pure substances that cannot be decomposed by ordinary means to other substances.

SodiumBromine

Aluminum

The Language of ChemistryThe Language of Chemistry• The elements,

their names, and symbols are given on the

PERIODIC TABLE

• How many elements are there?

The Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

Glenn Seaborg(1912-1999)

• Discovered 8 new elements.

• One of whom an element was named.

Branches of Chemistry

• Many major areas of study for specialization

• Several career opportunities• Also used in many other jobs

1. Organic Chemistry

• Organic is the study of matter that contains carbon

• Organic chemists study the structure, function, synthesis, and identity of carbon compounds

• Useful in petroleum industry, pharmaceuticals, polymers

2. Inorganic Chemistry

• Inorganic is the study of matter that does NOT contain carbon

• Inorganic chemists study the structure, function, synthesis, and identity of non-carbon compounds

• Polymers, Metallurgy

3. Biochemistry

• Biochemistry is the study of chemistry in living things

• Cross between biology and chemistry

• Pharmaceuticals and genetics

4. Physical Chemistry

• Physical chemistry is the physics of chemistry… the forces of matter

• Much of IPC is computational

• Develop theoretical ideas for new compounds

5. Analytical Chemistry

• Analytical chemistry is the study of high precision measurement

• Find composition and identity of chemicals

• Forensics, quality control, medical tests

Or Do You Feel Like This When Doing Science?

The Scientific Methodprocess that lies

at the center of scientific inquiry

Steps in the Scientific Method?

making observationsformulating hypothesisperforming experiments

Observations?

Water boils at 100 °C.

Kristel weighs 43 kilograms.

The leaves are turning yellow.

The coffee is hot.

Quantitative}

Qualitative}

Hypothesis?

a possible explanation for the observation.

Experiments

carried out to test the hypothesis

involves information gathering

? Question ?

What do you do once a set of hypotheses that agree with various observations is obtained?

They are assembled into a

theory

Theory… a philosophya concepta model a systema scheme

Theory

often called a model, it is a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some phenomena

Theories interpretations or possible

explanations changes eventually as more

information becomes available attempts to explain observed

natural behaviors

Law…

a binding rulea piece of legislationa general principlea control or authoritya branch of knowledge

Natural Laws?

a scientific truth a statement of a generally observed behaviors a summary of what happens

Parts of scientific method

Experiment

Theory

PredictionTheory

Modified as needed

Points to Ponder?

chemists/scientists are humans sometimes/oftentimes:

prejudice misinterprets data lose objectivity play politics etc., etc.

Points to Ponder?

chemistry/science is affected: budget and profit motives wars and politics fads and religious beliefs

Examples Galileo was forced to recant his

astronomical observations in the face of strong religious resistance

Lavoisier was beheaded because of his political affiliations

great progress in Nitrogen chemistry resulted from the desire to produce explosives to fight wars

Nature of Science Terms• Fact: an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed

and for all practical purposes is accepted as “true”.

• Hypothesis: A tentative statement about the natural world leading to deductions that can be tested. If the deductions are verified, the hypothesis is corroborated. If false, the hypothesis must be abandoned or revised.

• Law: A descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances.

• Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypothesis.

Graphs

Bar Graphshows how many of something

are in each category

0

2

4

6

8

10

A B C D F

Chemistry Grades

Pie Graph shows how a whole is broken into parts

40%

25%20%

15%Entertainment (40%)

Food (25%)

Clothing (20%)

Savings (15%)

Percentage ofWeekly Income

Line Graphshows continuous change

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Jan Feb Mar Apr

Month

Sh

are

Pri

ce (

$)

Stock Price over Time

Elements of a “good” line graph

• axes labeled, with units

• use the available space

• title• neat

Temp. v. Vol. for a Gas at Constant Pressure

0123456789

10

120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Temp. (K)

Vo

lum

e (

L)

Graphs

• Line Graph– Used to show trends or continuous change

• Bar Graph– Used to display information collected by

counting

• Pie Graph– Used to show how some fixed quantity is

broken down into parts

0

20

40

60

80

1s t

Qtr

2nd

Qtr

3r d

Qtr

4th

Qtr

Pie Graph

Pie Graphs

Earth's Crust

Oxygen49%

Silicon26%

Other9%

Aluminum8%

Iron5%

Calcium3%

Oxygen

Silicon

Other

Aluminum

Iron

Calcium

Measurement of Matter

Measurement

Metric – The Universal Language of Measurement

Measurement

is a process of comparing a known quantity like measuring device to an unknown quantity or the things or objects to be measured. It is the process of determining how many times a certain quantity is contained in a standard measuring device.

• The loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter on September 23, 1999, was a most unfortunate and highly avoidable event.

• The cause of the mishap has been traced to a mix-up over units. Preliminary findings indicated that one team used English units (e.g., inches, feet and pounds) while the other used metric units for maneuvers required to place the spacecraft in the proper Mars orbit.

• The 'root cause' of the loss of the spacecraft was the failed translation of English units into metric units.

• For nearly three centuries, engineers and scientists have been struggling with English units.

• The loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter on September 23, 1999, was a most unfortunate and highly avoidable event.

• The cause of the mishap has been traced to a mix-up over units. Preliminary findings indicated that one team used English units (e.g., inches, feet and pounds) while the other used metric units for maneuvers required to place the spacecraft in the proper Mars orbit.

• The 'root cause' of the loss of the spacecraft was the failed translation of English units into metric units.

• For nearly three centuries, engineers and scientists have been struggling with English units.

In his first annual message to Congress (1790 January), President George Washington pressed for uniformity in currency, weights, and measures. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson urged Congress to reduce the existing separate systems of dry and liquid measures to one set of measures.

Over 200 years later, we still have separate systems. For example, our dry quart is larger than our liquid quart, so four cups of flour and 4 cups of milk should be measured with separate measuring devices-which differ in size!

Jefferson's second plan put before Congress was to reduce every branch [of measurement] to the same decimal ratio already established for coin, and thus bring the calculations of the principal affairs of life within the arithmetic of every man who can multiply and divide plain numbers.

Congress took no action. Washington urged action again in his second annual message to Congress (1790 December 08) and the House referred the matter to the Senate, whose committee in this matter declined (1791 March 01) due to negotiations in progress with the French and British Governments to obtain an international standards of measurements.

Currency is based on 10.

In the same year of 1790 King Louis XVI of France was also weary of the inconsistencies of measurement that was hurting trade.

He ordered a new system of measurements be developed.

Earlier in that century, Fahrenheit and Celsius used water as the basis of their thermometers. Their thermometers were calibrated using water, which everyone had access to. This made their thermometers useful.

METRIC SYSTEM

The scientific system of measurement is often referred to as the International

System of Units, or SI. Scientists throughout the world use the metric system of measurement. It is based on units of ten.

The meter was originally defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the North Pole.

Everyone has access to the Earth, so this new system was to be based on the size of the Earth.

The idea was to measure a part of Earth’s surface over a few degrees, then calculate distance from Equator to North Pole.

A survey team was suppose to measure the distance between Barcelona, Spain going through Paris and up to the English Channel.

By dividing the distance from the equator to the north pole by 10 million, a convenient length was defined.

It was a little longer than a yard, and the name would be from the Greek word, Metron,

meaning to measure.

10,000,000Equator to North PoleEquator to North Pole

The motto for the metric system was:

“For all people, for all time”

Based on 10 & using Arabic Numerals

Since the number system in use was no longer Roman Numerals, but the decimal number system borrowed from the Arab worlds and from India, the measurement system should also be based on 10 to make conversions easy.

Since we have 10 fingers, a number system based on 10 was developed.

Place Value

Roman Numerals did not take advantage of place value. X in Roman Numerals meant ten. XXX meant thirty. It didn’t matter where the X was placed; it always had the value of 10

Decimal

• The word decimal from from Latin decimalis meaning “of a tithe” A tithe was traditionally one tenth of income, so deci- meant one tenth.

• The new measuring system should also be based on tens and tenths.

CubitsYardsMilesNautical MilesFeetHandsInchesLeaguesChainsFurlongs

sq. milessq. yardssq. ft.sq. in.acres

BarrelCubic inchesCubic feetCubic yardsMinimsDrops

Gallons, imperial gallons, quarts, pints, fluid ounces, pecks, bushels

1 gram defined as the mass of one cubic centimeter of water (or one milliliter [mL] of water_.

Liter from Litron:

Measure of capacity

One liter of water has a mass of one kilogram

SI Base Quantities

Base Quantity Name of Unit SymbolLength meter mMass kilogram kgTime second sCurrent ampere ATemperature kelvin KAmount of substance mole molLuminous intensity candela cd

Prefixes Used with SI Units

Prefix Symbol Meaning

Tera- T 1012

Giga- G 109

Mega- M 106

Kilo- k 103

Deci- d 10-1

Centi- c 10-2

Milli- m 10-3

Micro- m 10-6

Nano- n 10-9

Pico- p 10-12

LENGTH

1 meter, m = 100 centimeters, cm1 meter, m = 1000 millimeters, mm1 meter, m = 1,000,000 micrometers, um1 meter, m = 1,000,000,000 nanometers, nm

1 meter, m = 10,000,000,000 Angstrom, A1,000 meters, m = 1 kilometer

MASS

1 kilogram, kg = 1,000 grams, g1 gram, g = 1,000 milligrams, mg1,000 kilograms, kg = 1 metric ton

VOLUME

1 Liter, L = 1,000 milliliters, mL1 Liter, L = 1,000 cubic centimeters, cc

TEMPERATURE

0C = 5/9 (0F-32) 0F = 9/5 (0C + 32)Kelvin, K = 0C + 273

METRIC-ENGLISH Equivalent

METRIC ENGLISH 2.54 centimeter, cm 1 inch, in.

1 meter, m 39.37 inches, in.

1 kilometer, km 1.06 quartz, qt

250 milliliter, mL 1 cup, c

1 kilogram, kg 2.2 pounds, lb.

1 meter, m 3.28 feet, ft.

90 centimeters, cm 1 yard, yd.

3.79 Liters, L 1 gallon, gal

Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.mass – measure of the quantity of matter

SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)

1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = g x mass

120

Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)

1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3

1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3

1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

1 mL = 1 cm3

You are not changing the size, just the name.

Convert 0.15 meters to centimeters

0.15 meters = centimeters

Starting amount End Amount

.01

1 centi

0.15 meters = 15 meters100

= 15 centimeters

If saying 15 hundredths, just say 15 centi-

equal

Convert 5234 millimeters to meters

5234 millimeters = meters


milli

0.001

5234 millimeters 5234 meters1000

equal

Convert 5234 millimeters to centimeters

5234 millimeters = centimeters


milli

0.001

5234. millimeters

equal equal

0.01

centi

523.4 centimeters

Convert 5234 millimeters to inches

5234 millimeters = inches


milli

0.001

equal equal

0.01

centi 2.54 cm

1 inch

1 inch

2.54 cm

Convert 21 grams per liter (21 g/L) to milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL)

21 gramsLiter

= mgmL


milli

0.001

equal equal

0.001

milli

Convert 21 mg per liter (21 g/L) to grams per 100 cc

21 mgLiter

= g 100cc


0.001

milli

equal equal

1L1000cc

0.10.1

equal

0.00021

DENSITY

Density is equals to the mass over volume

D = m/V

Unit (g/mL)

Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3

1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

density = mass

volume d = mV

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?

d = mV

m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

Calculating the Density of An Object

from Its Mass and Volume

A block of wood with a length of 1.08m, height of 6.2 cm and width of 5.1 cm has a mass of 2.52 kg. What is the density of the wood, expressed in grams per cubic centimeter?

Calculating the Mass of a Liquid from Its

Volume and Density

What is the mass of a 275 mL of ethanol? The density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL

Imran Syakir Mohamad

Chemistry DACS 1233 132

K = 0C + 273.15

0F = x 0C + 3295

273 K = 0 0C 373 K = 100 0C

32 0F = 0 0C 212 0F = 100 0C

Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.

0F = x 0C + 3295

0F – 32 = x 0C95

x (0F – 32) = 0C95

0C = x (0F – 32)95

0C = x (172.9 – 32) = 78.395

Percent Composition

Percent is the number of parts of a constituent in 100 parts of the whole.

Ex. A seawater contains 3.5% NaCl, by mass, means that in every 100 grams of seawater there is 3.5 g of NaCl present

Uncertainties in Scientific Measurement

Precision – refers to the degree of reproducibility of a measured quantity

Accuracy – refers to how close a measured value is to the accepted or “real” value.

Accuracy and Precision

_____________ – how close a measurement is to the true value

__________ – how close a set of measurements are to each other

accurate&

precise

precisebut

not accurate

not accurate&

not precise

Scientific Notation • Is a compact, simplest and easy way of

writing down very small and very large numbers using powers of ten or in exponential notation.

• The exponent tells the number of times the decimal point is moved from its original place to right or from the original place to the left.

• The exponent is NEGATIVE if the decimal point is moved from left to right and POSITIVE if it is moved from right to left.

Scientific NotationThe number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:

602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000

6.022 x 1023

The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:

0.0000000000000000000000199

1.99 x 10-23

N x 10n

N is a number between 1 and 10

n is a positive or negative integer

Example:

• 4,000,000 = 4.0 x 106

• 532,000,000 = 5.32 x 108

• 0.000000045 = 4.0 x 10-8

• 0.0032 = 3.2 x 10-3

Scientific Notation568.762

n > 0

568.762 = 5.68762 x 102

move decimal left

0.00000772

n < 0

0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

move decimal right

Addition or Subtraction

1. Write each quantity with the same exponent n

2. Combine N1 and N2 3. The exponent, n, remains the

same

4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =

4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =

4.70 x 104

Scientific Notation

Multiplication

1. Multiply N1 and N2

2. Add exponents n1 and n2

(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =

28 x 10-2 =2.8 x 10-1

Division

1. Divide N1 and N2

2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2

8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =(8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =

1.7 x 10-5

Significant Figures• Any digit that is not zero is significant

1.234 kg 4 significant figures• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant

606 m 3 significant figures• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not

significant

0.08 L 1 significant figure• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of

the decimal point are significant

2.0 mg 2 significant figures• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at

the end and in the middle of the number are significant

0.00420 g 3 significant figures

How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?

24 mL 2 significant figures

3001 g 4 significant figures

0.0320 m3 3 significant figures

6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures

560 kg 2 significant figures

Significant Figures

Addition or SubtractionThe answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimalpoint than any of the original numbers.

89.332

1.1+

90.432 round off to 90.4

one significant figure after decimal point

3.70-2.9133

0.7867

two significant figures after decimal point

round off to 0.79

Significant Figures

Multiplication or DivisionThe number of significant figures in the result is set by the original number that has the smallest number of significant figures

4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926

2 sig figs round to2 sig figs

= 0.061

Significant Figures

Exact NumbersNumbers from definitions or numbers of objects are consideredto have an infinite number of significant figures

The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70

3= 6.67333 = 6.67

Because is an exact number

= 7

Factor-Label Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed

2. Carry units through calculation

3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the problem was solved correctly.

1 L = 1000 mL

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

1L

1000 mL1.63 L x = 1630 mL

The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this speed in miles per hour?

1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min

343m

sx

1 mi

1609 m

60 s

1 minx

60 min

1 hourx = 767

mi

hour

meters to milesseconds to hours

AQ

6000 (4 x 972) + (76.4 x 29.3) – (12 x 7)

0.2022 0.00627 + 0.1956 + 0.00029

2.73 7.43

470(63.7 x 49) / 6.664

531.267 x 42 x 0.9963

AQ

V = m/D

150lbs = 68.1kg = 68,100g V = 68,100g / (0.95g/cm3)

V = 72,000cm3

Depending upon the amount of fat a person has, the human body has a density of about 0.95g/cm3. If a person weighed 150lbs, what would be their volume in cm3?

V = mass/density

V = 755g / (2.564g/cm3)

= 294 cm3

What is the volume of 755g of a material with a density of 2.564g/mL?

184 K Liquid ethane boils at -89°C. What is its boiling point on the Kelvin scale?

Final Note

Chemistry is a lot like love. Without chemistry, there won’t be any rage

of hormones or even couples made because

they are not in sync with each other

Chemistry is like DOTA: Dealing of Things Aspect May mga recipes din … Dapat nagmimix ang

characters … para maganda ang product

Both aim to improve, … continue to discover and develop

Both are FUN

Chemistry:

A journey of a thousand miles that begins with a single step…

It is like a bikini, what it reveals is essential… what it conceals is vital…

BVV

Chemistry is omnipresent … at times we find ourselves “in chemistry” with other

people Cool at creative na pag Halo ng mga Elements na nagfo2rm ng Matter It Suggests that one must TRY to study hard & excel

What they say about

Chemistry

• “Mystery solver” ... • “like a shadow” … since birth… still

chemistry is with me.

• …confuses my senses … makes me feel interested…

• Chemistry is like a song. Once you learned it, you’ll find yourself enjoying & loving it

• … is like SMART & Globe … “its simply AMAZING” & “makes Great Things Possible”

• … is a challenge.

• So plant as many seeds of knowledge as you can

• OR THE ZOMBIES WILL EAT YOUR BRAIN!

3. introduction to chemistry

Documents