Education and Humanists

Priority: Survival of the Household

• Subsistence (80%): market (20%) of agriculture• Risk of bad harvests• Disease• Life expectancy from birth = 33

Priority: Future of the Household

• Work positions for families with many children; acquiring workers for those with few children

• Learning skills through apprenticeships• Arranging marriages

Education of Elizabeth of York

• Literate in French– Historical romances

• Dancing, musical instruments• Hunting• Table games• Sewing, needlework

Raising the Children

• Prince Arthur - own household• Other children at Eltham Palace

Arthur (1486-1502)

• 1488 Dame Elizabeth Darcy, governess• 1489 Knight of Bath; 1491 Knight of the Garter• 1490 Warden of the Scottish Marches• 1492 Keeper of England; King's Lieutenant• 1501 Sent to Wales

Education of Elizabeth of York

• Literate in French– Historical romances

• Dancing, musical instruments• Hunting• Table games• Sewing, needlework

Arthur (1486-1502)

• 1488 Dame Elizabeth Darcy, governess• 1489 Knight of Bath; 1491 Knight of the Garter• 1490 Warden of the Scottish Marches• 1492 Keeper of England; King's Lieutenant• 1501 Sent to Wales

Education of a Prince (Arthur)

• Tutor: poet, John Skelton• Humanist exposure – Erasmus• Languages, science • Hunting and military training

Marriage of Arthur

1501

Marriage of Arthur

• Discussed as early as 1487• Treaty of Medina del Campo (12/1490)• Proxy marriage (1497)

The New Learning

Classical works• Italian scholarship had brought back many

Greek and Roman works• Latin translations from the Greek were made• Printing made these more available

Catherine of Aragon?

Juan

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Michel Sitt

ow c. 1505

Education: Catherine of Aragon

• Isabella – self taught in Latin• Catherine taught Latin by

Beatriz Galindo• Learned Italian• Sewing, needlework,

music and dancing• Asked to learn French for role in England

Beatriz GalindoLa Latina

Royal Tutors chosen by Henry VII

• John Rede (d. 1521): Professional teacher– Tutor of Arthur to 1496

• Bernard André (1450-1522) Poet; historian– Official historian of Henry VII– Poet and orator– Tutor of Arthur from 1496-1500

Royal Tutors

• John Skelton (1460-1529) Poet– Tutor of Henry VIII from 1488-1502-3– Pedagogic writings for Henry

• Latin humanists: – William Hone

Tutor of Henry and later Princess Mary Tudor– John Holt (d. 1504)

Lac puerorum, subtitled Mylke for ChyldrenGrammar tutor of Henry VIII

• Giles Duwes: French (Arthur, Margaret, Henry, Mary)

DuwesFrench text

Arthur’s Reading List

• Grammar: Guarino,Perotti, Leto, Sulpizio,Aulus Gellius,and Valla;

• Poetry: Homer, Virgil, Lucan, Ovid, Silius Italicus, Plautus, and Terence

• Oratory: Cicero (De officius, Letters, Paradoxa stoicorum), Quintilian;

• History: Thucydides, Livy, Caesar's Commentaries, Suetonius, Tacitus, Pliny, Valerius Maximus, Sallust and Eusebius

Thomas Linacre (1460-1524)

• Studied Greek in Italy• 1496 Medical degree from

Padua• 1499 In charge of

education of Arthur; 1523 Involved in education of Mary

Linacre

• 1509 royal physician• Translated Galen from Greek to Latin• 1518 Creation of a college of physicians in

London• Left money to establish medical lectureships

at Oxford and Cambridge

John Colet (1467-1519)

• 1498 Began translation of New Testament from Greek to English

• Assisted in production of Greek grammar

• Opposed– Importance given to confession– Pilgrimage; relics; cult of

images

• 1512 Reform of St. Paul’s School

• Chaplain to Henry VIII

Desiderius Erasmus (1467-1536)

• Resident in England 1499-1506; 1509-14

• 1509 Praise of Folly• 1526 On Christian

Matrimony

Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540)

• In England 1523-1528• 1523 De Institutione

Foeminae Christianae – Addresses education of

Princess Mary

Thomas Elyot (1490-1546)

• 1523 Senior clerk to Henry VIII’s council

• 1531 The Boke Named the Governour– An education for the

governing class

• 1538 Latin-English dictionary

Thomas More (1478-1535)

• 1496 admitted to the bar

• ~1501 Became friends with Erasmus

• Utopia advances– Learning Latin after

learning the vernacular– Education of girls

Utopia (1516) Thomas More Epigrams (1520)

Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)

1526 Ambassador to France 1527 Ambassador to the Pope1528 Translation of Petrarch for Catherine of Aragon1532 Accompanied Henry and Anne Boleyn to Calais1540 Imprisoned for supposed anti-Henry speech but released through intercession of Catherine Howard

Petrachian Sonnet (On execution of Cromwell?)

The piller pearisht is whearto I Lentthe strongest staye of myne vnquyet mvndeThe lyke of it no man agayne can fyndeffrom East to west still seking thoughe he wentTo myne vnhappe for happe away hath rentOf all my ioye the vearye bark and ryndeAnd I (alas) by chaunce am thus assyndeDearlye to moorne till death do it relent

But syns that thus it is by destenyeWhat can I more but have a wofull hartMy penne in playnt, my voyce in wofull cryeMy mynde in woe, my bodye ful of smartAnd I my self, my self alwayes to hateTill dreadfull death, do cease my dolefull state

abbaabba

cdcdee

Oxford, Corpus Christi

• 1517 Foundation by Richard Fox • Study of Scripture to be underpinned by

instruction in Latin and Greek, and by the study of patristic texts– may have been the only college in Oxford to have

Greek books in its library before 1535 • Required the Reader of Humanity to "manfully

root out barbarity from our garden."

Corpus Christi

Medical Education

• 1422 (9 Hen. V), – "No one shall use the mysterie of fysyk, unless he

hath studied it in some University, and is at least a bachelor in the science.”

– “any woman who shall practice physick shall incur the same penalty” [as those who are not qualified as above].

Medicine

• King Henry VIII (C. 11, 1511) “Except for those graduating in medicine at Oxford and Cambridge, all desiring to practice medicine or surgery in London and seven miles around must be approved, after examination, by the Bishop of London, or the Dean of St. Paul's with, in the case of physicians, the assistance of four doctors in physick, and, in the case of surgeons, of other expert persons of that faculty."