2.a framework for the assessment of reduced risk tobacco
TRANSCRIPT
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69th Tobacco Science Research Conference
20-23 September 2015, Naples, Florida, USA
2. A framework for the assessment of reduced risk
tobacco and nicotine products
Fraser Lowe, Ian M Fearon, Oscar Camacho, Emmanuel Minet and James J Murphy
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Content
• Lessons learned from tobacco harm reduction through reduced toxicant prototype
cigarettes
• Preliminary results from novel products across the risk spectrum
• Consumers: making the switch to reduced risk tobacco & nicotine products
• Creating a global approach with common goals
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Introduction
• Tobacco products used on global scale with current estimates at 1.4bn adult smokers
worldwide
• Epidemiology shows cigarette smoking to be the cause of many human diseases
• Tobacco harm reduction is being considered by some regulators (eg. FDA)
• Starting point…..reduce consumer exposure to toxicants while maintaining acceptability
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Chemical characterisation in vitro regulatory toxicology in vitro disease modelling
1956-2012: Tobacco harm reduction through Reduced
Toxicant Prototype (RTP) cigarettes
Chemistries were significantly reduced which led to reductions in vitro
Prototype
Control
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Biomarkers of Exposure Biomarkers of biological effect (BoBE)
Toxicant reductions were substantial enough to reduced biomarkers of exposure but not biological effect – greater toxicant reductions are required
1956-2012: Tobacco harm reduction through Reduced
Toxicant Prototype (RTP) cigarettes
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British American Tobacco’s risk spectrum
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Product Schematic Aerosol formation Aerosol condensate
E-cigarette
Heating of
formulation
containing nicotine
Tobacco Heating
ProductHeating of tobacco
Product descriptions
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Cig E-cig
Cig
THP
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Rationale for a framework to assess the risk reduction
potential of tobacco & nicotine products
• Built on the foundations of chemical and toxicological studies
• in vitro models are extremely useful for early stage screening and assessing products in a
fast paced industry
• Laboratory data are important but clinical biomarker studies required to demonstrate
individual risk reduction
• Population studies required to understand real world use and assess population effects
• New scientific disciplines and approaches (AOP, ‘omics etc) used to connect the studies
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10 steps to substantiating the risk reduction potential
of tobacco & nicotine products
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Novel products = novel chemistries
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Chemical
characterisation
• Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture:• >6,000 identified compounds• 150 compounds classed as “tobacco
smoke toxicants”• Multiple ‘toxicant lists (eg. WHO,
FDA etc.)
• Reduced toxicant yields possible: • Control of product chemistry• Absence of pyrolysis / combustion • Absence of tobacco
• Need to plan for unknown compounds produced from new products
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Dual approach to chemistry
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Chemical
characterisation
Toxicant measurements in silico computational toxicology
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Our latest results…
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Chemical
characterisation
Reference cigarette Prototype Tobacco
Heating Product
E-cigarette
100* 8* 5*
*Number of peaks as a percentage of the response from the reference cigarette (GC-GC-MS scans)
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Chemistry reductions driving reduced
responses in vitro
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in vitro
toxicology
Mutagenicity(Particulate matter)
Mutagenicity(Whole aerosol)
Cytotoxicity(Whole aerosol)
• No observed mutagenicity for prototype tobacco heating product or e-cigarette under these test conditions
• Significant reductions in cytotoxicity for THP and E-cigarette versus reference cigarette
% Cell viability
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in vitro Models of disease
141Ankley et al., 20102Andersen et al., 2007
Toxicant exposure
reduction
To
xic
an
t E
xp
os
ure
Inflammation
& Oxidative
Stress
Lung Airway cell
response
Lung Tissue
remodelling
Airway disease
DNA Damage Cell transformation
Altered endothelial
repair
Endothelial
dysfunction
COPD
CVD
Cancer
• Adverse Outcome Pathway approach linking toxicant exposure to disease end points1
• Based on ‘Toxicity testing in the 21st Century2
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in vitro Models of disease
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Toxicant exposure
reduction
To
xic
an
t E
xp
os
ure
Inflammation
& Oxidative
Stress
Lung Airway cell
response
Lung Tissue
remodelling
Airway disease
DNA Damage Cell transformation
Altered endothelial
repair
Endothelial
dysfunction
COPD
CVD
Cancer
• Models capable of assessing products across the risk spectrum
1Ankley et al., 20102Andersen et al., 2007
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Promising preliminary results…
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in vitro models
of disease
Inflammation & Oxidative stress DNA damage
• THP and e-cigarettes showed:
• greatly reduced reductions in oxidative stress versus reference cigarette
• no genotoxic responses under these test conditions
AqE (%)
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Reference Cigarette 3R4F E-cigarettePrototype tobacco heating product
Average intensity
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Altered endothelial repair Cell transformation
• E-cigarette and THP show less endothelial dysfunction
• Significant reduction in tumor promotion observed with E-cigarette and THP versus reference cigarette
TPM Concentration (µg/mL)
0 5 10 15 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
Prototype tobacco heating productReference cigarette 3R4F E-cigarette
Increase in relative wound density
0 5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90100
Promising preliminary results…in vitro models
of disease
Mig
rati
on
rate
µm
/h
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Systems science
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Individual risk
reduction
• 3-D lung model system using epigenetic markers (μRNA)
• Increased (i) perturbations and (ii) inflammatory markers for reference cigarette in comparison to cigarettes
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Risk reduction potential of new products*
-Dependent on the reduced toxicity of the product
-Dependent on the number of people who switch from cigarettes
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*Clive Bates (former director of Action on Smoking & Health, UK) , E-cig summit, 2013
Harm reduction= Reduced risk x Number who switch
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Convincing consumers to switch
• Different nicotine kinetics with different novel products
• Some products beginning to show efficacy profiles similar to cigarettes20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Nic
oti
ne (
ng
/ml)
Nicotine pharmacokinetics*
e-cig A e-cig B e-cig C
Cigarette Pouched Snus Nicotine Gum
*Amalgamation of data from multiple studies
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Population effects model*
21*21/09/2014 Session B, E-cigs: 42. ‘Assessing the health effects of launching e-cigarettes using system
dynamics: A UK case study’, O Camacho et al.
Population risk
reduction
ConsumerUsageData
Estimation of novel product
impact on population
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22*Deborah Arnott, Chief Executive of Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), UK
A precautionary approach being taken
Deborah Arnott (ASH)* “…The number of ex-smokers who are staying off tobacco by using electronic cigarettes is growing, showing just what value they can have. But the number of people who wrongly believe that vaping is as harmful as smoking is worrying. The growth of this false perception risks discouraging many smokers from using electronic cigarettes to quit and keep them smoking instead which would be bad for their health and the health of those around them...”
The consumer is poorly informed
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Consolidated approach required to assessing products
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"There has been an
overall shift towards
the inaccurate
perception of EC
being as harmful as
cigarettes over the
last year in contrast
to the current expert
estimate that using
EC is around 95%
safer than smoking."
Center for Tobacco ProductsPublic Health England
“From 2011 to 2014
e-cigarette use
among high school
students increased
nearly 800%”
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How do we quantify risk?
24*Reproduced from Nutt et al. (2014) Eur Addict Res
Biomarker
‘omics
AOP
(Key disease event)
• Integrate responses - test product v control
• Individual & population level
Weight of evidence approach Delphi panel approach*Data Integration
• Phased approach
• Review data in totality
• Panel of experts
• Weighting given to each dataset
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Towards a greater consensus on reduced risk products
• Product standards
• Harmonisation of approaches
• Agreement on methodologies and standardisation across the various study types
• Transparency of datasets through publication
• Cross functional working with regulators, academia, industry and public health
scientists
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Take home messages
• Evolution of consumer relevant reduced risk tobacco and nicotine products
• Preliminary data shows that these products have the potential to reduce risk
versus cigarettes
• Series of integrated studies over time required to substantiate reduced risk
• Common product standards and industry testing platform required
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Acknowledgements
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Jason Adamson Marianna Gaca
Madeleine Ashley Nathan Gale
David Azzopardi Linsey Haswell
Anisha Banerjee Mike McEwan
Andrew Baxter Krishna Prasad
Damien breheny Mark Taylor
Anthony Cunningham David Thorne
Alison Eldridge
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Thank-you
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