276176 4adb4 karaulov yu n russkiy yazyk i yazykovaya lichnost chast 2
TRANSCRIPT
o MECTE JIEKCHKOHA B CTPYkTYPE RUIKOBOA JIH'IHOCTH
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Kor,na HCCJlC,nOBaTCJlb pa60TaCT Ha,n OnHCaHHCM rpaMMaTH'ICCICOrO
CTpOll lI3b1lCa, HM ,nBHlICCT nacfloc nOJlHOTbI BOCC03,naBaCMOA XapTHHbI,
OH CTpCMHTClI K TOMy, 'IT06bl HH O,nHO H3 nOAAalO~HXClI 06'bllCHCHHIO
lIBJlCHHA HC OCTaJJOCb 3a paMlCaMH cro pa60TbI. H Tor,na CCTCCTBCHHO
BCTaCT Bonpoc 0 Hc06xo,nHMOM H ,nOCTaTO'lHOM OXBaTC HCTO'lHHICOB Ta-
Koro onHcaHHlI. MOllCHO JlH, HanpHMCp, Ha,nClITbClI ,nOCTH'Ib nOJJHOTbI
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,nCJlO, 'ITO 'IaCTb OC06CHHOCTcA MOllCCT 6b1Tb pelCOHCTpyHpoBaHa C no-
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B03MOllCHOCTH Bbl60pa HCTO'lHHICOB 6e3rpaHH'IHbI H ,lJ.OnOJJHIIIOTClI cro
C06CTBCHHblMH 3HaHHlIMH HOCHTCJJII:noro 1I3b1Ka. B nO,lJ.06HOM CJly'lac
PC'Ib ,nOJJlICHa HATH YllCc 06 OrpaHH'ICHHH HCTO'lHHICOB H npc,lJ.CTaBHTCJlb-
HOCTH lICaHpoB, CTHJJcA H ccflep HCnOJJb30BaHHlI Jl3b1Ka. O,nHaxo no no-
BO,ny PC3YJlbTaToB TaKoro ,nocTaTO'lHO nOJJHOrO HJJH ,nallCc HC'Icpnbl-
BalOmC nOJJHOrO onHCaHHJI· lCallCCTCII CCTCCTBCHHblM 3a,naTb Bonpoc -C 'ICM MbI HMCCM ,lJ.CJlOB HTorc, ,lJ.CACTBHTCJlbHOJJH C CHCTCMOA HJlH lICCC
KOHrJlOMCpaToM pa3HocHcTCMHblX, T.C. B3aHMO,lJ.OnOJlHIIIO~HX, a HC B38H-
MOHCKJJIO'IalOlQHX, OTHOWCHHA? AHaJJOrH'IHO CICJla,lJ.blBaeTCJICHTYaUHJI C
onHcaHHCM JlCICCHICHJl3b1ICa H cc cflHlCcaUHcA B CJJOBapJlX: HMCCM JJH Mill
OCHOBaHHJI npc,nnOJJaraTb, 'ITO Ha MaTCpHaJJC ,lJ.OCTaTO'lHO 60JJbWoro
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,naTb JlelCcH'IecKYIO lCapTHHy COOTBCTcTBylOmcA 3noxH, HanpHMCp ncpBoA
TpCTH XIX B. - Ha MaTCpHaJlC nywlCHHCXHX TelCCTOB H cro cnoBapJl1
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'IaCTCJI B npoTHBOpC'IHH MClIC,lJ.ynOJJHOTOA H CHCTCMHOCTbJO. MbI "C,lJ.HHc"
,nyWHO pa3pcwacM cro B nOJJb3Y nOJJHOTbI, OCTaBJlJIJI CHCTCMHOCTb B yM
KaK O,nHy H3 HaWHX JJHHrBHCTH'IeCKHX HHTCHUHOHaJlbHOCTCA, B TCX cnY-
'IallX, Kor,na C03,naIOTCII UCJJOCTHblC onHC8HHJI CJJOBapJl Jl3b1ICa H crarpaMMaTHICH, H Ha060poT, pa3pcwacM napa,lJ.oxc B nOJJb3Y CHCTCMHOCTJI.
'IHCJJJI nOJlHOTY no BC,nOMCTBy HCOCYlQCCTBJlCHHOA nOTCHUHaJJbHoCTJI.
84
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)l.pyroA napa,nOKC JlHHrBHCTH'ICCKHX npc,ncTaBJlCHHA 06 06'bCXTC HawcA
HayKH TaKlICC 06mCH3BCCTCH, HOCHT OHTOJlOrH'ICClCHA xapaKTCp H B pa3HblX
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naMliTHa MblCJJb A.A. IIIaxMaToBa 0 TOM, 'ITO pCaJJbHOCTbJO 06J1a,nacT
TOJlbKO PC'Ib HH,lJ.HBH,lJ.a, a YllCC npc,nCTaBJJCHHII 0 rOBOpc cCJla HJJH
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eYTb 3Toro napa,lJ.OlCCa - B cflYH,naMCHT8J1bHOM npoTHBope'lHH MClICAY
OT,nCJlbHOCTbJO,,nHCKpCTHOCTbJO HOCHTCJllI H aKTyaJlH30BaHHblX HM cflalCTOB
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3TOT napa,lJ.OlCC npHHHMacT pa3Hblc 06JJH'Ibll, BblcTynaJi B JJHHrBOrcorpa-
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cTpaHcTBc H HcnpcpblBHOCTbJO H30rJJOCC; B nCHXOJJHHrBHCTHlCC napa,noKc
8b1l1HBaCTCJI B npoTHBOpC'IHC MClIC,ny MaCCOBH,nHblM aHKcTHpoBaHHcM B
aCCOUHaTHBHblX 3lCcnCPHMCHTax H HH,nHBH,nyaJlbHJ,lM npHCBOCHHeM HX pe-
3yJlbTaTOB, T.e. HX npHJJOllCHMOCTbJO lC TpaKToBKc 3axoHoMcpHOCTCA HH-
,nHBH,nyaJJbHOrO aCCOUHaTHBHoro nOJlJl H JlClCCHlCOHaB UCJJOM; B rpaMMa-
TH'ICClCHX onHCaHHJlX OH 06HapyllCHBacT cc611 B npoTHBOpC'IHH MClIC,ny
C60pOM C,nHHH'IHbIX cflalCToB no pa3HblM HCTO'lHHlCaM, HX 0606mcHHcM H
nocTyJlHpoBaHHcM OHTOJlOrH'ICCKOrO cTaTyca 3THX 0606mcHHA, HX 6b1THli
B OC060M 06pa30BaHHH, HMCHyCMOM JJHTCpaTypHblM Jl3b1KOM.Ka3aJIocb 6b1, 06a napa,noKC8 - napa,lJ.OlCC MCTO,lJ.H'ICClCHA,06yCJJOB-
lICHHblA n03HUHcA HCCJJC,lJ.OBaTCJJJI,H napa,lJ.OKC OHTOJlOrH'ICClCHA, CBlI-
3aHHblA C OC06eHHOCTJlMH MaTCpHaJla H Ha6J1IO,ncHHA Ha,lJ. HHM, MoryT
6b1Tb CHJlTbI, XOJlb ClCOPO 06'bCKTOM H3Y'lCHHJI CTaHOBHTClI He "Jl3b1K B
C8MOM ce6e H AJJII CC611", a HOCHTCJJb Jl3b1Ka, 1I3b1XOBall JJH'IHOCTb C
npHcBocHHOA CJO 1I3b1KOBOA CHCTCMOA. npH 3TOM MbI COCpC,nOTO'lHBaCMCJIHa 06'bCXTC, HMClOmCM ,nCACTBHTCJlbHO pCaJlbHOC cymccTBoBaHHe, Hcnpe-
PblBHOCTb onHCaHHJI HC npoTHBOpe'lHT ,nHcKpeTHocTH HCTO'lHHlCa, no-
CKOJlbXY HCTO'lHHX-HOCHTCJJb C,lJ.HH H HcnpcpblBcH BO BpCMCHH H npo-
cTpaHcTBc, nOJJHOTa npHHUHnHaJlbHO MOllCCT 6b1Tb rapaHTHpOBaHa, CCJlH
06CCnC'IHTb YCJlOBHII AJlJI cflHxcaUHH BceX TCKCTOB, npOH3BC,lJ.CHHblX nH'I-
HOCTblO OT MOMCHTa Ha'laJJa rOBOpCHHJI ,no CMCpTH, a CHCTCMHOCTb, no
onpc,ncncHHIO, 3aJIOllCCH8 B C8MOA npHpo,nc Bna,nCHHJI 'ICJlOBClCa B3b1KOM.
O,nHalCo HCCMOTpli Ha 3TH npe,lJ.nOCblJllCH, HCCMOTpJl Ha OC03HaHHC JlHHr-
BIICTHlCOA cc6J1 C ,naBHHX nop lCalC ryMaHHTapHoA HaylCH, T.C. HaylCH
o 'ICJJOBCKC,onHCaHHJI Jl3b1lCa HH,lJ.HBH,lJ.a,KaK H onHCaHHJI Jl3b1lCOBOAJlH'I-
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lI(CCTBCHHblX H ny6J1HUHCTH'ICClCHX npOH3BC,lJ.CHHA Mor 6b1 paCUCHHBaTbCJI
kalC aHaJlH3HpYCMaJi H onHCblBaCMaJi Jl3b1lCOBaJi nH'IHOCTb. KalC npaBHJJO,
B03MOllCHOCTH HCCJlc,noBaHHA TalCoro po,na HC'ICpnblBaIOTClI peWCHHCMCJlC,nYlOmHx 3a,na'l:
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85
06pa3UY CJJOBapll 1I3bIKa B UCJJOM, B JJylfweM CJJylfae C YKa3aHHCM OT-
KJJOHeHHA B CeMaHTHKe H OC06CHHOCTlIX ynoTpe6JJeHHlI pll~a CJJOB OT
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aBTOpOM ~11 nepe~alfH H paCXpLlTHlI pll~a Ba)ICHLlX 06lQelfeJJOBe'leCKHX
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paKTepOB - JJl06BH H HeHaBHCTH, BoAHbI H Tpy~a, rpa)IC~aHCKOA CMe-
JJOCTH HH~HBH~a, npOTHBOnOCTaBJJeHHlI HM ce611 06lQeCTBy, KOJJJJeKTHBy
H npHcnoc06JJeH'IeCTB8, nO~'1HHeHHlI KOJJJJeKTHBHoMy MHeHHfO, KOHcjlOp-
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8BTOpa H C TO'lKH 3pCHHlI HX B03AeAcTBeHHOCTH Ha '1HTaTeJJlI.
O~HaKO 3TO HanpaBJJeHHe H3YlfCHHlI HC H~eT nOJJHOCTbfO B pyCJJe pa3-
BHTHII HCCJJe~OBaHHAno 1I3L1KOBOAJJHlfHOCTH, He nOKpLlBaeT Bcero KOMn-
JJeKC8 CB1I3aHHLlX C ce H3y'leHHeM 3a~a'l no ~BYM npH'IHHaM. Bo-ncpBLlX,
nOToMy, IfTO nHCaTeJJb BblcTynaeT B CBOHX npOH3Be~CHHlIX He KaK e~HHall,
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HHMafOlQHX JJH'IHOCTeA;' BO-BTOpblX )ICe, nOToMy, '1TO TpH oxapaKTepH30-
BaHHble nHHHH B H3y'lCHHH 1I3b1Ka nHcaTcnll, npH BHCWHCH HX CXO)ICCCTH,
COOTHOCHMOCTHC COOTBCTCTByfOlUHMH ypOBHlIMH opraHH3aUHH 1I3L1KOBOA
nH'IHOCTH, He HanpaBneHLI Ha nonHoe HX paCKpblTHe, He OXB8TblBafOT
Bcero 60raTCTBa oco6eHHocTeA H pa3nH'IHblX CTOpOH 1I3L1KOBOAnH'IHOCTH,
onHcaHHe KOTOpoA B H~eane ~On)ICHO BMelQ8Tb B ce611 TaK)lCe H CHCTeMHoe
npe~CTaBneHHe ~aHHoro 1I3L1lCOBOrOCTpOll ucnHKOM, 6e3 OCTaTKa. nOllC-
HHM no~p06Hee CMblcn 06eHX npH'IHH.
no nOBO~y nepBoA H3 HHX Ha~o CKa3aTb, '1TO Mbl CTanKHBaeMCfI
3~eCb C aHTHHOMHeA HH~HBH~anbHoro H COUHanbHoro: nHcaTenb, Bonno-
lQall B CBOHX npOH3Be~eHHlIX MHO)ICeCTBeHHOCTbpa3HblX HH~HBH~anb-
HOCTeA, 3aCTaBnlleT HX rOBopHTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO06lQeCTBeHHO-HCTOPH-
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BeTCTBeHHO HX cTaTycy H 38HHMaeMblM HMH COUHanbHo-nCHxonorH-
IfCCKHM n03HUHlIM, npHcnoca6nHB811 pClfCBoe nOBC~CHHC repoeB K KOH-
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WCHHH nHcaTenb, Kor~ OH rOBopHT '1epe3 CBOHX rcpOB, yno~06nllCTCfI
aKTepy, pa3y'lHBafOlQeMy pa3HblC ponH H npOH3HOClIlQeMY '1y)ICHe pelfH.
BcnOMHHM A.H. OCTpOBClCoro, KOTOpLlA B caMoA TeXHHKe COlfHHCHHlI
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norH, OH paCXa)ICHBan no Ka6HHcTy, npOH3HOClI pcnnHKH ~CACTBYfOlQHX
nHU Bcnyx, CTapallCb HMHTHpOB8Tb HHTOHaUHfO H MaHepy rOBopeHHfI
COOTBCTcTByfOlUeA JJHlfHOCTH. H8 3TO MOC paCCY)IC~eHHe0 He06xo~HMOCTH
Mil 8BTopa MynbTHnJJHUHpOBaTb B CBoeM TBOp'leCTBe C06cTBeHHylO
nH'IHOCTb, MoryT, eCTCCTBeHHO, B03Pll3HTb, '1TO Bce B TaKOM cnylfae
3aBHCHT OT T8n8HTnHBOCTH nHC8Tcnll H '1TO B HeBLlpa3HTenbHLlX, cepblX
no 1I3b1Ky npOH3BC~CHHlIX PClfCBblC nopTpCTbI nepcoHa)ICcA 6b1B8fOT HC-
pa3nH'IHMbI. 3TO B03pa)ICeHHe B C8MOM ~ene cnpaBe~HBO, HO 0110
pacnpOCTpaHJlCTClI TonbKO Ha O~HH ypOBCHb opraHH3al.{HH 1I3b1KOBoll
nH'IHOCTH, a HMeHHO, ypoBeHb aCCOI.{HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKHA, HnH neK-
86
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Hcnonb30BaHHbJX nH'IHOCTblO npH nOpO)IC~eHHH elO ~ocTaTolfHO npe~cTa-
BHTenbHoro MaCCHBa TeKCToB, T.e. B ~HCKYpcc 1I3bIKOBOH nH'IHOCTH,
Mo~enblO KOToporo MO)ICeT cTaTb, HanpHMep, COBoKynHocTb TeKcTOB,
npo~YUHpoBaHHbIx O~HHM nepCOHa)ICeM B XY~O)ICeCTBeHHoMnpoH3Be~eHHH.
Ho nOMHMO 3Toro ypOBHlI, BonnOlQeHHoro B neKcHKoHe, B cTpyKType
1I3b1KOBOA nH'IHOCTH pa3nH'IalOTClI elUe ~Ba - KorHHTHBHbdt, xapaKTe-
PH3YfOlQHA cBoAcTBeHHYIO eA KapTHHy MHp8 H BonnOlQeHHblA B ee Te-
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pe'leBbIMH aKTaMH HHTeHI.{HoHanbHocTeA: Ha~e)IC~, )lCenaHHA, cTpaxoB, nlO6-BH, HeHaBHCTH, cHMnaTHA H 8HTHnaTHA, COMHeHHA, pa~ocTeA, ~oca-
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'1apOBaHHlI. H Tenepb, B03BpalQallCb K 8pryMeHTy 0 He06xo~HMOCTH
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6e3~8PHoCTH nOCJle~Hero ero nepCOHa)ICH, He pa3nH'IallCb Ha ypoBHe
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1I3bIKOBOA nHlfHOCTH, nOCKonbKy y Ka)IC~Oro eCTb C06CTBCHHblH B3rnll~
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pa3p860TaHa ~1I peweHHlI 3a~a'lH peKoHcTpyKI.{HH Te3aYPyc8 nHlfHOCTHH ee MOTHB81.{HOHHoA ccjlepbl Ha OCHOBaHHH ee ~HcKypca. Ho peno
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eTell 06b1'fHO B BH~e Ha60pa Hcnonb30BaHHbIX B ero npOH3Be~eHHflX
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CY6••eKTHBHoro CMblcna. no 06"CMy CJJOBapb nHC8TenJl, eCTecTBeHHo
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BOCnpOH3BO.n;HTb KapTHHy MHpa Xy.n;OlKHHKa (HnH ero Te3aypyc) B 60nbwcA
CTeneHH OCTaeTCH c4JepoA HHTepeCOB nHTepaTypoBe.n;a, '1eM nHHrBHCTa,
H B paMKax nHTepaTypoBe.n;'1eCKoro no.n;xo.n;a peanH3yeTcH nHWb '1aCTH'IHO.
HaKOHeu, MOTHBaUHOHHblA ypoBeHb nH'IHOCTH, HnH ee "nparMaTHKOH",
B ero BonnOmeHHH B TeKCTax, T.e. ypoBeHb, COOTHOCHmHA MOTHBbI,
yCTaHoBKH, uenH, "HHTeHUHOHanbHOCTH" (nepe'lHCneHbI B nopH.n;JCeHHCXO-
.n;HmeA HepapXHH) nH'IHOCTH C pe'leBbiM nOBe.n;eHHeM Hero co.n;eplKaHHeM,
nO'ITH COBeeM Bblna.n;aeT H3 nonH 3peHHH Hccne.n;OBaTenH-nHHrBHCTa,
pacnpe.n;enHHCb '1aCTH'IHO no nHTepaTypoBe.n;'1eCKHM H nHTepaTypHo-KpH-
TH'IeCICHMpa60TaM (B TOM, '1TO lCacaeTCHMOTHBHpOBOIC), Haxo.n;H OTpalKeHHe
B nCHxonHHrBHCTH'IeCKHX H nCHXOnOrH'IeCKHX WTy.n;HHX(B CBR3HcaHanH30M
yCTaHoBOK H ueneA rOBOpRmero - cnywalOmero), pa3BepTblBaJlCb B H3Y-
'1eHHH HHTeHUHA, CBH3aHHblX C OT.n;enbHblMH pe'leBblMH aKTaMH, H npo-
lIBnllHCb '1aCTH'IHO B aHanH3e KOMMyHHKaTHBHblx poneA H perHcTpoB
pe'lH B COUHonHHrBHCTHlCe. 0 BOCC03.n;aHHH lKe B c06cTBeHHo R3b1KO-
Be.n;'IeCKHX onHcaHHHX uenOCTHoro npe.n;cTaBneHHH "nparMaTHKoHa" H3b1-
KOBOA nH'IHOCTH rOBopHTb, TaKHM 06pa30M, nOlCa He npHxo.n;HTCR.
llO.n;Bo.n;H HTor paCCMOTpeHHIO Hccne.n;OBaHHA THna "H3b1K nHeaTenH"
C TO'lKH 3peHHH BocnpOH3Be.n;eHHH B HHX neKCHICOHa HH.n;HBH.n;yanbHOCTH,
MbI .n;onlKHbI KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, '1T03TH Hccne.n;OBaHHH He .n;alOT npe.n;-
CTaBneHHH 0 neKCHKOHe lCaK TaKOBOM. B HHX, KaK npaBHnO, HaX0.ll:HT
'1aCTH'IHOe OTpalKeHHe Bce cnOH H ypOBHH CTpyKTypbl Jl3b1KOBOA nH'I-
HOCTH, HO, 6y.n;Y'lH OTHeceHbI K nHcaTenbCKOMY H3b1KY, OHH BblcTynalOT
KaK xapaKTepHCTHICH MHOlKeCTBeHHblX nH'IHOCTeA, H n03TOMY B Hccne-
.n;OBaHHlIX paCCMaTpHBaeMoro THoa MbI HMeeM .n;eno C Mo.n;enblO Jl3b1Ka
Bo06me, 1I3bIICa COOTBeTcTBylOmeA 3nOXH, HO He 113b1KaOT.n;enbHoA HH.n;H-
BH.n;yanbHOCTH.
IIBepOHTHO, ny'lwe Bcero B TaKoro po.n;a pa60Tax H3Y'leHbI neKCH-
'1cCICHA H rpaMMaTH'IeCKHA cIlOH.n;nHCaTenJi. rpaMMaTH'IeClCall If8CTL, ICO-
TOpaJi no aHanorHH C nelCCHKOHOM MOlKCT 6b1TL Ha388Ha rpaMMaTHICOHOM,
Haxo.n;HT OTpalKeHHe B Hccne.n;OBaHHIIX THna "CHHTaKCHC TonCToro",
"cnOBOTBOp'lCCTBO MaJiKOBClCoro" H OXBaTblBaeT Ha60p HeKOTopblX wa6-
nOHOB H CTepeOTHnOB cnoBoco'leTaHHA, H3nlO6neHHblx cHHTaICCH'IeCICHX
KOHcTpyKUHA, npHeMbI cnoBOTBOp'leCTBa, HOBo06pa30BaHHII .n;nll nepe-
.n;a'lH cy6'LeKTHBHblX CMblcnOB H HeOlKH.n;aHHblX aCCOUHaTHBHblX c6nHlKeHHA,
He06b1'1HOe Hcnonb30BaHHe rpaMMaTH'ICCICHX KaTeropHA H T.O. Cp., HanpH-
Mep, y 10. HarH6HHa cBoe06pa3HblA npHeM OlKHBneHHlI, KaK 6b1 BTOPH'IHOA
rpaMMaTH3aUHH YlKe .n;aBHO nCKCHKanH30BaHHblX H OKOCTeHCBWHX cIlOpM
cTpa.n;aTenLHblx npH'IaCTHA HaCTOlimero BpeMeHH: "OTTY.n:a .n;BeHa.n;uaTL C
He60nbwHM KHnoMeTpoB neWHM XO.n;OM.n;o pa3'Le3.n:a, H pyKoA oo.n;aTL -
Py'lLeBKa, 3pUMaJl KpblwaMu C lKene3Ho.n;opOlKHOA HacblnH •••••; "H nOKa
noe3.n; TamHnCH Ha ceBep no npeKpacHoA cpe.n;HepyccKoA 3eMne, y6paHHoA
nocne.n;HHM OKT1I6pLCKHM 30nOTOM, npH'IanHBan K BeTXHM BOK3aJ1aM
cTapHHHblx PYCCICHX ropo.n;oB, K naxHyw,HM CBelKHM .n;epeBOM nnaT-
cIlopMaM HOBbiX noceneHHA, K ne'laJ1bHblM nonycTaHlCaM, o6umaeMblM,88
Ka3anOCb, o.n;HHM-e.n;HHCTBeHHbIM'1eIl06eKOMB lKene3Ho.n;0pOlKHOii cIlypalKKe,
J(nHMoB .••" I.
HnH MeHa KaTeropHH po.n;a B CTpO'lKe A. B03HeceHcKoro H3 "Ka6aHb-
eH OXOTbI": "oo. Ha 61l1OoelleOJlHou. caKcoHcKoil"; HnH HOBo06pa30BaHHlI
Ko6apblwHu, Ka6a6ywKu (OT Ka-6aHbI - TaM lKe), npo.n;HKTOBaHHbIe
CHTyaQHeA - nepeBepTbIweM, Kor.n;a nocne y.n;a'lHoA OXOTbI Ha OXOTHHlCa
Ka6aHbI c06HpalOTClI Ha nHpweCTBO.
rpaMMaTHKOH TeCHO CBH3aH C neKCHKOHOM H .n;o H3BeCTHoA CTeneHH
paCTBopeH B HeM B cHny neKCHKanH38QHH onpe.n;eneHHoA 'IaCTH rp8M-
MaTH'IeCKHX lIBneHHA, KOTopall Ha .n;ene pacnpOCTpaHeHa, OKa3b1BaeTClI,
3H8'1HTenbHO WHpe, '1eM :)TO npHHlITO 06b1'1HO .n;YM8Tb. Ha 3TO BnepBble
06paTHn BHHMaHHe B.B. BHHorpa.n;oB, y.n;enHBWHA 60nbwoe BHHMaHHe neK-
CHKaJ1H38QHH npH onHcaHHH rpaMMaTH'IeCKOrO CTpOll pyccKoro 1I3b1lCa2
•
O.n;HaKO H.n;eH B.B. BHHorpa.n;oBa He nony'lHnH .n;onlKHoro pa3BHTHlI, H,
B COOTBeTCTBHH co cnOlKHBweAclI Bnocne.n;CTBHH Tpa.n;HUHeA, neKCH-
KanH3aQHH CTano OTBO.n;HTLClI MeCTO HeKoero 31C30TH'IeCKOrO RBnCHHlI,
pcnCBaHTHoro .n;nll OT.n;enbHbIX KaTeropHA (HanpHMep, '1HCna H na.n;elKa),
cnoBo06pa30BaTcnbHblX cIlopMaHTOB HnH 3aCTbIBWHX cIlOHeTH'IeCKHX HB-
neHHA.B CB1I3H C H3y'leHHeM CTpyKTypbI HH.n;HBH.n;yanbHoro neKCHKOHa Ha
MaTcpHanc aCCOQHaTHBHblX noneA pyccKoro 1I3bIKa MHOIO 6b1no BbI.n;BH-
HyTO npc.n;nonOlKeHHe 0 nonHoA HnH nO'ITH nonHoA neKCHKanH3aUHH rpaM-
MaTHKH B neKCHKOHe. rHnOTC3a nony'lHn8 '1aCTH'IHOe no.n;TBeplK.n;eHHe B
npHBc.n;eHHOM H.Jl. qynKHHoA aHanH3e nCKCHKanH30B8HHblX HBneHHA
B "CnOBape aCCOQHaTHBHblX HOpM pyccKoro Jl3b1Ka,,3. )lnJl BcpHcIlHKaQHH
rHnOTC3b1 B CHnbHOM CCBapHaHTe He06xo.n;HM 60nee 06WHpHblA MaTcpHan,
KOTOpbIA MOlKCT 6b1TL nony'leH no 3aBepWCHHH pa60TbI Ha.n; ••ACCOQHa-
THBHbIM Te3aypycoM pyccKoro Jl3b1Ka", Mo.n;enHpylOmHM BCIOaCCOQHaTHBHO-
Bep6anbHylO CCTb cpe.n;Hero HOCHTenJi Jl3b1Ka.
Tcncpb npHwno BpeMJI c.n;enaTb oTcTynneHHe OT 06cylK.n;eHHJI BonpOCOB
CTpyKTypbl c06CTBeHHO neKCHKOHa H norOBopHTL 0 npaBOMepHOCTH H
~cneco06pa3HOCTH BBc.n;eHHJI HOBblX H HenpHBbI'IHblX TCpMHHOB, TaKHX,
KaK rpaMMaTHKOH H nparMaTHKOH. )lyMaeTCJI, '1TO HcnonL30BaHHe HX
MOlKeT 6b1Tb onpaB.n;aHHblM no cnc.n;YlOmHM co06palKeHHJlM. C TO'lICH3peHHJInpe.n;CTaBneHHA 0 noypoBHeBoA CTpyKType H3bIKOBOH nH'IHOCTH (CM. CXC-
My I), TepMHH nparMaTHlCoH nonHOCTblO nOKpblBaeT BblCWHA ypoBeHb
3TOA CTpyKTypbI - MOTHBaQHoHHblA, H o.n;HOBpeMCHHO, 6naro.n;apJl cBoeA
BHyTpeHHeA cIlOPMC. BlCnlO'IaeT npc.n;cTaBncHHc 0 CHCTeMHoA opraHH3aQHH
COCTaBnJllOmHX ero e.n;HHHQ, oTHoweHHA H cTepcoTHnoB (T.e. 06pa3uoB
coe.n;HHeHHJIe.n;HHHQC nOMOmLIO THnOBLlX oTHoweHHA). KpoMe Toro, no
cBoeii MOPcllcMHOA cTpyKType 06a TepMHHa XopOWO cornacylOTcH C Tep-
MHHOM "neKcHKoH". BblnOnHJllOmHM aHaJ10rH'IHYIO ponb .n;nJl nepBoro -
aCCoUHaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'ICCKOrO HnH neKcHKo-rpaMMaTH'IeCKOrO ypOBHJI.
no aHanorHH C neKCHKOHOM, rpaMMaTHKoHoM H nparMaTHlCoHoM cne-
IHazu6uIl 10. nepeKyp 1/ COBpeMeHHHK. M., 1984. C. 3.2BUllozpaOOil B.B. PyccKHII .3Io1K: rpaMMaTH'IecKoe y'leHHe 0 CJlOBe. M., 1972.''1YAICUIiD H.n. MOAeJll. JlCKCHKOH8.HOCHTeJl. pY~~Koro .3WKa KaK cnoeo6 npe,ACT8BJleHH.
lIeKCH'IeCKOACHCTeMIoI.K,lJ,. M., 1986.
,nOBaJlO 6bJ BBeCTH Cne~HaJlbHbIH TepMHH .nJIR KOrHHTHBHOrO, HJlH Te-
3aYPYCHOrO, ypOBHR. ECTeCTBeHHbJM 3,neCb Ka3aJlOCb 61,1 ynoTpe6J1I1Tb
TCpMHH "ceMaHTHKoH", HMCR B BH,ny, 'ITO Te3aypycHoe npe,nCTaBJleHHe
ceMaHTHKH RBJlSleTCSIHaH60Jlee nOJlHbJM H corJlaCYIO~HMCII C CHCTeMoA
3HaHHH 0 MHpe. Ho :no npOCTOC peweHHC BbJ3bJBaCT cpa3Y >KC Maccy
BonpOCOB H B03pa>KeHHH: se,nb cCMaHTHKa, 06YCJlOBJleHHaSl H onpe,ne-
JlCHHbIM 06pa30M opHeHTHpOBaHHaR HMCIO~CHCR y HH,nHBH,na CHCTCMOH
3HaHHH 0 MHpe, npe,nCTaBJlCHa H B JleKCHKOHe, a no MHeHHIO HeKOTopbIX
HCCJlc,nOBaTeJleH4, CCMaHTHKa B JlCKCHKOHe KaK pa3 H Bonno~acT caM
Te3aypyc JlH'IHOCTH, T.e. nOJlHOCTblO TO>K,neCTBeHHa 3HaHHSlM 0 MHpe.
A 3Ha'lHT "JlCKCHKOH" nOJlHOCTblO COBna,naCT C "Tc3aYPycoM" H npCA-
JlaraCMOe B Hawcii KJlaCcH$HKa~HH pa3AeJleHHC ncpBoro H BToporo
ypOBHcH B CTpyKTypC 113bIKOBOA JlH'IHOCTH (CM. CXCMa I) OKa3blBaCTCII
HepeJleBaHTHbIM. KpoMe Toro, B JleKCHKOHe, KaK CKa3aHO BbIwe, "pa3J1HTa",
pacnpc,nCJlCHa rpaMMaTHKa, KOTopaSl no caMoH cBocR CyTH TCCHbIM 06-
pa30M CBSl3aHa co 3HaHHSlMH 0 MHpe, H Tor,na rOBopHTb 0 rpaMMaTH-
'IeCKOM $oHAe, HJlH 0 "rpaMMaTHKoHe", JlH'IHOCTH, TO>KC KaK 6YATO
He HMeeT CMbICJla. TeM HC MCHee, MO>KHO nonLlTaTbCR B caMOM ncpBOM
npH6J1H>KCHHH nOKa3aTb CXCMaTH'ICCKH B3aHMOOTHOWCHHSIH B3aHMonpo-
HHKHOBeHHe ypoBHeH 113L1KOBOHJlH'IHOCTH, paCCMOTpeHHLlX paHccno-
p03Hb, KaK caMOCTOIITCJlbHLlC, OTAaBaR cc6c OT'ICT B TOM, 'ITO no-
Ao6HalI CXCMa C~C He OTpa>KaeT nO.nJIHHHoro. B3aHMOACHCTBHRypOBHcii,
HO nOKa3L1BaCT CJlO>KHOCTbHX OTHoweHHA H HeB03MO>KHOCTb OTpa>KCHHSI
HX B ,nByxMepHoM (a BepOSlTHO, H B TpeXMepHOM) npOCTpaHCTBe. ,I:(nll
'IHTaTCJlR >KC TaKaR cxeMa npORCHHT aBTopCKOC nOHHMaHHC HCCJleAYc-
MOH cHTya~HH H yTO'lHHT 061tCKT onHcaHHSI B AaHHOM pa3ACJlC. Ha'laJlb-
HLlMH 6yKBaMH Jl, r, C, il 0603Ha'iCHbI Ha CXCMC MaJlbIC KpyrH, CHMBO-
JlH3HpYIO~He COOTBeTCTBeHHO JlCKCHKOH, rpaMMaTHKOH, ceMaHTHKOH H
nparMaTHKOH R3L1KOBOH JlH'IHOCTH. C y'lCTOM rHnOTe3L1 0 JleKCHKaJlH3a-
~HH rpaMMaTHKH B JleKCHKOHC HX nepeCe'leHHe (B 'IaCTHOCTH, KpyroB
Jl H r, HO BHAHMO, 3TO B paBHoR Mcpe KacaCTCII TaK>Ke H B3aHMO-
npOHHKHOBeHHSI ceMaHTHKH H nparMaTHKH, a 3Ha'lHT, H nepeCe'leHHII
KpyroB C H il) ,nOJl>KHO 6L1Tb 60JlbWC, rny6>Ke, 'IeM 3TO MO>KHOH306pa-
3HTb Ha cxeMe 6e3 y~ep6a .nJIII HarJlRAHOCTH pHcyHKa. ilyHKTHpOM
(H 6yKBOii T) OTMe'leHa c$cpa 3HaHHH 0 MHpC, HJlH Te3aypyc JlH'IHOCTH.
ECJlH cxeMa 1 CTpyKTypbI 113bIKOBOHJlH'IHOCTH npe,nCTaBJllleT c060ii ee
noypoBHCBbIA "npo$HJlb", TO npHBo,nHMall HH>Ke CXCMa 2 MO>KeT TpaKTO-
BaTbCSI (npo,nOJl>KaR HCnOJlb30BaTb TepMHHbI nJlaHHMeTpHH) KaK "BHA
CBCPXY" HJlH "nJlaH" opraHH3a~HH Sl3bIKoBoR JlH'IHOCTH.
Acco~HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKaSl CCTb (60JlbWOH Kpyr Ha cxeMe), KOTopaSl
CTpOHTClI H3 eAHHH~ JleKCHKOHa (a ero COCTaBJlSlIOT He TOJlbKO CJlOBa),
eCTeCTBeHHLlM 06pa30M BKJlIO'IaeT ero ~CJlHKOM B CBOIOc$cpy, TaK >KeKaK,
BnpO'lCM, H CCMaHTHKOH, C HHM Hepa3pbIBHO CBR3aHHbIH. KOMMyHHKa-
THBHali >KCcen (npaBblH 60JlbwoA Kpyr), Y3J1aMH KOTOpoii ,nOJl>KHLI6blTb
eAHHH~LI nparMaTHKOHa, OXBaTLlBaeT nOMHMO Hcro H rpaMMaTHKOH,
·CM., H8npHMep: 3aAe6CI<OJl A.A. HH~OPM8I.\HOHHblA Te38yPYc '1eJlOBeKB KaK 6838 pe'le'
MblCJlHTeJlbHol! AellTeJlbHOCTH / / HCCJleAOB8HHlI pe'leBOrO MblWJleHHlI B nCHXOJlHHrBHCTHICe.
M., 1985. C. 150-171.
90
CXCMB 2CtpyKtypa .' •• KOIOil n••••llocn'
II
II
KOMMyHHKaTHBHO OpHCHTHpOBaHHbIH no caMoii cBocii npHpoAe. TC3aypyc
061teMJlCT 3Ha'lHTeJlbHYIO 'IaCTb 4-x OCHOBHbIX c$cp (T.C. Jl, r, C H il),
BXOAlI~HX B CTpyKTypy R3bIKOBOii JlH'IHOCTH, TorAa KaK RAPO nOCJleAHeii
06pa3yeTcII ncpCCC'ICHHCM Bcex 6e3 HCKJlIO'IeHHll ee COCTaBJlRIO~HX H
nOMe'leHO Ha cxeMe >KHpHbIMH JlHHHRMH.
COMHHTCJlbHLlM AOJl>KHO Ka3aTbCli ,nCJleHHC CTpyKTypLl Ha Bep6aJlH30-
BaHHylO H HeBep6aJlH30BaHHble 'IaCTH, npOXOAlI~ec no rpaHH~aM IIApa
1I3bIKOBOii JlH'IHOCTH. B TOM, 'ITO KacaeTCR nparMaTHKOHa H rpaMMaTH-
KOHa, CKenCHC MO>KeT 6bITb MCHbWC, nOCKOJlbKY Te3HC 0 HeOC03HaH-
HOCTH HH,nHBHAyyMOM pRAa c06CTBeHHbiX MOTHBOB, yCTaHoBOK, ueJleii H
HHTeH~HOHaJlbHOCTeii, TO'lHO TaK >Ke KaK 3HallHTeJlbHOrO 'IHCJla rpaM-
MaTH'ICCKHX 3aKOHOB, npaBHJI H CTpyKTyp, RBJlIICTCII 6eccnopHbIM. KOJlb
CKOpO OHH HC npoxoART 'Iepe3 c$epy HHAHBHAyaJlbHoro C03HaHHll, OHH
MoryT OCTaBaTbCli H HCBCp6aJlH30BaHHbIMH B cTpyKType AaHHoii 1131,1-
KOBOHJlH'IHOCTH. Bep6aJlH30BaHHali 'IaCTb TeM caMbIM OTHOCHTCli K c$cpe
1I3blKOBoro C03HaHHlI, H npc,nCTaBJleHHC 0 HCM, ero MaCWTa6ax, cnoc06ax
npORBJleHHlI H pacnpe,neneHHH no pa3HbIM c$epaM H ypOBHlIM MO>KHO
nonY'lHTb, H3Y'lali HMCHHO Bcp6anbHbiC ero MaHHcPeCTa~HH(cp., HanpHMep,
pa60TbI WKOJlbl O.H. JinHHoBoii Ha AHaneKTHOM MaTepHaJle, HJlH oueHKH
pellH, BKycoBble npCAnO'lTeHHlI B BbI60pc cpeACTB Bblpa>KCHHll H HOp-
MaTHBHbIC pCKOMeHAa~HH KOAHcPHKaTopOB JlHTepaTypHoro 113bIKa). tlTo
kacaCTCli Bep6anH30BaHHOH 'IaCTH nparMaTHKOHa, TO ero COCTaBnlllOT
CTcpCOTHnbl TCKCTOBbiX npC06pa30BaHHA, HnH cnoc06b1 npCJ],CTaBnCHHII II
OnCpHpOBaHHII npCueAeHTHblMH TelCCTaMH AaHHOH lCynbTypbl (CM. HHlKC).
Ho COBCCM napaJ],OKCanbHOA, BCpOIlTHO, BblrnllAHT HCBcp6anH30BaHHall
'faCTb c06CTBeHkO neICCHICOHa. TeM He MeHee, 3J],eCb HeT HHlCalCoro HOH-
CCHca: B nelCCHKOHe rOBoplllllcro HCBcp6anH30BaHHylO 'faCTb 06pa3YlOT
ero naCCHBHblA cnOBapb, a TaIClKC nalCYHbI H "nYCTble ICneTICH", 1C0TOPblC
BbilIBnlllOTCII B pe'fCBblX oWH6ICax H orOBoplCax. EAHHHUbi naCCHBHoro
cnOBapll MoryT aXTHBH3HpOBaTbClI H BblXOJ],HTb B c41epy C03HaHHlI, "Bep-
6anH30BaTbClI" B onpeAcneHHblX ycnoBHlIX. Cp.: «To, 'fTO TBopHnocb y an-
Tapll, nOllBneHHe, BXOJ],bI H yxoJ],bI OJ],eTbiX B 6enoe npHcnylKHHxoB,
J],bllICOH, nOMaxHBalOlllHA lCaAHnOM, weCTBHe MonOJ],blX CBlIlllCHHHXOB B
nap'fOBbiX pH3ax, 6b1no eMY OTICYAa-TO H3BCCTHO, OH BcnOMHHn 0lllYllleHHC
lKCCTKOA 30nOToA HHTH WHTbJJ H BcnOMHHn cnOBO "CTHxapb" - TalC Ha3b1-
BanaCb lCalCall-TO '1aCTb HX OJ],ClKJ],bI. Ellle BcnOMHHnOCb - ICnHpoc •••
HCH3BeCTHO OTICYAa BcnnblBanH cnOBa, 1C0TOPblX OH HHlCorJ],a He ynoT-
pe6nlln, xa3anOCb He 3Han H He Mor 3HaTb ••.))5
lloJ],06Hble IIBneHHlI HeOlKHJ],aHHoro "BcnOMHHaHHlI" HHxorAa He yne-
Tpe6nReMoro paHee cnOBa H3BCCTHbI XalKJ],OMy H3 C06CTBCHHoro onblT8.
8 :HOM OTHoweHHH COCTaB nCICCHICOHanOXOlK Ha 6acccAH, B 1C0TOpOM
npoHcxoAHT nOCTOIlHHoe J],BH)I(CHHCcnoeB BOAbi - OJ],HH BOCXOAIIT H ne-
peMclllalOTcli Ha nOBepxHocTb, J],pyrHe onyclCalOTclI BHH3. lloJ],06Hall cc-
MaHTH'ICCXall "ICOHBCKUHlI" xapaICTepH3ycT, O'lCBHJ],HO, H HopManbHoc
COCTOllHHC nCICCHKOHa nH'IHOCTH, B 1C0TOpOM OJ],HH cnOBa ncpcxoJ],IIT H3
nOTcHUHanbHoro cnoBapll - B aICTHBHblA, ApyrHc, Hao60poT, OTOABH-ralOTCR B naccHBHblH 3anac It MoryT 6b1Tb Bo06111C BblTCCHeHbI H3 na-
MIITH.Ho B 06111eM cny'lac, ecnH MbI CTaBHM 3aJ],a'ly pelCoHcTpYICUHH nelC-
CHICOHa1I3b1ICOBoAnH'IHOCTH H3 ce AHclCypca, Mbi AOn)l(Hbi OTJ],aBaTb cc6e
OT'IeT B TOM, '1TO nHcaTem. HC MO)l(CT C03J],BTb nonHoueHHblA pe'lcBoA
nopTpeT, a 3Ha'fHT H XYJ],OlKCCTBCHHblA06pa3 B uenOM, OnHpaJJCb nHmb
Ha Bcp6anH30BaHHylO '1aCTb nCXCHXOHa CBoero nepCOHa)l(8, nHWb Ha TC
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nH60 B aBTopCICOA pe'lH, H MO)l(eT BbI'InCHJJTbCJJ C nOMOlllblO npHeM8
yCTaHoBneHHlI TalC Ha3b1BaeMblX "pC'ICBblX ueHTpOB" H "TO'lCIC 3pCHHJJ"
npH aHanH3e TeKcTa6• 8 lCa'lCCTBC npHMcpa nOA06Horo aHanH3a MO)I(HO
cocnaTbCli Ha npcJ],npHHlITbiA HaMH onbiT PCKOHCTPYICUHH1I3b1XOBOAnHIf-
HOCTH WoxoBa B pOMaHC A. llpHcTaBKHHa "ropoJ],ox" (CM. BblWC), KorA8
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nClCcHKoHa) 6b1n CYlllCCTBCHHO pacwHpcH 3a C'ICT aBTopcxoA pe'lH.
llocncJ],HRlI, TaXHM 06pa30M, BblcTynacT lCalC cnoc06 MaHH4!ecTaUHJl
HCBcp6anH30BaHHblx npeAcTaBncHHA rcpOll, H, H3Y'fali TonbXO oTpe3KH pC'fH,
npoAyUHpoBaHHoA 1I3b1KOBOA nH'fHOCTblO, T.e. HcnocpeJ],cTBcHHO Ha6mo-
'rpOHUH p,. KapTHHa. n.: COB. nHcaTenb. 1981. C. 21S.• rO~omuwtlUI/U n.A. OnbiT nOCTpoeHHlI TeopHH ynoTpe6neHHlI lIJbllCa. AK));. M .• 1984.
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nCHHIIX H CXCMax J],CACTBHA, COnpOBO)l(J],alOlllHX pC'fCBble aKTbI H BCCb)lHCKypC rOBoplllllcro - cnywalOlllcro.
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l\HanbHblX poncA H no nOJ],C'ICTaM COl\HOnorOB Konc6ncTclI OT 10 AO 20.CnOJICHCCHHTcpnpcTHpoBaTb cB060J],HylO, T.C. BblXOJ],II111YIO3a npcJ],enbl nclC-
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JIlllOmeA "CKeJIeT" Toro HJIH HHoro CTHXOTBopeHHll. llpaB~, He 6y~Y'lH
nCHXOJIHHrBHCTOM, B. 6apJIac no,n'lepKHBaeT TOJIbKO npHXOTJlHBOCTb H
CJlY'laKHocTb aCCO~HaTHBHblX CuenJIeHHA cnOB H 06pa30B, OTHOCII HX Ha
C'IeT TBOp'leCKOK HH,nHBH,nyaJIbHOCTH n03Ta, XOTII Ha caMOM ,neJIe, He
HMeA 3TH ClJ,enJIeHHll yHHBepCaJIbHoft OCHOBbI, OHH He MOrJIH 6bl 6MT"
BocnpHHllTbI 'IHTaTeneM. OHH HH,nHBH,nyanbHbl B cBoeA KOHKl?eTHOCTH,HO
yHHBepCaJIbHbl KaK npHHIJ,Hn opraHH3aUHH caMoK cent, B OCHOBeKOTOpoA
B HOpMe, B ycpe,nHeHHOM ee BapHaHTe JIellCaT He TOJlbKO CMblcnOBbI:
c6nHlICeHHll, HO 3ByKoBoe no,n06HC H CXO,nCTBO, 06pa3HOCTb, CB1l3aHHa
C OTpallCeHHeM onpe,neJIeHHbIX (THnOBblX HJIH npe,nnO'lHTaeMbIX, H3JIIOl>-
• DOpAOC B. ACCOL\HaTHIIHwll nOHCIC II HOllwll MHp. 1986. N 7.'TaM lICe. C. 231. 232.
neHHblX) cHTya~HH, H ~allCe rpaMMaTHlfcCKHC CB1I3H H 3aKOHOMepHOCTH.
06 3TOM CBH,neTeJlbCTByeT, B lfaCTHOCTH, TOT eJlaKT, '1TO B aCCOl.\HaTHBHbIX
3KcnepHMeHTax npHMepHO B 25% aHKeT BCTpe'laeTClI 3ByKoBoe yno-
,n06JIeHHC peaK~HH CTHMyJly, npocTeAwHM H3 KOTOpblX lIBJIlIeTClI pHeJlMa.
11 TO, '1TO 3apOllC,neHHC 3BYKOBblX H 3pHTeJlbHblX 06pa30B, CJIyllCamHX
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CTaTbH OTHOCHT K ",nopa3yMHoMy" ypOBHIO, Ha Haw B3rJIlI):I, XopOWO cor-
nacyeTcli C Bbl,neneHHeM Tpex 30H Ha cxeMe H OTHeceHHeM 60JIbWeH lfaCTH
aCCO~HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKOH ceTH K 30He no,nC03HaTeJIbHoro. (B cym-
HOCTH, - nHweT HCCJIe,nOBaTeJIb, - OH (non - 1O.K.) B lfeM-TO B03-
BpamaeT Hac K TOH H3HalfaJIbHOA, He 06peMeHeHHOH YCJIOBHOCTllMH npH-
po,ne HCKyccTBa, Kor,na OHO eme npe,nCTaBJIlIJIO Henocpe,nCTBeHHylO HM-
npOBH3a~HIO H BblpallCano npaB):Iy HeKOToporo MrHOBeHHoro 3MO~HO-
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CTHXHlI rJIy6HHHblX HMIlYJIbCOB H 3By'laHHH He TOJIbKO Henocpe,nCTBeHHO
3anelfaTJIeHa 3):1eCb B CJIOBe, HO H KaK-TO COOTHeceHa C 06meCTBeHHO
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'1aAHbIX aCCOIJ,Hal(HA - cKopee Bcero He IlpOCTO BHyTpeHHlIlI nOTpe6-
HOCTb n03Ta, ~O H e):lHHCTBeHHall B03MOllCHOCTb lferO-TO ,nOCTH'Ib B 3TOM
HanpaBJIeHHH)) • 3):1eCb B. 6apJIacy B ero OCMblcneHHH H aHanH3e H,nHO-
neKTa A. B03HeceHcKoro y,naeTClI no CyTH ):IeJIa nOKa3aTb KaK TBOp-
'1eCKHAMOMeHT, xapaKTepH3ylOmHA C03):1aHHe1l03TH'IeCKOA BemH (a C TO'l-
KH 3peHHlI JIHHrBHCTa - npOCTo HeKOToporo TeKCTa), nO):l06Ho BCllbIW-
Ke "BblCBe'lHBaeT" TOT HJIH HHOK y'lacToK aCCO~HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKOA
ceTH, 06HallCall rJIy6HHHble, "):IOpa3YMHbIC", HJIH nO):lC03HaTeJIbHble, OCHOBbl
B3aHMOOTHoweHHA 1I3blKa H MHpa. Ho eCJIH B n033HH Mbl MOllCeM Ha6nlO-
,naTb npOllBJIeHHlI 3TOA ceTH B CBeTC MrHOBeHHoro 03apeHHll, BcnbIWKH,
rny6HHHoro HMnyJIbCa, TO BblllBneHHe OT,nenbHblx ee YlfaCTKOB B Ilp03C,
np03aH'IeCKHX xy,nOllCeCTBCHHbIX TeKCTax ~OCTHraeTCH KaK 6bl 6JIarO):lapH
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lfCCKOft ceTH, CBH3aHHblft C nOHHMaHHeM H):IeH "KpaCOTbl", pa3HblMH "JIa-
repllMH" ~eACTBYlOmHx JIHIJ,:,nJI1IO~HHX KpaCOTa - 3TO CMupeHue. omKpo-eeHue. zapMOHUJl. 6oz. Tor~a KaK ~JIH ):IpyrHx - 3azaOKa. ceKpem. cllaOo-crnpacmue. lJepm.
CaMH 110 ce6e no,n06Hble rpynnHpoBKH CJIOB, 3TH KOHlJ,eHTpHpOBaH-
Hble llepenJIeTeHHlI aCCOIJ,HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKOA ceTH HHKaKoA oc060A
POJIH B npOH3Be):leHHH He HrpalOT. IIx Ha3Ha'leHHe COCTOHTB TOM, '1T06bl
I.II TaM lKe. C}33, 234.
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3HO(,8 H.H. CeMaHTH'IeCICHe nonll H ceMaHTH'IeCICall MHoronnaHOBOCTb (Ha MaTepHanenOlAHHX npoHlBeAeHHIl CZI.M. ,llocToeBcICoro). AK,ll. AnMa-ATB, 1980.
nO,D;BeCTH '1HTaTeml K nOHHMaHHIO B3aHMOCB1I3H. HepapXHH nOHlITHH B
Te3aypyce repOll, a TakllCe YllCHHTb ero ~eJlH H MOTHBHpOBkH ,D;eH-
CTBHA. Te3aypyc H nparMaTHkOH - 3TO TO, '1TO B kOHe'lHOM C'IeTe HH-
TepecyeT '1HTaTeJlll, a cy6'bekTHOe "omymeHHe", kOH,D;eHCa~HlI CMblCJl08
B npe,D;eJlax aCCO~HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKOA ceTH kak pa3 H O'lCp'fHBaCT
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Toro H ,D;pyroro B CTpykTypC 1I3b1kOBOA JlH'fHOCTH, Te3aypyc 8b1118-
JllIeTCli rJlaBHblM 06pa30M B npo~cccax BocnpHlITHJI H nOHHMaHHlI elO
TekCT08 ,D;pyrHx ncpCOHallCeA, a nparMaTHkOH - B npo~eccax r080pCHHlI,
T.e. B ee ,D;HCkypce (B Y3kOM CMblCJle CJl08a). UeJlb nHcaTcnll, TakHM
06pa30M, 3akJlIO'IaeTCli B TOM, 'fT06b1 80CC03,D;aTb Te3aypyc H npar-
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npH 3TOM, 'ITO nparMaTHkOH CKna,D;blBaCTCJI HC TonbKO H3 Bcp68J1H30-
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cnO>KHOCTbnepeCC'IeHHA H rny6HHHwx nepcnnCTeHHA BCCXCOCTaBnlllOlUHX
B cTpyICType 1I3b1XOBOAnH'IHOCTH. cl»aICTH'IeCICHMO>KHO yTBep>KAaTb, '1TO
IIH OAHa H3 eAHHHU, TpaAHUHOHHO OTHOCHMWX IC neICCH'IeCICOMY4l0H.o;y
(lI3WlCa nH, nH'IHOCTH nH - 3TO Bce paBHO), He HMceT o.o;H03Ha'iHOA
npHnHCICH, CKa>KeM, TonbICO IC Te3aypycy, HnH TonbICO IC ceMaHTHKoHy
H T.A. Ka>K)lali eAHHHua 0ICa3b1BaeTCli MapICHpOBaHHoA lCaK MHHHMyM
TpeMli HHACKcaMH, a B MaICcHMyMe - BceMH nliTblO, T.e. JI, r, C, n H T.
3Ta MHO>KeCTBeHHOCTbOCHOBaHHA aCCOUHHpOBaHHlI OTlCpWBaeTCli H npH
aHanH3e OTAenbHoA aHKeTW, H npH aHanH3e nonJl B aCCOUHaTHBHOM
cnosape, H npH nOAo6HOM paCCMOTpeHHH 4lparMcHTa aCCOUHaTHBHoro
Te3aypyca. OHa npOJlBnlleTClI, B '1aCTHOCTH, TalC>Ke B MCnb'laAweA
"ICneTO'llCe" KnaccH41HlCa~HoHHoA CTpyICTypW, H ce MO>KHO 06Hapy>KHTb
B 111060M nyHKTe KaIC 6YATO 6w AO 1C0Hua AOBe.o;CHHoA KnaccH41HKaUHH.
Cp., HanpHMep, KnaccH41HKaUHIO "npO'lHX" rpaMMaTH'ICCICHX OTHoweHHA,
He BoweAWHX B "MOAenH ABYX cnOB" (CTp. 100). K nlO60My H3 BW,lle-
neHHWX 3AeCb OCHOBaHHA MO>KHO .o;06aBHTb KaK MHHHMyM elUe O.o;HO,
lCalC npaBHno, ceMaHTH'IeCICOe, 6y.o;b TO napa >Ka>K.o;a- .0;0>KAb, 6e3-
AenbHHIC - CH.o;enbHHKHnH ceMli - nneMli.
3Ta OC06eHHOCTb B opraHH3aUHH nCKCHKOHa n03BOnJleT rOBopHTb
o cne~H41H'IeCICOA 3aICOHOMepHOCTH, cBoAcTBeHHoA BceA aCCOUHaTHBHO-
ceMaHTH'IeCICOH ceTH, - 0 3aICOHe H36b1TO'lHOCTH CBJl3eA .o;BYX nlO6wx
lCoppenHpylOlUHX B HeA eAHHHU: ecnH CB1I3b HMeeT MeCTO, ecnH OHa
peanbHa, TO OHa He eAHHH'IHa, He o.o;HonpH3HalCOBa, a no.u;.u;ep)f(HBaeTCli
HeClConbICHMH ApyrHMH npH3HalCaMH, HnH OCHOBaHHlIMH. 3Ta 3aICOHO-
MepHOCTb, 6e3ycnoBHo, CB1I3aHa C H36WTO'lHOCTblO Jl3WlCa, H36WTO'l-
HOCTblO TeKCTa, lIBnllllCb nH60 cneACTBHeM nocnCAHeA, nH60, Ha060pOT,
ee nepBOnpH'IHHoH.
cnOC06W PEKOHCTPYKUHH HH~HBH~YA~LHOrO ~EKCHKOHAH rPAMMATHKOHA
nOCne npOBe.o;eHHWX paccy>KAeHHA 0 MCCTe neKCHICOHa B cTpyKType
1I3bJKOBOA nH'IHOCTH CTaHOBHTCJI lICHO, 'ITO ,D;nll ero xapaKTepHCTHKH
CYlUecTBeHHbI 06anapaMeTpa - H COCTaB, H CTpyKTypa. OKa3b1BaeTClI,
BOcc03.o;aHHe Toro H .o;pyroro o.o;HOBpeMeHHO npeACTaBnlleT c060D .0;0-
Bom.HO CnO>KHylO 3aAa'ly. npHHQHnHanbHO MO>KHO C'IHTaTb yCTaHoBncH-
101
HbIM, '1TO neKCHKOH opraHH30BaH no ceTeBoMy npHHI.\Hny, T.e. OCHOBa
ero CTpyKTypbI 3a~aeTCH aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-eeMaHTHtieCKOH ceTblO. IIpalC-
THKa Hccne~OBaHHH B :nOH 06naCTH nOKa3bIBaeT, '1TO nocne~HIOIO
MO>KHO CTpOHTb AByMH cnoc06aMH: nH60 Ha OCHOBe npHMoro aCCOI.\Ha-
THBHoro 3KcnepHMeHTa, nH60 no HToraM aHanH3a npe~CTaBHTenbHoro
MaCCHBa npOH3BeAeHHbIX nH'IHOCTblO TeKCTOB. Ha nepBOM nyTH MbI HMeeM,
C O~HOH CTOpOHbI, TOHKHe Ha6nlOAeHHH HaA oc06eHHOCTHMH B3aHMO-
CBH3eH cy6beKTHBHbIX CMbIcnOB B OrpaHH'IeHHOM npOCTpaHCTBe ICaKorO-TO
He60nbworo elJparMeHTa HHAHBHAYanbHOH aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTHtieCKOA
ceTH. 3TO 6e3ycnoBHo HHTepeCHoe H none3Hoe HanpaBneHHe, KOTopoe
MO>KHO Ha3BaTb ~HelJelJepeHI.\HanbHbIM, nOCKonbICY B ero peanH3aI.\HH HC-
cne~OBaTenb HCXO~HT H3 Toro, '1TO OCHOBHaH '1aCTb aCCOI.\HaTHBHO-
ceMaHTHtieCICOH ceTH H3BeCTHa, KaK 6bI 3apaHee 3a~aHa, a I.\enb co-
CTOHT B BbIHBneHHH OTICnOHeHHH OT Hee, B onHcaHHH AHelJelJepeHI.\H-
PYIOII.\HX HH~HBH~yanbHbIx npH3HaKOB H "B03MYII.\eHHH", BHOCHMbIX at
elJeKTHBHO-BoneBbIMH elJaKTopaMH H cHTyaTHBHoH YCTaHOBICoA MOMeHTa •
TaICHM 06pa30M, I.\eHHOCTb 3Toro nO~XOAa A1IH Hac - '1HCTO MeTO~H-
'1eCKaH, nOCIConbKY H3BeCTHbIM 3.o.eCb nonaraeTCH KaK pa3 TO, '1TO B
HaweM cny'lae HBnHeTCH HCKOMbIM - KOHICpeTHbIH COCTaB Bcero neK-
CHICOHa H xapaKTep opraHH3aI.\HH HMeHHO ~aHHoro COCTaBa. C ~pyroA
CTOpOHbI, Ha nyTH npHMoro 3ICcnepHMeHTa MbI HMeeM H HHbIe pe3ynb-
TaTbI: ICor~a 3KcnepHMeHT CTaHOBHTCH MaCCOBbIM, TO OH n03BonlieT
BOCC03~aTb ICaK 61.1 caMO Teno aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTHtieCKOH ceTH, T.e.
YlKe He ~HelJ4JepeHI.\HanbHYIO, a HHTerpanbHylO ee '1aCTb. Pe3ynbTaTbI ng-
~06HbIX 3ICcnepHMeHTOB pe31OMHpYlOTCli aCCOI.\HaTHBHbIMH cnOBapHMH ,
HnH >Ke 3Ha'lHTenbHbIMH elJparMeHTaMH18
, HnH >Ke, B 60nee nonHOM BH~e,
MoryT 6bITb 06be~HHeHbI B aCCOI.\HaTHBHOM Te3aypyce. O,lJ.HaKO nony-
'1eHHe 3THX npeHMyII.\eCTB, T.e. nonHOTbI, AOCTHraeTCli CTaTHCTH'IeCKH,
a 3Ha'lHT, 3a C'IeT yTpaTId HH~HBH.o.yanbHOCTH: Mid nony'laeM ycpe~-
HeHHylO no CTpyKType H CHnbHO pacwHpeHHylO no cocTaBy aCCOI.\HaTHBHO-
ceMaHTH'IecKylO ceTb, KOTopaR C 60nbwoA ~oneH ycnoBHoCTH MO>KeT
6bITb "HHTpanonHpOBaHa" (ecnH MO>KHO TalC Bblpa3HTbCH), T.e. nepe-
Ca>KeHa B ronoBy HH~HBHAYYMa, OTHeceHa K OTAenbHOH nH'IHOCTH, HICOTopali RBnReT c060A CKopee nOTeHI.\HanbHOe none B03MO>KHOCTelt,
npe~OCTaBnlleMbIX R3bIKOM cpe~HeMY HOCHTenlO H HHICor~a B npo.o.yK-
THBHOH ~eRTenbHOCTH HM nonHOCTblO He peanH3yeMbiX.
ECTeCTBeHHbIH XO~ paCCY>KAeHHH nO~CKa3bIBaeT Aanee npOCTOH KaX
6YATO BbIXOA H3 3THX npOTHBOpe'lHH, a HMeHHO, coe.o.HHeHHe .o.H4J-
eJlepeHI.\HanbHOro no.o.XOAa C HHTerpanbHbIM, 'ITO Morno 61.1 BbIpa3HTbclI,
HanpHMcp, B nocTpoeHHH aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKOA ceTH HHAHBHAYanb-
HOCTH, HnH "HAHoceTH", T.e. B npRMoM i1occo3AaHHH neKCHKOHa oTAenbHO
B311TOHnH'IHOCTH. IIo~06HbIH 3ICcnepHMeHT Mor 61d BbInHTbCli B nnaHO-
"CM., HanpHMCp: nempeHKO B. <1>. BBCP,CHHCB )KCnCpHMcHTaJlbHylO nCHXOCCMaHTHICY:
Hccncp,OBaHHC cl»OpM penpe3CHTaUHH B 06b1p,CHHOMC03HaHHH. M., 1983. ."CnoBapb aCCOUHaTHBHblX HOpM PyccJ[oro R3b1K8 / nop, pep,. A.A. JIcoHTbCBa. Moo
H3p,.Mry. 1977. H-"CM., HanpHMcp: 3DAeSCKQR A.A. np06nCMbI opraHH3aUHH BHyTpeHHcro nCICCHJ[O
'1cnOBeICa. KaJlHHHH, 1977; KAuMeHKo A.n. JIcICCH'ICCICall CHCTCMHOCTb H ee nCHXonllHr•
BHCTH'ICCICOCH3y'lCHHC. MHHCIC, 1974.
102
rvtepHoe H y>Ke He pacnpe~eneHHoe B npOCTpaHCTBe, a npOTH>KeHHOe BOapeMeHH nOCTORHHoe H HC'IepnbIBalOII.\ee aCCOI.\HHpOBaHHe O~HOH HH~H-
aH,ll.yanbHOcTblO, npH'IeM cyMMapHoe 'IHCnO cTHMynoB, Hcnonb3yeMblx B Ta-
ICOM 3ICcnepHMeHTe, Heo6xo~HMO 6bInO 61.1 yBcnH'IHTb no cpaBHeHHIO,
ClCalKeM, C HCXO,ll.HOATbICR'IeA, nOnO>KeHHOH B OCHOBy ynoMHHaBwerocli
acCOI.\HaTHBHoro Te3aypyca pyccKoro R3bIICa. O~HaKo nOA06Hoe peweHHe
aOnpoca e,ll.Ba nH MO>KeT npHBecTH K >KenaeMoMy pe3ynbTaTy B cHny
cnoC06HOCTH '1enOBeKa K 06y'leHHIO: B np0I.\ecce TaKoro "noHrHTIOAHoro"
HCcne~oBaHHR caM HcnbITyeMbIH HeH36e>KHO npH06peTaeT CneI.\HelJH'IeCKHH
npoelJeccHoHanH3M H nOCTeneHHO ero aCCOI.\HaI.\HHHa'lHHaIOT yTpa'lHBaTb
He06xo,ll.HMbIH B 3THX cny'laRx cnoHTaHHbIH xapaKTep, '1TO npHBe~eT K
HCKa>KCHHIO HCTHHHOH KapTHHbl - H no cocTaBy, H no cTpyKType
BOcc03~aBaeMoH TaKHM 06pa30M aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKOH ceTH. B03-
MYII.\alOII.\ee BnHRHHe ycnoBHH aCCOI.\HaTHBHoro 3KcnepHMeHTa Ha ero pe-
3ynbTaT npoHBnReTcR ,ll.a>Ke B cTaH~apTHblx cHTyaI.\HlIX ICnaCCH'leCKOro
O~Hopa30Boro aHKeTHpoBaHHlI. KOr,ll.a 3a.o.a'la HcnblTyeMoro COCTOHTB TOM.
'1T06bI ~aTb OTBeTbI nHwb Ha 100 cnoB-cTHMynoB. IifH~HBHAyanbHaH
cHTyaTHBHali yCTaHoBKa, oc06eHHocTb 3MOI.\HOHanbHoro COCTOllHHH B MO-
MeHT 3KcnepHMeHTa, a TaK>Ke cny'laHHoe coce~CTBO HnH He06bI'IHaHICOHI.\eHTpaI.\HlIcnoB-cTHMynoB, KOTopble KOMnneKTYIOTcli B aHICeTYno 3aKO-
Hy cny'laHHbIx 'IHCen, MoryT HaB1I3bIBaTb HcnblTyeMoMy Mo~enb nOBeAeHHlInpH aCCOI.\HHpOBaHHH,KOTopali HCICa>KaeTxapaKTep OTpa>KaeMOrO B 3Kcne-
pHMeHTe elJparMeHTa aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCICOH ceTH. Bce 3TH HCKa-
lKeHHR, BHOCHMble ycnoBHHMH 3KcnepHMeHTa, CTaTHCTH'IeCKH HCHTpanH-
3YlOTCli 3a C'IeT ero MaCCOBoro MacwTa6a, HO Ha npHMepe OT,ll.enbHblX
aHKeT HX MO>KHO Ha6nlO~aTb ~oBonbHO OT'IeTnHBO. TaK, H3 3HaKOMCTBa
C nepBbIMH napTHHMH aHKeT no aCCOI.\HaTHBHOMY Te3aypycy pyccKoro
1I3bIKa Cne,ll.yeT, 'ITO, HanpHMep, cnOBa-cTHMynbI B ICOCBeHHbIX elJopMax
'1aCTOBbI3bIBalOT peaKI.\HIO B BHAe KnHwe HnH >Ke 3HaKOB, OTpa>KalOII.\HX
THnOBble cHTyaI.\HH (0 TOBapHII.\aX - He cnopllT, 06 OTI.\aX - He cnopHT;
H3 aHKeTbl N 832); 'ITO KOCBeHHble elJOPMbl O~Horo H Toro >Ke cnOBa
cTHMynHpylOT O'leHb nOXO>KHe peaICI.\HH (npOCHT - BepHyTb, npOCHTb -
OT~aTb, npOCRT - BepHyTb, npOCHna - 3aHTH, nonpOCHM - He YXO~HTb:
H3 aHKeTbI N 563); 'ITO Ha BeCb np0I.\eCC aCCOI.\HHpOBaHHlI MO>KeT
OICa3b1BaTb BnHHHHe KaKoe-TO AOMHHHpYIOII.\ee B MOMCHT 3anonHeHHlI
aHKeTbI cnOBO (CMOTpHM - BH>KY,CMOTpHT - BH~lIT, KOH'IaTb - BH~eTb,
nonpOCliT ~ YBH~lIT, CMOTpeTb BH~eTb, 3HaTb - BH~eTb: H3 aHKeTbl
N 832) H T.n.Kopo'le rOBopH, HaAeHTbCH Ha TO, 'ITO B npliMOM 3KcnepHMeHTe
Y~acTcH a~eKBaTHblM 06pa30M peKoHcTpyHpoBaTb H,ll.HOCeTb H BblBeCTH
Ha ypOBeHb Ha6nlOAeHHR Ty Bep6anbHylO 'IaCTb aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH-
'1ecICoii ceTH, KOTopali cOBna.o.aeT C HH~HBHAYanbHblM neKcHKoHOM, e~-
sa nH B03MO>KHO. OCTaeTcH BTOPOH nYTb - BbiliBneHHe neKCHKOHa Ha
~aTepHane TeKCTOB. OnbIT pa60Tbl B nOH 06nacTH nOKa3bIBaeT, '1TO
TalCHM nyTeM Ha~e>KHO BOCCTaHaBnHBaeTCli TonbKO COCTaB HAHoneKCH-
KOHa, HO He ero CTpyKTypa. IIPH 3TOM "cnOBapb H3blKa nHcaTenll",
KalC 6b1no nOKa3aHO Bblwe, He MO>KeT paCI.\eHHBaTbCH KaK KOHCTPYKI.\HlI,
TOlKAeCTBeHHaH HAHoneKcHKoHy, nOCKonbICY cnOBapb nHcaTenli cnaraeT-
ell H3 MHororonOCbH, H3 MHO>KeCTBa H~HoneKCHICOHOB. CnOBapb mlca-
Tenll, 6e3ycnoBHo, 06na,naeT HH,nHBHAYanbHbIM KOnOpHTOM, HO nocne,n-
HHA onpe,nenlleTClI XapaKTepOM oT06pallCaeMOA aBTOpOM ,neltcTBHTenbHO-
CTH, OC06eHHOCTlIMH H36HpaeMOA TeMaTHKH, CneI.\HeIIH'IeCKHMH '1epTaMH
nepCOHallCeit Xy,nOllCeCTBeHHOe OTKpbITHe B nHTepaType CB1I3bIBaeTCfI, B
'1aCTHOCTH, C Bep6anH3aI.\HeA nHCaTeneM TaKHX cellep ,nyXOBHOH H MaTe-
pHanbHolt lICH3HH, KOTOpbIe ,no HerO He 6bInH 06'beKTOM cnOBeCHoro
HCKyccTBa. H B 3TOM CMbIcne cnOBapb tI. AHTMaTOBa, KOrAa OH nHweT
o c60pmHKax CbIpbll Anll aHaWH H 0 nOCTaBmHKax HapKOTHKOBI9
, COBep-
weHHO. He conOCTaBHM CO cnOBapeM B. MaKaHHHa, paCCKa3bIBaJOmero 06
3KcTpaceHce20
, HnH co cnoBapeM C. ECHHa, no,nBepraJOmero xy,nollCecT-
BeHHoMy aHanH3Y COI.\HanbHO-nCHXOnOrH'IeCKOe flBneHHe "HMHTaTopcTBa",
npHcnoc06neH'IeCTBa B HCKyccTBe21
•
lionee O,nHOpO,nHbIM B 3TOM OTHoweHHH H B 60nbweA CTeneHH
npH6nHlICeHHbIM K H,nHoneKcHKoHy npe,ncTaBnflJlClI 6b1 CJlOBapb JlHpH'IeCKOA
n033HH ICaKOrO-JlH60 aBTopa, KOTopafl ICaK 6y,nTO ,nOJlllCHa 6b1Tb JlHWeHa
nOJlHelloHHH, npHcymeA np03aH'IeCKHM H ,npaMaTH'IeCKHM TeICCTaM. O,nHa-
KO TaKoA cnOBapb OKa3bIBaeTClI ,neellopMHpoBaHHblMCneI.\HeIIHlCoH lICaHpa,
CneI.\HeIIHKoA caMoro n03TH'IeCKOrO 1I3bIKa, a ICpOMe Toro, OH nHweH
3neMeHTOB 06bI,neHHOCTH, 06Hxo,nHoro, nOBce,nHeBHoro pe'leynoTpe6Jle-
HHlI, COCTaBnllJOmHX B H,nHoneKCHKOHe cpe,nHero HOCHTenll 1I3bIKa 3aMeT-
HyJO ~aCTb. ECJlH xy,nOllCeCTBeHHaR np03a H ,npaMaTyprHlI ,nallCe npH
OTpallCeHHH nOBce,nHeBHo-6bITOBbIX cHTyaI.\HA H TeM He MOllCeT orpaHH-
'1HTbClI 06bl,neHHblM R3b1KOM H HeH36ellCHO BbIXO~HT 3a ero paMKH - B
CneI.\HanbHbIe no,n'b1l3bIKH pa3JlH'IHbIX OTpacJleA 3HaHHlI H npoelleccHoHanb-
HblX cellep ,nellTenbHOCTH, TO n033HlI C TaKoA lICe HeH36ellCHoCTbJO CTO-
pOHHTCR 06b1,neHHoro 1I3bIKa, CTpeMlICb OCTaTbCR B paMICax oc060ro
n03TH'IeCKOrO MHpa, 06cnyllCHBaeMoro CBOHM OC06bIM fl3bIKOM. 3TH HAeH
no,nTBepllC,naJOTClI H cooTBeTcTByJOmHMH HCCJle,noBaHHlIMH n03TH'IeCKOrO
1I3bIKa, npoTHBonOCTaBneHHoro ICO,nHeIIHI.\HpOBaHHoMyJlHTepaTypHoMy R3b1-
ICy B ero nHcbMeHHoA H yCTHOA eIIopMax, pa3rOBOpHoA pe'lH H npo4lec-
CHOHanbHblM no,n;'R3b1 KaM22
•
EcnH OTBne'lbClI OT Toro KonopHTa, KOTOpbIA HaICJla,nbIBaeT Ha n03-
TH'IeCKHA H,nHoneICcHlCoH cneI.\HeIIHKa lICaHpa, TO Ha,no npH3HaTL, '1TO B
Hccne,nOBaHHlIX n03TH'IeCKOrO 1I3bIKa MbI ,nOBOJlbHO 6JlH3ICO no,nOWJlH ICpeICOHCTpYICI.\HH COCTaBa H CTpylCTypbl HHTepeCYJOmero Hac 06'beKTa.
COCTaB HH,nHBH,nyaJlbHOrO neKCHICOHa n03Ta npe,nCTaBneH 06bI'IHO CJlOBo-
YKa3aTeneM K ero npOH3Be,neHHRM, H eIIopMam,HblH aHaJlH3 cnoBapli
MOllCeT 6bITb npoBe,neH no MHorHM H pa3Ho06pa3HblM napaMeTP.aM.
TalC, aJlellaBHTHO-'1aCTOTHbiA YIC83aTeJlL K npoH3Be,neHHlIM M.ID. JIepMoH-
TOBa23, HanpHMep, ,naeT npe,ncTaBJleHHe 06 06'beMe neICCH'IeCICOrOeIIoH,na
(OH co,nepllCHT OKOJlO 15000 p83HblX CJlOB) H 06 ynoTpe6HTeJlbHOCTH CJlOBa
B 1I3b1Ke n03Ta, a TaKlICe n03BOJlfleT onpe,neJlHTb CTHJlHCTH'IecICYJOolCpac-
Ky JlJ060ro cnOBa. B conOCTaBJleHHH C TalCHM lICe cnoBapeM n033HH
ITywKHHa OH ,naeT B03MOllCHOCTb Cy,nHTL "0 "TeMaTH'IeCICHX npHCTpac-
19AumMamo8 'I. nnaxa II HOBwll MHp. 1986. N 6, 8, 9.'0MOKOHUH B. npeATe~a. M.: COB. nHc:aTenJ., 1983"E('UH C. HMHT8TOP: 3aRHCKH '1cCTomo6HBoro '1CnOBCK8 II HOBWIl MHD. 1985. N 2."rpuo>opl>t!(J B.n. n03TH1:8 cnOB8. M., 1979."JlCPMOHTOBCKBOI 3HlIHKnonCAHIi. M., 1981. C. 717-762.
THlIX 3noxH" H nH'IHbIX oc06eHHoCTRX Toro H ,npyroro aBTopa. AHanH3
qaCTOTHoro HH,neKca K cnOBapJ024
nOKa3b1BaeT COOTHoweHHe CTHnHCTH-
qCCKHXnnacToB, BbilIBnlleT KnJO'IeBbIe cnoBa, onpc,nenllJOmHe xapaKTepHbIe
TonbKo Anll ero TBOp'leCTBa rpynnbl cnOB H T,n. Pacnpe,neneHHe neK-
CHKH n033HH JIepMoHTOBa no nepHo,naM TBOp'leCTBa2~ n03BonlleT npocne-
,nHTb 3BonJOI.\HJO ero H,nHoneKCHKoHa, BbIpa3HBwYJOClI B TeH,neHI.\HH
ICCOKpameHHJO '1aCTOTbi HeKoTopbIX xapaKTepHblx ceMaHTH'IeCKHX rpynn
cnOB. YCTaHoBHB CTaTHCTH'IecKyJO CTpyKTypy neKCHKH JICpMoHTOBa26,
MhI MOllCeM onpe,ncnHTL CTeneHb neKCH'IeCKOrO pa3Ho06pa3HlI ,nHcrcypca
n03Ta, KOTopaR o Ka3b1BaeTClI, KCTaTH CKa3aTL, He cnHWKOM 60nbwoA:
100 caMbIX '1aCTblX cnOB COCTaBnllJOT nO'ITH nonoBHHy Bcex cnoBoynoT-
pe6neHHA, a 1000 caMbiX '1aCTblX cnOB nOKpbIBaeT 60nee 75% TeKCTOB.
3,necb nepe'lHCnCHbI caMbIC 06mHe H3MepeHHlI COCTaBa H,nHonCKCHICOHa
ICoTopble B KOHICpeTHoM aHanH3e, Konb CKOpO TaICaR 3a,na'la 6y,ne;
nOCTaBneHa, MOryT 6bITb 3Ha'lHTenbHO pacwHpeHbI. Ho ,nallCe 3TH CKy-
nhIe 3aMe'laHHR CBH,neTenbcTByJOT 0 B03MOllCHbiX nyrRX YM03alCnJO'IeHHA
OT COCTaBa H,nHoneICCHKOHa IC ero CTpyICType, XOTR non Hoe npe,nCTaBne-
HHe 0 nocne,nHeA MOllCeT 6b1Tb nonylfeHo nHWb B pe3ynbTaTe aHaJIH3a
KOHICop,naHca IC npOH3Be,neHHRM n03Ta. ITPH OTCyTCTBHH KOHKOpAaHCa
nepBoe npH6nHlICeHHe ICpeKOHCTpYICI.\HHceTH aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKHX
CBR3eH B H,nHonerccHKoHe n03Ta ,naeT cnOBapb PHeIIM27• ITo cpaBHCHHJO
C 06b1'1HbIM neICCHICOHOMcpe,nHero HOCHTenll 1I3bIICa (CM. Bblwe aHanH3
aHICeTbi aCCOI.\HaTHBHoro 3ICcnepHMeHTa) ,nonll pHeIIM-aCCOI.\HaTOB 3,neCb,
eCTeCTBeHHO, BO MHoro pa3 Bblwe, '1TO HeCKonbKO MeHReT caM xa-
paICTep aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCICOHceTH. TaK, y JIepMoHTOBa, no HaWHM
nO~C'IeTaM, 60nee 17 TbiC. pHeIIM (0 ICono 35 TbiC. CTHXOTBOpHhIX
CTpOIC), '1TO npH 06'beMe neICCHKOHa B 15 TbIC. cnOB Ha 342 TbiC.
cnoBoynoTpe6neHHA rOBopHT 0 TOM, '1TO pHeIIMoBaHHblM RBnReTCR ICallC-
,noe nllToe cnoBoynoTpe6neHHe28
• BMeCTe C TeM H3 conOCTaBnCHHfI '1HCna
pHeIIMoBaHHblX nap C 06mHM 06'beMOM neICCHICOHaH Ha OCHOBe npe,nBa-
pHTenbHbIX no,nC'IeTOB no cnOBapJO pHeIIM MOllCHO c,nenaTb BbIBO,n, '1TO
60nee nonOBHHbI pHeIIMoBaHHblx nap COCTaBnllJOT cnOBa He B HyneBoA
HCXO,nHOA, a B ToA HnH HHOA ICOCBeHHoA rpaMMaTH'IeCICOA eIIOPM;
(6omopee - mpYOHee. 60cmUOHOM - wnuoHOM. QAmapJI - ZOBOpJl H
T.n.). C TO'lICH 3peHHlI OTpallCeHHR rpaMMaTHKOHa nH'IHOCTH B ee HAHO-
JleKCHICoHe 6bIno 6b1 nOy'lHTenbHO npoaHanH3HpOBaTb 06'beM H xapaICTep
"T8M lICC.C. 762-763."TaM lICC.C. 765-773."T8M lICC.C. 773."TaM lICC.C. 666-716.'"1>_""'PC~81OIQHCCII B 8ccOllKaTHBHOM 3I:CnCpHMeHTe aHlCeTbi C TalColI Aonell (20-25%)
pHcIlMoB8HHblx nap "cTHMyn-pc81C1IKII", 1C81CnpaBMo, C~KT8IOTCII "Hcnop~eHHwMH", T.C. 38-
nonHCHHblMK C H8pyweHHcM ycnOBHII 3JCCnCpHMCHT8, nOClConblCY HcnblTyeMwll pearHpyeT
118 CTHMyn I:8IC 6b1 YllCC HC cnOHTaHHO, a peanH3yll C03HaTenbHYlO YCTaHOBICYHa pHclJMY.
Ho BOT Bonpoc, a ~TO ccnH 3T8 YCTaHOBlCa HcnblryeMoro IIBnllCTCIi Hcoco3HaHHoil
II npHHlIHnHanbHO AOMHHHPYIOIJ.\clI 8 cro pe~CBOM nOBCAcHHH, T.e. npHCYlQclI CMYBCcrAa B cHny n03TH~ccKolI CKnOHHOCTH, a HC OICa3b1BaCTClinpHHIITolI HM CHIOMHHynlO
C l\cnblO HaBlI3aTb CBOIO Hrpy H nOMCH8TbC8 C 3KcncpHMeHTaTopOM pOnJlMH, npeB-
paTHB cro B HcnblTycMoro7 TorAa Bonpoc 0 Bbl6,PaKOBKC nOJ\06HblX aHICCT CTaHOBHTCIIBecbMa np06nCMaTH~HblM.
rpaMMaTH'leCKHX ):(aHHb/X B ClIOBape pH$M, ):(aB O):(HOBpeMeHHO CeMaHTH-
'leCKHH aHalIH3 3TOH 'laCTH aCCO~HaTHBHOH CeTH B COnOCTaBlIeHHH
C pH$MOBaHHbIMH napaMH B npliMOH, ClIOBapHOH $OpMe. Ho BCe 3TH,
KaK H .Pll):( ):(pyrHx Ha6mo):(eHHH H o606ll.\eHHH Ha OCHOBe nepe'lHCJleHHblX
CJlOBapeH n03TH'leCKOrO H):(HOJleKCHKOHa,):(alOT B03MOllCHOCTbBOCCTaHOBHTb
H ):(aTb Ka'leCTBeHHylO H KOJlH'leCTBeHHYIO xapaKTepHcTHKy CTpyKTyph/ lIHWb
He3Ha'lHTelIbHOH 'laCTH aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'leCKOH H):(HoceTH. PeKOH-CTPYKI.\HlI lICe nOlIHOH CTpyKTypHOH KapTHHbl Tpe6yeT 06pall.\eHHlI K KOH-
Kop):(aHcy.llpH HanH'lHH KOHKop):(aHca K n03TH'leCKHM TeKCTaM HCClIe):(OBaTeJlb
BOCCTaHaBlIHBaeT Bce CHHTaKCH'leCKHe H napa):(HrMaTH'leCKHe CB1I3H ClIOB-
~eHTpOB ceMaHTH'leCKOrO npHTlilICeHHlI, cBoe06pa3HblX crycTKoB aCCO~Ha-
THBHOH 3HeprHH, o6pa3ylOll.\HX Y3J1b/ H):(HoceTH. 06pa3e~ TaKoro aHaJlH3a
HaXO):(HM YllCe y A.l'eJloro: "TpH nona TpOliKO ):(p0611T HaM npHpo):(y;
TpH npHpO):(b1 ):(pyr C ):(pyroM BpallC):(ylOT B HX TBOp'leCTBaX; TpH
KapTHHbl, TpH MHpa, TpH COJlH~a, TpH MeCJI~a; TpH BO):(bl; TpOliKoe
npe):(CTaBneHbe 0 B03):(yxe; H - TpOJIKOe He60.HO'lHOe CBeTHlIO y llywKHHa - lICeHll.\HHa, OHa, JlyHO, BpallC):(e6HO-
TpeBOllCHaJi qopuqo HOllU (reKaTa); MyllCecTBeHHO OTHoweHHe K HeA
nona, OHa TpeBOllCHT, - OH ):(eHCTBHe ee 06pall.\aeT HaM B WyTKy
H Ha3blBaeT "zJlynou" JJyHy, 3aCTaBJJJleT ee CMeHJlTb "TYCKJJble $OHapH";
B 85 cny'laJlx 70 pa3 y Hero CBeTHJJO - JlyHO, H 15 pa3 Bcero -
MeCJlI4(He npaB):(a JJH, xapaKTepHblH ):(nJi TOHKoro KpHTHKa WTpHX?).
Ha060poT, TIOT'leB 3HaeT nHWb "MeCJlq" (nO'lTH He 3HaeT "JlYHbl");OH - "6oz", H OH - "UHUU', JJblOll.\HH B ):(ywy nOKOH, He TpeBOllCall.\HH H
YCbmJJJlIOll.\HH ):(ywy; lICeHCTBeHHOOTHoweHHe K "MeCJlqy" ):(yWH TIOT'leBa;
H OHa MHpOTBOpHO BlIe'leTCJI 3a HHM B "qopcm8o meHeU".llywKHHcKaJl "JlYHO" - B 06naKax (CTaTHCTHKa HaM ee pHcyeT TaKOIO);
TO OHa "He8UOUMKO", a - TO "omYMOHeHO'~ "6J1eOHOe nJlmHO" ee
"cmpyucmozo KPYZO" TpeBOllCHT Hac CBOHMH "MymHb/MU UZPOMU" (Bce
cnOBa llywKHHa!), ee ):(BHlICeHbJl - KOBapHbI, neTy'lH, CTpeMHTenbHbl:
"npo6ezoem ': "nepe6ezoem ': "uzpoem ': "opoJICum ", "CKOJlb3Um", "xooum"(He60 "o6xooum" OHa nepeMeH'lHBblM lIHKOM ("nOJlYMeCJlq", "08YPOZOJl':"cepn ", "nOJlHblU MeCJlq".
HeT y TIOT'leBa "nOJlYMeCJlqo", "cepno", eCTb ero ):(HeBHOHJlHK, "06J10KmoU4uu", MeCJI~ TIOT'leBa Heno):(BHlICeH Ha He6e (H 'lall.\e Bcero Ha 6e306-
JJa'lHoM), OH - "MozulIecKuu': '''c8emo30pHb/U': "6J1ucmolOU4uu': nOlIHbdi;
HHKor):(a He 6b/BaeT "cpe6pUCmb/M" ('laCTblH ~BeT "JlYHb/" llywKHHa);
6blBaeT "JlHmOpHb/M'~ He lICeJJTblM, He KpaCHb/M; JlyHa llywKHHa Bpe-
MeHaMH - lICeJJTa, BpeMeHaMH - KpaCHa, H - HHKor):(a He 6eJJa; ):(HeM
y TIOT'leBa "MeCJlt(' - "mYMOHucmo-6eJlb/U", nO'lTH He CKpb/BaeTCR C He6a;
MeHee OH Bcero - "He8uOUMKO", OH - "zeHUU" He6a..nBa HH):(HBH):(yanbHbIX CBeTHlIa: ycnoKoeHHO 6nHCTalOll.\HH UHUU-MeCJlI4:
H 6eralOll.\aJl no He6y JlyHO.3pHTeJJbHblH 06pa3 MeCJI~a B n033HH liapaTb/HCKoro H 3aeMeH, H 6J1e-
):(eH ("cepe6pJlHeH", KaK Y llywKHHa, H, KaK y TIOT'leBa, "cJlOOOCmeH');HH):(HBH):(yaJJH3M ero ):(eHCTBHJI - B Bne'laTJJeHbJlX nona ("nOOJlYHHble8nellOmJleHbJl", 3aCTaBJJJlIOll.\HX ero YBepJlTb: MeCJI~ "MOHum 30 KpoiJ3eMJlU". liapaTblHCKoro MeCJI~ - npH3pa'lHb/H H "JlemeUCKUU": 60Jlee
106
Bcero OH - B ):(ywe, TaM OH ):(eHCTBeH; a no He6y XO):(HT ero cnOBO
nyCToe: JlyHO. MeCJlq, pa3Be 'lTO "JlCHble".TpH 06pa3a: TpH JJYHbJ»29.
OT'laCTH CeTeBaJi acco~HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'leCKali CTpyKTypa BOCCTaHaB-
JlHBaeTCR H npH ):(pyroM npe):(cTaBJleHHH MaTepHaJlOB n03TH'leCKOH pe'lH.
/CaK no c):(enaHo, HanpHMep, B CJlOBape, no):(roTOBJleHHOM no):( pyKO-
BO.nCTBOM 8.ll. rpHropbeBaJo. Ho nocTpoeHHe ceTH, T.e. nOHCKH
accO~HaToB no 3THM MaTepHaJJaM PY'lHb/M, He aBTOMaTH'leCKHM cnoco-
60M 6b1no 6b1 O'leHb Tpy):(oeMKHM ):(enOM, a KpOMe Toro, B pe3ynb-
TaTe pa60TbI Mb/ nOJlY'lHJlH 6bl aCCO~HaTHBHYIO CTpyKTypy, opHeHTHpo-
BaHHylO Ha n03TH'leCKOe cJloBoynoTpe6neHHe onpe):(eneHHOH 3nOXH, T.e.
npaKTH'leCKH Ha n03TH'leCKHH Jl3b1K Bo06ll.\e, a He Ha H):(HOJleKCHKOH.1.ITO KaCaeTCJI rpaMMaTHKOHa n03TH'leCKOH JlH'lHOCTH, TO MOllCHOYKa3aTb
TOJlbKO O):(HO Hccne):(OBaHHe, npJlMb/M 06pa30M Ha~eneHHoe Ha 3TOT
061JeKTJ1
, B ):(pyrHx lICe cny'laJlX H3y'leHHe rpaMMaTHlfeCKOH CTOpOHbl
no:nH'leCKOrO R3b/Ka CBJl3b/BaeTCJI C nOCJle):(HHM KaK cne~H$H'leCKHM
ljleHOMeHOM, npOTHBonOCTaBneHHb/M ):(pyrHM pa3HOBH):(HOCTliM 1I3b/Ka BO-
o6ll\e, OCYll.\eCTBJJJleTCJI6e30THOCHTelIbHO K JJH'lHOCTH H HMeeT cBoeii
3a.nalfeH BblJlCHeHHe ponH rpaMMaTHKH ):(JJR BbmOJJHeHHR CneI.\H$H'leCKH
n03THlfeCKoA $YHKI.\HHJ2
•
llO):(BO):(R HTor paCCMOTpeHHIO ):(ByX nyTeH peKOHCTpYKI.\HH JleKCHKOHa -
npliMoro, T.e. Ha OCHOBe aCCOI.\HaTHBHoro 3KcnepHMeHTa, H HenpRMoro,
B pe3ynbTaTe aHaJlH3a npOH3Be):(eHHbIX JJH'lHOCTblO TeKcToB, T.e. Ha
OCHOBe ee ):(HcKypca, MOllCHO c):(enaTb ):(Ba Bb/Bo):(a. Bo-nepBbIX, 06a
paCCMOTpeHHblX cnoc06a Haxo):(JlTCli B OTHoweHHH B3aHMo):(onOJlHHTeJJb-
HOCTH ):(pyr ):(pyry: nyTeM npJlMOrO 3KcnepHMeHTa BblRBnJleTCli npHH-
I.\HnHanbHaJi CTpyKTypa aCCOI.\HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'leCKOH ceTH, Tor):(a KaK
COCTaBneKCHKOHa npe):(CTaeT B 3TOM cny'lae KaK ycpe):(HeHHblii, ):(eHH):(H-
BH):(yanH3HpOBaHHbIH; nyTeM aHaJJH3a ):(HcKypca Mbl C 60lIbweii CTeneHblO
TO'lHOCTH BOCCTaHaBJJHBaeM COCTaB neKCHKOHa, nony'laJi MHHHMalIbHble
CBe):(eHHJI 0 ero yCTpoHcTBe, ero KOHKpeTHoii CTpyKType. DO-BTOPbIX.
npH3HaB Hea):(eKBaTHblM ):(JlJl HaweH 3a):(a'lH - peKOHCTpYKI.\HH H):(HoneK-
CHKOHa - nYTb npJlMOrO aCCO~HaTHBHoro 3KcnepHMeHTa H npHHJlB B
Ka'leCTBe HCXO):(HOHn03H~HH ):(JlJl ee peWeHHJI anbTepHaTHBHylO B03MOllC-
MOCTb - aHanH3 ):(HcKypca nHlfHOCTH, Mbl CTanKHBaeMCJI C He06xo):(H-
MOCTblO ):(onOlIHHTb 3TOT aHanH3 npHeMaMH nOCTpOeHHJI aCCOI.\HaTHBHO-
ceMaHTHlfeCKOH ceTH Henocpe):(CTBeHHO H3 TeKCTa. Ho npellC):(e - 0 no):(-
xo.nax K H3Y'leHHIO COCTaBa lIeKCHKOHa Hero Ol.\eHKaM.
06'beKTOM aHaJJH3a H36paH ):(HCKypC rJlaBHOrO ):(eHCTBYIOll.\erO nHl.\a
8 pOMaHe .n. rpaHHHa "KapTHHa" - c.e. JIoceBa. npe):(ce):(aTeJJlI
ropHCnOJlKOMa r. JIbIKOBa. 0 Tpy):(HOCTJlX, CBR3aHHblX C Bbl):(eJleHHeM
2'SUblU A. nywlCIIH, T1oT'IeB II 6apaTbIHICIIll B 3p"TenbHoM BocnpIIllTIIII npllpoAbl / ICe~IIOTlIlCa. M.• 1983. C. 552-553.
1In03T II cnOBO. On biT cnOBapli. M .• 1973.12rpUlOpbl'B B.n. rpaMMaTIIlCa IIAIIOCTllnll: B. Xne6HIIlCoB. M .• 1983.
eM., HanpHMep: KOBmYH08Q H.H. n03TII'IeCICIIIl CIIHTalCCIIC. M .• 1986.
nOJIHoro jlHCKypca OjlHOrO nepCOHalf<a H3 TeKCTa xYjlOlf<eCTBeHHOrO npOHl-
BejleHHJI, pe'fb Ylf<e wna BblWe, KOrjla Mbl paCCMaTpHBanH BOlMOlf<HOCTb
MOjlenHpOBaHHJI JllblKOBOH nH'fHOCTH Ha MaTepHane npOH3BejleHHblX elQ
TeKCTOB. nOMHMO 6eCCnOpHblX cny'faeB OTHeCeHHJI K jlHCKypCy npJlMoA
pe'fH H HHTepHOpH30BaHHOA, HnH BHyTpeHHeH, pe'lH nepCOHa)Ka, 6blno
BbljleneHO eme TpH nepeXOjlHblX cTyneHH OT jlHcKypca nepCOHalf<a IC
jlHCKypCy caMoro aBTopa: 31-0 Hec06cTBeHHO-npJlMaJi pe'fb, BHyTpeHHHA
jlHanOr H ycnoBHo HHTepHopH30BaHHaJi pe'fb repoJi. nOCnejlHlIlI HMeeT
MeCTO, Korjla aBTOp - B L\enllX jlOCTHlf<eHHlI 60nbwero H306pa3HTenb-
Horo 34>4>eKTa- Bep6anH3yeT 3pHTenbHble npejlCTaBneHHlI jleAcTBYlOmero
nHL\a, HO jlenaeT 3TO, Hcnonb3Y" THnH'fHblH neKCHKOH H rpaMMaTH-
KOH CBoero repoll. KOHe'lHO, jlaneKO He BClIKHH aBTOp onHpaeTClI Ha
nOjl06HYlO nllTHcTyneH'IaTylO cxeMy npH nOCTpoeHHH xYjlO)f(eCTBeHHoro
TeKCTa, H cnoc06bl BonnOmeHHlI jlHcKypca onpejlenlllOTClI HHjlHSHjlyanb-
HblM CTHneM H MaHepOH nHCaTenJl, TeMH nHTepaTypHo-xyjlOlf<eCTSeHHbIMH
npHeMaMH, KOTopble OH Hcnonb3yeT B CBoeM npOH3BejleHHH. EcnH Bemb
HanHcaHa OT nepBoro nHL\a, HanpHMep, Ka3anOCb 61.1, HH'ITO He MewaeT
HCCnejlOBaTenlO BeCb TeKCT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK jlHCKypC repoll. OjlHaKOnOjl06HaJi npllMonHHeAHOCTb 6bwa 61.1 HeBepHa: MI.l MOlf<eM npHHlITb
TaKoe peweHHe no OTHoweHHIO K pOMaHy P. KHpeeBa "n06ejlHTenb",H He HMeeM npaBa TaK nOCTYIIHTb C nOBeCTblO C. ECHHa " MMHTaTOp".
XOTlI nocnejlHlIlI H HMeeT nOjl3arOnOBOX "3anHCXH 'IeCTOn106HBoro '1e-
nOBexa" H TO)Ke HanHcaHa OT nepBoro nHQa, HO ronoc aBTopa, npHjla-
IOll.\HH nOBeCTH 3aMeTHble 'IepTbI ny6nHQHCTH'IHOCTH. 3AeCb HaCTonbKO
CHneH, 'ITO He n03BomieT OTHeCTH BeCb TeKCT IC AHClCypCy rnaBHoro
nepCOHa)Ka nOBeCTH. MHorAa HHAHBHAyanbHasr aBTopClCall MaHepa TalCosa.
'1TO jlHCKYPCbI jleACTBYIOll.\HX nHQ HaCTonblCO pa3MblsalOTClI. cnHBallCb
jlpyr C jlpyroM H C ronOCOM caMoro aBTopa. '1TO 6e30roSOpO'lHO S
HHX MOll<HO BKnlO'IHTb TonbKO npllMYIO pe'lb repoes. TalCOBbI, HanpHMep,
oc06eHHOCTH HHjlHBHAyanbHoro CTHnll A. AHaHbeBa: "OH cHAen Hec-
nOKOHHO, HO, KYjla 61.1 HH nOBOpa'lHBan ronoBy. '1epe3 MHHyTy omlTb
BHjlen nepejl c060A cTapylO If<eHll.\HHY. nHQo KOTOpoA xax 61.1 npHTlIrH-
Bano ero; OH He 3Han. '1TO TaK ll<e, KaK OHa B MOnOjlOCTH 3aBH-
AOBana nblWHblM cBaAb6aM, xaKoA He 6blno y Hee caMoA. 3aBHjlOBana
Tenepb CTonb ll<e nblwHblM, KaK eH npejlCTaBnllnocb! noxopOHaM. Ka-
KHX, OHa nOHHMana. He 6YAeT y Hee. HO CepreA MBaHoBH'I'IyBCTBO-
Ban 3TH ee BOCXHll.\eHHe H 3aBHCTb; OH He 3Han, '1TO rnaBHoe Bne-
'1aTneHHe npOH3BOjlHna Ha Hee 3aTlIHYTall '1epHOH MapneA nlOCTpa,
HO. '1yBCTByll nepejlaBaBWeeClI BonHeHHe, 06pall.\an BHHMaHHe HMeHHO
Ha TeMHoe CBe'leHHe, KOTopoe 6bWO He06b1'1HblM H. JlJ1l1 Hero H C03-
jlaBanO KaK pa3 BCIO aTMoc4>cpy TOp)KeCTBa H 3Ha'lHMOCTH noxopoH;
OH He 3Han, '1TO )KeHll.\HHa nonpOCHnaCb y HHKHTHWHbl OCTaTbClI Ha
HO'lb, H ll<Aan. ICorjla OHa BcTaHeT H, ICaICH Bce jlpyrHe. nOICnOHHBWHCb,
BblAjleT 3a jlBepb, HO OHa He BCTaBana H He yXOjlHna, H CeprcA MBa-
HOBH'I, nOMHMO BCCX H 6C3, Toro TlIrOTHBWHX ero MblcneA, Bce BpeMlI
HaXOjlHnClI B KaKOM-TO TpCBOll<HOM B036y)KjleHHH33
". B 3TOM oTpblBKe,
. KOTOpblH, KCTaTH cxa3aTb. O'lCHb nOKa3aTeneH JlJ1l1CTHnll Bcero pOMaHB,
nepeceKalOTCSI, Ha nepBblH B3rnlljl. TpH jlHcKypca - CepreSI MBaHoBH'Ia,
cTapoH If<eHmHHbl H aBTopa. M Ka3anOCb 6bl, onHpaSICb Ha MeTO,D.HKy
yCTaHOBneHHJI B TeKCTe "TO'leK 3peHHJI" (B ,D.aHHOMcny'fae Tpex Ha3BaH-
HblX nHL\) H Bbl,D.eneHHJIcooTBeTcTBYIOll.\HX "pe'leBbIX L\eHTpoB"J4, HCCne,D.O-
BaTenb Mor 6bl "pa3BecTH" 3TOT OTpblBOK no YKa3aHHblM ,D.HcKypcaM.
O,LlHaKo npH 60nee BHHMaTenbHOM. npO'fTeHHH CTaHOBHTClI SICHO, 'fTOl,LleCb Henb3J1 OrpaHH'fHTbCJI TpeMJI ,D.HcKypcaMH: nOMHMO TO'lKH 3peHHSI
8BTopa H TO'feK 3peHHJI ,LleHCTBYIOll.\HXnHL\ pll,LlOM C 3THM H KaK 61.1
H8,Ll BceM 3THM 3,LleCb npHCyTcTByeT ell.\e TO'fKa 3peHHlI KorO-TO (Ha6-
JIIO,Lla,TenJl, "nepeXBaT'IHKa"), KOTOpblH "3HaeT" TO, 0 'feM "He 3Han"
CepreH MBaHOBH'I. "nOHHMaeT" TO, B 'feM He OTjlaBana ce6e OT'IeTa
cTapaSI If<eHll.\HHa, H COOTBeTCTBeHHO- 06'bJlCHJleT Bce 3TO H aBTopy
II 'IHT8TenlO. Cpo jlanee: "Ye3ll<anH KopocTeneBbl C Ka3aHcKoro BOK3ana,
- Be'fepoM. HHKTO He npOBOll<an HX. HeCKonbKO pa3 Ha'fHHan HaKpanbl-
BaTb ,Ll0If<,D.b, H CepreH MBaHOBH'I, ll<a n K0 H n p H H Y ll<·,D.eH H 0
Y n 1.16a II CI., rOBopHn no 3TOMy nOBO,D.y, 'fTO ye3ll<aTb B jlOll<,D.b -
XOpOW3lI npHMeTa" (c. 80). B 3TOM OTpblBKe, nOMHMO cnOB aBTopa-
nOBeCTBOBaTenll H Hec06cTBeHHo-npllMoA pe'fH repoll, Bbl,D.enlleTCJIOL\eHKa
nocTopoHHero KaK 6bl nHL\a (B L\HTaTe nO,D.'fepKHyTo), Ha6mojlalOll.\ero
CL\eHY Olf<HjlaHHlI Ha BOK3ane co CTOpOHbI. KOHe'fHO, 3TY OL\eHKY
MOlf<HO npHnHcaTb H aBTopy, HO TOrjla nonH4>oHH'fHbIM CTaHOBHTCJIco6cTBeHHo aBTopcKHH TeKCT.
MOMeHT ny6nHL\HCTH'fHOCTH, nepeXOjla Ha O'fepKOBblH CTHnb opraHH-
'feCKH npHcyll.\ nlO60My xy,D.O)KeCTBeHHoMy npOH3BejleHHIO, nop0ll<jlaeTClI
cneUH4>HKoH caMoro nHTepaTypHoro TeXCTa H JlBnlleTCJI OjlHHM H3 Cpe,D.CTB
B03jleAcTBHJI npOH3BejleHHJI Ha ajlpecaTa. ECTb OH H B pOMaHe '~' rpaHHHa,
II 3TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, 3aTpY,D.HJleTBbljleneHHe nonHOro jlHcKypca Bbl6paH-Horo HaMH nepCOHa)Ka. Cpo cnejlYIOll.\HH OTpbIBOK:
"HeT, TaK Henb3J1! - Bjlpyr cxa3an JIoceB, nOjlHlIn ronoBy H ell.\eCMenee nOBTopHn: - Henb3l1!
HeBall<HO, nYCTb Bce peWHTCJI. HanOCnejlOK OH Bbl,D.aCT 6e3 BCJlKOrO
CTeCHeHHJI. CaMorO-TO rnaSHoro OH ell.\e He CKa3an. EMy He Ha 'fTO
paCC'fHTbIBaTb, TaK 3TO H ny'lwe, cB060AHce.
To, 'ITO OH He n03BOnJin ce6e B pa3rosopax y nonHBaHoBa, H S rop-
IIcnonKOMe, H C AHHCHMOSblM, Bce, 'ITO CKonHnOCb, Bce Bjlpyr
6e3Yjlepll<HO xnblHyno, nOHecnOCb 6e3 SCJlKOrO nOplljlKa, Hero caMoro
laKpyTHno, nOBneKno TaK, '1TO OH He cnblwan ce6J1, TonbKO '1yB-
CTBoBan. KaK jlp0ll<ano B rny6HHe ropna. HHKorAa ell.\e OH He npOHl-
HOCHn TaKHX cnos, cosepweHHO HenpHBbl'fHblX cnOB jlnll Hero H JlJ1l1
3Toro ICa6HHeTa. Korjla-TO OT Ty'lKoBoA OH cnblxan. '1TO 6ecnone3HO
nepeAasaTb xapTHHy cnOBaMH, HeS03MO)KHO 6blno paCCICa3aTb npo TO
paCCBeTHoe YTPO. TyMaH Hajl nnJlcBoA, 60Cble HorH Manb'lHwKH-YjlHnb-
lQHKa... Ho eMy 6blno HanneBaTb, '1TO HeB03MO)KHO, OH paCCKa3b1Ban,
OH BHjlen, KaK Ha O,D.yTnOBaTOM nHQe YBapOBa nOjlHlInHCb 6pOBH,
H He 06paTHn Ha 3TO BHHMaHHlI, HH Ha KaKHe ,D.BHlf<eHHSIero nHL\a.
OH He 601lJIClI YBapOBa, OH HH'IerO CeH'IaC He 601lJIClI, OH B3MblJI,
OCB060>K,o;aIlCbOT CBOHX paC'IeTOB H YJIOBOK"3S
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B 3TOM onHcaHHH, r,o;e npHcyTcTByeT 06pa3 aBTopa H nOToMy
HeH36e)l(eH ,o;yx "ny6JIHQHCTH'IHOCTH", eCTb CHJJbHblA :meMeHT KHHe-
MaTorpa$H'IHOCTH H, eCJIH 6bl CTOllJIa 3a,o;a'la BOnJIOTHTb MH3aHCQeHy
Ha 3KpaHe, TO OHa MorJIa 6b1 H,o;TH "6eccnOBeCHO", Ha o,o;HoA Hrpe
aKTepOB, r,o;e nnaMeHHO npOH3HOCHMall JIoceBblM pe'lb (He,o;apOM - "HH-
Kor,o;a eLQe OH He npOHJHOCHn TaKHX CnOB•••••) wna 6b1 6eJBy'lHO.
BMeCTe C TeM Ha,o;o cpaJY CKaJaTb, 'lTO ny6nHQHCTH'lHOCTh ny6nH-
QHCTH'lHOCTH pOJHh, H no,o;nHHHaJi xy,o;O)l(eCTBeHHOCTh Tpe6yeT coe,o;HHe-
HHII ny6nHQHCTH'lHOCTH C HJo6paJHTenhHOCThlO H 06paJHOCThlO, '1TO Mbl
Bcer,o;a H o6Hapy>KHBaeM y nO.D;J1HHHoro MaCTepa. Cpo ,o;anee KaK y
rpaHHHa nony'laeT paJBHTHe 3TOT OTpbIBOK: "PeJHHOBblH MOTOp'lHK
pacKpy'lHBanClI, nponennep BepTenClI 6b1CTpee, 6b1CTpee, HacTynHn MHr,
Kor,o;a Mo,o;enb Ha,o;o 6b1no oTnycKaTh, OHa OCTaBanaCh o,o;Ha B BOJ-
,o;yxe H neTena, neTena, a OHH 6e>KanH Ja HeA,' no,o;HlIB rOJIOBhl. TaK H
y Hero - CJIOBa cphlBanHCh, H OH 6e>Kan Ja HHMH, n03TOMY OH
CpaBHHJI TaJIaHT xy,o;O>KHHKa C CaMOJIeTOM; >KHBOnHCb nOMoraeT yBH,o;eTb
npHpo,o;y HHa'le, OTKphIBaeT KpaCOTY, KaK OTKpblBaeTCJI JeMJIlI C caMO-
JIeTa B COBepweHHO HHOA, 6eJJaLQHTHOA KpaCOTe" H T.,o;. (c. 187-188).EcnH nonhITaThClI pacnpe,o;enHTh nepBhIA HJ npHBe,o;eHHbIx OTpblBKOB
no HH,o;HBH,o;yaJIbHbIM,o;HcKypcaM, TO MbI C nerKOCTblO BhI,o;eJIHMnpllMYIO
pe'lb H OTHeceM ee K ,o;HCKypCy J1oceBa, a COnpOBO>K.D;aIOLQHeee CJIOBa -
K ,o;HCKypCy aBTopa. BTOpoA a63aQ, MO>KeT 6bITh C HeKOTopoA HaTlI>K-
KoA, KBaJIH$HQHpyeTclI KaK BHyTpeHHJIR pe'lh repoJi HJIH BO BCJlKOM
CJIyqae KaK yCJIOBHO HHTepHopH30BaHHall ero pe'lb. A BOT 'lTO Ka-
CaeTCJI nocne,o;Hero a6JaQa, TO B HeM HaCTOJIhKO TeCHO nepenneTeHbl
nOBeCTBOBaTenhHO-HJ06paJHTeJIbHall C 3JIeMeHTaMH OQeHKH npOHcxo,o;lI-
LQero pe'lb aBTopa, yCJIOBHO HHTepHOpHJOBaHHaJi pe'lh, a TaK)I(e 'laCTH'lHO
Bep6aJIHJOBaHHble aBTopOM JpHTeJIhHhle 06paJhI H ,o;pyrHe 3neMeHTbI
"npOMe>KyTO'lHOrO J13b1Ka" (o HeM CM. HH>Ke) J1oceBa, 'lTO OT,o;eJIHTb
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HHJlX npe,o;CTaBJIJleTCJIHeBOJMO>KHbIM. To >KeCJIe,o;yeTCKaJaTb H 0 BTOpOM
OTpbIBKe, Henocpe,o;CTBeHHO npHMbIXalOLQeM B TeXCTe x nepBoMY, XOTJI
OH H cOBepweHHo OT'leTJIHBO JaKaH'lHBaeTClI Hec06cTBeHHo-npllMoA pe-
'lhlO nepCOHa>Ka.B CHJIy 3THX Tpy,o;HocTeA .D;J1J1peweHHH HaweA Ja,o;a'lH MbI OCTaHOBH-
JIHCh Ha caMOM npocToM BapHaHTe onpe,o;eneHHJI rpaHHQ ,o;HcKypca: S
Hero 6bIJIH BKnlO'leHbI nHwb Te TeKCTbI, KOTopble 6eJ BCJlKOrO COMHeHHlI
npHHa.D;J1e)l(aT yKaJaHHoMy nHQY, a JHa'lHT, - TonhKO npHMaJi pe'lb H
BHyTpeHHlIlI pe'lh repoll. 3TO peweHHe y,o;06HO TaK>Ke H .D;J111nocne,o;ylO-
LQero cpaBHeHHlI ,o;HCKypcoS H neKCHKOHOB ,o;syx paJHblX nepcoHa>KeA,
nocKoJ:IbKY CTaBHT HX B paBHble YCJIOBHlI: ,o;HCKypC xy,o;o)l(HHKa ACTaxoBa
npe,o;cTaBneH B pOMaHe ,o;ByMJI ero nHChMaMH J1HJe KHcnblx. ACTaXOB
He y'laCTByeT Henocpe,o;CTBeHHO B ,o;eACTBHH,J1BJIlIlICb KaK 6b1 "3aO'lHbIM",
HO TeM He MeHee O'leHb Ba>KHblM, ,o;eAcTBylOLQHM JIHQOM - aBTopoM
"rpaHUH p. KapTHHa. Jl.: COB. nHCaTenb. 1981. C. 187 (B AanbHellweM CCblnKII,l\lIHbIHa no H3,l\l1HHe).110
"J(apTHHbI". Y Hero HeT BHyTpeHHHX ,o;HanorOB H HeT yCJIOBHO HHTepH-
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"caM". (ECTeCTBeHHO, 3TO yTBep>K.D;eHHeHa,no npHHHMaTb C oroBopKoH
06 yCJIOBHOCTHcaMoro JlHTepaTypHo-xy,nO)l(eCTBeHHoro npHeMa H yCJIOB-
HOCTH OTO)l(,neCTBJIeHHlI nepCOHa)l(a npOHJBe,neHHlI C peaJIbHOH lIJblKOBOA
JU!'iHOCTblO). C y'ieTOM :nHX ycnoBHoCTeA HHTHMHble nHCbMa, HCnOJl-
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,nnll OQeHKH H,o;HOJIeKCHKOHa 6blna npOBe,neHa cne,nYIOLQall pa60n.
BeCb TeKCT TaK nOHHMaeMoro ,nHcKypca J10ceBa 6blJl BBe,neHB 3BM H JaTeM
npe06paJOBaH S ,nBe $OpMbI - cnnowHoro npe,nCTaBJIeHHlI (c yKaJaHHeM
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'JI BE,llb, JlEWA, HHlfEro TAKoro HE 3HAlO,,llA H HE nOHHMAlO 0 JKHBOnHCH.(17):
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OTJlH'IHe nOCJle~HerO B TOM, '1TO TeKCT epopMaJlbHO pa36HTbdt HanOCJle~OBaTeJlbHOnpoHyMepoBaHHble CTpOKHC O~HHaKOBblMKOJlH'IeCTBOMCHMBonOB, 3anHcaH B HeCKonbKO epaAnOB C npHCBoeHHblMH Ka~OMYepaAny HH~eKCOMH C pa3HblM '1HCnOMCTpOKB Ka)l(~OM.TaKoe npe~CTaBne-HHe cny)l(HT l.\enllM CTaTHCTH'IeCKOA06pa60TKH H 06ner'laeT Haxo~e-HHeKOHTeKCTOBKa)l(~oAcnOBoepopMbl CnOMOll.\blOnOCne~IOll.\HX '1eTblpexpa3HblX cnoBoyKa3aTeneA.
3TO npe)l(~e Bcero TeKCToopHeHTHpOBaHHblACJlOBOYKa3aTenb,HrpalOll.\HABcnOMoraTeJlbHO-MeTO~H'IeCKYIOPOJlb B MaWHHHOMaHanH3e TeKCTa:HY DK2:GRAN2/1,1/KOHElIHO DK2:GRAN2/1,5/CMOTPETb DK2:GRAN2/1,13/BOT DK2:GRAN2/1,23/JI DK2:GRAN2/1,27/H DK2:GRAN2/1,29/3ACMOTPEJI- DK2:GRAN2/1,31/CJIH DK2:GRAN2/1,44/IlJIOXO DK2:GRAN2/1,46/PA3EHPAIOCbDK2:GRAN2/1,52/MO:>KET DK2:GRAN2/2,1/BbI DK2:GRAN2/2,6/IlOJlCHHTE DK2:GRAN2/2,9/TYT DK2:GRAN2/2,19/HAIlHCAHO DK2:GRAN2/2,29/Y DK2:GRAN2/2,38/PEKH DK2:GRAN2/2,41/A DK2:GRAN212,48/liTO DK2:GRAN2/2,50/3TO DK2:GRAN2/2,54/3A DK2:GRAN2/2,58/PEKA DK2:GRAN2/3,1/KAK DKi:GRAN2/3,3/EE DK2:GRAN2/3,7/112
HA3BAHHE DK2:GRAN2/3,10/HET DK2:GRAN2/3,20/Y)f( DK2:GRAN2/3,30/BbI DK2:GRAN2/3,34/Il03BOJIbTE DK2:GRAN2/3,37/OqEHb DK2:GRAN2/3,48/.LlA)lCE DK2:GRAN2/3,S4/HMEET DK2:GRAN2/4,l/MAJIO DK2:GRAN2/4,2/JIH DK2:GRAN2/4,7/PEK DK2:GRAN2/4,10/3TO DK2:GRAN2/4,15/)ICE DK2:GRAN2/4,19/KOHKPETHO DK2:GRAN2/4,22/CPHCOBAHO DK2:CRAN2/4,32/KAK DK2:GRAN2/4,43/TAK DK2:GRAN2/4,53/IlPOCTO DK2:GRAN2/4,57/OqEHb DK2:GRAN2/5,1/.LlA)lCE DK2:GRAN2/5,7/H3MEHHTCJI DK2:GRAN2/S,12/KAK DK2:GRAN2/5,23/BbI DK2:GRAN2/S,27/HE DK2:GRAN2/5,30/IlOHHMAETE DK2:GRAN2/S,33/
3,lI,0POBO DK2:GRAN2/5,44/ PA3JiHPAETECb DK2:GRAN2/6,1/BbI DK2:GRAN2/5,58/ BCE DK2:GRAN2/6,11/
,lI,aJlee 6b1JT COCTaBJTeHaJTepaBHTHO-'1aCTOTHblAyKa3aTenb, KOTOpblAco,neplKHT CBe~eHHlI 06 HH~eKce epaAJ1a, B KOTOpOMBCTpe'laeTClI 3TacnoBOepopMa B epopMaTHoM npe~CTaBJleHHH ~HcKypca H a~pece ee BTelCCTepOMaHa (HanpHMep, GRAN5/3, 37/); 06 a6conIOTHoA '1aCTOTecnoBOepOPMbIF H K03epepHl.\HeHTeee ynoTpe6HTeJ1bHOCTHD, nO~C'IHTaH-HoM no epopMyne D= I-V/Vm8Xl r~e V - K03epepHl.\HeHTB8PH8QHH,lCone68HHlI'1aCTOTbl.
KAK-TO GRANS/21,39/CRAN61/24, 24/; GRAN81/1,44/ F=7 D=.5782F=2 D = .2929 KAKOR-HHJiY.LlbKAKAJI GRAN81/2,14/GRAN5/3,37/;GRAN};{3/11,I/; F=l D=.OGRANX3/60,38/; GRANS/8,25/ KAKOMF=4 D=.5046 G N7RA /13,31/; GRAN7/52,28/KAKHE F=2 D=.2929GRAN2/22,46/; GRAN81/13,41/; KAKOMYGRANX3/l,17/; GRANS/34,1/ GRAN7j10,1/F=4 D=.5046 F=l D=.OKAKHX KAKYIOGRANS /57,36/ GRANS4/4,12/F= 1 D=.O F= IKAKOB KAJIHHHHYGRANX3/l8,26/ GRAN7/50,36/F ==I D =.0 F = I D =.0KAKOrO KAMEHEBGRANXl/S6,8/; GRANS/39,ll/ GRANX3/38,8/; GRANX8/35,6/F==2 D=.2929 F=2 D=.2929KAKOE KAMEHEBAGRAN31/13,34/; GRAN7/IQ,38/; GRAN7/2S,22/GRANXO/6,16/; GRANXO/9,1/; F= I D =.0GRANXO/21,9/ KAMEHEBbIMF==5 D = .4747 GRAN81/19,4/KAKOR F= I D=.OGRAN31/39,ll/; GRANXO/2,37/; KAMHEMGRANXI/66,S9/; GRANX3/10,39/; GRANXOjl2,10/GRANX3/11,14/; GRANX8/9,17/; F= I D=.O
KAPMAHE KAPbEPbI KAKOR .5782 .0013 .3543 KHUrU .0 .0004 .3617GRANX3/30.19/ GRANX8/37,47/ KAKOR- .0 .0002 .3545 UITYKA .0 .0002 .9544F=I 0=.0 F=I 0=.0 HH6Y,l(b UITYKU .0 .0002 .9546KAPTUHA' KATAJI KAKOM .2929 .0004 .3549 UIYMRT .0 .0002 .9548GRAN31/ 14,4/; GRAN5/2,6/; GRAN31/23,13/ KAKOMY .0 .0002 .3551 UIYCTPbIE .0 .0002 .9550GRAN5/3,43/; GRAN5/34,1/; F=I 0=.0 KAKYIO .0 .0002 .3552GRAN61/27,1/ KARTbCR KAJlHHHHY .0 .0002 .3554 UIYT .0 .0002 .9551F=5 0=.4747 GRAN7/68,1/; GRANS/2I,17/ KAMEHEB .2929 .0004 .3558 3,l(YAP,l( .0 .0002 .9553KAPTHHE F=2 0=.2929 KAMEHEBA .0 .0002 .3559 3K3EMnJIRP .0 .0002 .9555GRAN2/21,45/; GRANX8/36,23/ KH,l(ATbCR KAMEHEBbIM .0 .0002 .3561 3TA. .5046 .0007 .9562F=2 0=.2929 GRANXO/12,26/ KAMHEM .0 .0002 .3563 3TH .2929 .0004 .9566
KAPTHHE-TO F=I 0=.0 KAPMAHE .0 .0002 .3565 3THM .4253 .0005 .9571
GRAN5/34,15/ KHCJIbIX KAPTHHA .4747 .0009 .3574 3THMH .0 .0002 .9573
F=I 0=.0 GRAN31/l8,54/; GRAN7/4,58/ KAPTHHE .2929 .0004 .3577 3TO .8885 .0131 .9704
KAPTHHOR F=2 0=.2929 KAPTHHE-TO .0 .0002 .3579 3TOrO .5993 .001l .9715
GRAN5/27,29/ KHCTbIO KAPTUHOR .0 .0002 .3581 3TOR .4253 .0005 .9720KAPTHHY .2929 .0004 .3585 3TOM .4253 .0005 .9726F=I 0=.0 GRAN5/32,42/KAPTHHbI .4253 .0005 .3590 3TOT .5046 .0007 .9733
KAPTHHY F=I 0=.0KAPTHHbI-TO .0 .0002 .3592 3TY .2929 .0004 .9736
GRAN31/49,45/; GRANS/2,14/ KJIA,l(61UU,E KAPTOUIKY .0 .0002 .3594 3X .4253 .0005 .9742F=2 0=.2929 GRAN7/6,23/ KAPbEPbI .0 .0002 .3595 3UIEJIO HA M.O .0002 .9744KAPTHHbI F= 1 0=.0 KATAJI .0 .0002 .3597 IOPuR .6578 .0020 .9765GRAN2/20,24/; GRAN31 /36,53/ KJIAHRTbCR KARTbCR .2929 .0004 .3601 IOPHIO .0 .0002 .9767GRANS/4,1/ GRANX3/15,51/ KH,l(ATbCR .0 .0002 .3603 IOPHR .0 .0002 .9769F=3 0=.4253 F=I 0=.0 KHCJIbIX .2929 .0004 .3606 R .9033 .0210 .9979KAPTUHbI-TO KJIY6 KUCTbIO .0 .0002 .3608 R-TO .5046 .0007 .9986GRAN5/26,36/ GRAN7/49.8/ KJIA,l(6UI.QE .0 .0002 .3610 RBJIEHHE .0 .0002 .9988F=1 0=.0 F=I 0=.0 KJIAHRTbCR .0 .0002 .3612 RrHEHKA .0 .0002 1.0000
KAPTOUIKY KHHrU KJIY6 .0 .0002 .3613GRANS/43,1/ GRAN7/56.34/; GRAN7/ 58,34/F=I 0=.0 F=2 0=.0 CTATHCTH'IECKH VnOPR.lJ.O'lEHHbIA CJlOBHHK
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Tpe6HTeJIbHOCTH O. OTHOCHTeJIbHOA 'laCTOTbI H HaKOnJIeHHOA 'laCTOTbi
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Ba) C npHBe,IJ.eHHeM B TpCX KOJIOHKaX cnpaBa TCX >KC ,lJ.aHHbIX, '1TO H
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I HE .9406 .0377 .03772 A .9181 .0181 .05583 tlTO .9156 .0223 .07814 R. .9033 .0210 .09915 U .8970 .0214 .12046 B .8964 .0167 .13717 BbI .8938 .0185 .15568 3TO .8885 .0131 .16879 TAK .8795 .0126 .181310 :>KE .8664 .Olll .1924166.5 nPABO .5046 .0007 .5511166.5 CKA3AJIH .5046 .0007 .5518166.5 TAKAR .5046 .0007 .5525
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.5046
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B Ta6nHue MbI BCTpe'laeMCJI co cneAYlOlUHMH BHAaMH 3anOnHeHHJI CTpOK.
Bo-nepBbIX, C cHTyaQHeii. Kor~a BO Beex KneTO'lKaX Ta6nHQbI co~eplKaTCJI
~aHHble, HanpHMep, ~nJl cnOBa Z080pumb. 3TO 03Ha'iaeT, '1TO cnOBO
BCTpeTHnOCb H B AHcKypce JIoceBa, H B AHcKypce ACTaXOBa, Hero '1aCTOTbl
YKa3aHbI B COOTBeTCTBYIO~HX rpacllax. BO-BTOPbIX, Kor~a 3anonHeHa TonbKOoAHa CTopOHa Ta6JIHUbI - JIH60 "aCTaXOBCKlUI", JIH60 "JIOCeBCKall", a Apyrall
OCTaeTCJI "nycToA", HanpHMep Mll CJIOBa HOpUC080mb. TaKaJl cHTyaQHlI
03Ha'iaeT, '1TO CJIOBO 06JIaAaCT nOBbIWCHHoA, no cpaBHeHHIO co CTaHAapT-
HoA, '1aCTOToA B AHcKypce ACTaXOBa H O'leHb peAKO (B AaHHOM CJIy'lae Bcero
OAHH paJ) BCTpe'laeTCJI B pe'lH JIocCBa. I1HblMH CJIOBaMH, nycTbIe KJleTKH
3AeCb MOrJlH 6bI 6h1Tb 3anOJlHeHbl, OTHOCHTeJlbHaH(0,0002) H a6cOmOTHali (I)'1aCTOTbl H3BeCTHbl, HO TorAa yTpaTHJlaCb 6bl HarJlJlAHOCTb npH BOCnpHJlTHH
BceA Ta6JIHUbI, BOT nO'leMy y~06Hee OCTaBHTb cooTBeTCTBYIO~He KJleTKH
nYCTbIMH. OHK CBHAeTenbCTBYIOT 0 TOM, '1TO CJIOBOB TeKCTe AaHHoro JIHQa
BCTpe'laeTCJI, HO npH 3TOM '1aCTOTa ero He nOKa3aTeJIbHa, He OTJIH'IaeTCli OT
122
CTaflAapTHoA flH B TY, HH B ~pyrylO CTOpoHy39. HaKoHeu, TpeTHA CBJl3aH C
oTcyTcTBHeM CJIOBa B O~HOM H3 ~HCKypCOB npH nOBbIweHHoll ero
"acTOTHOCTH B ~pyroM. OTcyTcTBHe B 3THX YCJlOBHJlXJlBnJleTCli ceMaHTH'Ie-
clCH H nparMaTH'IeCKH 3Ha'lHMblM H nOMe'laCTCli 3HaKOM f'. lIacTo 3Ta
cHTyaUHlI pacnpOCTpaHJleTCJI Ha HMeHa co6cTBeHHbIe. T.e. Ha OHOMaCTHKOH
cOOTBeTcTBYIO~eA HH~HBHAYaJlbHOCTH, O'lep'lHBaIO~HA COCTaB ero peclle-
peHTHOA (nponoHeHTbl) HJlH aHTHpecllepeHTHoii (onnoHeHTbl) rpynnbl,
HanpHMep, RIC08 H80H06UlI B AHcKypce ACTaxoBa HnH KOMeHetJ B ~HcKypcenOceBa.
llpO'lepK B KneTKe 03Ha'iaeT, '1TO 3Ta KneTKa npHHUHnHanbHO He MOllCeT
6b1Tb 3anOJlHeHa, HanpHMep, npH YKa3aHHH '1aCTOTbI no CJlOBaplO 3acopHHoA
p.JIJIHMeH c06CTBeHHbiX HnH npH OTCyTCTBHHCOOTBeTCTBYIO~ero cnOBa B TOM
HJIH HHOM neKCHKOHe. llocne 3THX npe~BapHTenbHblX 3aMe'laHHIlnepeliAeM IC ICOMMeHTHpOBaHHIO BICnlO'IeHHbIX B Ta6nHI..\y ~aHHbIX.
IV
Ha~o cpa3Y CICa3aTb, '1TO B OTpbIBe OT TeKCTa Bowe~WHe B Ta6nHI..\y
BbICOICO'laCTOTHble cnOBa B KalK~OM H3 ~HCKYPCOB He 06pa3YlOT JlpKO
BblpalKeHHblX ceMaHTH'IeCKHX 06'be~HHeHHIl H npH nepBOM 3HaKOMCTBe C
Ka~oA H3 KOJlOHOK MoryT npOH3BeCTH Bne'laTneHHe CJIy'laAHo c06paHHbIX
BMeCTe eAHHHU, HHKaIC He xapaICTepH3YIO~HX TOT HJIH HHoA neKCHKOH.
HCHOCTb B HX ceMaHTH'IeCKHe OTHOWeHHJI BHyTpH KonOHOK H MelK~y ~BYMJI
JIeKCHKOHaMH BHOCHT HapJl~y co CTaTHCTH'IeCKHMH nOICa3aTenllMH o6pa~e-
HHe K KOHKop~aHcy. OTKpblBalO~ee cnHCOK cnOBO 6epe3lCo, BCTpeTHBWeeCJIy
ACTaxoBa C '1aCTOToA B 50 pa3 npeBbIwalO~eA 06bI'IHylO H OTCYTcTBYIO~ee B
neKCHKOHe JIoceBa, cnylKHT MJI XY~OlKHHKa He 'fOnbKO CHMBonOM POAHHbl,
POCCHH,nlO6HMoA lKeH~HHbI, 0 '1eM CBH~eTenbCTBYIOT npHBO~HMble HHlICe
KOHTeICCTbl,HO H KOHKpeTHoii ~eTaJIblO neA3alKa B KapTHHe, Ha~ KOTopoll OH
pa60TaeT: jJ no-npelKHeMY nlO6nlO ,LJ;o6ylKHHcICoro H lieHya, 6blBaeT, HM
38BHAYIO, HO MJI ce6J1CYAb6bI HX He MblcnlO. Bbl CKalKeTe, - lKHBonHCUY Bce
paSHO, r~e 6epe3ICU MaJleBaTb. Bce TalC, OHH H B liyprYH~HH Te lKe 6epe3lCu, H
lICeH~HHbI sCIO~y O~HHaKoBo XOpOWH. A y Hac e~e llOJIHBaHOB nonpOCHT
cjlnar H8 6epe1lCy nOBeCHTb. Ho 3AeWHJlR 6epe3ICO y MeHR '1yBCTBOBbl3blBaeT, 1I
nHcaTh ee 6YAY C KaKOH-TO HpaBCTBeHHOH H~eeH, '1TO-TO JI '1epe3 Hee 06'bJlBHTb
lICenalOTOMy lICellonHBaHoBy H cynpyre ero. A B llapHlKax MHe, KpoMe Bac,
06pa~aTbCJI HC IC KOMy (c. 205). KaK ~eTaJIb pO~Horo neA3allCa Bo06~e,
6epe3ICo 06'beAHHJleTCJI C BbICOKO'IaCTOTHbIMH y ACTaxoBa ympo. 146em H
HH3KO'IaCTOTHbIMH myMOH, YAU140. llAJlc6o. 6epez. 80CXOO (Bce
193/lCCb H~O OTMCTHTb O~HY oco6eHHOCTb. KOnH'ICCT8CHHoro aHBnH38 OTAcnbHO 83RToroltYAOllCCCT8CHHoro TCKCT8. oco6eHHOCTb. npOHCTeK81OI1\YIO H3 c8ollcTB8. KOTOpOCR 6b1 Ha38an
'CT8THCTH'ICCICOA HanplllKCHHOCTblO". ,lJ,cno 8 TOM. '1TO 8 cHny HAellHo-3MoUHoHanbHoli
H8rpY*CHHOCTH T8Koro TCJrcT8.c8oc06pa3Holi /loMHHaHTHoli cro opHeHTHp088HHOCTH _ npH
eCTecT8CHHOM OrpaHH'ICHHH npOCTpal\CTaa. Ha KOTOpOM OH pa3BcpTbl88eTclI. a 3Ha'lHT. H
o611\cro 'IHCn8 Hcnonb3ycMblX cn08. a8TOpy Mil 80nnOl1\cHHlI cro 38Mblcna OKa3b18aCTCII
Hc06XO/lHMoli n08b1WCHH811KOHUCHTpal.\HII AalKc C8Mbllt CTaH/lapTHbix CAHHHU. n03TOMYTO'lK8
°Tl:'1CTa npH Cp88HCHHH '1aCTOTynoTpc6nllCMblX cn08 co CTaH,l\lIpTHblMH HecKonbKo C/l8HraeTcR
BBepX. TaK. 8 npH8C/lCHHOM cnY'Iac OAHoKpaTHOC nOll8nCHHC cn088 Hapucoeamb 8 /lHcKypce
JIoccaa MOlKCT 6b1Tb H '1HCTO cny'laAHblM. H n03TOMY HC npHHHMaCTCII 80 8HHM8HHC npH
Cpa8HCHHH, XOTR OTHOCHTenbHaR 'IaCTOTa Cro 8 TCKCTCnpH 3TOM H 8b1WC CTaH.!lapTHoli.
OTCyTCTBylOT B J1CXCHXOHC]locCBa) no~ 3HaXOM Homypo (nJ1CHCp), 06pa3YII,
TaX cxa3aTb, aHTypa)l( xapTHHbI. npH'ICM CJ10BO Homypo, C O~HHaXOBOA,
60ncc '1CMB 20 pa3 npcBblwalOlllcA CTaH~apTHYIO '1aCTOTOHBCTPC'IalOlllCCCIlI
060H~ ~Hcxypcax, B J1CXCHXOHC Xy~o)l(HHxa ynoTpc6J1HCTCIi TOJ1bkO I
TCpMHH0J10rH'ICCXOM CMblCJ1C, Tor~a xax y ]loccBa HMCCT 06b1~CHHoe
3Ha'lCHHC - "TO, '1TO CYlllCCTByCT B ~CACTBHTCJ1bHOCTH, HaCTOHlllall,
CCTCCTBCHHaH06CT8HoBxa". Cpo ACTaxoB: 1iJ18rO~apH 3TOMy MHC B xapTHHC
MHororo y~aJ10Cb ~06HTbCH. npH'ICM Ha nAeHepe. OT xOToporo H ~aaHO
OTxa3anCH. Pa60TaTb Ha Homype C'IHTaJ10Cb y Hac 3aHHTHCM yCTapCJ1b1M•••
HeT, HCT, 6C3 Homypbl MO)l(HO BnaCTb B cxeMaTH3M, Homypo 060ralllaeT (c.
200). ]lOCCB: TYT BCCcOXpaHHJ10Cb COOTBcTcTBeimo Homype .•. (c. 26); Tor,za
06'bHCHH MHC, oTxy~a XY~O)l(HHX ee 6epeT, H3 ce6H HJ1H )l(e H3 Homypw?nOToMy '1TO ccnH H3 Homypw, TO nYCTb Mbi C T060A xpacxaMH, XHCTblO He
cnoc06HbI nepe~aTb, HO rJ1a30M-TO MO)l(eM TO)l(C H3BJ1e'lb, YBH~eTb ••• (c. 37).Henb3H cxa3aTb, '1TO BXO~ll.lHe B rpynny HaTypa nOHHTHH H HBJ1eHHH(6epC3Ka,
YTPO. CBCT, UBeT, xpaCXH, TyMaH, ynHua, 6eper, nnHCBa, BOCXO~, poca,
COJ1Hue)'1Y)l(~bl ]loceBy, XOTH 3THX CJ10B(3a HCXJ1IO'ICHHCMKpOCKOMU 1pa3) H
HeT B cro J1eXCHXOHe. Kax 3pHTeJ1bHbJC H ~pyroro po~ npe~CTaBJ1eHHH OHH
npoxo~HT '1CpC3ero BocnpHHTHc BOBpCMH yTpeHHeH nporymcH Ha nmlcBY, HO
OCTaIOTCH HCBep6aJ1H30BaHHbIMH B ero ~HCXYpCC, nepe~aHHblMH aBTopoM
TOJ1bXOB YCJ10BHOHHTCpHo'pH30BaHHoH PC'IH (c. 108, 112-116).Cnc~YlOlllYIO XOMnaxTHylO rpynny CJ10B, HJ1H Y3en aCCOUHaTHBHO-
cCMaHTH'ICCXOH ceTH, B J1CXCHXOHeACTaXOBa COCTaBJ1HIOTnpeBblwalOlllHC
0p~HHapHYIO ynoTpe6HTeJ1bHOCTb AUI40. (Juzypo. nAombe H HX BapHaHTbI (c
'1aCTOTOH, cooTBeTcTBYlOllleH cTaH~apTHoH) - (JU3UOHOMUJI. nopmpem.u306po:JICeHue. (JUZypKO. nAombUl4e. XOTOpblC 06'be~HHlIIOTCli no~ 3HaXOM
RU30 (EJ1H3aBCTa AB~ecBHa), nOCXOJ1bXY nO'ITH BO Bcex XOHTCXCTax
OTHOCHTCH HMeHHO x HcA. Cp.: rnH)I(y, rOTOBO - necox. CXO~HH, Bawa
(JUZypKO B TOM 6eJ10M nAOmbUl4e .•• BocnoMHHaHHIIM npe~aBaTbcli HC)l(eJ1alO,
oCTepcralOcb paccTpoHTb Bac, XOTeJ1 J1HWb nAombe HanOMHMTb. Hc 3HalO.
nOMHlIT J1H )l(CHlllHHbl CBOH nAOmbJl. XOTII 6bJ no6e~oHoCHbiC nAOmbJl? To
Bawc nAombe H Tpaaa cpa3Y BblnHCaJ1HCb.... t/Juzypa Bawa y)l(c
0603Ha'lHnacb. H OH CTaJ1~OnblTbJBaTbCIi - XTO Taxall? jf npe~CTaBHJ1 Bac
xax Hrpy Bo06pa)l(CHHH, xax nCpCOHa)l(, AU140 He HMelOlllHH. K TOMy )l(C
(JU3UOHOMUJI Bawa B TeHH, Tax, O~HH HaMCX••• (c. 195). nOXa3aTeJ1bHo. '1TO,
Bo-nepBblx, 3THX CJ10B Mbi HC BCTpC'IaeM B J1CXCHXOHC)loceBa (J1HWb AU1401 Pa3). BO-BTOpblX. B pe'lcynoTpc6J1CHHH XY~O)l(HHxa OHH xax 6b1~eMaTcpHa-
nH30BaHbI, O~xoTBopeHbl, C~eJ1aHbI 06'bCXTOM xy~o)l(eCTBeHHoro OTpa)l(C-
HHH. 3CTCTH'ICCXOro J11060BaHHH. T.C. 06'bCXTOM HcxyccTBa. H TeM C8MblM,!VI1i
aBTop~ ~Hcxypca (AcTaxoBa) H '1HTaTCnll CJ1Y)l(aT cBoc06pa3HblMH BcxaMH.
yxa3aTCJ1HMH Ha nyTH x BblCWCMY HpaBcTBeHHoMy nCpe)l(HBaHHIO. XOTOpOC
~apHT HaM HCXyCCTBO, - xaTapcHcy. Ha06opoT, Hcc06cTBcHHo-npHMoA
PC'IH ]loceBa, Bcp6aJ1H3YCMoA 3a Hcro aBTopOM H nOToMy HC Bowc~weA B
aHaJ1H3HpYMblH ~HCXYpC, CJ10BO (Juzypo (B 3Ha'leHHH "cTpoAHaH )l(CHCXalI
4lHrypa") npHcYlllC B cyry60 "3CMHOM" 3Ha'lCHHH, H C8M ]loceB, xax coo6111acT
HaM aBTOp, C'IHTaCT cc611 "41HrypHCTOM", (c. 247). T.e. '1enOBCXOM, XOTOpblA
60J1bWe UCHHT B )l(CHlllHHe xpacHBylO 4lHrypy, '1CM "pHBneXaTeJ1bHOC nHUO.
CnoBo-~oMHHaHTa dOM 3aHHMaeT oc06oc MeCTO B pOMaHc. THrOTeH no
CBOHM 4lYXUHlIM B 060HX ~Hcxypcax cxopce x HMeHH c06CTBeHHoMy. Tax xax
124
noceBa, H Y ACTaXOBa B nO~aBJ1I1I0111eM60J1bWHHCTBC XOHTCXCTOBOHO
1I10'3H8'1aCTO~HH H TOT)I(e peanbHblA 06'bCXT,0~HH H TOT )l(C ~CHOTaT - ~OM
o IICJ1b1XB r. ]lbIXOBC, OCHOBHOH06'bCXT H306pa)l(CHHlI B xapTHHC ACTaXOBa.1< XO ccMaHTH'ICCXaH XOHCTeJ1nHUHH 3TOA ~oMHHaHTbI B Xa)l(~OM H3O)ltl8)lIfOJ1CXCHXOHOBnpHHUHnHaJ1bHO pa'3nH'lHa: B nCXCHXOHC ACTaXOBa no~
IItl3KOM dOM BblcTynalOT CJ10Ba - KPblUJO. cmeHo, OKHO, C '18CTOTOA B
'3I1CKYPCCB 3-8 pa3 npeBocxo~HlllCH O)l(H~aCMYIO, H OTCyTCTBylOlllHC B
~eKcHXOHC ]locCBa. Cp.: MC~Hali KpblUJO Bawero dOMO noxpblTa 3eneHblO,
r3KOA KHcnoA, XOTOpylO He 3HalO, xax c~enaTb • .u06HTbCH Taxoro 3cneHoro
USeT3 '3Ha'lHT, EnH3aBCTa AB~eCBHa, peWHTb Ba)l(HeAwylO ~nH MeHII cerO~HII
npo6neMY! BOT-C! A dOM Baw npe3aHliTHblH (c. 197); ...o~Haxo He 3HalO.
y)l8J10Cb 6b1 MHC B MaCTcpCXOH TaK cTonxHyTb )l(HBylO 3CJ1CHbC 3cnCHbIO
OKHcnCtltlOH KpbIUJU. '1T06bl B MeTannc xax 6bl ~ywa o'iHynacb •.• 06paTHTC
StllfM8tlHC Ha 06nynncHHylO WTyxaTypXy. jf CCHC P8~H TO'lHOCTH OCTaBHJ1.
06tla)l(HnCli xpaCHblH XHpnH'I H OTXpblJ1aCb nnOTb dOMo. MaCCHBHali H
Yll'3BHMall. CYTb BellleH MO)l(HO nepe~aTb, HapywHB. C~BHHYB. noxone6aB HX
cjJOPMY.A XTO 3TO MHe no~cxa3an? YTpCHHHH TyMaH! OR o606111Hn (c. 200);Bawc npHcyTcTBHe B rny6HHe OOMO 6blno 4lH3H'ICCXH O~YTHMO.
3aKpawcHHoc Bawe H306pa)l(CHC, 3aMypoBaHHoc - OHO BHyTpH OOMOOCTaJ10Cb.Bbl OCTanHCb TaM 3a 3aHaBecxoIO OKHO; Ha BTOpOM 3Ta)l(C, xy~a II
Bac "nOCCnHJ1,CTOHnH H CMOTpenH Ha MeHH. 3acnaHHall, B ,!VIHHHOH HO'IHOA
COpO'lKe, 60cax ... (c. 198).3Ta rpynna, 06pa3yH BnOJ1He caMOCTOHTcnbHOC C~HHCTBO, TeM HC MeHee
TCCtlO CMblxaeTCH C npe~bl~llleH: nOCxonbxy xonCT H HC CMCHHn, TO
BbInHCblBaH dOM •. H no~ HHM, no~ cmeHOMU cro, XOH'IHXOM XHCTH olllYlllan
Bawy (Juzypy. cnOH ee xpaCXH, H xacaJ1CII Bawcro nAOmbJl, Bawcro AU140,Orna)l(HBan, HaCna)l(~axcb ••• (c. 197-198).
HHoe CCMaHTH'ICCXOe TlirOTeHHC npollBnllcT dOM B neXCHXOHC ]loccBa,
o6pa3yH COOTBCTCTBCHHOH HHOCneXCH'IeCXOe oxpy)l(cHHe 3TOH ~oMHHaHTbI B
ero ~Hcxypce. XOTli 0603Ha'iaCT OH H 3~ecb B OCHOBHOMTOT)I(C caMblH 06'bCXT
(M39 ynoTpe6ncHHH 6 pa3 HMeCTCHB BH~y ~OM KHcnblx) H B 3TOM OTHOWCHHH
KaK 6bl npH6nH)I(aCTCli x HMCHH c06cTBeHHoMy, HO COCTaBero ceMaHTH'IeC-
Koro nOJ1HHHoA: OH 06'be~HHlICT HH3XO'laCTOTHbIC cnOBa UcmopUJI, MY3eil.nOMJlmb, KUCAbIX. nOAU80H08 H TlirOTeCT x BbICOXO'laCTOTHbIM ~OMHHaHTaM
zopOO H KopmUHo (onIlTb-TaXH nO'ITH HMCHaM c06CTBeHHblM, nocxonbXY
nepBoe - nO'ITH Bcer~a ]lbIXOB, a BTopoe - xapTHHa ACTaXOBa). Cp.: jf-TO
MC'ITan - ~nll ZOPOOO Hawcro. 3TOT OOM KUCAblX Y Hac ~OCTOnpHMC'IaTeJ1b-
HOCTb(c. 20); 3x, )l(anb, a TO MornH 6b1 cpaBHHTb,,!VI1i ucmopuu Bonpoca ..• (c.
26); ,40M CTOHT, H 06c HBbl. pa3pocnHcb. XOHC'IHO (c. 27); ]ly'lwcro 3~aHHII
AJ111Hawcro MY3eJl HC "pH~YMaewb. Cne~ycT coxpaHHTb :nOT OOM ,!VIII
"'YUJI, 3TO 6y~eT ny'lwall nOMJlmb IOpwo EMeAbJlHo8U~Y ... 3TO 6Y~CT no-
X03I1AcxH. nO-'1CnOBC'IeCXH. Pa3 Mbi Tax C'IHTaCM, Mbi CBaMH X03l1eBa zopOOO,TO Tax H 6Y~CT! (c. 313); ,40M 3mom. HaTypanbHO. zopoo XO'lCT no~ MY3euIlcnonb30BaTb (c. 339); 1i0raTbie MaTepHanbl y Bac. nOY'lHTcnbHblC. H no OOMyKUCAblX CCTb? (c. 60). B nocnc~HeA UHTaTC "y Bac" - 3TO Y IOPHII EMcnbll-
HOBH'Ia nonHBaHOBa.HcncpcccxacMocTb. HcconpHxacaeMocTb CCMaHTH'ICCXHX noneA OOM B
AByx nCXCMXOHax (06111HA Y3en nOAU80H08 COOTHOCHTpaccMaTpHBacMblc
"AHOJ1CXCHXOHbl 'lCpC3 nOHIiTHC KopmUHO, a He OOM) O'lCHb noxa3aTcnbHa B
125
CBlIlH co CnOBOM Kpl>lWa. COOTBCTCTBylOLQCC nOHliTHC O'lCHb lKHBO 8
COlHaHHH JlocCBa: npeACeAaTeJUI ropHcnonKOMa 3a60TllT TPYAHOCTH,
CBlIlaHHble C pCMOHTOM KpblWH ACTCKoro caAa, Mblcnb 0 npOXYAHBWHXCli
Kpblwax H 0 B03MOlKHOCTH nonY'lHTb nHCTOBoe lKene30 MenbKaeT y Hero BO
BpCMll OAHOH H3 KnlO'IeBblX Anll CYAb6b1 KapmUHI>l c~eH - ero 6eceAbl C
YBapOBblM, pa3rOBOp 0 Kpblwax 3aBOAllT HCOAHOKpaTHO ero COTPYAHHKH H
T.A. OAHaKO eaMO cnOBO Kpl>lWa HH pa3Y HM He ynoTpc6nllCTCli • .nalKC KorAa
PC'Ib 3aXOAHT 06 OC06eHHOCTliX KpblWH AOMa KHcnblx, B ero AHcKypce OHa
ynoMHHaCTClI nHWb KaTacjJopH'ICCKH: B TO'lHOCTH, OHa MCAHblMH nHCTaMH
BblnOlKeHa. 6b1n TaKoA neconpOMblwneHHHK ••• (c. 27).
K TpCM oxapaKTepH30BaHHblM ceMaHTH'ICCKHM nonllM B neKCHKOHe
ACTaxoBa - HaTypa (nneHep), AOM, JIH3a - npHMblKacT rpynna, KOTOPYIO
MOlKHO Ha3UTb no caMoMy '1aCToTHoMy rnarony Bero pe'lH - nucamb. Ib22
ero nOllBncHHH B AHcKypce ACTaXOBa TonbKO B Tpex cny'lallx OH ynoTpe6ncH
B 3Ha'lCHHH "COC1'aBnll1'b KaKoH-H. TCKCT" (c. 194,204 - B nHCbMe, c. 202 - B
ra3eTc), B OCTanbHblX lKe 19 cny'lallx ('1TO npeBblwaeT cTaHAapTHylO '1acToTy
nO'ITH B SO pa3, CM. Ta6nH~Y) Hcnonb3yeTclI B npocjJeCCHOHanbHOM CMblcnc
"c03AaBaTb npOH3BeAeHHlI lKHBonHCH". B neKCHKOHe)ICe JIoceBa 31'01' rnaron
CYLQeCTByeTCOBceM B APyroM 3Ha'leHHH - "06paLQaTbCll K KOMy-n. nHCbMCH-
HO", T.e. nHeaTb "6YMarH", lKan06b1, ocjJH~HanbHblC nHCbMa. Cp.: HaceAalOT
Ha MCHII. HapOA HeAOBoneH. MorYT Ha'la1'b nHcaTb. I{ BaM, H Bblwe (c. 182).
XOTII ero 'IaCTOTa H 60nbwe olKHAaeMoA B TpH pa3a, '11'0 06'bllCHllCTClI
CO~HaJlbHblM cTaTycoM J]oceBa - aAMHHHcTpaTHBHO-X0311HCTBeHHoro
pa60THHKa, ocjJH~HanbHoro nH~a, B ero neKCHKOHe "nHcaTb" He lIBnlleTClI
~CHTPOM CCMaHTH'IeCKOrO npHTlIlKeHHlI H He cjJopMHpyeT lIpKO BblpalKeHHOA
rpynnbl HH BblCOKO'IaCTOTHblX, HH HH3KO'IaCTOTHblX cnOB. TaKHM 06palOM,
6YAy'lH '1HCTO cjJopManbHblM cOBnaAeHHCM C nucamb B AHcKypce ACTaXOBa,
31'0 cnOBO, nOA06HO cnoBy "HaTypa", HC MOlKeT CJIYlKHTb nOKa3aTcneM
"nepCCe'leHHll" ABYX HAHoneKCHlCOHOB.Y ACTaXOBa lKe "nHcaTb" rpynnHpyeT BOKpyr ce611 BblCOKO'IaCTOTHble
Hapuc06amb. pa60mamb, pa6oma. a TaKlKe HH3KO'IaCTOTHble Hanucamb,6l>lnUCbl6amb. npUpUC061>l6amb. Ma/le6amb. XOAcm. 1{3 cnOB 3TOA rpynnbl
TonbKO OAHO CBOHCTBeHHOTaKlKe H nelCCHKOHY JIoceBa - pa6oma, U ero
'1aCTOTa, KaK BHAHO H3 Ta6nH~bl, conOCTaBHMa H co CTaHAapTHOH, H C
'1aCTOTOH3Toro cnOBa B AHcKypce ACTaXOBa. B 3TOM OTHoweHHH BKnlO'IeHHe
ero B Ta6nH~y Morno 6bl nOKa3aTbClI HeonpaBAaHHblM, nOCKonbKY ero
MeCTO - B 'IHCne cnOB THna Z060pumb. H no '18CTOTHOHxapaKTepHCTHKC OHO
He 06naAaeT AHcjJcjJepeH~HpYIOLQeA Anll HAHoneKCHKOHOB cHnoA. Ho AeJ10
3AeCb B CCMaHTH'IeCKOM AHana30He ynoTpe6neHHlI 3Toro cnOBa. OKa3b1Ba-
eTClI, B nCKCHKOHe XYAOlKHHKa Ha ncpBOC Mec1'O BblABHraCTClI 5-e cnOBapHoe
3Ha'iCHHe - "npoAyKT TpYAa, rOTOBOC H3AcnHe", - H B 6 H3 9 KOHTeKC1'OBOHO
COBCpWCHHO onpcAcneHHo BblcTynaeT CHHOHHMOM cnoBy KapmUHa, TorAa
KaK B ABYX H3 Tpex OCTaBWHXClI 3Ha'leHHe HeCKonbKO pa3MblTO,
HconpcAcncHHo H cro MOlKHO HACHTHcjJH~HpoBaTb H KaK 5-e no CJlOBaplO, II
KaK 2-e, T.C. "3aHlITHc, TPYA, AClITCJ1bHOCTb". TIpHMepbl oAH03Ha'lHblX
KOHTCKCTOB: 60J1bWC Bccro nOToMy, '11'0 HC3aBcpWCHHall pa6oma.HCAonHcaHHoc YHH'ITolKaTb TPYAHCC Bcero, CHeAonHcaHHblM paCCTaTbCli CHJ1
HCT. TIOMHHTC 6aJ1b3aKa "HCBCAOMblA WCACBp"? JIy'lWCC, '1TOCO'lHHCHOnpo
Hawy CB0J10'lHYIO npocjJeCCHIO. KapmUHa AOAcnaHHall, OHa OTnaAaCT cnoBHO
126
J1I1CTOCCHHHiL (c. 196); •••11H cro HapHCOBaJl••• B rJIaBHOA MocH pa60me MClK
TCM 6blJ1 nonHblH 3axnon (c. 194); BCAb Mbl AonlKHbl nocxaTb C BblcTaBKoA B
n0J1b3Y aHTHcjJawHcToB, KYAa II Aan ny'lwHe CBOHpa60mbl (c. 205). TIpHMep
HconpeAeJ1CHHOrO KOHTeKCTa: TIPCJ1CCTb MOll, EnH3aB.CTa ABAeCBHa!
lIaKOHe~-TO 3aB1l3anaCb MOll pa6oma. BTopall HCACJ1l1 KOH'IaCTClI, KaK
npC6b1BalO II Y BaWHX nCHaTOB. I{ HaKOHC~, nowno, no KaTHnOCb, H Bce onllTb
CTano npCKpaCHO (c. 194). 3ACCb KalKCTCll OAHHaKOBO npaBoMepHblM
nOHHMaTb nOApa6omoii KaK npo~ecc nHcaHHlI KapTHHbl, TaK H TO, '1TOcaMa
lCapTHHa CTaJ1a nOJ1Y'laTbClI, onpCAeJ1HJ1aCbce OCHOBa, ec lIAPO, "Y3cn" (OHa
3a6J13a/lacb).TaKHM 06pa30M, npaKTH'ICCKH B neKCHKOHe ACTaXOBapa6omaceMaHTH'IeCKH paBH03Ha'iHa KapmUHe.
HHa'iC BblrnllAHT CCMaHTH'ICCKall xapaKTcpHCTHKa cnOBa pa60ma B
J1CKCHKOHCJIocCBa. 3ACCb npeACTaBnCHbl npaKTH'ICCKH BCC cro CJlOBapHblC
3Ha'lCHHlI, 3a HCKnlO'ICHHCM S-ro, TO eCTb Toro caMoro, B KOTOpOM OHO
BXOAHT B J1CKCHKOH ACTaXOBa. TaK, y JIoccBa CCTb J-c 3Ha'lCHHC -
"HaXOlKAeHHC B AeHCTBHH, npo~ccc npeBpaLQCHHll oAHoro BHAa 3HcprHH B
APyroA": OT'IallHHOCTb 3TO CLQCHCpa60ma (c. 78); 2-c 3Ha'leHHC "3aHlITHe":
MHC Ka3anOCb, '11'0 pa60ma B My3ee 31'0 pOCT, nepcnCKTHBa (c. 249); 4-e
3Ha'leHHe - "npoH3BoAcTBcHHall AeSTeJ1bHOCTb no C03AaHHIO, 06pa60TKe
\fcro-J1.": IIoAaATe cne~HanbHYIO 3anHcKy HaC'ICT caoo6o-napKo6blX pa60m(c. 36); 7-e 3Ha'leHHe - "Ka'leCTBO, cnoc06 HcnonHeHHll": A '11'0 TaM lKrnH?-
HKoKocTac co BceMH HKOHaMH, AepeBllHHble BpaTa, Bce pe3HOC, peAKoA
pa6ombl. HKOHbl, rOBopllT, 6blJ1H 60nbwoH xYAolKecTBcHHOA ~eHHOCTH••• (c.
70). TaKHM 06pa30M, H no cnoBy pa60ma MbI He MOlKCM KOHCTaTHpOBaTb
ncpeCe'leHHll HAHoneKCHKOHOB, nOCKonbKY OHO BXOAHT B KalKAblH H3 HHX Bpa3HblX CBOHX 3Ha'leHHllX.
qeTblpe paCCMOTpeHHblX Y3na aCCO~HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKOH ceTH B
neKCHKOHe ACTaXOBa, 06pa3ycMble eAHHH~aMH KOHKpeTHOH J1eKCHKH, _
HU3a, OOM, Hamypa, nucamb - CBOASTCll B 60Jlec KpynHylO CCMaHTH'IecKylO
30Hy, KOTopall KoppcnHpyeT C paBHonpaBHblMH C HcA H oAHa C APyroA, eCJ1H
HC no KonH'ICCTBCHHOMy cocTaBy, TO no BalKHOCTH, rpynnaMH, 0603Ha'lae-
MblMH 60ncc 0606LQCHHblMH HMCHaMH, - oywa H KapmUHa. IIcpBall H3 HHX
OTpalKaCT BHyTpeHHcc COCTOllHHe, nepClKHBaHHlI, MHp '1yBCTB XYAOlKHHKa,
BTopall BblBOAHT Ha xapaKTcpHcTHKy cro n03H~HH B pCaJ1bHOM MHpe,
nOMoraCT paCKpblTb cro yCTaHoBKH, ~cnH, CO~HaJ1bHOnCHXOnOrH'IeCKHC
OpHCHTHpbl H O~CHKH. 06c Ha3BaHHblC rpynnbl npcAcTaBncHbl H B nCKCHKOHC
!loccBa, HO HX HanonHCHHC, KaK MbI yBHAHM HHlKe, COBCpWCHHOpa3nH'IHO.
31'01' cjJaKTCLQepa3 CBHAcTcnbcTBycT 0 TOM, '11'0 AanCKO HC BO BCCXcny'lasx,
KorAa 06HapylKHBacTclI nepeKnH'IKa ABYX HAHonCKCHKOHOB -AalKe no
KnlO'IeBblM cnOBaM, KaIC 3TO Ha6nlOAaeTcll B Ta6nH~e, MOlKHO rOBopHTb 0
CCMaHTH'IeCKOA 6nH30CTH HnH ncpeCe'leHHH 3THX nCKCHKOHOB. Y ACTaXOBa
H3 nllTH ynoTpe6neHHA cnOBa oywa ('11'0 no nOKa3aTcnlO OTHOCHTenbHoA\faCTOTbl B TpH pa3a npCBblwaeT 06bl'lHylO ynoTpe6HTcnbHocTb) B Tpex
cnY\fasx OHO BblcTynaeT B MHCTH'ICCKH-MCTacjJopH'ICCKOM 3Ha'lCHHH, HC
<!>HKcHpyeMoM AalKe cnOBapllMH: ••• TaK cTonKHyTb lKHBylO 3cnCHb C 3enCHblO
OKHcnCHHOH KpblWH, 'IT06bl B MCTannc KaK 6bl oywa o'iHynaCb ... (c. 200); OH
JaHlITHblH 6ana60n, caMoAyM, npH'IeM yXOAHT B TaKHC MaTepHH, npo
((OTOpblC HHKTO Y Hac HblHe HC 38AYMblBaCTCS. HanpHMCp, 0 oywe. K8Kall
HMCCTCIIy KaMHll, y AcpeBa, y 03cpa, H KaK 06LQaTbCll C 3THMH oywaMu (c.
127
198). B ,llBYX ,llpyrHx ynoTpc6JlCHHJlX :no CJlOBO HMceT caMOC 06b11fHOC,
HaH60Jlce pacnpocTpaHcHHoe 3Ha1feHHe - "BHyTpeHHHH, nCHXH1feCKHH MHp
1feJlOBCKa, cro c03HaHHc", HC JlHWeHHOC, Bnp01fCM, MHCTH1fCCKOHoKpacKH,
TaK KaK B O,llHOM H3 HHX npOHCXO,llHT, BCpOJITHO,HeJlBHaJi anCJlJlJlUHlI K TeKcTy
6H6J1HH (KHHra CHpaxa HJlH EKKJle3HacT?): Ax, 1IH3a, 1IH38, nOMOJlHTeCb 3a
MeHlI, 60JlbWe Bccro II 60lOCb oMpOlJUmbCJI oywOlo. BnaCTb B YHblHHC.
He,llapOM UepKOBb C'IHTaJla YHblHHe caMbiM TJI)I(KHM rpexoM (c. 206).
0606J.,Uall 3TH Ha6JlIO,lleHHJI, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 'I TO B JleKCHKOHe ACTaXOBa
CJlOBOoywo TlIrOTCCT K peJlHrH03HO-MHCTH1fCCICOMYCMblCJlY, BOnJIOJ.,UallB ce6e
cOBoKynHocTb ero MHpOOJ.,UyJ.,UeHHHH rJly60ICHX HHTHMHblX nepe)l(HBaHHA.
TI03TOMy B O,llHy rpynny H3 BbiCOIC01faCTOTHoro cnHClCa 3TO nOHlITHe
06"e,llHHlIeT CJlOBa: nolJY8cm808omb. nOMHumb. mOCKO.xeHl/4uHo, llellQ8elC.HH O,llHO H3 1C0TOpblX, lCaK JlerlCO yCTaHoBHTb no Ta6JlHue, He cBoAcTBeHHO
JleKCHKoHy 1I0ceBa. Ka)l(,lloe H3 Ha3BaHHblX CJlOB, 6Y~1fH ICJlI01feBblM,
06paCTaeT B ,llHcKypce ACTaXOBa OpCOJlOM HH3KO'IaCTOTHbiX JleKCH'IeCICHX
e,llHHHU. TalC, K CJlOBY mOCKO npHCOe,llHHlIIOTCJI yHblHue, nelJOllbHO.poccmpOU80mb, cKylJOmb, oMpOlJUmCJI, TaK)I(e oTcyTcTBylOJ.,UHe y 1I0ceBa;
nOMHumb ,llOnOJlHlIeTClI CJlOBaMH nOMJlmb. 8ocnOMUHOHue. 8cnOMUHomb;xeHI/4UHO - 111060810,ll106umb. npeKpocHblU; nOlJY8cm808omb - IlY8cm80.lJY8cm808omb. nepexu8oHue, Ka)l(,llOe H3 KOTOpblX MHorHMH HHTlIMH
CB1I3bIBaeTClI B CBOIO 01fepe,llb H co CJlOBOM mOCKO, H co CJlOBOMoywo H T.n.,
06pa3yll 4JparMeHT CJlO)ICHoro nepenJleTeHHJI aCCOUHaTHBHo-ceMaHTH1feCICOA
ceTH B JleKCHKOHe ACTaXOBa.
HH1ferO nO,ll06HOrO Mbi He BH,llHM, 06paJ.,UallCb IC JleKCHKoHy 1I0ceBa.
Cl>OPMaJIbHO COBna,llalOJ.,UeeB ero ,llHcKypce CJlOBOoywo, 1faCTOTa 1C0Toporo
,lla)l(e OKa3b1BaeTCJI BbIwe, 1feM B ,llHClCypCC ACTaXOBa, 06Jla,ll8eT COBceM
HHblMH ceMaHTH1feCKHMH cBoAcTBaMH, a COOTBeTCTBeHHO4JopMHpyeT H HHble
JleKCH1feCKHerpynnHpOBKH. TIpe)l(,lle Bcero, B JleKCHICOHC1I0ceBa 3TO CJlOBO
BblcTynaeT KaK "1fY)l(oe", nepeHeceHHoe B ero ,llHClCypc H3 pe1fH napTHepOB no
,llHaJlOry. C06CTBCHHoe cnOHTaHHoe cro HCnOJlb30BaHHC HC1fCpnblBaeTCli
,llByMlI KOHTelCCTaMH, B 1C0TOPblX Mbi BHAHM ero CCMaHTH'ICCICHonycToweH-
HblM, nOCICOJlblCYOHO BXO,llHT B YCToA1fHBble C01fCTaHHJI-Om oywu (c.l6) H
cMY no oywe (c. 13). Bo Bcex )l(e APyrHx CJlY1f8JIX, 6Y~1fH 3XOBbiM
nOBTopeHHeM OT ynoTpc6JlCHHJI napTHcpOM, OHO B JlCICCHICOHC1I0ccBa
CTaHOBHTClI He UCHTpOM ceMaHTH1fCCICOrO npHTJI)I(eHHJI, a UCHTpOM
CCMaHTH'IeCKOrO OTTaJlKHBaHHJI. OH nOCTOllHHO cnopHT C TCM pa3MblTblM,
HeOnpe,lleJleHHblM CMblCJlOM, ICOTOPblA BICJla,llbiBaeT napTHep B 3TO CJlOBO,
npOTHBonOCTaBJlllJl eMY KOHlCpeTHo-rpy6b1e, OCJl3aeMble, 06Jla,llalOJ.,UHe
nOBce,llHeBHOA 3eMHoA peaJlbHOCTblO BeJ.,UH:30n08eoHUK. 3TO npaBHJlbHO.
3ano8eoHuK oemcm80. TaM COXpaHJlIOTCli 80cnOMUHOHUII... Ax, TeTli Bapll.
Bce 3TO npeKpacHo - oywo. 3anOBe,llHHIC. Ho B UHCmOHI4UUC TalCHMH
npUlJUHOMU He nOA,lleWb. 3T0 3a CTOJlOM Ha 410He caMOBapa H BClIIeoA
,llpeBHOCTH 3By1fHT, a npH,lleWb B Ko6uHem - npeO&Jl8I1J1UICOHlCpemHO... Bbi
,llyMaeTe, 'I TO eCJlH Bbi MHe oywy paCTpaBHTe, 3Ha1fHT, ,lleJlO BblHrpaHo? A
KaIC 1I TaM ,llaJIbWe 6y~ pocnlle8bl80mbCJI, HCBa)l(HO, He Bawa 306omo. Bbi
CBoe ,lleJlo C,lleJlaJlH, 306uIIU mpe8ozy ... qeM )l(e Bbi MHe nOMO'Ib xOTHTe? ••
TIHwHTe, Bawe npaBo ••• TOJlbIeO ~MalO, 'I TO nHCbMO MO)l(CT BCCHcnopTHTb.
ApzyMeHmbl y Bac Hccepbe3Hble. OnpoBeprHyT H 80npoc 6Y,lleT CHlIT•••
Dollm08HJI! He 60pb6a Hy*"a, a 00800bl. ApryMcHTbI HCrOTOBlIT, HX HlU)'T,
t28
IIJlH OHH eCTb, HJlH HX HeT. qecTHoe ,llCJlO, Ha,1101fCCTHOpcwaTb •.• (c. 67-68).
TencPb Tbi ce611 )l(aJleeWb, a Bcex Hac npe3HpaeWb. KaK TW Bblpa3HJl-
ell - nyCTbIe oYWu? BbI,llJIo? BOT 3TO y)l(e OCICop6JlCHHe... Hy, ,llonyc-
nyeTHM, TW ce6e oywy 06Jler1fHJl, ,llaJlbWe 'I TO? PyKH paclCHHyJl, rOTOB
Ha Bce. TaK? A 3TO, MO)l(eT, caMoe npOCToe. A ¢oHo6epulO CBOIO ncpc-
UIarHyTb He MO)l(eWb ••• (c. 143); 1Ia,llHo. BH,llHO, JI B Te6e OWH6cJI, COMO-/l106ue ,llJlll Te6J1 Ba)l(Hee ,lleJla. rJlaBHOC - nOICa3aTb CBOIO 06uay Ha Me-
HII (c. 144).B JleKCHKOHe 1I0ccBa, TaKHM o6pa30M, oywo 06pacTaeT ceTblO npo-
THSOnOJl)l(HblX nOHlITHA, OJ.,UeTHHHBaeTClIOCTpHlIMH aHTOHHMOB. C o,llHoA
CTOpOHbI, eA npOTHBOCTOllT - oello. 306oma. 3a6umb mpe80zy, Ko6u-Hem. UHcmOHI4UU, npeal>Jl8l1J1U, KOHKpemHO. pacnlle8bl80UCJI. apzyMeH-mbl. 00800bl. npUlJUHbl. 8onpoc, a C ,llpyroA CTOpOHbl - (JoHo6epuJI. co-M01l106ue. 06uoo, 601lmo8HJI. To eCTb, 3TO y)l(e COBceM HHOA ceMaHTH1feC-
ICHA opeoJl, IeoTopwA onpe,lleJlJleT H HHoe OTHOWCHHe CJlOBa K ,llpyrHMICJlI01feSbIMCJlOBaM B JleKCHKOHe 1IoceBa.
Ho eCJlH 61013a,lla1fa COCTOJlJla TOJlIoKO B TOM, 1fT06w npH conOCTaB-
JleHHH H,llHOJleICCHICOHOBOTJlH1fHTb 1fepHOe OT 6eJloro, eCJlH 6bl 1I0CCB
BblCTynllJI TOJlbICO ICaK "onnOHeHT" aCTaXOBClCoro nOHHMaHHJI oywu, Ta-
KU 3a,ll81fa 6blJla 6101CJlHWICOM npocToA H MaJlOHHTepecHoA • .IlHaJleICTH-
Ka JlOCeBCKoro JleKCHICOHa 3aKJlI01faeTCli B ero YCJlO)l(HeHHocTH H ,llHHa-
MH1fHOCTH, B ero nO,llBep)l(eHHOCTH B03,lleAcTBHJlM HMnyJlbCOB He TOJlbICO
Te3aypycHoro, MHpOOTpa)l(alOlUero ypOBHlI (cTaHOBJlJ.,UerOCJI B ,llaHHOM
cny1fae HCT01fHHICOM aHTOHHMH1feCKOrO OICPY)l(CHHlI), HO H MOTHBaUHOH-
Ho-nparMaTH1feCICOrO ypOBHlI JlH1fHOCTH, HMnyJlbc·OB, KOTopble npHBa-
AIIT IC ceMaHTH1feClCoMY o60raJ.,UcHHIO nOHlITHJI, C,llBHry IC 3Ha1feHHIO ",lly-
ma - caMoe rJlaBHOe, OCHoBHoe, CYTb BeJ.,UeA".
H XOTII B TalCOM CMblCJle 3TO CJlOBO He nOJlBJlllCTCJI B ,llHclCypce caMoro
JIoceBa, HO ynoTpe6JleHHe ero B YCJlOBHO HHTepHopH30BaHHoA aBTopCICOA
pe1fH nepelCH,llblBaeT ,llyXOBHblH MOCTHIC Me)l(,lly ,llByMlI aHaJlH3HpyeMw-
MH neKCHKOHaMH. Cpo ,llBa OTpblBlCa, H3 1C0TOPblX nepBblA - 3TO pa3ro-
BOp C TaHeA TY'lKOBoA, a BTOpoA - nepe,lla1fa aBTopOM 3pHTeJlbHWXnpe,llCTaBJleHHA repoll:
1)"- HeT, He yMeeTe Dbi C JlIO,llbMH rOBopHTb.- H. He yMelO?
- TIponeC01fHTb yMeeTe, ,llOKa3aTb, OTCTOllTb, a BOT nO,lleJlHTb-ClI, CKa3aTb, 'I TO y Bac Ha oywe,· - He yMceTe.
- .Ila C KaKoA CTaTH JI ,llOJl)l(eH aywy CBOIO OTKpblBaTb?
- BaM-To JlIO,llH OTKpblBaIOT. K BaM npHXO,llllT, ,lleJlllTCJI. A Bbi
ce6J1 TOJlbKO no ,lleJlaM ueHHTe, C,lleJlaJlH - 3Ha1fHT, xopoWHA, He c,lle-JlaJlH - nJloxoA. TaK HeJlb311." (c.1SS).
B :nOM OTpblBlCe KaK 6101,llBe CTOpOHbI oywu B JlOCeBCKOM ee nOHH-
MaHHH: nponeCOlJUmb. aOKo3amb. omCmOJlmb aello OTHOCJlTClI K aHTOHH-
MH1fHOH eH c4Jepe, onHcaHHoA Bblwe, a noaellUmbCJI, omKpblmb - ICToA
COKpoBeHHoH, C KOTOpOH OH BHeWHe peWHTeJlbHO nOJleMH3HpyeT, HO no-
JleMH3HpyeT npH :nOM H C8M C c060A, nOCKOJlbKY cTapaTeJlbHO cnpJl-
TaHHOC BHyTpH, Ka)l(yJ.,UccclI eMy 6eCnOJle3HblM ,llpyroe nOHHMaHHe CBlI-
3b1BaeT ee KpenKHMH HHTJlMH C xapaKTepRblMH H pC3KO npeBblwalOJ.,UH-
MH B ero JleKCHKOHe cTaHAapTHylO 1faCTOTHOCTbnOHlITHlIMH o06po (> B 10129
pa3), COt1eCmb(> B 10 pa3) (06a OTCyTCTBylOT y ACTaXOBa), TalC )«C kaleC O~HHaICOBOnpHCY~HM ~BYM JICICCHKOHaMnOHlITHCM Kpacoma (> B 10 pal)(CM. T86JI.).
2) "PcKa B3rJllIHYJIa Ha Hcro IIpKO-KOpH'IHCBblMH rJIaJaMH TY'lICOBOA.B3rJIlIHYJIa ~OBCP'lHBO, pacnaxHyTo, TalC, '1TO OTpa3HJIOCL lCaJIeHOC OTBOCXOABHc60, nOJIcrwali HBa, MaJIL'IHICH••.
MO)ICCT, H B caMOM ~CJIC 6hlJIa ~ywa y 3TOA pCICH?H y 3aBO~H, Y !CaMHlI?l.{CM 60JIbWC OH CMOTpCJI, TCM 60JILWC B~CJI; HOBblC no~p06HOCTII
npocTynaJIH CMy HaBCTpC'Iy. OH norpY)ICaJICIi B 3TOT HccnCWHLlA MllpCKphlTOA Kpacombl. KaKaJl CICJIa~hlBaJIaCb H3 BCCX MaJIOCTCA, lCor.Qa MOllC-HO nlO60BaTLClI H KaMHcM, H npOCThlM JIHCTKOM, H OTMCJIblO. Bcc 3TOABBHO'CTaJIO '1aCTblO cro caMoro, MO)ICCTnOToMy OH H HC 3aMC'IaJI 3ToAKpocombl. KaK HC 3aMC'IaJI lIY~o CBocro cep~l4a. ywc.Qwcro ~emcmBa.'1y~a lCa)IC.QO.QHCBHOAJlCU3HU" (c. 116).
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133
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qenOBelCa, oTMaxHYTbcJI OT Hero, cCblnaJlc •• Ha rpaH~H03HOCTb 061QHX,
xonneXTHBHblX np06neM.3TOA onaCHOCTH He y~aeTcli H36e>ICaTbH JIoceBY. BcnOMHHM CICpOM-
HylO 6H6nHOTeICapwy JII060Bb Ba~MOBHY, Mblcnb 0 nOBblweHHH WTaT-
HoA CTaBICH ICOTOpoA, 0 He06xo~HMOCTH yny'lwHTb ycnoBHll pa60TbI
6H6nHOTeICH, no~06HO ylCopaM COBeCTH H3-3a HeBblnonHeHHoro ~onra,
HaCTHraeT JIoceBa B caMble HenO~O~llIQHe MOMeHTbI: H BO BpeMli ero
yTpeHHeA nporymcH IC 3aBO~H H HenerKHX pa3MblwneHHA 0 6Y~YlQeM ro-
po~a (C. 118-120), H BO BpeMJI ero pewalOlQero p83roBopa C YBapo-
BblM (c. 180, 193). Ho BO Bcex cny'lallx OH BblHy~eH OTMaXHYTbCli OT
nHX nepe>ICHBaHHA H MblcneA, 03a60qeHHblA peweHHeM ~pyrHx, 60nee
MacwTa6Hblx H nOToMy B ~aHHblA MOMeHT 60nee BallCHblX ~en. TaKHM
06pa30M, H na, Ha ypoBHe nelCCHXOHa BblllBneHHali onn03HQHlI HQPOO.AIOOU vs 'leAOSeK, HMeeT rny60ICHe XOpHH If B Te3aypyce lI3b1KOBOAnHq-
HOCTH, onpe~enlllOlQeM ee MHpoBocnpHliTHe, H B rpaMMaTHICOHe (00-:JICMeM, coeAoeM, p036epeMcR), H B ee nparMaTHICOHe, opHeHTHpylOlQeM~ellTen"HoCTHo-nOBe~eHqecxylO nHHHIO.
HTalC, B n6nHQe ICnlOqeBblX cnOB HenpolCoMMeHTHpoBaHHblM, nOMH-
MO HMeH C06cTBeHHblX, OCT&nOCh o~o cnOBO H3 ~HclCypca JIoceBa, ICO-
TOpoe Ha cIIoHe paccMOTpeHHblX ero xapaxTepHCTHIC ICax 1I3b1XOBOAnH'I-
HOCTHlCallCeTCliBeC"Ma CTpaHHblM, a BblCOKali 'IaCTOTHOCTh1C0Toporo npe~-
CTaBnlleTCli npOCTO 3ara~0'lHoA: no cnOBO 60Rml>CR. AeACTBHTen••HO,
HH ceMaHTHxa noro cnOBa, HH ero n03HQHll H CB1I3HB Te3aypyce He BliliCYT-
Cli C TeM 06pa30M, TeM xapaxTepOM, 1C0TOPblABblPHCOBblBaeTCli H3 aHa-
nB3a .3b1ICOBOA nB'IHOCTH JIocesa. qTO 3TO - He~OCMOTP H oWH6xa aB-
Topa npH BblnHCblBaHHH pe'leBOrO nopTpeTa repoll HnH Hea~exBaTHoCT"
134
J1pe~OllCeHHoro 3~ecb aHaJlH3a ~HcKypca H xapaKTepHcTHKH neKCHKO-
!fa J13hIKOBOHnH'IHOcTH'l Pa3ra~Ka KpoeTCll, OKa3b1BaeTClI, B rpaMMaTH-
KOHe nocne~HeA: B nO~BnlllOlQeM 60nLWHHCTBe cny'laeB nOJIBneHHJI
3Toro cnOBa B pe'lH JIoceBa OHO BblcTynaeT B cIIopMe (llezo 8bl) 6oumecb.T.e. B cBoe06pa3Ho neKcHKanH30BaHHoM BapHaHTe npH3b1Ba "He Ha.llo 60-J1T••CJI", "He 60ATec ••••• TaKHM 06pa30M, H 3~ec•• rpaMMaTHKoH BHOCHT
CBOIO nonpaBKy, CHHMali KallCYlQeecJI HeCOOTBeTCTBHeneKCH'IeCKOA ce-MaHTHKH, KapTHHhI MHpa H nparMaTHKOHa lI3bIKOBOii nH'IHOCTH.
IIparMaTHKoH B '1HCTOM BH~e npe~CTaBneH B Ta6nHQe HMeHaMH c06-
cneHHblMH, OTHOWeHHJI MellC~y pecllepeHTaMH KOTOpblX H HX OTHowe-
HHJI C aHanH3HpyeMoA J13••IKOBOA nH'IHOCTLIO 3a~alOT _ B KaKoA-TO ee
cylQeCTBeHHoA 'IaCTH - ceTL KOMMYHHKaTHBHO-~eJlTenLHOCTHbIX nOTpe6-HOCTeA, yCTaHoBOK, QeneA H QeHHOCTeA. B QenOM Ha60p HMeH C06CT-
seHHblX, WIH OHOMaCTHKOH, B ~HCKypce KallC~oA H3 paCCMaTpHsaeMblX
nH'IHOCTeA cBoA, cneQHcIIH'IeCKHA, H 3TO eCTecTBeHHo, nOCKonbKY ACTa-
XOB H JIoceB npHHa~nellCHT K pa3HblM 3nOxaM H K pa3HblM COQH&nLHbIM
cpe~aM. E~HHcTBeHHoe nepeCe'leHHe HX OHoMacTHKoHOB 06pa3yeT HMR
IIonHBaHoBa. Ho ~R Ka~oro H3 HHX IIonHBaHoB, OCTaBaRC"caM no ce6e
O.llHHMH TeM lICe'IenOBeKoM, BblcTynaeT KaK npe~cTaBHTen •• pa3HblX CHn,
HOCHTenb pa3nH'IHblX H~eanOB, 'ITO OTpa)f(aeTCli .llallCe B ero Ha3bIBaHHH:
y JIoceBa npe06na~aeT IOpui1 EMeAbRHoSUlI. a y ACTaxoBa _ Ton"KO
nOAU8QH08. KaK 60peQ 3a onpe~eneHHble QeJIH H 3aIQHTHHK H3BeCTH••IX.llYXOBHbIX QeHHoCTeA, IIOnHBaHOB BocnpHHHMaeTcR no-pa3HoMY B 3TH
pa3Hble 3nOXH H, COOTseTCTBeHHO, nHMH pa3HblMH nlO~bMH. ABOAcT-
oeHHoe BocnpHRTHe 3Toro qenOBeKa He n03BonReT n03TOMY 0~H03Ha'lHOH.lleHTHcIIHQHpOBaTbKneTKH Ta6nHQbI 'H COOTBeTCTBYlOlQHeY3nbl aCCOQHa-
THBHOH ceTH B neKCHKOHax JIoceBa H ACTaxoBa KaK COBna.llaIOIQHe. rny-6HHHoe paCXOllC~eHHeHMeeT MeCTO H 3~eCL.
IIonblTaeMCR c~enaTb HeICOTopble BbIBO~"I H 0606IQeHHJI H3 Ha6mo-.lleHHA Ha~ cnoBoynoTpe6neHHJlMH B ~HCkypcax H B3aHMOOTHoweHHRMH
cnOB B COOTBeTcTBylOlQHX neKCHKOHax. npe~e Bcero 'IHCTO BHeWHee,
Ha nOBepXHOCTHOM ypoBHe conOCTaBneHlfe neKCHKOHOB, ~allCe no TeM
HeMHorHM napaMeTpaM, KaK 3TO c~enaHO B ~aHHOM pa3~ene, BhIlIBnJleT
cBoAcTBa, onpe~eneHHblM 06pa30M xapakTepH3YlOIQHe Ty WIH HHylO
J13b1KosylO nH'IHOCTb. .H HMelO B BH~y paCXOllC~eHHR HnH COBna~eHHJI s
BblCOKO'IaCTOTHoA qaCTH KallC~oro cnOBHlfka co CTaH~apTHblMH, ycpek
HeHHblMH ~aHHblMH no pyCCKOMy J13b1KY;k03c11c11HQHeHTbIynoTpe6HTen ••-
HOCTH O~HHX H Tex lICe e~HHHQ; K03c11cPHQlfeHTbIneKCH'IeCKOro pa3Ho06-
pa3HlI H neKCH'IeCKOro 60raTCTBa; npe~CTaBneHHOCTb B ~HcKypcax pa3-
HhIX CTHnHCTH'IeCKHX cnoeB neKCHKH H T.n. Ka3anOCL 6b1, HanpHMep,
Konb CKOpO ~HCKYpC ACTaxosa HMeeT O~Horo a~pecaTa, a ~HCKYPC JIo-
ceBa a~pecyeTcR 60nbwoMy 'IHcny pa3Hblx cnywaTeneA, pUHo06pa3He
BToporo ~onllCHO 6b1TL Bblwe. O~HaKO, KaK BH~HO H3 cpaBHeHHR COOT-
BeTcTBylOlQHX IC03c11cPHQHeHTOB,Dce 06CTOHT KaK pa3 Ha060pOT. BMeCTe
C TeM ,TaKaJl a~peCODaHHOCT" 06'bllCHJleT ~pyroe CDoAcTDO neKCHKoHa
JIoceDa - HanH'IHe s HeM 3Ha'lHTen ••Horo 'IHCna npOCTOpe'lHblX, Byn ••-rapHblX H ~allCe 6paHHblX cnOD H D&IpallCeHHA, KOTOpblX npaKTH'IeCKH nH-WeH neKcHKOH ACTaXODa. 3aTO B nocne.llHeM MbI HaH~eM TepMHHono-
rH'IecKylO neKCHKy, 3neMeHTbI np0cPeCCHOHanbHoro lICaprOHa, o6HnHe
135
HMeH XY~OXCHHKOBH nlO~eA, 6nH3KHX K XCHBOnHcHoMy HCKyCC1'By. no-
xcanyA, Ha 3TOM H KOH'IaIOTCli BHeWHHe nHHHH conOCTaBneHHlI ~BYX nek_
CHKOHOB, KOTopble B 06meM-TO npe~CTaBmIIOTCH eaMOO'leBH~HbIMH
KoppenHpylOmHMH C norHxoA xy~oxcecTBeHHoro 06pa3a - HOCHTen~
Toro H ~pyroro neKCHKOHa. TI03TOMY TaXHe xapaKTepHCTHKH MOXCRo
nonaraTb 3anporpaMMHpOBaHHblMH aBTopOM C03HaTenbHO, KaK OTpaxca_
IOmHe cBoAcTBa H306paxcaeMbiX nlO~eA, cBoAcTBa COOTBeTcTBylOmHxH3blKOBblX nH'IHOCTeA.
Cne~YlOmHA war Hawero aHanH3a BBO~HT Hac, BepOHTHO, yxce B aB-
TopCKoe 6ecc03HaTenbHoe: B caMOM ~ene, ecnH norHKy 06pa3a, KOTO-
paH 3a~aeTcH MHpoBocnpHHTHeM nepcoHaxca Hero nparMaTHKOHOM, aB-
TOp B COCTOHHHHKOHTponHpOBaTb, TO norHKa neKCHXOHa CTpOHTCH HM
6eCC03HaTenbHO. Be~b He Mor xce npe~CMOTpeTb 3apaHee nHcaTenb,
'11'0 cnOBO oo6po He BCTpeTHTCli B nHCbMax ACTaXOBa, TaK xce KaK cnOBO
A03yHZ HH pa3Y He 6y~eT ynoTpe6neHO JIoceBblM. ,llnH Hac npOHHKHOBe-
HHe B norHKy neKCHKOHa Ha'lHHaeTCli C nOCTpoeHHlI Ta6nH~bI KnlO'IeBblX
cnOB, B OCHOBy KOTOpoA Kna~eTCH 4>opManbHblA, T.e. '1HCTO BHeWHHA,
KpHTepHA: cnOBO BXO~HT B Ta6nH~y, ecnH K034>4>H~HeHT ero ynoTpe-
6HTenbHOCTH npeBblwaeT HeKOTopoA nopor .. TIPH 3TOM Hec4>opMynHpo-
BaHHoe, CKpblToe npe~nonoxceHHe 3aKnlO'IanOCb B TOM, '11'0 cnOBa C '1ac-
TOTHOCTblO, OTnH'IalOmeAcH 01' CTaH~pTHoA, HBnHIOTCH ceMaHTH'IeCKH-
MH ~eHTpaMH, cnyxcaT H~POM rpynnbl, ceMaHTH'IeCKOrO nonH, 3aHHMa-
IOmero TO HnH HHoe MeCTO B Te3aypyce nH'lHOCTH. Ha~o cpa3Y CKa3aTb,
'11'0 31'0 npe~nonoxceHHe onpaB~anOCb nHWb '1aCTH'IHO, nOCKonbKY ca-
MOCTOHTenbHblMH 3neMeHTaMH KapTHHbI MHpa OKa3anHCb He Bce BblCO-
KO'laCTOTHbie cnOBa H3 Ta6nH~bl. O~HaKO 6e3ycnoBHaH CBH3b Bcex BbI-
COKO'laCTOTHblX cnOB C onpe~eneHHblMH 06naCTHMH Te3aypyca no~-
TBep~HnaCb. ,llanee, npH conOCTaBneHHH neBoA H npaBoA CTOpOH Ta6nH-
~bI CTano lICHO, '11'0 BHeWHee, B nnaHe BblpaxceHHH COBna~eHHe e~HHH~
~BYX neKCHKOHOB,eme HH'IerO He 3Ha'lHT. O~HHaKOBble· cnOBa oywo, HO-mypo, nucomb, pa60ma H ~xce llOAU8aH08 OKa3anHCb npHHa~excamH-
MH ~BYM neKCHKOHaM B pa3HblX, He COBna~alOmHX O~HO C ~pyrHM 3Ha-
'1eHHHX, T.e. 06HapyxcHnHcb pacxoxc~eHHH Ha ypoBHe ceMaHTHKOHa. B
~pyrHx cnOBax, 3Ha'leHHH KOTOpblX KaK 6Y~TO O~HHaXOBbI - OOM, KOp-
mUHO - H KOTopble HBnHIOTCH ~H ToA H ~pyroA nH'IHOCTH 3neMeHTa-
MH ee B3rnH~a Ha MHp, T.e. ~ecxpHnTopaMH Te3aypyca, HanonHeHHe
cooTBeTcTBylOmeA Te3aypycHoA 06nacTH, T.e. ceMaHTH'IeCKHe nonH ~ec-
KpHnTopoB, OKa38nHCb cOBepweHHo HenOXOXCHMH. O~HoBpeMeHHo BbI-
HBHnaCb cBoe06pa3HaH "Te3aYPycHaH xOMneHea~HH" ceMaHTH'IeCXOro
~e4>H~HTa B TOM H ~pyroM neXCHKOHe. Y JIoceBa - 31'0 KOMneHca~HH
06meH3b1KOBOrO 3Ha'leHHH cnOBa oywo 3a C'IeT ceMaHTH'IecKoro nonll
oo6po, y ACTaXOBa - XOMneHea~HlI CMblcna cnOBa C08ecmb ceMaHTH'IeC-
KHM noneM ycmynumb. B npo~ecce aH8nH3a CTano HCHO, HaCKonbXO
TeCHO CBH3aHbI B CTpyKType H3b1KOBOA nH'IHOCTH Bce 'IeTblpe c4>epbl,
H306paxceHHble Ha cxeMe 2: rpaMMaTHKoH C ceMaHTHKOHOM (cp. ceMaH-
THKy H rpaMMaTHKy cnOBa 60JlmbCJl B neKCHKOHe JIoceBa); Te3aypyc C
rpaMMaTHKOHOM (ceMaHTH'IeCKOe none AlOou-Hapoo H npHBepxceHHocTb
JIoceBa K rnaronbHblM 4>opMaM foro nH~a MH. 'I. B BblCKa3b1BaHHHX0 ce6e);
rpaMMaTHKoH C nparMaTHKoHoM (06HnHe 4>OpM nOBenHTenbHoro HaK-
136
)lOHeHHJI y JIoceBa) H T.~. HHblMH CnOBaMH, H3Y'laJl neXCHICOHJl3b1ICOBOA
)lH'IHOCTH, Mbi C HeH36excHoCTblO BTopraeMcH H B ee KapTHHy MHpa, H B
TO xceBpeMJI yCTaHaBnHBaeM nparMaTH'IeCICHe BCXTOpbl, xapanepH3Y-
JO~He ee n03H~HIO B MHpe.EcnH 6b1 Mbi 3aXOTcnH Tenepb nO~blToxcHTb p83ynhT8TbI conOCT8BH-
TCJlhHOrO H3Y'leHHJI ~BYX nelCCHXOHOBTonhlCO no nHHHH HX COBna~eHHA
II pacxo~eHHA, C'IHTaJl COBn8~eHHeM c06nlO~eHHe '1eTblpeX ycnoBHA: a) H8-
JlII'IlIe cnOB8 B 060HX neXCHICOHax (COBna~eHHe B MaHC Bblpa)f(CHHII).
6) O~HHaKOBOCTh 3Ha'leHHH. B) npHH8~e)f(HOCTh IC O~HOMY H TOMy lICe
ecM8HTH'IeCICOMY nonlO, r) To~eCTBeHHOCTh nparMaTH'IeCICHX o~eHOIC H
KOHHOTa~HA. TO IcneTKH Ta6nH~bI ICnlO'IeBblX cnOB pacnonoxcHnHCh 6b1
laIC DeTKH Ha waXMaTHoA ~ocxe, C '1epe~OB8HHeM 6enblx H '1epHblX -
6eJloA cneBa COOTBeTCTBOB8n8 6b1 '1epHaJl cnpaBa H Ha060poT. CHMBO-
JlH3HPYJl TeM caMblM nonHoe HeCOBna~eHHe neICCHICOHOB.O~HHaICOBOCTh
~BeTa cneBa H cnpaB&, T.e. COBna~eHHe. B03MO)f(H0 nHWb ~JI ~BYX De-
TOIC- co cnOBaMH neU303IC H XyOO3ICHUK.,ll8 H TO, 31'0 clCopee Bcero COB-
na~eHHe nHWb B "6nH)f(8lwHX 3Ha'leHHHX:'.
HAnHOHAJILHAJI OCHOBA JIEKCHKO-rPAMMATHQECKOrO .OH~AJIHQHOCTH (OGIQEPYCCKHA Jl3LIKOBOA THO)
)l(H3Hh Hay'lHblx H~el. BepOJlTHo. CTonh xce npHxoTnHBa. CTonh xce
HepaBHoMepHa. HcnonHeHa TaICHX xce B3neTOB H na~eHHA. xalC H XCH3Hh
'1enOBe'leCxaH. HHor~. npaB~, MO)f(CT c03~aBaThcH Bne'laTneHHe, '11'0
Hay'lHble H~eH nO~BepxceHbl "H3HaWHBaeMOCTH". aMopTH3alUlH '1HCTOMe-
XaHH'IeCICOI H MoryT 6b1Tb yno~06neHbI n03ToMY ICaxOMY-HH6y~ M8-
TepHanbHoMy 06'LexTy HexcHBol npHpo~bI. HanpHMep wTpelCy yronbHol
waxTbI. KOTOpblA nocne. Bblpa60TICH nopo~bI OCTaCTCH MepTBblM cnc-
~OM. 3aCTblBwei TpaelCTopHeA npownoro ~BHXCeHHJIBncpe~. O~HaICO C
nHHrBHCTH'ICCICHMHIi~CJlMH ~cno 06cTOHT HC Tax. MHC yxcc npHxo~H-
nOCh nHeaTh B ~pyroM MCCTe 0 TOM, '11'0 HCTOpHJI nHHrBHCT.HXH HMeeTCBOIO cne~H4>HICY Ha 4>oHe HCTOpHH HayIC eCTeCTBeHHO-TeXHH'IeCICHX.
H CYTb31'01 cnc~H4>HICHB TOM. 'lT0 HCTOpHliHawel HaylCH01C83b1BaeTCJI.nOCTO-
JlHHO aXTyanbHol. pa3pa6aTblBaeMble CIO B pa3HblC nepHO~bI ~eH HMe-
101' CBoAcTBO B HOBOC BpeMJI nOBOpa'lHBaTbCJI CBOHMH HeOXC~HHblMH
rpaHJlMH. 06HOBnJlThCJI H 060ramaThCJI BMeCTe C nporpeCCOM cOBoICyn-
Horo 'IenOBe'leCKOrO 3HaHHJI. j{ ~MalO. '11'0 HCTO'lHHIC Taxol OC06eH-
HOCTH Ha~o HCICaTb B TOM. '11'0 pe3ynbTaTbI H BblBO~bI HaWHX H3b1ClCa-
RHI npHnar810TCJI B 1C0He'lHOM CffeTe IC '1enOBeICY. ICJl3b1ICOBoAnH'IHOCTH.
XOTOpaJl H JlBnJleTCJI1'01 ~eTepMHHaHToA. '11'0 onpe~eJiJleT xcH3HeHHOCTh
Hay'lHblx H~el npe~weCTBYlOmHX 3nox nHHrB HCTHICH. ECTeCTBeHHO. B
TaXOM xce nonoxceHHH HaXO~JlTCJI H ~pyrHe HayKH 0 '1enOBelCe - nCH-
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H3 Tpex nOHJlTHI, HMnnHQHTHO npe~nonaraeMblX CMblcnOM 38ronOB-
lea ~aHHoro pa3~ena - 380A1014UJI(nOClConblCY pe'lh H~eT 0 "H8QHOH8nh-
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tKX K CICenTK'IeCKHX HX OQeHOIC.paCCblnaHHblX B pa3HblX MeCTax ICHHrH.
3acnyxcHB81OT Toro. '1T06b1 6b1Th npH'IHCnCHHblMH IC paHry yxce aMOp-
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OT,nenbHOCTH Tpy,nHO OlKH,naTb npHpOCTa 3HaHHlI B Tex HnH HHblX OT.
paCJlllX HayKH.
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peweHHe Bcex np06neM 1I3bIK03HaHHlI Tex KOHl.\enUHii, KOTopble CTpO_
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uHA, rHnOCTa3HpOBaBWHX O,nHy CTOPOHY, O,nHy COCTaBnlllOU\YIO :noro
MHOrOMepHOrO ljleHOMeHa. HnH 06paTHMClI eU\e pa3 K nHHrBOHCTOPH_
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Be,neHHoA Bblwe (c. 12) UHTaTe H3 naynll, OTKa3blBaBwero B Hay'lHocTH
BceM no,nxo,naM K H3YQeHHIO 113blKa, ICpOMe HCTOpH'IeClCoro. TeM He Me.
Hee, H,neH CHCTeMHOCTH H 3BonlOUHOHHoro xapaKTepa HHKalC HeJlbJII
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nepBblx, K81C OTMe'lanOCb B nepBoH rnaBe, H u,nell cHcTeMHo-cTpyKTyp.
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BHCTHKH, 6e3 KOTOpblX nlO60e Hccne,nOBaHHe TeplleT cTaTyc Hay'lHoro H
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1I3bIK03HaHHlI. BO-BTOPbIX, coe,nHHeHHe :nHX ,nBYX H,neA C H,neeH 0611.\e-
pyccKoro 1I3blKOBoro THna, lCaK CTaHeT lICHO HHlKe, OlKHBnlleT HX Hay'lHylO
nOTeHUHIO H BbIBO,nHT HaWH paccYlK,neHHlI K HOBbIM py6elKaM n03HaHHlI.
noon 06U\epyccKHM 1I3blKOBbiM THnOM 6y,neM nOHHMaTb TaKHe cHCTeMHO-
CTpyKTypHble 'IepTbl 1I3bIKOBOro CTpOll, KOTopbIe, 6y,ny'lH npOHeceHbI
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POHY ycnolKHeHHlI, HeKOTopblM HHBapHaHTHblM 06pa30M npenOMnlilOTCIi
B C03HaHHH HOCHTenli 1I3blICa H n03BonliIOT eMy KaK-TO (nOKa HeliCHO,
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CTpyKUHH HnH oT,nenbHoro cnOBa. talCHM 06pa30M, nOHliTHe 06U\epyc-
CKoro 1I3bIICOBOro THna MepTBO 6e3 BKJlIO'IeHHlI B ~ero 1I3bIKOBOH nH'I-
HOCTH, HO OHO o,nHOBpeMeHHO TeplieT CMblcn TalClKe BHe CHCTeMbi H 3BO-
nIOUHH. 3TO nOHliTHe He npH,nyMaHo IC,naHHoMy cny'lalO, ICnoxolKeA H,nee
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npHMep, ~.II. ~HnHH nOHliTHe "06U\epYCCICOH OCHOBbI 1I3b1Ka BenHICO-
pyccKoA Hapo,nHOCTH"40, XOTJI OHO Y Hero HOCHno, KaK lCalKeTClI, Hepac-
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Hble npe06pa30BaHHlI, HO coxpaHHBweA B npHHI.\Hne BHyTpHcHcTeMHble
[BHyTpHna,nelKHble] 3aKoHoMepHOCTH H BHeWHHe B3aHMOOTHOWeHHJI c,npyrHMH cTpoeBblMH KaTeropHlIMH HMeHH H rnarona; Ha npaBHnax ]lH
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paHCTBe ,nHaneKTHoro 113b1Ka; HnH Ha 6a3HCHOH neKCHKe. CKOpOCTb HC-
1'OpH'IeCKHX H3MeHeHHH B KOTOpoA B cpe,nHeM He npeBblwaeT 2% B CTO-
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lllldi, "nH COXP8HHBWHXCII 38 3TOT nepHO,n MopljlonOrH'IeCKHX IIBneHHA -
B lj>opMo06p8JOBaHHH H cnoBo06paJOBaHHH, HO e,nBa nH B pe3ynbTa-
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113blKOBOMTHne. )J.a H 'ITO B 3TOM cny'lae B311Tb38 TO'lKy OTC'IeTa, C 'IeM
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TepaTypHblH 1I3blK B cHny ero OrpaHH'IeHHOCTH H B H3BeCTHOH Mepe
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n03TOMY Mbl ynoTpe6nlleM ,nnll 0603Ha'leHHlI OTHOCHTenbHO yCToA'IH-
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pyccKoro 1I3blKOBoro THna H npocnelKHBaHHe ee HenpepblBHoii peTpo-
cneKTHBHoA TpaeKTopHH OKalKeTCJI KpaiiHe 3aTpy,nHeHHbIM, ecnH He He-
B03MOlKHbIM. H TeM He MeHee 06U\epyccKHii 1I3blKOBOHTHn - BeU\b Bnon-
He peanbHall H nOMalOU\allClI Hccne,nOBaHHIO. 06paTHMClI K npHMepaM.
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Mono,noA 'IenOBeK, CTOJlU\HK nocne,nHHM, Beceno pearHpyeT: "A C KaKoro
KPalI? Be,nb B O'lepe,nH ,nBa Kpall - O,nHHcnepe,nH, .IlpyroA C3a,nH. TaK cnpa-
UJHBaTb - He no-pYCCKH. Ha,no rOBopHTb, KTO nocne,nHHA." (3MOI.\H-
oHanbHYIO peaKI.\HIO ,naMbl, ynoMlIHyBweii B CBOHX pennHKax O'iKH H wnll-
ny Mono,noro 'IenOBeKa, MbI 3,neCb, eCTeCTBeHHO,onycKaeM).
Ii. Pa3roBop B nonHKnHHHKe: noceTHTenb 06paU\aeTcli K Me,ncecTpe
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MO'ly Ha aHanHJ, a caMorO-TO aHanHJa y Bac ell.\e HeT. AHanH30M Ha3blBa-
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"ycnOBHlI npu6eoeHbi B COOTBeTCTBHe C Tpe60BaHHlIMH", " Mbl ,nOCTHrJJH
6blcoKOyO ypOBHlI npOHJBo,nHTeJJbHOCTH", "HawH o3emu nOJJy'laT HOBylO
UJKOJJy", T.e. oTpalKalOU\He onpe,neneHHble ,nHaneKTHble '1epTbl, - elUe
He paCl.\eHHBalOTCli KaK "HepyccKHe". Ho BOT MHeHHe 'IHTaTeJJlI no no-
BO,ny 0.llHOrO OTpblBKa H3 xy,nOlKeCTBeHHoro npOH3Be,neHHlI: "HawH nH-
caTenH, BO BClIKOM CJJy'lae HeKOTopble HJ HHX, CTanH nHcaTb Ha KaKOM-TO
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kap6ac. CTanH TOHeBylO HJ6yWKy MblTb ,na wopKamb. OTeu HaJJa.llHn
139
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n08emepb. Pe611Ta npHHlInHCb paJ6HpaTh CTapble lOp8bl. 'lHHHTb. Ha
mOHe HeCKonbKO ceTeH: KOTopble B Bo,ne, KOTopble cywaTclI, HHble - B
nO'lHHKe.
A 1I C MaMolt H cecTpeHKolt OKOAeHKU Mblna. TOHeBali H36ywKa CTOHTk
necy 3a,nOM, K MOplO nepe,noM, Ha Mope CMOTpHT OKOWKO B 'IeTblpe 0/(0-
AeHKU".
He MHorOBaTO nH Ha O,nHH<j>parMeHT "ToHelt". "rapBoB" H "wTeBHelt"? _
rHeBHO BonpowaeT 'IHTaTenb ... "nopa o6paTHTb Ha :no BHHMaHHe,,4I, _
pewHTenbHo 3aKnlO'IaeT OH.
HHolt OKaJblBaeTCIi peaKUHII nHcaTenli Ha :no nHCbMO: "JI He 'IHTa-
na Bemb BHKTOp nynbKHHa, TeM He MeHee cnOBa, OCYlK,nalOme Bbl,neneH-
Hble C.Ky3bMeHKO, MHe nOHIiTHbl H BHe 06mero KOHTeKCTa: HeT cpe,nH
HHX HH o,nHoro cnOBa, KOTopoe He HMeno 61.1 3HaKOMblX MHe, KaK Pyc-
CKoMy 'IenOBeKy, np0'lHTbIBaeMblx H yra,nblBaeMblx KopHeH. P y CC K0 M Y
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nepHo,nH'IeCKH BcnblXHBalOT Ha cTpaHHuax HaweH ne'laTH, conpOBOlK-
,naliCb BblCOKHM 3MOUHOHanbHblM HaKanOM, 'ITO BnonHe nOHIiTHO H 06'bllc-
HHMO, nocKonbKY omymeHHe "pyCCKoCTH" eCTb O,nHH H3 pewalOmHx
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BeKa, pyCCKOH IIJblKOBOlt nH'IHOCTH. 06 3TOM, B '1aCTHOCTH, MHoro
nHcan B CBoe BpeMIi AneKceK IOroB, KOTOpbIH, npaB,na, B nblny none-
MHKH 6blJl CKnOHeH HHor,na OTpHuaTb nHTepaTypHylO HOpMy Bo06me,
a HopManH3aTopcKylO ,neliTenbHOCTb pyCHCTOB pacueHHBaTb KaK Bpe,nHylO.
TeM He MeHee ero CYlK,neHHII 0 "pyCCKOCTH" pyccKoro cnOBa He TeplilOT
CBoeK BepHOCTH. npHBe,ny OTpblBOK HJ ero KHHrH:
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y'le6b1: ".Ila! - CKa3ana OHa. - JI C'IHTalO, 'ITO eCTb aKTHBHbllt
cnOBapHbllt <j>OH,nH eCTb naccHBHbllt cnOBapHbllt <j>OH,n.A 3TH BaWH
KpeCTbllHCKHe cnOBa - K 'IeMy OHH?! HHKTO celt 'lac He "3acynoHHBaeT"
nowa,nb, He npHnalKHBaeT 3TH... KaK HX?. "rYlKH". 3TO Bce y nHca-
Tenll - B naCCHBHOM<j>oH,ne!.•.))
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H CMHP"ICb nepe,n ee y'leHocTblO. 1i0lKe, KaK OHa nOKpaCHena! CnoBHo
61.1 ycnblxana HenpHcToltHoCTb. rna3a ee rHeBHO cBepKHynH. Ho 'Iepe3
cHny c,neplKanacb. "Eme 6bl!.. .•• - pe3Ko npoH3Hecna OHa. H OTBep-
Hynacb, H OTowna... A II n0.llYMan, rnll,nll eA Bcne,n: C'IaCTnHB lICe
6e,nHbllt nywKHH, '1TO He ,nOlKHn ,no TaKoro pe,naKTopa co CBOHM
,nep3KHM, a B rnaJax 3TOlt CypOBOlt ,neBywKH ,nalKe H HenpHnH'IHblM
npHJHaHHeM, 'ITO HblHe, ,neCKaTb, nlO6HT OH:
41JlHT. ra3. 1985.9 IIHB. C. 6."rDHUHD M. "rnoKali KY3Apa" npoTHB "lICHAICOIIopraHHICH" II TaM lICe.
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CYTb :noro cnopa B TOM lKe CaMOM: IIBnlleTCIi nH "pyCCKHM" TO.
'ITO He yKna,nblBaeTCIi B paMKH COBpeMeHHOH nHTepaTypHoH HOpMbl.
DTBeT Ha nOT Bonpoc O'leBH,neH. H npHBe,neHHble B 3TOM paJ,nene
no,n UH<j>pOH I npHMepbl cneUHanbHblX KOMMeHTapHeB He Tpe6ylOT.
IlepeH,neM K ,npyrHM. 60nee cnOlKHblM, KaK HaM KalKeTCIi. cny'laIiM.II. nO-pYCCKH HnH He no-pYCCKH CKna,nblBaeTCli pe'lb B OHToreHe3e:
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pe'lblO, npOHJHOCHT TaKHe cjlpa3bl H cnoBa, KOTopble OH He Mor paHee
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npOCTpaHcTBeHHylO cjlHKcauHIO cTa6HnbHblX, CHCTeMHblX TO'leK 3TOA TpaeK-
TOpHH Ha TeppHTopHH pacnpOCTpaHeHHlI )l(HBblX rOBopOB pyccKoro Jl3b1-
n. TaKHM 06paJOM, B Hrpy ,nHa-xpOHHH (=3BonIOUHH) H ,nHa-neK-
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CTH. Ha nepeKJIH'IKY OWH6oK B yCTHOA H nHCbMCHHolt pe'lH, ,nonyc-
kaeMblX ,neTbMH, OBna,neBalOmHMH PO,nHblM Jl3b1KOM, C OT,nenbHbIMH MO-
MeHTaMH HCTOpH'IeCKHX 3TanOB pa3BHTHli ,naHHoro JlJblKa, YKa3b1BanH
MHorHe Hccne,nOBaTenH. nOnO)l(eHHe 3,neCb OKa3anOCb BO MHorOM CXo,n-
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,neTcKHe Hrpbl H cjlonbKnop COXpaHJlIOT B ce6e py,nHMCHTbI ,nancKoro
npomnoro. HCKa)l(eHHble nO'lTH ,no Hey3HaBaeMocTH MHcjlonOrH'IeCKHC,
1I3b1'1eCKHeH xpHcTHaHcKHe BepOBaHHJI, npe,ncTaBJICHHJI, MonHTBbI Pyc-
CKHe ,neTH npeBpaTHnH B Tapa6apCKHe, JayMHble C'IHTanKH, a KpHICH
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,neno KaK 6y,nTO IICHoe: coxpaHHOCTb YKa3aHHblX py,nHMeHTOB 06'bIlC-
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nHpyR K ICOH~en~HH Bpo~eHHoro R3b1KOBOrO 3HaHHR, npe~CTaBmleTCR
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pe6eHoIC, HaXO~RCb B yTp06e MaTepH. "cnblWHT" onpe~eneHHble cnOBa
H Bblpa)ICeHHR pO~Horo R3b1ICa. ICOTopble OCTaBnRIOT cne~b1 B ero
nO~C03HaHHH. He CMO)ICeT Bcero 06'bRCHHTb H BceMorymaR• HO 603-
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B TaKHX cny'laRx. BOT 3~eCb H ~On)ICeH BblcTynHTb Ha c~eHY 06me-
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ll\eHHR, '1TO MbI H nOCTapaeMCR c~enaTb HH)lCe.
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cowen?OH omlTb HeMHO)ICKOnO~YMan - onRTb nporoBopHn npo ce6R:
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HanpHMep:_ ryro KapnoBH'I, BaM nocna6ee '1alO HJIH nOlCpen'le?
OH He B~pyr co06pa)ICan. '1TO 3Ha'lHT "nocna6ee" H 'ITO 3Ha'lHT
"noKpen'le", H OTBe'lan:_ nOKpen'le; 0 ~a, nOKpen'le.
_ O'leHb nOKpen'le?
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MO)ICHO ~onbwe 60r coxpaHHn. R B TOM ~eTRM BHywalO: He 3a6bl-
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HeA Mepe CTO neT )lCHTb.~a ~Ba~~aTb Ha Kapa'iKaX non3aTb.
- qTO 31'0 TaKoe "Ha Kapa'iKaX non3aTb"? - co06pa)ICan neK-
TopanHC. - "CTO )lCHTb H ~Ba~~aTb non3aTb ... Ha Kapa'lKax". XopOWO
3TO HnH Hexopowo "Ha Kapa'iKaX non3aTb?»
B ~aHHbIX OTpblBKax ~eMOHCTpHPYIOTCR OWH6KH B BocnpHRTHH. B no-
HHMaHHH pyccKoii pe'lH. a He npH ee npOH3BO~CTBe. .D:nR nHcaTenR,
CTHnH3YlOmero HenpaBHnbHylO pyCCKylO pe'lb, Ba)ICHOnO~'1epKHYTb. Bbl-
~enHTb TaKHe ee oc06eHHOCTH, B KOTOpblX HOCHTenb R3b1Ka. pyccKaR
R3blKOBaR nH'IHOCTb HHKor~a He c~enaeT OWH6KH. H XOTR 3TO Bcero
nHWb CTHnH3a~HR, HO 3TO Ta caMaR CTHnH3a~HR. KOTopaR H npHBO~HT
B HaweA nHTepaType K "peanHCTH'IecKoMy B03BblweHHIO ~ejtCTBHTenb-
HOCTH", a Ha6nlO~aTeJlIO 3a pe'lblO. 3a R3b1KOM nepcoHa)ICeii (HJlH aBTopa,
B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' yCTaHoBKH HCCJle~OBaTenR) MO)ICeT cnY)ICHTb ~OCTO-
BepHblM MaTepHanOM ~nR onpe~eneHHblx BbIBO~OB 0 epYHK~HOHHpOBaHHH
R3bIKOBOAJlH'IHOCTH. KOHKpeTHblX napaMeTpOB pyCCKOH R3blKOBOA CTpyK-
Typbl. HapywaeMblx HHOepOHOM. 3~eCb HeMHoro. .D:nR nepBblX CTa~HA
oBna~eHHR pyCCKHM R3blKOM H3BeCTHYlO TPY~HOCTb npe~CTaBnRIOT npH-
CTaBKH. KOTopble ryro KapnOBH'I nyTaeT: 3QMOllUA - omMOllUA. CH-
Tya~HR ~nR Hero OCnO)ICHReTCRell\e H H~HOMaTH'IHOCTblO ynoTpe6neH-
Horo napTHepOM 060pOTa: "lIWb KaKylO WTyKy OTMO'lHn!" HaKOHe~.
3aMeHa KaKOrO-JlH60 nOHRTHR aHTOHHMH'IHbIM eMy. HO BXO~RmHM B
TO )ICe caMoe aCCO~HaTHBHo-ceMaHTH'IeCKOe none, - THnOBaR oWH6Ka
cna60 Bna~elOmHX HHOCTpaHHblM R3blKOM, B03MO)ICHOCTb COBepweHHR
KOTOpoA B ~aHHoM cny'lae yBenH'IHBaeTCR H3-3a CBR3aHHOCTH 3Ha-
'IeHHR COOTBeTCTBYIOIl\HX' aHTOHHMOB: '1alt "nocna6ee" HnH "nOKpen'le".
XapaKTepHblM TaK)lCe RBnReTCR nporOBapHBaHHe "npo ce6R", K KOTOpOMy
Ha npOTR)lCeHHHKopOTKoro pa3rOBopa ryro KapnOBH'I npH6eraeT ~Ba)IC~bl.
Ho Bce 3TO, KaK 6b1J1o cKa3aHO. oWH6KH B BocnpHRTHH pyCCKOH pe'lH
HHOCTpaH~eM. .D:nR pyccKoro '1enOBeKa, ~a)ICe eCJlH npe~nOnO)ICHTb,
'ITO eMy HeH3BeCTHa H~HoMa "OTMO'lHTb '1TO-H.", KOHTeKCT H HHTO-
Ha~HR n03BonRT BOCCTaHOBHTb ee CMblcn ~OBonbHo TO'lHO. Donee
HHTepecHbl1t M3TepHan, BepoRTHo, ~3eT npo~YK~HR pe'lH HH04>OHOM,
HenonHo Bna~elOmHM pyCCKHM R3blKOM. llpe)IC~e '1eM nepeRTH K pac-
CMoTpeHHIO cooTBeTcTBylOmHx npHMepoB, xO'ly nO~'1epKHYTb, '1TO R
ynoTpe6nRIO 6e3nHKHit TepMHH "HHOepOH" BMeCTO "rOBOpRIl\HA no-pyc-
CICH eppaH~Y3, aHrnH'IaHHH H T.n.". npeCJle~YR BnonHe onpe~eneHHYIO
ueJIb: B pelf" HepyccKoro MeHlI HHTepeCYIOT B ,LIaHHOHcHTyaUHH TOJIbKOTe
lIBJIeHHlI, KOTopble " n03BOJIliIOT ee H,LIeHTHljlHUHpoBaTb KaK HepyccKylO
He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, Bbl3BaHbl JIH OHM HHTepljlepeHUHeif p0,LIHoro 1I3bllC~
npO,LIyueHTa "JIH KaKHMH-TO HHblMH npH'fHHltMH. BnpO'leM. "HHbIX "PIl-
'f"H" He TaK ylK MHoro. Ha caMOM ,LIeJIe, Ha npOH3BO,LICTBOpelf" Ha
'fylKOM 1I3blKe BJIHlIlOT Bcero ,LIBe ljlopMooGpa3YIO~He CUJIbl - JIU60
:HO 'fHCTOe BocnpOH3Be,LIeHHe, OCHOBaHHoe Ha nO,LIpalKaHUH pe'lH Ho-
CHTeJIeli UJIH lKe Ha CaMOnO,LIpalKaHHH. KOTopoe MOlKeT 3aKpenJIlITb 8
TOM 'lHCJIe HenpaBHJIbHO YCBoeHHbJe H CTaBWHe aBTOMaTH3HpOBaHHblMIl
ljlOpMbl, JIH60 :no TBOp'leCKOe KOHCTpyHpoBaHHe ljlOpM no 3aKOHaM
'lylKoro 1I3blKa (BHyTpeHHlIli aHaJIOr",l, KOTopali TOlKe MOlKeT npHBo-
,LIHTb K oWH6KaM) HJIH no 3aKOHaM pO,LIHorO 1I3blKa (BHeWHlIli aHa-
JIOrHlI, T.e. HHTepljlepeHUHlI).
,n:. B nOBeCTH M. BaCHJIeHKO "ApTeMKa B UHpKe...c6 UHpKOBOi' 60peq
Herp nenc rOBopHT: «OH MHe CKa3aJI: "TH 'lepHHli ,LIbllBOJI. K TBod
'lepHHH MOp,LIa 6eJIHH KpaCKa He nlllKeT". 3TO, cKa3an. HHr,LIe BH,LIHO
He GHJI. 'lT06 'lepHHH pOlKa Hrpan 6enHA 'lenOBeK. "TH 60peu, TH
He eCTb aKTep. ny6JIHK CMellTbCli 6Y,LIeT". OH CICa3aJI: ",n:pyrHe 60PQH
GeJIHA, a TH 'lepHHH" (c. 59); "KaKoH 60nbwoH cnacH60!" (c. 61);"0-0, - 3aKa'faJI OH rOJIoBoA, - :HO HeT n03BoneHO - 'lYlKoA
GHK lKapHTb. .H He XO'ly TlOpbMa CH,LIeTb. Kor,LIa 1I 6HJI MaJ1b'lHIC,
1I O'leHb XOTen pH6a J10BHTb" (c. 67); "0-0, - BOCXH~anCli nenc, -
TH xopoWHA OXOTHUK Ha pu6a! TH Ha pH6a 'leMnHOH! KJ1IOBaeT!
ApTHoMKa, KnJOBaeT'" (c. 68); "CJ1lOwaA. - TOpOnJIHBO 3arOBOpHJI
nenc. - lllHwKa CKa3ana. xopowHA pH6anbHHK XOAHT HO'Ib JIOBHTb
pH6a. Ho'lb pH6a O'leHb KJIJOBaeT. nOA,LIeM, ApTHOMKa, Mbl O'feHb
MHoro 6H'lKOB noAMaAT" (c. 68); "B KalKoA cTpaHa eCTb xopowHA
JIIO,LIH H eCTb nJIexoli JIIO,LIH. XopowHA 6e,LIHbIH. nnexoA 60raTbIA .•. -
,n:e,LIlllHwKa rOBopHT, 'lTO pom. - :HO B KOJIOTyWKy cTy'laTb. npaB,LIa
:HO? - 0 HeT! 3TO rnJOna! POJIb - :no ,LIeJIaTbTaK, 'lT06 nlO,LIU nnaKan,
'lT06 J11O,LIHCMellJ1ClI. 'lT06 y JIJO,LIH'lyBCTBO xopowHA 6un" (C. 69).B aHanH3e :Horo TeKCTa MbJ OTBne'leMClI OT ,LIBYX MOMeHTOB.
Bo-nepBblX, He 6Y,LIeM paCCMaTpHBaTb ljloHeTH'leCKHe HCKalKeHHlI, Ko-
TOpbJe lIBJ1l1JOTCli nOBepXHOCTHblM, HO caMblM JlpKHM AnJl pYCCICoro
'lHTaTenli CBH,LIeTenbCTBOMnpHHaAne)l(HOCTH COOTBeTCTBYJO~eApe'lH HHo-
ljlOHy. BO-BTOPblX, npOCTHM aBTopy HeKOTopble CHCTeMHble H noru-
'leCKHe HenOCne,LIOBaTeJIbHOCTHB nepe,LIa'le pe'lH O,LIHoro H Toro )l(C
nepCOHalKa, THna TH - Mbl; K TBoeu 'lepHUU BM. OlKHAaeMoro "TBOA";
'lCpHUU - npHliTHblU; II 6Hn cJ)paHUHH.... nOTOM 6Hn 6 repMaHHH;
MHoro 6H'lK06 BM. OlKH,LIaeMOrO"6H'lOK"; 'lT06 Y AIOOU 'lyBCTBO xopoWHA
6Hn BM. OlKH,LIaeMOrO "nJO,LIH... HMcn"; ljlopMa "pH6anbHHK" B npHH-
UHne B03MOlKHa, HO nOCKonbKY OHa ynoTpe6neHa B nepe,L\8'le nencoM
pe'lH ,LIe,LIa llluWKH. 3,L1eCbCKopee olKHAanocb 6bJ "nOApalKaHHe", T.C.
npUHnbH8lI ljlopMa "pbJ6aK" (HnH pu6aK), a He TBOp'leCKOe KOHCTpyH-
pOBaHHe no npaBHJIaM aHanorHH, H ,LIp. nO,LI06Hble HenocneAOBaTenb-
HOCTH eCTeCTBeHHbJ Anll nHCaTenJl, KOTOpblA He lIBnJleTCJI nHHrBHCToM
H npH6eraeT K cBoeo6pa3HoA rHnep60ne, 'lT06bl ,LIOCTH'lb 3a,LIaHHOro
,llO)l(eCTBeHHoro 3ljlljleKTa. C TaKoA rHnep60nH3aUHeA Mbl BCTpe'la-
:~ell ennOWb H pJl,LIOM, HanpHMep, TOr,LIa, KorAa B CueHH'leCKOA pe'lH.
IlblTallCb CTHnH30BaTb ,LIHaneKTHble OC06eHHOCTH rOBopa nepCOHallCa.TOP HnH caM HenOnHHTenb coe,LIHHJleT Be~H HeCOnpJlraeMble O,LIHa
S8 "" oft / /c ,llpyroA: OICaHbe C JlKaHbeM HJ1H r 't'pHKaTHBHoe y e OICaHbeM
II T.n. CocpeAOTO'lHMCJI Ha TaKHX OC06eHHOCTJlX.pelfH nenea, KOTopble
e8113aHbJe HapyweHHeM KaTeropH~, ,LICACTBHTcnbHo xapaKTepH3YJO~HX.
liS HaW B3rnJl,LI, 06~epYCCICHA Jl3b1ICOBOATHn.
K HHM MOllCHOOTHeCTHcneAYIO~He:1) .HBHoe npe06na,LIaHHe npllMblX ljlOpM - HMeHHTenbHoro naAellCa
II 'laCTHlfHO, HHljlHHHTHBa: MOPOO, 6blK. mlOpbMO. pbl60. cmpOHO,
A~OU, HOf4b. nOUMomb. A06umb. cuoemb - ynoTpe6nJleMblX Ha MeCTe
ICoeBCHHblX (MopOe. 6bIKO. 6 m IOpbMe. HOf4blO) H nH'lHblX rnaronbHblX
4JopM (noiiMoeM). .O,LIHaKO caMa no ce6e 3Ta 'lepTa B OTpblBe OT ,LIpyrHx OCo6eH-
HOCTeA npe,LICTaBnJleTCli e~e He,LIOCTaTOIfHoAAJllI on03HaHHlI pelfH HHO-
4J0Ha, ecnH HMeTb B BH,LIy WHpOKylO pacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb nO,LI06HblX
4J0pM B pyccKoA pa3rOBopHoA pe'lH (cp. "HMeHHTenbHblA TeMbI").
2) OTcyTcTBHe cornaCOBaHHlI B pO,LIe HnH, Ha060poT, HanHIfHe ljlop-
MaJll>HOrO cornaCOBaHHlI TaM, rAe rpaMMaTHlfeCKHe 3aKOHOMepHOCTH
8 pyCCKOM 1I3b1Ke OTcTynaJOT nepeA ceMaHTHKoA: 6eAuii KpOCKO. 601lb-
WOU cnocu60. nbJlHOJl COMOpUH nomepRAO. KOKOU npUJlmHblii 6Cmpef40.
HO UluWKO mpe360Jl. KOKOJl yMHOJl UluWKo.3,L1eCb npOHCXO,LIHT CB060,LIHOe BapbHpOBaHHe' B ljlopMax MYllCCICoro
H lICeHCKoro pOAa npH cornaCOBaHHH, HO C HeKOTopblM npe,LInO'lTe-
HueM B nonb3Y MyllCcKoro po,LIa (T.e. OH 'la~e BblcTynaeT H Ha MeCTe
Cpe,LIHero, H Ha MeCTe lKeHCKoro, lfeM lICeHCKHA Ha MeCTe MylKcKoro
H cpeAHero). Cpe,LIHHA P0,LI Bo06~e OTCyTcTByeT. TeH,LIeHUHlI K npeBpa-
lQeHHIO KaTeropHH po,LIa B 6HHapHylO CB1I3aHa 3,L1eCb, OlfeBHAHO, C
BnHlIHHeM p0,LIHOrO AJllI rOBop"~ero ljlpaHUY3CICoro 1I3blICa, a npeBa-
lIHpOBaHHe MyllCcKoro po,LIa MOllCHO 06'bllCHHTb Bo06~e npe06na,LIaHHeM
B pelfH :noro nepCOHallCa HCXO,LIHblX (neMMaTH3HpOBaHHblX) ljlOpM (CM.
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ClIOBapHall, neMMaTH3HpOBaHHaJl ljlopMa, T.e. HeMapKHpOBaHHaJl. C TOlfKH
3peHHJI HeCOOTBeTCTBHJI3TOA OC06eHHOCTH B pelfH Hawero HHoljloHa
lIHTepaTypHoA HopMe YICa3aHHble TOHKOCTH He HMeJOT HHKaICoro 3Ha-
'leHHJI. paBHblM 06pa30M OHH Hecy~ecTBeHHbl H C TOlfICH 3peHHlI C03,L1a-
HHII xY,LIOllCeCTBeHHoro 3ljlljleICTa. AHanHTHlfeCKH HX BH,LIHT TonbKO nHH-
rBHCT, a Ha IfHTaTenbCKoe BOCnpHJlTHe OHH B03AeAcTBYlOT TonbKO B
COBoKynHoCTH. B 3THX OTHoweHHlIX BallCeH TonbKO caM ljlaICT OTCyT-
CTBHlI cornaCOBaHHlI B po,LIe. H n03TOMY npHBe,LIeHHble cnylfaH B nnaHe
. HapyweHHlI HOpMbr He OTnH'IaIOTCJI, ICa3anOCb6b1. OT peanbHblX ,LIHanCICT-
HblX: ceHo-mo Y:1lCe cyXOJl. OKHO KOKOJl ZPJl3HOJl H - mOKoii MOAOKO.
60/lbWOU OKHO; MOJl 36epb H MOU 36epb. m60Jl nymb H m60U nymb;
Koco 30nAemeH. JlZOObl H06pOH41
. Ho AJlJI CnCUHaJIHCTa-pycHcTa npHH-
QHnHanbHaJl pa3HHua OTKnOHeHHA OT HOpMbl B HHOljlOHHOA H ,LIHaneICT-
OJ CM., HanpHMcp: 1axapo.a K. tI'.• OpAo.a B.r . .llHanCItTHOC 'IJICHCHHCpyccltoro .3Wlta.M., 1970. C. 134. 146 H ,Ilp. Hail. 2. M.: URSS, 2004.
HoA PC'lH O'lCBHNla. OHa onpCACJJJlCTCJI cTporoA ACTCpMHHHPOBali.
HOCTIoIO - CTpOCBOA H JJCXCH'ICCltoA - AHaJICItTHIalX JlBnCHHA, CB1I3'1I.
HIalX C OTCYTCTBH~.M cornaCORaHHJI B pOAC (B nCpBIaIX ABYX napal
npHMcpOB 3aellHICcHpoBaHa nocnCAOBaTCJJIoHaJl TCHACHQHJI K BIaITCCHeHHI()
cpCAHcro pOAa .CHCXHM HJJH My.CXHM B PJlAC rOBopOB CPCAHCPyCClColl30HIaI, Aance 1t0JJc6aHHJI B POAc DCalOTCJI TOJJbltO A8HHIalX ABYX cnOB _
3BCpb H nyrh, T.C. eIIaItTH'ICCICH JlBnJlIOTCJI nCICCHlCaJJH30BaHHIaIMH,II
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HIalM RaphapOBaHHcM rpaMMaTH'ICCICOrO POA8 B cnOBOCO'lCTaHHJlX, npo-
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3) OTCyrCTBHC COrnaCOBaHHJI B '1HCnc: opyzue 60P14U 6eAUiJ. xopowuilAIOOU, AIOOU nAQI(QA. no.anyA, 3TH cny'laH HC HMCIOT aHaJIOrHA •
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lCalCnHTCpaTypHoMy Jl31a11Cy,TalC H AHanCICTHoMy.4) HapywcHHJI B ynpaBnCHHH: B npHBCACHHIalX B rpynnc ",ll" TCXCTax
Mial HMCCM ~cno C AByMJI THnaMH cny'lacB - OTICnOHCHHlIMH OT npaBM
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nHTcpaTypHoA HOpMIaI 06e eIIOPMIaI HQ pu6Q H HQ :»COH';' lIBnlllOTCIi
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B CHCTCMCpycclCoro 1I31a1ICaH BccrA8 npOH3BOAHT BnC'IaTnCHHC "'1Y>ICoA".
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CTpyICQHlIMH: lIy:»coi1 6UK :»CQpUmb. pu6Q AOtlUmb, lIepHuiJ Po:»CQ UZpOA6eAui1 lIeAOtleK, B 1C0TOPialX naAc)I( npliMoro 06'bCICTa 3aMCHCH onliTIo-
TalCH HOMHHaTHBOM, A8 IC TOMy )l(C BO BCCX TpCX cny'lallx 06'bCICT
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COOTHOCHTCliC AHanCICTHIalM KQpmOWKQ KOnQmb H ApCBHcpyccXHM 3eMAJInQXQmbSO
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"TaM lICC.C. 131. 13S. 142."TaM lICC.C. 98. 128. 136.>0Cm~nQHO. IO.C. 060pOT 3~MAJI nQXQm, H cro HH,AOC8pOncAcICHc napaJ1JlcnJl:
6anTocnauHcICoc npe.AnOllCCHHC, I II 1138. AU CCCP. Ccp. nHT. H .3. 1984. N 2;Jaxtlpo.Q K..".• OpAO.Q B.r. YlCa,. COif. C. 87.
ItI'dt.TH cTpax 60>KHA H TenCCHali '1HCTOTa, AHcBHaJl CCTBa BapHTH,talC MyKa Ct.lITH, KaIC'b KBaWHlI npHTBopHTH H 3aMt.CHTH
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pe"H HHOCTpaHQa. ECTCCTBCHHO, BIalBOA 3TOT HMeeT CHJJy AJIli OAH-
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CTllHOBHTCli HHOA. Bo06IQc AJIJ1 on03HaHHlI pyCCKOCTH!HepyccKoCTH pe'lH
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KapTOWKy C'beACHO" H "y MCHli eCTb ABa AeTH" (OTBeT Ha Bonpoc,
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eKHe, XOTli nepBaJl H3 HHX - AOBonbHO WHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHHblA B
,llHaneKTax 060pOT, a BTopali B3J1Ta MHOIO H3 HHTepBblO C pycCKoA
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151
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H 6y,AeTe MHpHO JKHBYlUe. AlUe J1H 6y,AeTe HeHaBH,AHO JKHBYlUe.
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CBOHX: ")I(HBHTe B MHpe H APyJK6e AJlR coxpaHeHHR 3eMJ1H OTUOB
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H ce6R". 552. (YCTHbIA) J]eToM 6658 rO,Aa yMep CBJlTOCJ1aB • llepe,A cMepTblO
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BnpC,AH YICa3aHO 6blCTb. BOCTaB'b OT J10)l(a CBocro, npC,AO'lHCTHB'b
,. npHaoAHTca no H3,Q..: O. PYCCICU 3CMJ1at 6H6nHoTcICa XYAO*ecTBeHHOIl ny6nll-QHCTHXH. M .• 1982, c. 27.
"Tax a ncpecxa3C.,. npHaoAHTca no H3A.: naM>lTHHXH nHTepayypbl J];peaHcll PyCH. CcpeAHHa XVI aexa.
M .• 1985. c. 106.
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153
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KOBoA 'lCpTbI. "ocTaToK", KOTOpblA 06pa3ycTCJl 3a Bbl'leTOM BapHaTHBHoro.OJJ,HaKo Kall<JJ,all CHCTeMa, KaK H3BeCTHO, HOCHT B ce6e CBOIO HCTO-
pHIO. I{ B 3TOM CMblCJle pyccKall JJ,HacHCTeMa COJJ,epll<HT B OCTaHOB-
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XIV HJlH XVIII BB. - 3TO OJJ,HHH TOT lI<e 1I3blK, xapaKTepH3YlOmHAclI
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pyccKoro 1I3blKOBOro Tlma npeACTaBJleH TOJlbKO B cTaTHKe, nocKoJlbKY
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CKoro H3blKOBoro THna. TaKHe cTa6HJlbHbie 'lepTbl, KOTopble AOJlll<HbI
npHAaBaTb npoueccaM HCTOpH'leCKorO H3MeHeHHH JJ,eTepMHHHCTCKHAxa-
paKTep, He HMelOT H CneUHaJlbHQro Ha3BaHHH. ,lI,nH 0603Ha'leHHH npO-
ueCCOB 06mell3blKOBoro xapaKTepa. He CBJl3BHHblX C HaUHOHanbHoA cne-
UH41HKoA H KOHKPCTHOA HCTopHeA OTAeJlbHOrO Jl3blKa, HCnOJlb3YIOT HHorAa
TepMHH "AHaxpOHH'leCKHe YHHBCpCaJlHH"; AJlH 'laCTHOJl3blKOBbiX npOUec-
COB KOTopble 06J1aJJ,aIOT HC 06mCCHCTeMHoA 3Ha'lHMOCTblO, a pacnpO-
CTP~HHIOTCH Ha 4lparMeHTbl 1I3blKOBoA CHCTeMbl H onpeAeJlJlIOT pa3-
BHTHe H3blKa Ha HeKOTopOM XpOHOJlOrH'leCKOM OTpe3Ke, OCTaBJlHII 3a-
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KOHCTaHTbl"H. B Ka'leCTBe nOCJleAHHX M.M. rYXMaH paCCMaTpHBaeT,
51 r,VXMOH M. M. HCTOpH'ICCI(8R THn01l0rHR H npo611cMa AHaXpOHH'ICCKHX KOHCTaHT.
M., 1981.
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ncpHOJJ, B 15 CTOJICTHH cJleJJ,YlOmHe KOHCTaHTbl pa3BHTHH: yCTaHoBKa
Ha pcryJlllpHylO o606meHHylO napaJJ,HrMy (B OTJlH'lHC OT nCpBOHa'laJlbHOH
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Typbl, TeHJJ,CHUHH K JlHKBHJJ,aUHH BOKaJlH'lCCKHX 'lcpcJJ,oBaHHll H JJ,p.S8
IofHblMH CJlOBaMH, JJ,HaxpOHH'leCKHe KOHCTaHTbl KaK pa3 H npH6J1HlI<alOT
Hac K BblHBJleHHIO 06meHaUHOHaJlbHOrO 1I3blKOBoro THna. B CBOC BpeMli
HaMH 6blJl npCJJ,JlOll<eHAJIH 0603Ha'leHHII TaKoro pOJJ,a JBOJlIOUHOHHblX•• " "S9 u 6TeHJJ,eHUHn TepMHH XpOHOrJlOCCa ,npH'leM B JTOH pa OTe He npo-
BOAHJlOCb pa3J1H'lHJl Mell<AY 06paTHMblMH npoueccaMH H npoueccaMH,
TaKHM CBOHCTBOM He 06J1aJJ,alOmHMH, T.e. OJJ,HOHanpaBJleHHbIMH, He06pa-
THMbIMH. O'leBHJJ,HO. B COOTBeTCTBHHC HJJ,eHMHM. M. ryxMaH 3a nepBblMH
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WHpe, '1eM 06bl'lHO OHa TpaKTyeTcSI B nHHrBHCTH'IeCKHX pa60Tax.
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acCOUHaTHBHOH ceTH, r,nc OHH OKa3blBalOTCSI H 3aKpcnneHHblMH 3a OT-
,nenbHblMH cnOBaMH, OpraHH'IeCKH cnHTblMH C HHMH (T.C. neKCHKanH-
30BaHHbIMH), HO o,nHOBpeMeHHO H a6CTparHpyeMblMH. cymecTBylOmHMH
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CTBy HecnblwaHHblX pe6eHKOM HOBblX cnOB (T.e. rpaMMaTHKanH30BaH-
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KOM npOHcxo,nHT yCHneHHe neKCHKanH3aL\HH, T.e. CTaHOBHTCSI npeL\C-
,neHTHbIM, a 3Ha'lHT, npe,nCKa3yeMbIM. rpaMMaTH'IeCKOe nOBe,neHHe KaJl(-
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TH'IecKoMy ypOBHIO opraHH3aUHH 1I3blKOBOH nH'IHOCTH. HO npOSlBnlleTCIH Ha KorHHTHBHOM ypOBHe, 6y,ny'lH CBSl3aHHOH C ceMaHTH3aL\HeH 3H8-
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neK9HKanH3aL\HSI o6Hapy)l(HTcSI H Ha BblcweM ypoBHe opraHH3aL\HH 1I31t1-
KOBOR JlH'IHOCTH - ypoBHe MOTHBaUHOHHo-,neliTenbHOCTHOM, ecnH oueHM-
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(Ha3BaHHe, aBTOp, KpblJlaTOe cnOBo, HMSI nepCOHa)l(a, paCXO)l(ali L\M-
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'1epe3 Bce TpH ypOBHSI B CTpyKType Sl3blKOBORnH'IHOCTH.Tenepb B03BpaTHMClI K nCHxornoccc. )J.aneKO He BCSlKoe neKCHKanM-
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BblBaTbCSI TonbKO Ha neKCHKanH30BaHHOM, OpraHH'IeCKH cnaSlHHOM CO
cnOBOM epaKTe rpaMMaTH'IeCKOrO CTpOSI HnH epaKTe, OTpa)l(alOmCM eppar-
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CTa8-3blBaeTCSI WHpe npoL\eCca 06pa10BaHHSI nCHxornocc, nocne,nHHe co
nlilOT HeKOTopblii CHHXpOHHblii HHBapHaHT 1I3blKOBoro C03HaHHSI, Tor,llaaHM-
KaK neKCHKanH3aL\HlI Bo06mc OTnHBaCTCli Ha Ka)l(,nOM ypOBHC opr 6-3a"HH 1I3blKOBOH nH'IHOCTH B onpe,neneHHblii Ha60p CTepeOTHnOB. Ula•.•. "naT-nOHHblX .ftpa3 npe,nCTaBnSllOmHX co6oii o6meynoTpe6HTenbHbie'I' , a~TepHbl" 06bl,neHHoro Sl3blKa - C OKaMeHenoii, 3aCTbiBweii B HHX rp eMaTHKOH - Ha BepoanbHo-aCCOUHaTHBHOM ypOBHe, reHepanH30BaHHitl
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110, Ha MoR B3rnSl,n, nOKa3aTcnbHali aHaJIOrHlI Me)l(,ny nCHxornoccoA
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po.nOB, CBSl38HHbie C epOpMHpoBaHHeM KynbTypHo-HcTopH'IecKHx THnOB,
pa3JlH'IHlIMH TpCX YPoBHeR, HnH "pa3pSl,noB", KaK OH Bblpa)l(aJICR:
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ICynHOCTblO'1aCTHblX ,neTaneA )l(H3HH H nOBce,nHeBHoro 6blTa; BO-BTOpbIX,
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IlblM Te3aypycoM, H. B-TpeTbHx, pa3JIH"HSlMH "yCJIOBHA H xo,na HCTO-pll'leCKOrO BocnHTaHHSI,,64,T.e. Cn(;UHepHKOATpa,nHUHOHHbIX MOTHBaUHOHHO-
.neliTenbHocTHblX Mo,ncJIcA.
CooTBeTcTBeHHo TpeM ypOBHSlM Sl3bIKOBOii JIH'IHOCTH UCJIcC006pa3Ho.
O'leBH,nHO. paccMaTpHBaTb TpH BH,na nCHXOrJIOCC - rpaMMaTH'IeCKHe.
ICorHHTHBHbIe H MOTHBaUHOHHbIC. ITepBble CBlI3aHbl co 3HaHHCM po,nHoro
A3b1Ka. BTopbIe COBna,naIOT C THnH'IHbIMH KaTcropHlIMH o6pa3a MHpa
COOTBcTcTBylOmeH 3nOXH, TpeTbH B KaKoii-To CTeneHH OTpa)l(alOT HallHO-
HaJlbHblH xapaKTep.
OCTaBJISIli nOKa B cTopoHe KorHHTHBHble H MOTHBaUHOHHbIe nCH-
XOrJIOCCbl, OTMeTHM. '1TO rpaMMaTH'ICCKHe KaK pa3 H epOpMHpylOT
e,nHHylO annepuenUHoHHylO 6a3y6' rOBOpllmHX Ha pyCCKOM lI3bIKe,
Ha3blBaeMYlO MHoA 06mepyccKHM lI3bIKOBbiM THnOM H n03BOJISIIOIllYlO
HOCHTeJIliM lI3bIK8 OTJIH'IaTb TeKCT HHoepOHa OT TCKCT8 ,nH8JICKTHOro
HJlH apXaH'IHOro. H B TO )l(e BpeMli H,neHTHepHL\HpOBaTb 06a nOCJIe,nHHX
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,nCJIeHHHHa6opa, HJIH CHCTeMbI, rpaMMaTH'IeCKHX nCHXOrJIOCc. KOTOpbIA
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rpaAHeA Mepe, npH'IHHaM. Bo-nepBblX. KaK OTMe'laJIOCb Bblwe, cTa6HJIb-
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'1CM CTOXaCTH'IeCKOC, epJIyKTyHpylOIllec, H3MeH'IHBoe. I1MCHHO n03TOMYII B HCTOpH'IeCKOA rpaMMaTHKC, H B onHcaHHH ,nHaJIeKTHOro 1I3blK8
Y'ICHbie COCpC,nOTO'lHBaIOTCSI H8 npOL\eCcax H3MCHeHHA. OTKJIOHeHHA.
HellBHbIM 06pa30M KJIa,nll B OCHOBy CBOHX paccy)l(,neHHA H' BbIBO,nOB
,!:\onymeHHe ° CYIlleCTBOBaHHH HeKOToporo HCH3MCHHoro, 06Illero B
XPOHOJIOrH'IeCKOM HJIH TCppHTOpHaJIbHOM OTHoweHHH lI,npa, Ha epOHe
"Cp. nOXOllCHCpaccyllC.ncHHR 0 ponH PCqCBblX wa6noHoB Ha ypOBHC 6b1TOBOI! .nHano-rHqeclCol! PCqH (T.C. B Hawcl! HHTcpnpCTal\HH - Ha ypOBHC Bcp6anbHO-aCCOl\HaTHBHol!eelH) B pa60Tc: HKI'6uHCKUU J1.n. 0 .nHanOrHqCClCol! peqH /I pYCCl(aR Peqb. I.nr .. 1923. C. 174-176:•••• J(QHUnf'/lCKUU H.H. POCCHRH EBpona. Cn6,. 1895. c. 184 H cn.
nO.nqCPI(HCM. qTO HCnOnbJOBaHHC 3Toro lICC TcpMHHa. n.n. lhy6HHCICHM B yno-'laHYlol! pa60Tc npc.nnonaracT coaCCM HHOC co.ncpllCaTCnbHoc cro HanonHCHHC: OHHa3b1aacT anncpucnUHoHHol! 6a301! HC 3HaHHC R3b1l(a. a 06wcc 3HaHHC HocHTcncl!'3b1lCa0 MHpC. T.e. no CyTH .ncna HMCCTB BH.ny 06wcHaUHoHanbHblI! TC3aypyc.
KOToporo 3TH H3Y'laCMblC HMH H3MCHCHHlI H HMCIOT MCCTO. Ho KOII_
CTPYICTHBHblC 'ICPTbI TaKOrO lIApa OCTalOTCII HCBblIIBJlCHHbIMH. BCCbMa
XapaKTepHblM B 3TOM OTHOWCHHHnpCACTaBJllIeTCli npH3HaHHC AHaJleKTono-
rOB-cHHTalCCHCTOB, 1C0TOPblCB OTBeT Ha 3aMe'laHHe 06 orpaHH'IeHHoCTIt
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rpact>HooBaHHIO H cny)l(aXUHx AJIlI xapalCTepHcTHICH AHaJleICTHblx pa3-
nH'IHA&6, npH3HalOT ero cnpaBeAJIHBOCTb H BblCICa3blBalOT y6e)l(AeHHe
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pycclCoA TCppHTOpHH. OAHaICo, B 'IeM COCTOHT 3TO eAHHcTBO, onpe-
AcnHTb HHICOMY He YAanOCb, H c03AaeTClI Bne'laTneHHe, '1TO BbllIBHTb
HHBapHaHTHble '1epTbI MO)l(HO J1HWb BblAAlI 3a npeAenbl AaHHoA CHCTe-
Mbl, T.e. B pe3YJlbTaTe conOCTaBHTenbHoro aHaJlH3a ee xapaICTepHCTltlC
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CHMOCTH OT 06"eKTa conOCTaBneHHlI (conOCTaBnlleM nH MbI pyccICHIl
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BaTbClI ICa*AblA pa3 TO OAHH, TO APyrHe '1epTbI, H HAClI HHBapHaHT-
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nCHxornOCCbI - 3BOJllOUHOHHPYlOT, coeAHHlIlI B ce6e cTpaHHblM 06pa30M
BblCOICYIOcTa6HnbHocTb - AJIlI 1I3blKOBOAnH'IHOCTH onpeAeneHHoA 3nOXH,
C BblCOKOA )l(e nnaCTH'IHOCTblO - no OTHoweHHIO K AaHHoA 1I3b1ICOBOA
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HHhlM AJIlI nyWICHHa, OTACJleHHOrO OT aICTHBHoA AellTenbHOCTH nepBoro
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J1oro BeICa. TalCHM 06pa30M, caMa 1I3b1KOBall J1H'IHOCTb nOCTOllHHO
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1C0BoA nH'IHOCTH, T.C. lIBJllIlICb H CBoAcTBOM 1I3b1Ka, H OAHOBpeMCHH
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. HI'66 B HX 'IHCnO IIXO.l\RT pa3nH'IHblC cIlOPMbI H IIIIPbHPOIIIIHHC CCMIIHTHJ(H npH'IIICT •
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PII3Hoo6pII3HblX MO.l\llnbHblX OTTCHXOII; OC06eHHOCTH ncpc.l\ll'lH HllxnoHcHHIl. THnblHH-
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'ICM AHaXpOHH'IeCKHe H3MeHCHHlI B CTpOC 1I3b1ICa. n03TOMY 'IHTaTeJlIO
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npH3·blBbI H ICOHlCpeTHble nYTH IC 060raxueHHIO H ylCpenneHHIO pOAHoro
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nepe,llaHhI HeCICOJlbKO 3ICOHOMHee. O,llHaKO "nepeBO,ll" Ha cOBpeMeHHbIA
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"CO'lHHCHHlI TPC.l\1olIJ(ollcJ(aro / H3.1\. A. CMHPAHHa. Cn6., 1849. T. I. C. 259-260.61 IOl08 A . .uYMbl 0 PYCCKOM cnoac. M .• 1972. C. 60. ,