3. cestodes josh 06 v1 · the tapeworms (cestodes): taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) taenia solium...
TRANSCRIPT
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Helminths
• Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) - “Nematodes”
• Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
– Class Cestoidea (segmented flatworms) - “Cestodes”
– Class Trematoda (non-segmented flatworms) - “Trematodes”
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The tapeworms (Cestodes):
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
---> CysticercosisEchinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)
---> Hydatid Disease
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Taenia saginata The beef tapeworm
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“Field o’ beeves”
D. Despommier, master photographer and fly-fisherman
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“Plate o’ Beef”a la “Wellington
D. Despommier, expert chef
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Cysticerci - heart of cowVeterinary Pathology Laboratory, Univ. Penn
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Cestode hosts
Definitive Host:
T. saginata
Human
Intermediate Host: Cow
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Adult Taenia saginata
Scolex
Immature proglottids
Mature proglottids
Gravid proglottids
cm scale
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Taenia saginata scolexSuckers
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Taenia saginata adult
www.Healthinplainenglish.com/health/infectious_diseases/tapeworm
“Bowl o’ Worms”
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Gravid Proglottid of Taenia saginata
Uterus
Uterine branches
The central uterus of T. saginata has more than 12 branches on a side
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Embryonated, infectious taeniid eggs
Egg “Envelope”
Hexacanth larva Hooklets
Cannot distinguish species of Taenia tapewormsbased on morphology of eggs
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Pathogenesis:
None
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Clinical Disease:
None in humans
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Diagnosis:
1. Find eggs or proglottids instool
2. Identify species based onproglottid morphology, afterformalin and India Ink
3. Identify scolex
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N
N
O
CO
Drug of Choice
Praziquantel
Mode of Action:Increases permeability of flatworm tegument to Ca 2+ ions,Causing muscle tetany and worm detachment.
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Prevention and Control:1. Sanitary disposal of human feces
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Prevention and Control (cont’d):
2. Prevent cows from coming into contact with human feces, ie good sanitation and physical restraints.
3. Freeze and/or cook all beef until well-doneGood luck, NYC restaurants!!(No more rare filet mignon or steak tartar)
4. Federal meat inspection programs (muscle exam or serum ELISA specific to larval stage).
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Taenia soliumThe Pork Tapeworm
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Still Life With Ham. Or not?
Oil on canvas, Paul Gauguin
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Whole cysticercus of Taenia solium
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Adult Taenia solium
Scolex
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Taenia solium scolex
Suckers
Hooks
Photo: E. Grave
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T. Solium Scolex
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Gravid proglottid Taenia solium
Uterine branches number less than 10 per side
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Embryonated, infectious taeniid eggs
Egg Envelope
Hexacanth larva Hooklets
Cannot determine the species of Taenia based on egg morphology
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Pathogenesis:
None
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Clinical Disease:
None
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Diagnosis:
1. Find eggs or proglottids in stool
2. Identify species based onproglottid morphology
3. Identify scolex4. Stool PCR or ELISA (yeah, right)
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N
N
O
CO
Drug of Choice:
1. Praziquantel
2. Niclosamide- Not absorbed systemically- Uncouples cestode oxidative phophorylation,
preventing ATP production.- Parasite is then digested by host enzymes.
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Prevention and Control:1. Sanitary disposal of feces
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Prevention and Control (cont’d):
2. Good sanitary practices on pig farms.
3. Federal meat inspection programs.
4. Cook and/or freeze pork products thoroughly.
5. Treat pigs or vaccinate pigs, using new oncosphere mRNA vaccine, in eradication
programs. (WHO Assembly, 2003).
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Cestode hosts
Definitive Host:
T. saginata
Human
Intermediate Host: Cow
T. solium
Human
Pig
Human
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Cysticercus in brain, on post-mortem pathology
Asymptomatic cyst. Actual cause of death, mesothelioma
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Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis
Multiple Intracerebral Cysts
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Cysticercus floating freelyin anterior chamber
Parasite
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Cysticercosis of eye:cysticercus near optic nerve, mis-diagnosed as
retinoblastoma.
Cysticercus
“The Alien”Enucleated globe in cross-section
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Radiogram of lower leg with numerouscalcified cystercerci of T. solium
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Subcutaneous Cysts
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Neurocysticercosisof the spine
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Cerebello-pontine angle cysticercusThis may cause hydrocephalus
MRI sagittal and axial views with flare
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Neurocysticercosis
T1 weighted T1 with contrast T2 weighted
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NeurocysticercosisCT Scan MRI
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Intracerebral Calcifications
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How bad can things get?
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Immunomodulation
• Taeniastatin: protease inhibitor• Paromycin
– Inhibits complement• Other proteases:
– Degrade Interleukin-12, immunoglobulins andinterferon
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Global distribution of Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis
High prevalenceModerate prevalence
No information available/no evidenceLow prevalence (imported cases)
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Clinical Epidemiology of Cysticercosis
• Est. 50 million people with Intestinal Taeniasis, world-wide• 20% have cysticercosis; half will be symptomatic• Leading cause of adult-onset seizures worldwide (~40%)
– Other causes are trauma, TB, tumors, toxins, other.
• In US: Est. 1000 new cases per year (no mandatory report)– Immigrants account for ~ 95% annually– Travelers account for 3%-5%– Autochthonous transmission: rare
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Pathogenesis:
Space-Occupying lesion
Local Immunologic Reaction
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Clinical Disease:
1. Vision impairment / Blindness
2. Seizures / Death
3. Hydrocephalus / Coma / Death
4. Neurological or other deficits, dependent uponlocation
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Diagnosis:
Must differentiate between cysticercosis and otherpossible lesions (benign cysts, solid tumors, etc.)
1. Biopsy whenever possible
2. Physical (palpation) and radiological evidence
3. Enzyme-linked immunoblot serological test,can be as high as 98% sensitive, 100% specific.
4. MRI
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Treatments:
1. Surgical removal of cysticercus when appropriate
2. Steroids (e.g., dexamethazone) during time of neurological symptoms
3. Anticonvulsants (e.g. Dilantin)
4. Antiparasitic antibiotics: Praziquantel or albendazole + steroids + anticonvulsantsif multiple symptomatic cysticerci or inoperable(still being studied)
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Echinococcus granulosusThe Dog tapeworm
Hydatid Disease in Humans
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Cestode hosts
Definitive Host:
T. saginata
Human
Intermediate Host: Cow
T. solium
Human
Pig
Human
Echinococcusgranulosus
Dog
Sheep
Human
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Traditional sheep husbandry and farming practiceshelp to maintain the cycle in animals and humans.
Navaho, Arizona Abattoir, EcuadorTibetan Plateau
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Distribution map of Echinococcus granulosus (grey) and E. multilocularis (black), which is now also found in Hokkaido(Japan), Alaska and also in the whole of Germany.
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Adult of Echinococcus granulosus
Scolex with suckers and hooks
Mature proglottid
Gravid proglottid
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Echinococcus Granulosus Adultcute, n’est-ce pas?
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Radiogram of upper body showing elevation in rightlobe of liver due to large hydatid cyst
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Liver - 63%Liver - 63%Lungs - 25%Lungs - 25%Muscles - 5%Muscles - 5%Bone marrow - 3% (usually fatal)Bone marrow - 3% (usually fatal)Kidney - 2%Kidney - 2%Spleen - 1%Spleen - 1%Brain - 1% (usually fatal)Brain - 1% (usually fatal)
Distribution of Distribution of Hydatid Hydatid cystscysts
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Hydatid cyst of Liver
Visualize: Hydatid cyst, daughter cysts, hydatid fluid
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Hydatid Cyst diagram
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Hydatid cystsremoved from human liver
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Hydatid cyst of Parietal Lobe
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Pathogenesis and Clinical disease:
1. When intact, it may be immunologically andclinically silent, especially in the liver.
2. In other organs (e.g., brain, lung, bone marrow), hydatid cyst is a space-occupying lesion.
3. It may leak or rupture, seeding adjacent areas.
4. When it ruptures, allergic reactivity and anaphylaxisoften ensue. This may be fatal.
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Liver infected with hydatid cyst ofEchinococcus granulosus
CT Scan Ultrasound
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Petri dish filled with daughter cysts ofEchinococcus granulosus
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Histological section through brood capsules inhydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus
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Brood capsule with protoscolices ofEchinococcus granulosus
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“Hydatid sand”
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Diagnosis:
A. Direct1. NO BIOPSY! 2. Microscopic examination of fluid from hydatid
cyst after surgical removal, see “hydatid sand”
B. Indirect1. ELISA-based serology2. MRI, CAT, x-ray3. Accurate case history (ownership of dogs, living
on a farm, etc.)
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Treatment:
• Surgical, whenever possible
• PAIR Technique for liver lesions– (puncture, aspirate, Inject, re-aspirate)
• Pharmacologic has less than 50% success
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Drug of Choice:
Albendazole (for 1-6 months)
Mode of Action:Prevents microtubule polymerization,blocking glucose absorption, starving worm
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Prevention and Control:
1. Regularly treat all dogs with niclosamide that have contact with sheep. This drug kills the adult parasites.
2. Avoid feeding hydatid cyst material (sheep offal)to dogs.
3. Public health education of sheep farmers.
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Why are you still sitting in the dark?
See you in the lab…