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TRANSCRIPT
-
- 243 -
2CO2
CO2
-
- 244 -
4.1
CO2
No1 IBEC
1983 19841986 1991
4.2 4.5 CO2 IBEC
-
- 245 -
-
- 246 -
1)
-
- 247 -
2)
-
- 248 -
3)
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4.5 IBEC
4)
1 39 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 322 36 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 35 353 39 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 32
4 42 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 325 42 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 346 42 70 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 37 37 377 42 70 0 0 56 56 56 56 56 38 38 388 100 100 0 0 69 69 69 69 69 59 59 599 97 97 0 0 76 76 76 76 76 59 59 5910 83 83 0 0 87 87 87 87 87 85 85 8511 81 81 0 0 78 78 78 78 78 85 85 8512 92 92 0 0 80 80 80 80 80 97 97 97
13 83 83 0 0 65 65 65 65 65 90 90 9014 89 89 0 0 68 68 68 68 68 85 85 8515 94 94 0 0 70 70 70 70 70 100 100 10016 86 86 0 0 74 74 74 74 74 94 94 9417 75 75 0 0 63 63 63 63 63 79 79 7918 81 81 0 0 51 51 51 51 51 68 68 6819 64 70 0 0 60 60 60 60 60 62 62 6220 44 70 0 0 44 44 44 44 44 59 59 5921 56 70 0 0 45 45 45 45 45 52 52 5222 47 70 0 0 32 32 32 32 32 45 45 4523 31 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 37 3724 36 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 32 32 1521 1823 0 0 1118 1118 1118 1118 1118 1428 1428 1428
1 0 100 100 872 0 89 100 873 0 79 94 874 0 39 65 83
5 8 0 63 856 45 0 51 987 77 0 52 1008 100 0 53 999 53 0 55 9410 9 0 60 8311 0 38 71 8212 0 59 92 83 292 404 856 1068
419 kJ/m2h 209 MJ/m2 544 kJ/m2h 419 MJ/m2 377 kJ/m2h 753 MJ/m2 50 W/m2 90 kWh/m2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(
%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
(
%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
(
%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
(
%
)
-
- 250 -
IBEC 14 17
18 3
24CO2 24
1 40.5 1
18 4
2,000m2
38 A 414
5
23
-
- 251 -
20 2008 12 21 2009 11
12)
588 612kWh/ 598kWh/18.0
1,190 1,262kWh/ 1,239kWh/37.3
1,836kWh/55.4
113kWh/
734kWh/ 421kWh/12.7
319 344kWh/
335kWh/ 10.1
158 167kWh/163kWh/ 4.9
206 221kWh/
214kWh/ 6.5
1,014kWh/ 1,939kWh/1,481kWh/ 44.6
2,885kWh/ 3,736kWh/3,317kWh/
1,210,914kWh/ 414 2,925kWh/17,940
67.5kWh/
-
- 252 -
4.1 4.2 4.1
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- 253 -
-
- 254 -
-
- 255 -
A
B F 13)
1,654kWh/ F
1970 2000A F 2000
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CO2
2015
GIS
3 1km
40 1 80km8 2 10km 101km
42 6 3 8
4.4 4.6
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36 1.5=541.5
1 1 ( 80km)
2 1 /3=40( 80km)
2
3
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CO2
24 365 24 365
24 365 24 365
NEDO
URL
URL http://www.nedo.go.jp/library/nissharyou.html
836 14 1990 2003
MJ/m2 1 1
NEDO
24365 3
3
3 3
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365 24
34.7
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- 260 -
CO2
NEDO 18
URL
URL http://app2.infoc.nedo.go.jp/nedo/top/top.html
LAWEPS 500m30 50 70m
K C 500m
DB 30m 50m 70m1km 500m
1km 1km
NEDO
7 20 580
18 365 24
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(b) 3
(c) 36524 3
50m 4.8
-
- 262 -
NEDO
NEDO
URL URL http://app1.infoc.nedo.go.jp/biomass/
1km
(
)
NEDO 3
NEDO 34.9 4.10
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- 265 -
HP
HP
4.11
4.12
4.12
4.13 4.17
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-
- 267 -
3
-
- 268 -
-
- 269 -
-
- 270 -
4.18
CO2 4.3.2
CO24.3.3
CO2CO2 4.2.1
IBEC
CO2 CO2
Windows
CO2
-
- 271 -
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ),( )
( ) 4.19
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4.20 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
-
- 272 -
GEHRRLS SLan (4.1)
nS [W/m2]
( )
gn SS (4.2)
gS [W/m2] dS [W/m2] ( ) sS [W/m2]
ssddssddg SSSSS (4.3)
dS [W/m2] [rad.]
d s dS
sS Bouguer Berlage
( )
( )
( )
( )
-
- 273 -
Bouguer
hd PIS (4.4)
Berlage
PPhIS
h
s (4.5)
I [W/m2] P h [rad.]
zyx S,S,S
z
y
x
SSS
(4.6)
[rad.] [rad.] [rad.]
zS (4.7)
aL [W/m2] Brunt
Brunt
asa TeL (4.8)
e [mmHg] aT [K] Stefan-Boltzmann [W/(m2
K4)]] s
LR i iLG i
iF
Gi
iiLL TFGR (4.9)
iLG
-
- 274 -
jjijLiiGiiL FGTG (4.10)
SR i
iSG i iF
iiiSS FGR (4.11)
iSG
jjijSiS FGG (4.12)
H [W/m2] h [W/(m2 K)]
Ga TThH (4.13)
E [W/m2]
Gaq qqhLE (4.14)
L [J/kg] qh [kg/(m2 s)] aq [kg/kg]
Gq [kg/kg] GT Ge [Pa]
aG
aGG pe
peq .MM dv (4.15)
Go
vG TR
LM.e Clausius-Clapeyron (4.16)
ap [Pa] dM [kg/mol] vM [kg/mol]
oR [J/(mol K)]
-
- 275 -
G [W/m2] z gT
z
gg zT
kG (4.17)
gk [W/(m K)]
z G
zT
kzt
TC gg
ggg (4.18)
4.6
waa TTh
aT
wT
vrr TTh
rT
vT
xT
xtT ww
-
- 276 -
G
zT
kzt
TC gg
ggg (4.19)
g [kg/m3] gC [J/kg/K] Bz [m]
z Bzz
GzgTT (4.20)
Bzz
g
zT =0 (4.21)
Bzz
B
B
zzgBBzz
gg TThzT
k (4.22)
Bh [W/ m2 K ]
Bh ( 1 1020)
(4.19) t kz
Euler
kk
nkg
nkg
kgkk
nkg
nkg
kgk
nkg
nkg
kgkg
zzTT
kzzTT
kz
TTtC (4.23)
kgk
kkgkkg
kkkgkgkg zkzk
zzkkk (4.24)
(4.23) TDMA
-
- 277 -
GT
n nk,gT G
zTT
kGnG
n,g
g (4.25)
n nGT
zTT
kTqqhLTThTLSnG
n,g
gnGGaq
nGa
nGan
(4.26)
(4.26 Newton
zTT
kTqqhLTThTLS
Tzk
TqhLhT
nG
n,g
gnGGaq
nGa
nGan
nG
g
G
Gq
nG
(4.27)
k,gT
(4.26) nGT (4.20) (4.21)
(4.22) (4.23) n nk,gT
-
- 278 -
(4.28)
(4.29)
(4.30)
raavl
raapavs
qqVLHTTVCH
(4.31)
vsH [W] vkH [W] [ ]
paC [J/(kg K)] a [kg/m3] V [m3/s] L[J/kg] aT [K] rT [K] aq [kg/kg] rq
[kg/kg]
SHF* COP (4.32)
1 SHF * COP (4.33)
SHF COP
-
- 279 -
A
B
CFD
CFD
4.21 CFD A
BCFD
-
- 280 -
IDID
ID(i,j,k) CFD
4.22
ID 4.23
( )
ID
ID
=100mm ID=52 = 60mm ID=54 = 10mm ID=55
ID=3
-
- 281 -
ID ID
zyx SSS
zyx nnn s ( )
dS [W/m2]
zzyyxx
d
nSnSnSsSS
(4.34)
S [W/m2][rad.]
transF [W/m2]
vT [K] rT [K] rh [W/(m2 K)]
rvrtrans TThF (4.35)
insolF [W/m2] (d) Lambert
dkSF dinsol (4.36)
k [1/m] d [m]
fC [J/K] ff
-
- 282 -
frff
insolf
ff TThAN
QtT
C (4.37)
insolQ [W] fN fA [m2] h [W/(m2
K)] rT [K] fT [K]
rfffinsolftotalr
p TThANQQtTVC (4.38)
[kg/m3] pC [J/(kg K)] V [m3]
totalQ [W] rfff TThAN [W]
tt [s] sT
rt rT (4.39)t rtt
adjustQ [W]
r
spadjust t
TtTVCQ (4.39)
Gebhart
[Gebhart ] Gebhart ijB
ijj
n
kikkkjij FFBB (4.40)
ijF i j ( ij ) i i n
i GiQ
-
- 283 -
n
jjjii
Gi RBRQ (4.41)
iR i
iiii TAR (4.42)
Stefan-Boltzmann iA i iT i
[ ]
iG
n
jjijiii FGRG (4.43)
i SiQ
n
jjijii
n
jjiji
Si FGRFGGQ (4.44)
Gi
Si QQ
(4.40)
(4.45)
, n ijij c,a
ijjij Fa ijjij Fc (4.46)
Gebhart ijB n
nnn
n
aa
aa
nnn
n
BB
BB
nnn
n
cc
cc (4.47)
(4.41)
TG (4.48)
T G nGiQ iR
-
- 284 -
Gn
G
G
Q
Q
nR
R (4.49)
(4.43) (4.44)
T (4.50)
TS (4.51)S n SiQ
iG
Sn
S
S
Q
Q
nG
G (4.52)
(4.50)
T (4.53)
(4.51)
TTS (4.54)
(4.45)
TTT (4.55)
(4.54)
TS (4.56)
(4.56) (4.48)
GS (4.57)
-
- 285 -
Gebhart
ijB ijF
n ( n) Gebhart
ijB
nn
n
Vn ijF
Vnn Gebhart i j
k i
VV nn Vn
Vn ijB Vnn Vnn Vnn
ijB ijF10 ijF 100
ijB 1000 Gebhart (1.5.7.2)
1000100 0.9
0.1
-
- 286 -
-
- 287 -
-
- 288 -
2.
3.4.5.
6.
7.
7.8.
10.9.
11.
11.9.
2.
3.4.5.
6.
7.
7.8.7.8.
10.9.
11.
11.11.9.
4.24
11
12
10
-
- 289 -
SIMPLE
FAVOR
(Fractional-Area-Volume Obstacle Representation) Gk
[1]
jjj
v uGxtG (4.58)
[2]
iviviv
i
j
j
iTj
jivjij
jiv
fGFGgG
xu
xu
Gxx
pGuuGx
ut
G
kv
(4.59)
jidi uuaCF (4.60)
f Coriolis f =2 sin 2 86400 35.4 a [=1.5m2/m3] dC [=0.2]
[3]
Smm
mcjT
Tpj
j
jjj
vp
QTTSVh
PxC
Gx
uGxt
GC (4.61)
SQ ( )[W/m3] P Exner [Cp/Rp/p ] TPr Prandtl
[=0.9]
-
- 290 -
[4]
LQF
VS
xq
ScScG
xquG
xq
tG Lq
c
G
jT
Tj
jjj
jv (4.62)
Gqq qqhF (4.63)
pe.pe.q
sat
satG (4.64)
Gvsat TR
L.e (4.65)
qh pCh Gq LQ( )[W/m3] L [J/kg] TSc Schmidt [=0.9]
[5]
jjkkv
jk
Tj
jjj
jv
FuGPG
xkG
xkuG
xk
tG (4.66)
jjpkkv
j
Tj
jjj
jv
FuCCGCPCk
G
xG
xuG
xtG
(4.67)
kCT (4.68)
j
iij
i
j
j
iTk x
uk
xu
xu
P (4.69)
ia
o
v
oi
T
T
i
i
T
Tk x
qMR
MR
Rg
Scxg
PrG (4.70)
vM [kg/mol] aM [kg/mol].C p
-
- 291 -
3 Cartesian
1 2
1
SGx
DGx
uGxt
G vj
jj
jjj
v (4.71)
(4.71)
jjj
v uGxtG (4.72)
(4.71)
SGx
DGx
uGx
uGxt
G vj
jj
jjj
jjj
v (4.73)
(4.73)
iixiixiiixiiiixi
uGuGuGuGx
(4.74)
vG xG
i+1/2i
i
iiiix
i
iiiix
i xDG
xDG
x (4.75)
y
-
- 292 -
2
[1]
jj
uxt
(4.76)
[2]
iui
i
xpR
tu (4.77)
[3]
Rt
(4.78)
[4]
qRtq (4.79)
[5] k
kRtk (4.80)
Rt
(4.81)
(Euler )
nnn
RTR
Ct (4.82)
nq
nn
q RqqR
Ct (4.83)
nnn nnn qqq (4.84)
-
- 293 -
nnn RTp (4.85)
2
nuii
nn
i
ui RuuR
Ct (4.86)
niii
n uuu (4.87)
ii
n
xptu (4.88)
inn
iin uuu (4.89)
n
i
ui
uR
Ctt (4.90)
(4.88)
jn
j
nn
jj
uxtx
ptx
(4.91)
k (Euler )
nk
nn
k RkkR
Ct (4.92)
nnn kkk (4.93)
nnn
RRCt
(4.94)
nnn (4.95)
(4.82) (4.83) (4.86) (4.92) (4.94)Bi-CGSTAB (4.91)
ICCG
-
- 294 -
1/7
/
zz
uu (4.96)
z [m] u [m/s] 6.1
zRngppp
nn
zn
pC/Rn (4.97)
p [hPa] R [J/(kg K)] pC [J/(kg K)].g [m/s2]
zu
T zukC (4.98)
k
k
k
z 0.5m u
-
- 295 -
/
zz
uu (4.99)
*u
Auz
uu **
(4.100)
k
Cuk*
(4.101)
-
- 296 -
4.10
,
, Kappa
, ,
,
,
-
- 297 -
4.25
10
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
7.8.9.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
7.8.9.
-
- 298 -
A
B
CFD
CFD
4.26 CFD
CFDCFD
CFD
CFD
10 15CFD 1
CFD
-
- 299 -
( CFD)
5mCFD
CFD
1PECFD
4.27
G
jjijSiiS
jjijLiiGiiL
FGG
FGTG
G
-
- 300 -
4.28 4 1 124
10
-
- 301 -
4.29
-
- 302 -
85.1% FLOPS 352 MFLOPS FTRACE
4.11
4.12
tsrf_cal_radref tsrc_builging
tsrc_window
99.1% FLOPS 3020 MFLOPS
95FLOPS 10
4.30 4.33
-
- 303 -
-
- 304 -
-
- 305 -
-
- 306 -
-
- 307 -
1) 2) 3)
4.13 15
-
- 308 -
-
- 309 -
-
- 310 -
-
- 311 -
-
- 312 -
-
- 313 -
-
- 314 -
[ ] mx I*4 I ( ) x R*8 x [m] my I*4 J ( ) y R*8 [m] mz I*4 K ( ) z R*8 [m]
[ ] iminbc I*4 i=0 imaxbc I*4 i=mx jminbc I*4 j=0 jmaxbc I*4 j=my kminbc I*4 k=0 kmaxbc I*4 k=mz nsx I*4 nbnd I*4 is,ie I*4 (I ) js,je I*4 (J ) ks,ke I*4 (K ) ldir I*4
= 1 =0 =1 ip I*4 iv I*4 it I*4 iy I*4 ike I*4 u,v,w R*8 [m/s]
(Dirichlet ) t R*8 [K]
(Dirichlet ) h R*8 it=3 [W/(m2 s)]
ip=3 [Pa] ys R*8 [ ]
(Dirichlet ) ak,ae R*8 , [m2/s2,m2/s3]
(Dirichlet )
-
- 315 -
nporc I*4 rank I*4 is,ie I*4 rank
js,je I*4 rank
ks,ke I*4 rank
[ ] mx I*4 I my I*4 J mz I*4 K gmc R*4 gmx R*4 I
i=0 gmy R*4 J
j=0 gmz R*4 K
k=0 adrg R*4 kifi uuaCF a [m2/m3] tdrg R*4
l=1 [K] l=2 [W/(m2 K)] [m2] l=3 [kg/(m2 s)] [m2]
cdrg R*4 kifi uuaCF fC swlr R*4
l=1 [m2] l=2 [m2] l=3 [m2]
[ ] mx I*4 I my I*4 J mz I*4 K hwst R*4 l=1 ( )[W/m3]
l=2 ( )[W/m3]
-
- 316 -
-
- 317 -
No. [ ] 1 i CFD I 2 j CFD J 3 k CFD K 4 T [m] 5 u [m/s] 6 v [m/s] 7 w [m/s] 8 q [kg/kg] 9 k [m2/s2]
[ ] mx I*4 I ( ) my I*4 J ( ) mz I*4 K ( ) ns I*4 lke I*4 0 ,
0 , iter I*4 time R*8 [sec] pp R*8 [Pa] p R*8 [Pa] t R*8 [K] ys R*8 [ ] ru R*8 x [kg/m2/s] rv R*8 y [kg/m2/s] rw R*8 z [kg/m2/s] ak(:,:,:,1) R*8 [m2/s2] ak(:,:,:,2) R*8 [m2/s3]
-
- 318 -
CO2
4.35
4.35
-
- 319 -
4.35
-
- 320 -
(a) 1)
2)
-
- 321 -
-
- 322 -
3)
(kW) ( )
(W/ ) 10-3
(4.102)
(MJ/h) ( )
(kJ/ h) 10-3
(4.103)
(MJ/h) ( )
(kJ/ h) 10-3 (4.104)
(MJ/h) ( )
(kJ/ h) 10-3 (4.105)
(MJ/h) ( )
(kJ/ h) 10-3
(4.106)
(MJ/h) ( )
(kJ/ h) 10-3
(4.107)
-
- 323 -
4.22 4.23
-
- 324 -
4.24 4.25
-
- 325 -
(MW) ( )
(kW/ ) 10-3
(4.108)
(GJ/ ) ( )
(MJ/ ) 10-3
(4.109)
(GJ/ ) ( )
(MJ/ ) 10-3
(4.110)
(GJ/ ) ( )
(MJ/ ) 10-3
(4.111)
(GJ/ ) ( )
(MJ/ ) 10-3
(4.112)
-
- 326 -
4)
( ) (4.113)
( )
( ) (4.114)
( ) (4.115)
( )
( ) (4.116)
( ) (4.117)
( )
( ) (4.118)
( ) (4.119)
( )
( ) (4.120)
()
(4.121)
( ) (
)
(4.122)
-
- 327 -
4.36
*1
DB)
[kWh/h] [%] [rad]*1
[kWh/h] [%] COS( [rad]) /2
( [kW] [kWh/h ] [ ] [-]*1 [-]*1)
( )
-
- 328 -
4.2.3
4.26 4.291 1
-
- 329 -
-
- 330 -
4.30
-
- 331 -
ps
spspsd DD
DHHHHS (4.123)
dS [rad]
sH [rad]
sD [rad]
pH [rad]
pD [rad]
Hs
scmpt TTPK (4.124)
acm TT (4.125)
ptK
P
cmT
aT
sT
-
- 332 -
Pmax
%/
-0.0037
-0.0044
-0.0020
pL 16
LpCi (4.126)
pL 16
pppp LELELELECi
pp LL (4.127)
pL
iC
[kWh]
[kWh] [kW] [kWh/h ]
[ ] [-] [-] (4.128)
-
- 333 -
4.37
*1:
DB30m 50m 70m )
70,50,30m [m/s] ( [m] [m])1/n *1
( [kWh])
( ( ))
-
- 334 -
4.2.3
NEDO
4.32 1
1
-
- 335 -
4.33
E M G V V 500kW 1,000kW 1,500kW 2,000kW 3,000kW
44.0m 61.4m 64.7m 67.0m 80.0m 2.5m/s 2.5m/s 3.5m/s 4.0m/s 4.0m/s
25.0m/s 25.0m/s 25.0m/s 25.0m/s 25.0m/s[m/s] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 0 0 0 0 03 0.6 0.7 0 0 04 2.8 3.9 2.9 3.3 2.65 7.0 9.1 8.7 7.6 6.36 12.8 16.0 16.7 14.0 11.87 21.4 26.1 27.7 22.9 19.48 31.6 39.9 42.7 34.5 29.59 46.8 56.5 61.6 48.9 42.4
10 64.8 74.1 78.7 64.8 57.011 80.8 88.8 90.6 79.9 71.512 92.6 97.6 95.7 90.9 84.813 98.2 100 98.7 96.8 94.614 100 100 99.6 99.0 98.815 100 100 100 99.8 99.816 100 100 100 99.9 10017 100 100 100 100 10018 100 100 100 100 10019 100 100 100 100 10020 100 100 100 100 10021 100 100 100 100 10022 100 100 100 100 10023 100 100 100 100 10024 100 100 100 100 10025 100 100 100 100 100
100
-
- 336 -
n
ZZVV (4.129)
V [m/s] V 70 50 30m [m/s]
Z [m] Z 70 50 30m [m] n
(1/n)
n = 7 n = 5
[kWh]
[kWh] [kWh]
( [m/s] ) (4.130)
-
- 337 -
1)
4.38
(1) (18)
18
2)
4.34
-
- 338 -
-
- 339 -
-
- 340 -
-
- 341 -
3)
4.39
-
- 342 -
-
- 343 -
( )
1
( )
0
0922 8:00 22:00 22:00 8:00
-
- 344 -
( )
( )
( )
0
0922 8:00 22:00 22:00 8:00
-
- 345 -
( )
( )
( )
-
- 346 -
( )
(1 ) (4.131)
( )
{( )
( )}
(1 )
(4.132)
( )
{( )
( ) } (1 )
(4.133)
( )
( )
-
- 347 -
( )
3.024 4.186 10-3 ( ) 0.01
3.024 4.186 10-3 ( ) 0.01
([ ] (RT) 3.024 4.186 10-3) 10
3.024 4.186 10-3 ( ) 0.01
3.024 4.186 10-3 ( ) 0.01
-
- 348 -
( )
(MJ/h) ( ) 0.01
[ ] (MJ/h) ( ) 0.01
[ ] (MJ/h)
( ) 0.01
([ ] (MJ/h) 100
( ) 0.01
( ) 0.01
-
- 349 -
( )
COP
1.0
-
- 350 -
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3.6MJ/kWh
aX b
X ( ) 0.01 a b
3.6MJ/kWh
aX b X ( ) 0.01 a b
-
- 351 -
( )
( N/kWh) ( )
( N/kWh) 3.6MJ/kWh ( )
( ) aX b
X ( ) 0.01 a b
( ) ( )
COP
COP
-
- 352 -
( )
COP
COP
1.0
( )
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
-
- 353 -
( )
( ) 0.01
( ) 0.01
( ) 0.01
([ ] 0.001) 100
-
- 354 -
( ) ( )
8 00 22 00 22 00 8 00
0922 09 22
01 24 01 0 00 1 00
22 00 8 00
3.024 4.186 10-3
8 00 22 00
0922
12 0922
-
- 355 -
( )
8 00 22 00
22 00 8 00 0922 09 22
01 24 01
0 00 1 00
22 00 8 00
(MJ/h) 10-3
8 00 22 00
0922
12 0922
-
- 356 -
( )
( ) 100
( ) 100
( )
( )
0.163
( ) 0.01
-
- 357 -
( )
(MJ/h) 4.186
( )
(MJ/h) 4.186 0.538 0.001
( ) ( )
COP
( COP 3.6GJ/MWh)
( )
COP
( COP 3.6GJ/MWh)
-
- 358 -
( )
( )
0.001
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
-
- 359 -
(x )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
-
- 360 -
(x )
( )
( )
( )
(x )
(x )
(x ) ( )
( )
(x )
( )
-
- 361 -
( )
(x )
( )
( )
(x ) ( )
-
- 362 -
( )
( )
( )
4.35 4.37
-
- 363 -
-
- 364 -
-
- 365 -
-
- 366 -
1)
(i) PEFC
(ii) SOFC
-
- 367 -
-
- 368 -
1)
2)
3)
PEFC SOFCPEFC
FS SOFC
-
- 369 -
4)
5)
-
- 370 -
6)
1)
4.41
PEFC
-
- 371 -
SOFC PEFC
0
0
-
- 372 -
0
2) 4.42
( ) 4.186
( )
-
- 373 -
PEFC
SOFC
( ) 100
-
- 374 -
3)
4)
4.39
-
- 375 -
-
- 376 -
CO2
14)
1
23
-
- 377 -
CO2
PES
PES (1-1/( e/ e q/ q)) 100( ) (4.134)
e CGS HHV q CGS HHV
e HHV q HHV
e' CGS LHV
q' CGS LHV HHV/LHV
e e'/ q q'/
CO2
CO2ES (1-1/(( e/ e) ( e/ CGS) ( q/ q) ( q/ CGS))) 100( ) (4.135)
e q e q e CO2 q CO2
CGS CGS CO2
-
- 378 -
t
4.40
(GJ/GJ) 1/( e/ e q/ q) (4.136)
e CGS HHV q CGS HHV
e HHV q HHV
e' CGS LHV
q' CGS LHV HHV/LHV
e e'/ q q'/
-
- 379 -
CO2
(4.137)
100 (4.138)
0.595
-
- 380 -
CO2 CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2 (4.139)
CO2 CO2 / CO2 (4.140)
4.40
*1 18 4 *2 13A *3 0.3%
40% 59.7%
0 0 0 MJ/Nm3 Nm3
4.25kg 3,650t/ /858 Nm3/
( )
115kWh/t NEDO 4.25kg 1000 9,760 4,770KJ
0.14kWh/kg NEDO 4.25kg 9,760 5,807KJ
-
- 381 -
5,807KJ 4,770KJ 1.04MJ/ Nm3
12.78 MJ/Nm3
*4
18 3
*5 *2
*6
0.3% 40% 59.7%
0 0 0 kg-CO2/ Nm3
Nm3
4.25kg 3,650t/ /858 Nm3/ CO2
115kWh/t NEDO4.25kg 1000 0.555 0.27 kg-CO2
CO20.14kWh/kg NEDO
4.25kg 0.555 0.33 kg-CO2 CO2 CO2
0.33 kg-CO2 CO2 0.27 kg-CO2 0.06 kg-CO2/Nm3
3,100Sm3 2,747Nm3 150km
2km/l 150km 2 km/l 2.624 kg-CO2/l 2,747 Nm3 0.07 kg-CO2/Nm3
-
- 382 -
1)
(RT)
DAR ( /RT)
(RT) ETR ( /RT)
(RT) AR ( /RT)
(RT) CT ( /RT) ( )
(RT)*1 (RT)
-
- 383 -
(RT) 0.7 *1
0.2
(t/h) STB ( /(t/h))
(GJ/h) HEX ( /(GJ/h))
0.4
2)
3)
0.5
4)
(kW) ( /kW)
5)
0.2
6)
m2 m2
-
- 384 -
7)
8)
(t) ( /t) (t) ( /t)
(t) ( /t)
(m3) ( /m3)
(m3) ( /m3) (m3)
( /m3)
9)
(RT)
(RT)
( /RT)
-
- 385 -
1)
2)
( )
3)
CO2
4)
-
- 386 -
5)
6)
7)
1)
( ) ( ) ( )
k r/(1-(1 r)-n)
r 0.04 n 15 k 0.08994
2)
( / ) (MWh/ ) ( /kWh)
-
- 387 -
3)
( / ) ( Nm3/ ) ( / Nm3)
4)
( / ) ( m3/ ) ( /m3)
( / ) ( m3/ ) ( /m3)
5)
( / ) (MWh/ ) ( /kWh) 6)
( / ) ( ) 0.035
7)
( / ) ( ) ( / )
-
- 388 -
8)
( / ) (m2) ( /m2 )12( / )
(m2) ( /m2 )12( / )
9)
2 8
10)
1 9
11)
12)
( )( ) 100
13)CO2 t-CO2
CO2 t-CO2 CO2
CO2 t-CO2 ( /t-CO2) ( / )
CO2 (t-CO2/ ) 1,000 4.41
-
- 389 -
-
- 390 -
4.42 4.48
-
- 391 -
-
- 392 -
-
- 393 -
-
- 394 -
4.43 4.49
4.44 4.50
4.45 4.51
4.52
2030
2012 2030
4.53 4.46
2015
NEDO 2010
-
- 395 -
90%
300 26 m2 70m2 3,700
-
- 396 -
2/31/3
100 22 m2 70 m2 3,200
-
- 397 -
1(0)2(0)0(0)12(15)67(78)1(0)17(7)103 (56)
00011.280.40.67.884.6
%%%%%%%m2
1(0)2(0)0(0)12(15)67(78)1(0)17(7)103 (56)
00011.280.40.67.884.6
%%%%%%%m2
5,000m2
-
- 398 -
-
- 399 -
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2012 2015 2020 2030
/kW
202530354045505560
2012 2015 2020 2030
HHV
%
020406080100120140
2012 2015 2020 2030
/Nm3
-
- 400 -
4.53 4.46 2012 20301kW
40 /kW 40 /Nm3 CO2(2) (4)
4,000 N=100
PEFC 750W
50%LHV 45%LHV
IBEC 23 0.83 4.2.1
0.7 CO2
9,760kJ/kWh 45MJ/Nm3 8MJ/Nm3
0.555kg-CO2/kWh 2.29kg-CO2/Nm3 0.066kg-CO2/ Nm3
0.3% 40% 59.7% 4.40
40 /kW 30
3.5% 2.5 /kWh
24 /kWh 110 / Nm3 40 / Nm3
-
- 401 -
4.54 FC1 1
58,830MJ 38,636MJ 34.3%CO2 3.23t-CO2 1.02 t-CO2
2.21 t-CO2 68.4%
1 189.7 187.9CO2 -0.8 /t-CO2
-
- 402 -
SOFC
40% 50%LHV 30%LHV
80%
3 IBEC
CO2 9,760kJ/kWh 45MJ/Nm3 8MJ/ Nm3
0.555kg-CO2/kWh 2.29kg-CO2/ Nm3 0.066kg-CO2/ Nm3
0.3% 40% 59.7% 4.40
FC 200 /kW
70 /RT 800 / t/h
2 /m2 40 /kW
15 4.0%
16 /kWh 50 /Nm3 40 /Nm3
3.5% FC 2.5 /kWh
6,000 / 2
FC 6,000 / 1
SOFC
-
- 403 -
PEFC SOFC PEFC
SOFC PEFC 10%
Ceramic Fuel Cells BlueGen http://www.bluegen.info/ SOFC60%
SOFC 50% PEFC
SOFC 3 2008
EHP GR
DAR
ETR
EHP
GR STB
kJ/(m2 h) m2 =1.2
4.55
-
- 404 -
kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2
=1.2 EHP GR
SOFC
DAR
ETR
STB
kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2
=1.2
0.0 1.0
-
- 405 -
4.56 FC
1626,057GJ 461,280GJ 26.2%
CO2 35,316t-CO2 17,054t-CO216,115 t-CO2 51.7%
1 34.3% CO2 68.4%
4,147 4,737
CO2 32 /t-CO2
CO2
-
- 406 -
4.47 11 55 m2
5,000m2
FC
FC 4.57
-
- 407 -
SOFC PEFC
40% 50%LHV 30%LHV
80% 100%
3 IBEC
CO2
9,760kJ/kWh 45MJ/ Nm3 8MJ/ Nm3 0.555kg-CO2/kWh 2.29kg-CO2/ Nm3 0.066kg-CO2 Nm3
0.3% 40% 59.7% 4.40
FC 200 /kW 2030
70 /RT
800 / t/h 2 /m2 40 /kW 100 /kW
3,600 /t 700A 4,000300A 30 /m2
15 4.0%
16 /kWh 50 /Nm3 40 /Nm3
3.5% FC 2.5 /kWh
6,000 / 2 FC 6,000 / 1
-
- 408 -
EHP GR
DAR ETR
EHP GR
STB
kJ/(m2 h) m2 =1.2
4.58
kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2
=1.2 EHP GR
-
- 409 -
SOFC
DAR ETR
STB
kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2
=1.2
0.0 1.0 PEFC
AR
ETR
WEX
STB
COP 0.7 1/2
kJ/(m2 h) kJ/(m2 h) m2
=1.2
-
- 410 -
4.59 SOFC
1 CO24%
80%
1 25% CO2 46%1 27% CO2 48%
CO2
CO2 4%
FCCO2 28
19 9
-
- 411 -
PEFC4.60
1 14% CO2 31% 116% CO2 34% SOFC
10% CO2 15%
COP SOFCCOP 0.7 30%
FC
CO2 3628 8
SOFC CO2
PEFC CO24.61 30%
1 12% CO2 26% 1
-
- 412 -
15% CO2 29% PEFC 40%PEFC
CO2 SOFC
-
- 413 -
4.48 4.46 2012 2030CO2
(5)
2030
4,700 N=100
PEFC 750W
45%LHV
0.7
30 3.5% 2.5 /kWh
24 /kWh 110 /Nm3
-
- 414 -
4.62 4.48
CO2 2012 68%2030 CO2
68.4% CO22012 240 /t-CO2 NEDO 2010
2015 110 /t-CO2 2020 37 /t-CO22030
1
1
234.7
687.2
79.5
425.6
182.1
2025.0
2.1265.8
1.10
14,45225.4
43,878
FC 2012
187.9270.1431.4189.7
1.021.061.103.23CO2 [tCO2]
19,69434.3
16,95929.7
14,45225.4
1 [MJ]/ [%]
19.521.934.910.5
0.837.1114.0CO2 [ /tCO2]
141.4214.4329.0153.2
27.033.867.527.0
300.0375.0750.0300.0
2.2168.4
2.1767.1
2.1265.8
CO2 [tCO2]/ [%]
38,63641,37143,87858,8301 [MJ]
FC 2030FC 2020FC 2015FC
1
1
234.7
687.2
79.5
425.6
182.1
2025.0
2.1265.8
1.10
14,45225.4
43,878
FC 2012
187.9270.1431.4189.7
1.021.061.103.23CO2 [tCO2]
19,69434.3
16,95929.7
14,45225.4
1 [MJ]/ [%]
19.521.934.910.5
0.837.1114.0CO2 [ /tCO2]
141.4214.4329.0153.2
27.033.867.527.0
300.0375.0750.0300.0
2.2168.4
2.1767.1
2.1265.8
CO2 [tCO2]/ [%]
38,63641,37143,87858,8301 [MJ]
FC 2030FC 2020FC 2015FC
-
- 415 -
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2012 2015 2020 2030
1CO
2[%
]
30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
CO2
[/tCO
2]
1CO2CO2
-
- 416 -
200% CO268% CO2 -0.8 /tCO2 FC CO2
400%CO2 52% CO2 32 /tCO2
700%
FC
CO2 4%SOFC CO2 45%
FC 20 /tCO2PEFC SOFC
SOFC CO2CO2 SOFC 20
/tCO2
2020 CO2 20 /tCO2 2030 -0.8
/tCO2 FC CO2
CO2 65%
-
- 417 -