2829

30 31

32

33

Stramenopiles

Heterokont Flagellae

Stramenopile Phylogeny

Fig. 12.4 in Graham et al. 2008

Aureochrome (Blue-Light Receptor)

2

3

1

Diatoms

Marine, Freshwater

7 8

Pelagic Benthic

24

Plankton Periphyton

9 Epizoic

Endozoic

11(Foraminfera)

Epiphytic

Endophytic

Epilithic

Ocean Sediments

14

13

Primary Productivity: 20% of Global Carbon Fixation

26

Diatomaceous Earth

27

Pseudo-nitzschia

Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning (Domoic Acid)

15

Frustule

18Silica (SiO2, Silicon Dioxide)

19

• Abundant in Water

• Inert to Enzymatic Attack

• pH buffer; maintains Carbonic Anhydrase Activity

Frustule Components

Fig. 12-16 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Valves, Connecting Bands

Girdle = Cingulum

Girdle View

2220

Valve View

Areolae

Fig. 12-19 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Fig. 12-18 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Loculate and Poroid Areolae (and Velum)

STRIAE

Fig. 12-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Ocellus: Mucilage Secretion

Figs. 12-21, 12-22 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Fig. 12-14 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Tubes: Labiate Processes

Tubes: Strutted Processes

Figs. 12-14, 12-23 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Forms of Extracellular Mucilage

Fig. 13.10 in Lee 1999

Raphe, Central Nodule, Polar Nodules

Fig. 12-25 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Fig. 13.1 in Lee 1998 Fig. 13.3 in Lee 1999

Raphe System

Figs. 12-24, 12-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Valve View

Girdle View

Diatom Structural Diversity

CENTRIC

ARAPHIC PENNATE

RAPHIC PENNATE

Diatom Phylgoeny

Fig. 12.14 in Graham et al. 2008

39

40

MOTILITY A)Shuffling (Mucilage)B)Coordinated Movement (Raphe, Polysaccharide Rods,

Mictotubules, Kinesin, Dynein)

20

NUTRITION

Fig. 12.31 in Graham et al. 2008

Regulation of Mixotrophy

36

Nitzschia alba

Obligate Heterotroph

38Leucoplast

Fig. 12.5 in Graham et al. 2008 27

Chlorophyll a

Chloroplast Origin

34

Cell Division(Ploidy Level)

Fig. 12.20 in Graham et al. 2008

Silica Deposition Vesicle

Fig. 12.23 in Graham et al. 2008

Multicellular or Colonial?40 41

MelosiraAsteroniella

42 Licmophora Tabellaria 43

44

Chaetoceros

Skeletonema

45

Fig. 12.24 in Graham et al. 2008

Cell Division: McDonald Pfitzer Rule

Centric Sex (Meiosis, Oogamy, Egg, Sperm, Flagella, Auxospore)

Fig. 12.25 in Graham et al. 2008

Pennate Sex(Meiosis, Isogamy, Active Gamete, Passive Gamete, Auxospore)

Fig. 12.26 in Graham et al. 2008

Initiation of Sex• Achievement of Minimal Size

• Environmental Cues

Sexual Behavior

1) Synchronous (Favorable)

2) Synchronous (Unfavorable Conditions)

3) Asynchronous (Favorable)

4) Asynchronous (Unfavorable)

Dormancy (Resting Cell, Rejuvenated Cells)

Fig. 12.29 in Graham et al. 2008

Licmophora

1 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/diatoms.jpg

2 http://www.bhikku.net/archives/03/img/diatoms.JPG

3 http://www.zarzora.com/albums/Great-Sand-Sea/silica.jpg

4 http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/images/upwelling.gif

5 http://library.thinkquest.org/5194/picts/ocean%20map.JPEG

6 http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/graphics/photos0506/ laketurnover.gif

7 http://www.mholmer.biology.sdu.dk/grafik/snapshot/Pelagic% 20trap.JPG

8 http://dept.bio.unipd.it/~casellato/research/foto/benthic1.jpg

9 http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/fishlab/Dhaku/epizoic%20diatom/Falcula %20hyalina/1st%20ante%20em.jpg

11 http://fce.lternet.edu/publications/presentations/FCEslides/images/Slide17.jpg

12 http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/water/coasts/contentpix/shore.jpg

13 http://www.fbs.leeds.ac.uk/gradschool/BCMSc/graphics/wifs.gif

14 http://hjs.geol.uib.no/marinemicro/maps/0-0-2-map-sediments-facies.jpg

15 http://www.arpa.emr.it/daphne/progetto_mare/images/im_ Pseudo_nitzschia_seriata.jpg

16 http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2131.jpg

17 http://www.ualg.pt/adiac/intro/frustule.GIF

18 http://www.microscope-microscope.org/applications/sand/LakePowell3.jpg

19 http://wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/1597/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1597-27246.jpg

20 http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2131.jpg

21 http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/images/diatom.jpg

22 http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/images/diatom.jpg

23 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgapr02/db2sa.jpg

24 http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Chromista/Vaucheria_epiphytes.jpg

25 http://www.scienceprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/plankton_591.jpg

26 http://courses.bio.psu.edu/fall2005/biol110/tutorials/tutorial30_files/ diatomaceous_earth.jpg

27 http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/zyklonb/Sample3-diatomaceousearth.jpg

28 http://www.carolina.com/images/en_US//local/products/altview_large/152940_lp.jpg

29 http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Protozoa/Ochromonas2.jpg

31 http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/Species/Chromophycota/ o_lamhyp.jpg

32 http://herbarium.biosci.ohio-state.edu/Diatom.jpg

33 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/saprolegnia.jpg

34 http://myweb.dal.ca/jmarchib/pic.secondary-endo.jpg

35 http://www.gpmatthews.nildram.co.uk/microscopes/diatom1x400.JPG

36 http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/ALGAL_IMAGES/bacillariophyceans/ Nitzschia_jason3_hcp1_402.jpg

37 http://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2008/02/18/278946/MeetFucoPolaroid.jpg

38 http://www.21food.com/userImages/qingdaopengyuan/qingdaopengyuan $928171531.jpg

39 http://www.grs.sund.ac.uk/bsrg_website/staffdet.cfm?Staff=8

40 http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/kap2/php/Hidden_Ecologies/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/hh_060822%20newsite-1%20melosira_vg%20056-txt-s.JPG

41 http://www.hsu.edu/uploadedImages/Biology/asterionella.jpg

43 http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Algae/Diatoms/Images/ MTUTabellaria_fenestrata.jpg

44 http://www.hib.no/avd_al/naturfag/plankton/english/plankton/plankton-algae/diatoms/chaetoceros_concavicornis_300.jpg

45 http://www.dnr.state.md.us/bay/cblife/algae/diatom/skeletonema_costatum _large.jpg