Footnote-Styles and Exercise

Prof. Vijender Kumar

Professor of Law & Commonwealth Fellow NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad

vijenderkumar@yahoo.com

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Acknowledgement of Sources

FootnotesFootnotes Page-wiseFootnotes Chapter-wiseFootnotes Section-wise

Endnotes References

Use of footnotes1. To validate a point, statement or argument. In the

interest of scholarly honesty, the source or authority should be acknowledged through the use of footnotes.

2. To explain, supplement, or amplify material that is included in the main body of a paper/thesis.

3. Provide cross-reference to other sections of the paper/thesis.

4. Acknowledge direct or indirect quotations.5. Provide the reader with sufficient information to

enable him to consult sources independently.

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Information used in Footnotes

The following information is usually included in footnotes: Printed sources

i) Source of information, usually the name of the authorii) Title of the sourceiii) Year, edition, volume, or part of publicationiv) Publisher and place of publicationv) Exact page (s) of the source of reference

Information used in Footnotes

The following information is usually included in footnotes: Electronic sources

i) Source of information, usually the name of the authorii) Title of the sourceiii) Year, edition, volume, or part of publicationiv) Publisher and place of publicationv) Exact page (s) of the source of referencevi) URL addressvii) Date when the website was visited

(Exercise with illustrations)

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Citation Methods

1. Citation of a Book authored: (a) By a single writer:

Format: Name of the author, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition,

Page no. Illustration:

Asutosh Mookerjee, "Marriage, Separation and Divorce", 3rd ed. 2002, p. 376.

Mookerjee Asutosh, Marriage, Separation and Divorce, 3rd ed. 2002, pp. 376-379.

Mookerjee Asutosh, Marriage, Separation and Divorce, 3rd ed. 2002, pp. 376-765.

Mookerjee Asutosh, MARRIAGE, SEPARATION AND DIVORCE, 3rd

ed. 2002, pp. 376-380.

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Approved form of Footnote-Method/Style

Asutosh Mookerjee, MARRIAGE, SEPARATION AND DIVORCE, 3rd ed. 2002, pp. 376-380.

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Citation Methods

(b) By two writers: Format:

Name of the authors, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.

Illustration: Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, "Family Law", 4th ed. 1998,

p. 87. Diwan Paras and Diwan Peeyushi, Family Law, 4th ed. 1998,

pp. 87-89. Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, Family Law, 4th ed. 1998,

p. 87. Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, FAMILY LAW, 4th ed. 1998,

p. 87.

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Approved form of Footnote-Method/Style

Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan, FAMILY LAW, 4th ed. 1998, p. 87.

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Citation Methods

(c) By Multiple writers (three or more): Format:

Name of the authors (the first one) et al., Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.

Illustration: Christina L. Kunz et al., "Legal Research", 4th ed. 1996, p. 154. Kunz Christina L. et al., Legal Research, 4th ed. 1996, pp. 154-

161. Christina L. Kunz et al., Legal Research, 4th ed. 1996, p. 154. Christina L. Kunz et al., LEGAL RESEARCH, 4th ed. 1996, p.

154.

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Approved form of Footnote-Method/Style

Christina L. Kunz et al., LEGAL RESEARCH, 4th ed. 1996, p. 154.

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Citation Methods

2. Citation of a book edited: (i) By a single editor:

Format: Name of the editor (ed.), Title of the book, No. of edition Year

of edition, Page no. Illustration:

R.K.Raizada (ed.), "Women and the Law", 1st ed. 1996, p. 45. Raizada R.K. (ed.), Women and the Law, 1st ed. 1996, pp. 45-

46. R.K.Raizada (ed.), Women and the Law, 1st ed. 1996, p. 45. R.K.Raizada (ed.), WOMEN AND THE LAW, 1st ed. 1996, p.

45.

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Citation Methods (ii) By two editors:

Format: Name of the editors (eds.), Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition,

Page no. Illustration:

Ranbir Singh and Ghanshyam Singh (eds.), "Human Rights Education, Law and Society", 1st ed. 2004, p. 293.

Singh Ranbir and Singh Ghanshyam (eds.), Human Rights Education, Law and Society, 1st ed. 2004, pp. 293-305.

Ranbir Singh and Ghanshyam Singh (eds.), Human Rights Education, Law and Society, 1st ed. 2004, p. 293.

Ranbir Singh and Ghanshyam Singh (eds.), HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION, LAW AND SOCIETY, 1st ed. 2004, p. 293.

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Citation Methods (iii) By three or more than three editors:

Format: Name of the editors, the first one only et al. (eds.), Title of the book, No. of

edition Year of edition, Page no. Illustration:

Ranbir Singh et al. (eds.), "Cyber Space and the Law-Issues and Challenges", 1st ed. 2004, p. 356.

Singh Ranbir et al. (eds.), Cyber Space and the Law-Issues and Challenges, 1st ed. 2004, pp. 356-359.

Ranbir Singh et al. (eds.), Cyber Space and the Law-Issues and Challenges, 1st ed. 2004, p. 356.

Ranbir Singh et al. (eds.), CYBER SPACE AND THE LAW-ISSUES AND CHALLENGES, 1st ed. 2004, p. 356.

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Citation Methods 3. Citation of a book revised:

(i) By a single author: Format:

Name of the revised author (rev.), Name of the original author, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.

Illustration: Vijender Kumar (rev.), John D. Mayne, “Treatise

on Hindu Law and Usage”, 17th ed. 2014, p. 915. Satyajeet Desai (rev.), D. F. Mulla, PRINCIPLES

OF HINDU LAW, 20th ed. 2001, pp. 123-126.

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Citation Methods

(ii) By two authors: Format:

Name of the revised authors (rev.), Name of the original author, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.

Illustration: Rangnath Mishra and Vijender Kumar (rev.),

John D. Mayne, “Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage”, 16th ed. 2008, p. 15.

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Citation Methods

(ii) By three or more than three authors: Format:

Name of the revised authors (the first one only) et al. (rev.), Name of the original author, Title of the book, No. of edition Year of edition, Page no.

Illustration: Vijender Kumar et al. (rev.), G. D. Banerjee,

“Marriage and Stridhan”, 2nd ed. 2010, p. 115.

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Article Published in the Journal-(i) Citation of an article published in a Journal:

NALSAR Law Review: 1NLR 2003

FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of

the article, Vol. no. of the Journal, Part no. of the Journal (if any), Name/Title of the Journal, Year of Publication, Page no.

Illustration: Archana Parashar, “Welfare of the Child in Family

Laws-India and Australia”, 1NLR 2003, p. 49.

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Contd. Journal of the Indian Law Institute:

47 JILI (2005)51 JILI (2009)

FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of the article, Vol.

no. of the Journal, Part no. of the Journal (if any), Name/Title of the Journal, Year of Publication, Page no.

Illustration: Vijender Kumar, "Basis and Nature of Pious Obligation of Son to Pay

Father's Debt vis-à-vis Statutory Modifications in Hindu Law", 36 JILI (1994), p. 339.

Kumar Vijender, Basis and Nature of Pious Obligation of Son to Pay Father's Debt vis-à-vis Statutory Modifications in Hindu Law, 36 JILI (1994), p. 339.

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Contd.

NALSAR Student Law Review: 2005 (1) NSLR <page no.>

FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of

the article, Year of publication, Vol. no., Name / Title of the Journal, Page no.

Illustration: Parvathy R Menon, “A Critical Analysis of State

Response to Farmer Suicide: Agrarian Distress in Andhra Pradesh”, 2005 (1) NSLR, p. 25.

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Citation Methods

(iii) Citation of an article Published in a book edited: Format:

Name of the author of the article, Title of the article, Name of the editor (ed.), Title of the Book, No. of edition, Year of Publication, Page no.

Illustration: Elizabeth S. Scott, "Marital Commitment and the Legal

Regulation of Divorce", Antony W Dunes (ed.), THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE, 1st ed. 2002, p. 35.

Scott Elizabeth S., Marital Commitment and the Legal Regulation of Divorce, Dunes Antony W (ed.), THE LAW AND ECONOMICS OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE, 1st ed. 2002, p. 35.

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(iv) Citation of a paper/ article Published in a Law/Case Reporter:

All India Reporter: AIR 2005 Journal 162

FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of

the article, Name / Title of the Journal, Year of Publication, title of the section of the Reporter, Page no.

Illustration: Manoj Kumar Sharma, “Right to Health and Care as a

Fundamental Right”, AIR 2005 Journal 255.

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Contd. Supreme Court Journal: (2002) 1 S.C.J.

2005 (5) SCJ

FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of

the article, Year of publication, Vol. no., Name / Title of the Journal, Page no.

Illustration: K. Vivek Reddy, “Res Judicata in Execution Procedings:

A Decisional Analysis”, (2002) 1 S.C.J., p. 1.

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Contd.

Andhra Law Times: 2003 (6) ALT

FORMAT: Name of the Researcher (author of the article), Title of

the article, Year of publication, Vol. no., Name / Title of the Journal, Page no.

Illustration: Shweta Pandey, “Domestic Violence Against Women:

Issues and Remedies”, 2003 (6) ALT, p. 44. K.V.G. Krishna Murthy, “Role of Judicial Officers in

Administration of Justice”, 2001 (3) ALT, p. 7.

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Contd.

Supreme Court Cases: (1994) 4 SCC (Jour) 12

Format: Name of the Researcher (author of the paper/article), Title of the

paper/article, Year of Publication, Vol. no. of the Journal, Name / Title of the Law / Case Reporter, Journal section, Page no.

Illustration:

B B Pande, "Right to Life or Death?: For Bharat both cannot be 'Right", (1994) 4 SCC (Jour) 19.

Pande B B, Right to Life or Death?: For Bharat both cannot be 'Right, (1994) 4 SCC (Jour) 19.

Media Law Review:

Mode of citation:

1MLR 2010

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The Criminal Law Journal:

Mode of citation:

2005 Cri.L.J. 92 (SC)

2005 Cri.L.J. 2401 (MP)

2005 Cri.L.J., p….

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Company Cases:

Mode of citation:

Statutes: [2005] 127 Comp. Cas (St.), p….

Report: [2005] 127 Comp. Cas, p….

Journal: [2005] 127 Comp. Cas, (Journal), p….

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Company Law Journal:

Mode of Citation:

Reports: (2005) 5 Comp LJ (…)

Journal: (2005) 5 Comp LJ (journal), p…

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The All England Law Reporters:

Mode of Citation:

[1939] 1 All E R

Example:

X v. Y, [1985] 2 All E R 76

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Halsbury Laws of England:

Mode of Citation:

7 (1), 4th Ed. 1996, p. 1.

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Harvard Law Review:

Mode of Citation:

65 HARV.L.REV 118 (1986)

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Law Quarterly Review:

Mode of Citation:

34 Law Quarterly Review 27 (1918)

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(v) Citation of research Published as a part of a Survey of Law, (Annual Survey of Indian Law):

Annual Survey of Indian Law: XXXIX ASIL (2003)

Format: Name of the author of the research paper, Title of the

research paper, Vol. no., Name of the Survey, Year of publication, Page no.

Illustration: Poonam Pradhan Saxena, "Family Law and

Succession", XXXVII ASIL (2001), p. 311. Vepa P Sarathi, “Civil Procedure and Evidence”, XXXVIII

ASIL (2002), pp.43-63.

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Citation Methods (vi) Citation of a paper/write-up Published in a Newspaper:

Format: Name of the author, Title of the paper/write-up, Name of the

Newspaper, Place of Publication of the Newspaper, Day Date Year of Publication, Page no.

Illustration: Chirdeep Bagga, "Law may put daughters, sons on a par", THE

TIMES OF INDIA, Hyderabad, Friday, December 17, 2004, p. 10. Bagga Chirdeep, Law may put daughters, sons on a par, The Times

of India, Hyderabad, Friday, December 17, 2004, p. 10. Vaiju Naravane, "Women, a battered section of society", THE HINDU,

Hyderabad, Tuesday, March 9, 2004, p. 12. Naravane Vaiju, Women, a battered section of society, The Hindu,

Hyderabad, Tuesday, March 9, 2004, p. 12.

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Internet-method of citation: If the website gives information as to when it

was last modified/updated, that must be cited and also one must cite the date of visiting the website.

Format: Book / Article:Name of the Author, Title of the Book, URL address, Date of visit.

Illustration: Lon Fuller, “Morality of Law”,

http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocot.html, p. 10, (September 24, 2013).

samples

http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in (visited September 14, 2013).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_education_in_India, (visited September 15, 2013).

LAW SCHOOLS AND LEGAL EDUCATION IN INDIA by Dyutimoy Mukherje,

http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=dyutimoy_mukherjee, (visited September 16, 2013).

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Unpublished Research work:

Thesis / Dissertation Ajai Kumar, “Changing Attitude Towards Marriage Under Various Personal Laws in India: A Socio-Legal Study”, (2001), (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, M.D. University, Rohtak), p. 116.

Vijender Kumar, “The Doctrine of Son’s Pious Obligation to Pay his Father’s Debt- A Socio-Legal Critique”, (1993), (Unpublished LL.M. Dissertation, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra), p. 245.

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Contd.

InterviewInterview with Upendra Baxi, Leader of Human Rights in Delhi, (February 23, 2014).

Subordinate footnotes

Supra Op. cit. Ibid Id. Infra

Subordinate footnotes

Ibid: ‘ibidem’; in the same place or work -used when two or more successive footnotes refer to the same work; if reference is to different page (s), page No. (s) are indicated.

Supra: ‘above’; used to refer to text already cited. Op. cit: ‘opere citato’; in the work cited- used when

reference is made to the same work as a preceding but not immediately preceding reference.

Infra: ‘below’ - used to refer text following.

Examples of Abbreviations

SIC: ‘thus’; used to call attention to the fact that an error in spelling, grammar or fact is in the original; enclosed by square brackets [ ] and placed immediately after the work or phrase in question.

V. VV.: verse, verses. Vs. : ‘versus’ ; against. Vid or vide: ‘see’ Rev.: revised or revision- e.g., rev. ed.: revised edition. E. G.: ‘Exempli gratia’, for example Et al.: ‘et alia’, and others (used to refer to co-author when

there are three or more)

Examples of Abbreviations

P., PP. : page, e.g. p. 40--- pages, pp. 71-72. Art. : ‘Article’ e.g. Article 21. J. : Journal, e.g. Journal of Indian Law Institute

(JILI) AIR : All India Reporter SC : Supreme Court HC : High Court PC : Privy Council QB : Queen’s Bench