Reform movements•Impact of British rule in India led to social & religious reform movements•Had scientific outlook & rationality in comparison to Indian static , decadent, superstitious society•Indian society suffered from many ills like position of women, caste system, hierarchical societal system illiteracy , poverty etc.•What made handful of the foreigner to rule India •Western educated middle class intellectual started many reforms on the basis of reason, logic

Woman emancipation

•Abolition of “Sati” through regulation of 1829 …… Raja Rammohan Roy•Widow Remarriage Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar principle Sanskrit college Calcutta … Hindu widow remarriage act 1856Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded widow remarriage association1850D.K Karve in western India ,opened widows home in poona, set up women university in Bombay in 1916, himself married widow Veerasalingam Pantulu in madras made effort in this directionOthers were Malabari, Ranade

Child marriage•“Native marriage act 1872” prohibited child marriage •Parsi reformer Malabari made effort for “Age of Consent Act 1891” min. age of girl 12•“Sarda act 1930” marriageable age boy 18, girl 14•“Child marriage (restraint ) act 1978” boys 21,girls 18

Woman education•1819 Calcutta female juvenile society set up by Christian society•1849 Bethume school Calcutta by Bethume 1st fruit of the movement for woman education• 1854 Wood’s Dispatch on education laid emphasis on woman education •1916 Woman university Bombay …. Karve•1916 Lady Hardinge Medical college Delhi

Lord Hardinge II (1910-1916)

•1911 …Creation of Bengal presidency like Bombay & Madras•1911 …..Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi•1911 … Coronation durbar of King George V in Delhi•1915 ….”Hindu Mahasabha” by Madan Mohan Malviya

Role of Women later

•Participated in Indian freedom movement•Swadeshi & boycott at the time of Bengal partition 1905 played great role •Home rule movement of Annie Besant & Tilak •Sarojini Naidu became president of Indian national congress in 1925 later governor of United Province (1947-49)

Caste based exploitation

•Brahmo samaj, prathna samaj , Arya samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Theosophist worked against it …. Though defended chaturvarna system•Principle of liberty & equality basis for freedom movt. to unify the society•INC govt. in 1937 did useful work for upliftment of depressed•Gandhiji in 1932 founded All India Harijan Sangh

Caste based exploitation •Jyotiba Phule movement against Brahminical domination of Hindu society•Babasaheb Ambedakar organized All India Scheduled Caste Federation•1900’s Maharaja of Kolhapur encouraged Non- brahminical movement•1920’s south India Self Respect Movement by E.V. Ramaswamy•Sri Narayan guru in Kerala against upper class domination “ One religion, one caste , one God for mankind’

Raja Rammohan Roy•Father of Indian Renaissance•Set up Brahmo Samaj 1828 earliest reform movement •Wrote Gift to Monothesis , preached monotheism•Translated to Bengali the Vedas & five Upanishads•1814.. Set up Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta •Focused on rationality & reasons in Vedanta•1820 wrote Precepts of Jesus•Sati was declared crime through Govt regulations•Supported David Hare to set up Hindu college 1817•1825 set up Vedanta college•Opposed Higher taxes , export duty on Indian export, East India Company’s trading rights•Supported Indianisation of Superior services, separation of executives from judiciary•Radhakant Deb organized Dharma sabha opposed Roy

Brahmo Samaj•Followers of Brahmo samaj were Keshab Chandra sen ,Debendra nath tagore, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Ashwani Kumar datta, Derozians •It denounced polytheism& idol worshipping•Criticized caste system

Prarthana Samaj•Keshab Chandra Sen founded it in 1863 in Bombay •Other leaders included Mahadeo Gobind Ranade, R.G. Bhandarkar

Henry Vivian Derozian

•Led Young Bengal Movement•Teacher in Hindu college Calcutta 1826-31•Inspired by French revolution •Had radical thoughts of liberty & freedom

Jyotiba Phule•Was against upper class Brahminical domination•In 1873 founded Satya Shodhak samaj•Wrote Gulamgiri & Sarvajanic Satyadharma

Others

•Gopalhari Deshmukh ‘Lokhitwadi’ advocated reorganization of the Indian society on rational principles…. “If religion does not sanction social reform , then change the religion”•Gopal Krishan Gokhale set up Servant of India Society in 1905 with aim of training missionaries for national service•Narayan Malhar Joshi founded Social service league in Bombay

•1885 Seva Sadan was started by Behramji Malabari to take care of discarded & exploited women•1830 Dharma Sabha started by Radhakant Deb opposing abolition of Sati & maintaining status quo in the socio religious matters •Bharat Dharma Mahamandal stood against Arya Samaj, Theosophical Society, Ramkrishna Mission , Head quarter at Varanasi Madan Mohan Malviya was leader of it

Ramkrishna movement•Ramkrishan Parmahansa priest at Kali temple Dakshineshwar Calcutta•Spread the message of Vedanta•Narendranath Datta (Swami Vivekananda) disciple of Parmahansa founded Ramkrishna Mission in 1897 at Belur near Calcutta for religious & social reforms•“Service of man is service of God”•Followed teachings in Upanishads & Gita•He represented India in world parliament of religion in 1893 held at Chicago , preached healthy balance of materialism of west with spiritualism of east.

Dayanand Saraswati

•Founded Arya Samaj as a reaction to western influence in 1875 at Bombay, later headquarter at Lahore•Mulshankar (Dayanand saraswati) born in old Morvi state of Gujrat in Brahmin family•Wrote “Satyarth Prakash”•Preached supremacy of Vedas “ go back to Vedas.•Was disciple of blind teacher Swami Virjananda of Mathura who taught him Vedanta •Criticized later hindu scriptures as Puranas•Preached Vedic notion of chaturvarna as per occupation & not by birth•Samaj fixed min marriageable age at 25 for boys & 16 for girls•1st DAV school at Lahore in 1886 emphasized the importance of western education•Swami Shradhanand started Gurukul at Hardwar in 1902 to provide traditional education•Started Shuddhi movement to reconvert the hindu from other religions it led to the communal politics later

Aligarh Movement•After 1857 British played divide & rule policy •1885 INC formed Indian Muslim were led by some leaders to preach loyalty towards British to take care of their interests•Syed Ahmad Khan wanted Indian Muslims to develop & get educated in western education•Loyalty to British earned him knighthood in 1888 , he wanted to reconcile western scientific education with the teachings of Quaran, but believed in adaptability of religion on basis of rationality •Started Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875, to impart modern education among Muslims, & prevent them from participating in politics•Deoband School preached orthodox tenets of religions & jihad against foreign rulers, set up in Saharanpur district of UP in 1866 by Mohd. Qasim Nanotavi & Rashid Ahmed Gangohi, it supported INC & issued fatwa against Sayed Ahmad Khan’s organization

Sikh Movement

•Singh Sabha movement started in Amritsar in 1873 to impart western education to Sikhs & to protect Sikh religion from conversions•Akali movt. Was its offshoot & founded to protect the gurudwaras from corrupt mahants enjoying government patronage•Sikh Gurudwara act 1922 gave control of Gurudwaras to masses to be administrated by apex body SGPC

Theosophical Movement •Madame Blavatsky & colonel Olcott inspired by Indian thoughts & culture founded it in USA in 1875, shifted HQ to Adyar in India in 1882•Believed in Hindu philosophy of reincarnation & karmas , Upanishads, Yoga , & became part of Hindu renaissance•Annie Besant became it’s president after Olcott in 1907. She had come to India in 1893, founded central Hindu college in Benaras in 1898 later became BHU in 1916•This gave self respect & sense of pride to Hindu’s fighting against British