2.d: growth and dynamic homeostasis are influenced by changes in the environment
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2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are influenced by changes in the environment. Organisms Respond to External Events. I.e. taxis or kinesis Many animals change speed based on light ( pillbugs run wild when exposed to light) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are influenced by changes in the environment
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Organisms Respond to External Events
• I.e. taxis or kinesis– Many animals change
speed based on light (pillbugs run wild when exposed to light)
– Many animals change direction in response to stimuli (sharks swim towards blood)
• Plants grow towards light (phototropism)
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Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors
Biotic = Living
• Animals• Plants• Fungi• Bacteria/
Archaeans
Abiotic = Non-living
• Sunlight• Water• Vitamins/
Minerals/ Nutrients• Temperature
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Cells Are Affected by Both Biotic/Abiotic Factors
• i.e. bacterial cells attach to each other to form biofilms
• Cells shrink/grow depending on water availability
• Cells stop growing after a certain density (except in the case of cancers)
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Organisms Interact with Biotic/Abiotic Factors
• Organisms access to nutrients is affected by other factors• i.e. symbiosis,
predator-prey, nutrient availability etc
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Symbiosis-Two species living together
• Mutualism-both benefit
• Commensalism- one benefits, other unaffected
• Parasitism- one benefits at other’s expense
"live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance".
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Abiotic Effects on Growth
• Better nutrition Taller individuals
• More sunlight More plant growth
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Evolution of Homeostatic Mechanisms
• Some mechanisms are conserved- showing common ancestry
• Others have changed, demonstrating divergent evolution
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i.e. nitrogenous waste removal
• All animals produce nitrogen byproducts
• Animals in different environments have evolved different mechanisms for excreting these wastes
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Ammonia
• Toxic byproduct of protein degradation• In dilute
concentrations is no big deal, so aquatic organisms can excrete it into water
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Urea
• Mammals convert ammonia into urea
• Urea travels through the blood to the kidneys and is excreted with water and other substances as urine
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Solid Uric Acid
• In birds and reptiles (and some desert mammals) nitrogen waste is excreted as a solid
• Prevents water loss and buildup of water wastes in the shell of an egg
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Evolution of Circulatory System Shows Common Ancestry and Divergence
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Evolution of Circulatory System Shows Common Ancestry and Divergence
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Disruptions at the Molecular/Cellular Level Affect Organisms
• I.e. viral infection of a cell• Allergies• Dehydration
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Disruption of One Organisms Affects Others
• I.e. disrupting the food chain• If you break one
link of the chain, everyone is affected• Toxins in one
organism get passed on
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Biomagnification
• Toxins get concentrated as they move up the food chain
• So small amounts of mercury can become extremely toxic to polar bears (or humans!)
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Invasive Species
• Usually have no natural predators and grow uncontrollably
• Disrupt the food chain and outcompete native species