3. dr. anjan ghosh_indore-talk2012
DESCRIPTION
GHOSH SIRTRANSCRIPT
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Prof. Anjan K Ghosh DAIICT
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Overview
• Fiber optical networks – advantages • Multiplexing – DWDM • Main components: fibers, splitters, optical
amplifiers, gratings, add-drop multiplexers, cross-connects
• Examples of WDM based optical networks
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Op-cal Networks
• The foundation of global information superhighway
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Why Fiber Op-cs?
• “Unlimited” bandwidth – Light frequency ~1015 Hz, even 1% of it = 1013 Hz ~ 1
billion digital audio channels • Very low loss (0.2 dB/km) • Secure • Not affected by EMI • Abundant raw material • Cost-effective
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Advantage of the Bandwidth
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Think of the speed. Suppose you were to download the entire Library of Congress of the USA onto your PC using a dial-up modem transferring data at a rate of 56 thousand bps. It would take about 82 years. A wireless connection going at 2 million bps would move the library in a little over two years. How long would a 3-trillion-bps fiber-optics connection take? 48 seconds. From: http://www.wonderquest.com/fiber-optics-internet.htm
The capacity of the “L band” of wavelength of a standard single-mode fiber
Is about 25 trillion bps.
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Op-cal Fiber Network Between Con-nents
From: hHp://networks.cs.ucdavis.edu/~zhuk/maps.html
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A Fiber Op-c Network in India
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From: hHp://www.sintelsat.com/fibernetworks/FLAG.html
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Fiber Op-c Network in a State
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From: hHp://www.iowanetworkservices.com/Provider/map_state.aspx
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Metropolitan Area Op-cal Network
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From: Text book by Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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Local Area Network (LAN)
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From: http://www.mysecurecyberspace.com/encyclopedia/index/local-area-network-lan.html
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Passive Op-cal Network (PON) or
Fiber to the X (FTTX)
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A Typical Fiber Op-c Communica-on Link
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S. Pachnicke, Fiber-‐Op-c Transmission Networks, Springer-‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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Growth in Fiber Op-cs and Internet Traffic
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S. Pachnicke, Fiber-‐Op-c Transmission Networks, Springer-‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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Growth in Fiber Op-c Network Capacity
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S. Pachnicke, Fiber-‐Op-c Transmission Networks, Springer-‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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Fiber Op-cs & Broadband in India
• Must grow 100 times • Information and knowledge to people • Enormous scope in future
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“India has plans to extend its fiber optic network to reach the village level to connect and push e-services to rural areas, according to a government official. In a Friday statement, Shri Kapil Sibal, India's minister of communication and information technology said the Telecom Commission has proposed to create the National Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) which will extend the country's existing fiber optic network from the district level to the village level, or gram panchayat level.” ZDNet Asia on July 25, 2011
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Mul-plexing
• Combining signals from different sources together to best utilize a channel
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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multipexing_demultiplexing_scheme_en.svg
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Mul-plexing
• Time • Frequency • Code • Wavelength
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Time Division Mul-plexing (TDM)
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From: http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/270
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TDM
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TI Channel between two Central Offices carry 24 different Digital voice channels (PCM) each of bit rate 64 kbps
From:http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/270
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Frequency Division Mul-plexing
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From: hH
p://electriciantraining.tpub.com/14189/css/14189_105.htm
Voice of User 1
Voice of User 2
Power Spectrum
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FDM
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From: hHp://fmfi-‐uk.hq.sk/Informa-ka/Distribuovane%20Systemy/knihy/ICN/ch2s4p2.htm
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FDM
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From: hHp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communica-on_Systems/Frequency-‐Division_Mul-plexing
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Wavelength
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Wavelength = (phase velocity )/frequency
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Wavelength of Light
• Frequency of light ~ 1015 Hz • Instead of frequency we use wavelength in
micrometers or nanometers in photonics • Visible light wavelength ~ 400 nm to 700 nm • In Fiber optic communication networks we use
infra-red light with wavelength in the range of 1300-1350 nm or 1500-1600 nm
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Electromagne-c Spectrum
From: http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-wavelength.htm
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Wavelength Division Mul-plexing (WDM)
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From:http://www.fiber-optics.info/fiber_optic_glossary
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Typical Dense WDM (DWDM) Spectrum
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From: http://www.gare.co.uk/technology_watch/dwdm.htm
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DWDM
• WDM is similar to that of FDM • Each wavelength = carrier for one super-super-
jumbo FDM group
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DWDM
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From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
Composite FDM, TDM or CDM Signal
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A DWDM Op-cal Network
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Figure 1.5 A WDM wavelength-routing network, showing optical line terminals (OLTs), optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), and optical crossconnects (OXCs). The network provides lightpaths to its users, which are typically IP routers or SONET terminals.
From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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A Typical Op-cal Fiber
cladding
core refractive index
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Snell’s Law of Refrac-on
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Total Internal Reflec-on (TIR)
TIR critical angle
RI = n2 > n1
RI = n1
= sin-1 (n1/n2)
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TIR in an Op-cal Fiber
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Materials of Op-cal Fibers
• Silica /glass with doping • Chalcogenide glass • Halide glass • Rare-earth doped glass • Plastic • Speciality material such as sapphire • Photonic bandgap structure
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A Typical Fiber Op-c Long-‐haul Communica-on System
Electronic Signal source
Optical transmitter
Fiber Cable 1
Fiber Cable 2
Fiber Cable 3
Fiber Cable 4
Optoelectronic Repeater
Optical Receiver
Signal Destination
Splice
Splice
0 dBm -40 dBm 0 dBm
If loss = 5 dB/km then distance = 8 km If loss = 1 dB/km then distance = 40 km
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AHenua-on in Op-cal Fiber Links
• Absorption • Scattering
– Molecules – Impurities
• Bending and deformation • Joints
– Fiber to fiber • Connectors (removable) • Splices (non-removable)
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Absorp-on Spectrum of Silica Fibers
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Dispersion
• Causes spreading and distortion of lightwave signal pulses – Intersymbol interference – Reduced bandwidth availability
• Measured as a parameter with units ps/(km-nm)
Z=0 Z = L
t t
Optical Fiber
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Dispersion and RMS Pulse Width
• Light spectral width = Δλ nm • Length of fiber = L km • Dispersion parameter = σ ps/(km-nm) • Pulse spread: ps • Original rms pulse width at source = τ0 ps • Final rms pulse width
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Δτ =σ LΔλ
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Dispersion Reduces Available Signal Bandwidth
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Graded Index Fiber for Less Modal Dispersion
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Material + Waveguide = Chroma-c Dispersion
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Material + Waveguide Dispersion
Engineer
Can be changed By altering RI Distribution in core and cladding
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Dispersion Compensa-on
• Use a dispersion compensating fiber segment • Equalization techniques (esp. for polarization
dispersion) • Use Soliton-pulse based propagation
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Power Division in an Ideal DC
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P3 = aPi Pi
P4 = (1-a)Pi
0 < a < 1
Ideal P3+P4 = Pi No Extra Loss
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8x8 star coupler made with 2x2 DC
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All Op-cal Amplifica-on
• Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers • Er Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)
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Basic Physics of EDFAs
• Pump laser is absorbed by Er atoms • Er atoms in higher energy state • When a signal photon @ 1550 nm comes excited Er loses energy
giving extra photons @ 1550 nm • New photons may add up with signal photons in phase • Number of signal photons increase (some extra noise too) • Depends on pump laser power, Er doping level, length of Er doped
fiber …
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Schema-c of an EDFA
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From: http://www.fiberoptics4sale.com/wordpress
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Amplified Spontaneous Emission
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Advantages of EDFAs
• Attenuation or loss is less important now • Power is low – put an EDFA • (No. of EDFAs depends on noise and bandwidth
tolerances)
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Gain Characteris-cs of EDFAs
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Gain Satura-on in EDFAs
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A WDM Link with EDFAs
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From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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Fiber Bragg Gra-ngs
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From: Wikipedia
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FBG Reflec-on Spectrum
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From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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Wavelength Add Drop Mul-plexing
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From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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Wavelength Add-‐drop Mul-plexer
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From: United States Patent 6832018
Mirrors
Array of Optical Filters
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Need for OADM
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From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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Serial and Parallel OADM
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From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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2x2 Op-cal Switch
• A directional coupler on an Electro-Optic substrate • Apply external E field • Change coupling
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Crossbar Switch with 2x2
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From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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MEMS based Op-cal Switch
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Op-cal Cross Connect
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From: Ramaswamy and Sivarajan
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Fiber Op-c Network with WDM
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From: DWDM – S. Kartalopoulos
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Fiber Op-c Metro Network with WDM
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WDM based PON
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Scope of Research
• Enormous • Fiber Optics + Free space Optics another 50-60
years
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Research in DAIICT
• Optical communication and Networking • Optical Sensors • Sensor Networking with Optics
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Summary
• Fiber optical networks – advantages • Multiplexing – DWDM • Main components: fibers, splitters, optical
amplifiers, gratings, add-drop multiplexers, cross-connects
• Examples of WDM based optical networks
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References
• Optical Networks – Ramaswamy and Sivarajan • DWDM – S. Kartalopoulos
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