2B Group 5

Guanlao, MeynardGuinmapang, Euodia

Guinto, Ma Annelly ClaraHechanove, Christine Pia

Hermoso, Rosa Mistica

• The destruction of all microorganisms in or about an object, as by steam (flowing or pressurized), chemical agents (alcohol, phenol, heavy metals, ethylene oxide gas), high-velocity electron bombardment, or ultraviolet light radiation.

• Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins or vectors by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents.

• Disinfectants are those chemicals that destroy pathogenic bacteria from inanimate surfaces while antiseptics are those chemicals that can be safely applied over skin and mucus membranes.

• Merthiolate is a mercury-containing substance that was once widely used as germ-killer in a range of products, including topical antiseptic solutions and antiseptic ointments for treating cuts, nasal sprays, eye solutions, vaginal spermicides, and diaper rash treatments; and a preservative in many different products, including vaccines and other injectable biological products, such as Rho(D)-immune globulin preparations.

• Mercurochrome is the trade name of merbromin (an organomercuric disodium salt compound and a fluorescein) and (usually) of merbromin tinctures made of merbromin and alcohol or water (usually 2% merbromin to 98% alcohol or water). It is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes. It is no longer sold in the USA because of its mercury content.

- known as lunar caustic- a soluble chemical compound with chemical

formula Ag NO3.

Silver salts have antiseptic properties- newborn babies’ eyes at birth gonorrhoea- a cauterizing agent - granulation tissue

around a stoma- oral ulcers- nail bed

-burning and skin irritation. -Immediate exposure - purple skin stains-Long term exposure – eye damage-Absorbed – hyponatremia; methemoglobinemia

Overdosage:-Pain - Shock- Burning of the mouth -Coma -Salivation - Convulsions and death-Vomiting - Diarrhea -blackening of skin and mucous membranes

*Fatal dose is as low as 2 g

Free silver ions precipitate bacterial proteins by combining with chloride in tissue forming silver chloride

-coagulates cellular protein to form an eschar- silver ions or salts or colloidal silver preparations can inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial

Absorption - Minimal GI and cutaneous absorption of the 0.5% and 1% preparations

Excretion - autopsy of kidneys showed high amounts of silver - urine is minimal

DosageSticks: Apply to mucous membranes and other moist skin surfaces only on area to be treated 2-3 times/week for 2-3 weeks Topical solution: Apply a cotton applicator dipped in solution on the affected area 2-3 times/week for 2-3 weeks. Applicators are not for ophthalmic use.

-CuSO4. - the anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder,

-Pentahydrate form, the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue

-a fungicide used to control bacterial and fungal diseases of fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops

- Diseases - mildew, leaf spots, blights and apple scab. - Bordeaux mixture - for leaf application and seed treatment. - a naturally-occurring inorganic salt and copper is an essential trace element in plant and animal nutrition

- It is available in the following formulations: dusts, wettable powders, and fluid concentrates

- Copper sulfate is toxic to humans – 11mg/kg

Poisoning-Metallic taste-Burning pain-Intense nausea and vomiting-Diarrhea-Headache-Sweating-Shock-Injury to brain, liver, kidneys and stomach and intestinal linings

- itching or eczema and some allergic reactions. - Eye contact - conjunctivitis, inflammation of the eyelid lining, excess fluid buildup in the eyelid; cornea tissue deterioration due to breaks, or ulceration, in the eye's mucous membrane; and clouding of the cornea.

Absorption of copper sulfate into the blood occurs primarily under the acidic conditions of the stomach

After ingestion, more than 99% of copper is excreted in the feces.

It is strongly bioaccumulated:1/3 – contained in the liver and brain. 1/3 – contained in the muscles1/3 - dispersed in other tissues.

•an aqueous solutionHas fast bactericidal actionpH (4-7). Organic matter and alkaline detergents can reduce its effectiveness. Types: elemental chlorine Cl2, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ion (OCl-).

• due to the liberation of free chlorine.

• Irreversible oxidation of SH groups of essential enzymes (Sulhyral groups).

• Attacks both the structural and functional proteins protein degradation, membrane disruption

• Chlorine + water hypochlorous acid• Thought to allows oxygen to emerge and

combine with components of cell protoplasm.

• Can disrupt oxidative phosphorylation and other membrane-associated enzymes activities.

• Can contribute to formation of chlorinated derivatives of nucleotide bases.

• Growth inhibition of E. Coli have

• Hypochlorites

- food and dairy industries

- sanitizers (ex. Chlorox).

- water treatment

• The most effective halogens available for disinfection.

• highly reactive, I2

• maximal at values below pH 6. • Activity can be reduced in the presence of

some organic and inorganic compounds like serum, feces, ascetic fluid, sputum, urine, sodium thiosulfate and ammonia.

• Complex with a carrier called iodophor.

• inability to synthesize proteins due to oxidation of important amino acids (particulary lysine, histidine, cysteine and arginie).

• Effects:1. the increase bulk of the amino acid molecules

denaturation of DNA2.Addition to unsaturated fatty acids changes in

physical properties of the lipids.3. Cause cellular damage (through interaction

with the double bonds of phospholipids) loss of intracellular material.

• The principal use of iodine is in the disinfection of the skin like in the surgical procedure.

• Relatively non toxic• Antibacterial action is secondary to its oxidizing ability as well as formation of a more toxic free hydroxyl radical from the peroxide in an iron-dependent reaction• ACTION

• Release of nascent oxygen• Produces hydroxyl-free radical that damages proteins and DNA

ADVANTAGES:• 6% concentration

• Decontaminate the instruments, equipments such as ventilators

• 3% concentration• Used for skin disinfection and deodorising wounds and ulcers

DISADVANTAGE:• Broken down by catalase, proteinaceous organic matter drastically reduces its activity • Penetrating ability of hydrogen peroxide to not as good as ethylene oxide• Material incompatibility• Primary irritant• Decomposes in light