Atatürk University College of Agriculture Publicati on Number: 66

Prof. Dr. Ziya YURTTA Ş

INTEGRATED ENGLISH

REFERENCE NOTES

ERZURUM - 1999

2

FOREWORD

This booklet was prepared only as a source of reference for the intermediate level

intensive English courses that had been held annually in the College of Agriculture at

Atatürk University between 1978 and 1998. The details, explanations and exercises were

omitted, on purpose, for they were intended to be taken up during the courses.

Generally in schools, different parts of certain subjects are taught at different times

in the courses of English as a foreign language. A learner at intermediate level has to

integrate and consolidate these parts in order to establish a solid base for improvement.

In this booklet, the essentials of English Grammar are integrated by presenting related

parts together and simplified by sacrificing some details for the sake of practicality. It is

intended to provide a practical guideline for intermediate learners to reach to an advanced

level and for the advanced learners to maintain their level of proficiency in English. This

integrated approach makes it possible for learners to know what they already know and

they need to know.

Four basic skills, i.e., reading comprehension, listening comprehension, written

expression, and oral expression must be developed in learning a language. These skills are

based on Grammar and Vocabulary. A special attention must be given to each one of these

six basic components of linguistics in learning a foreign language in an efficient way. This

modest booklet has a limited objective of providing guidance for mainly one of them,

namely Grammar. The other components need to be dealt with separately to facilitate a

systematic learning.

Z.Y. 2004 - ERZURUM

ÖNSÖZ

Bu kitapcık, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinde 1978 yılından beri

düzenlenmekte olan orta düzey yoğun Đngilizce kursları için, yalnızca bir hatırlatma notu

olarak hazırlanmıştır. Kurslar sırasında ele alınacağı düşünülerek, bu kitapçıkta ayrıntılara,

açıklamalara ve alıştırmalara yer verilmemiştir.

Genellikle, okullarda yabancı dil derslerinde, belirli bir konunun değişik bölümleri

değişik zamanlarda verilmektedir. Orta düzeyde bir öğrencinin, ilerleme sağlayacak

sağlam bir temel oluşturabilmesi için bu bölümleri birleştirip bütünleştirmesi ve

pekiştirmesi gereklidir. Bu kitapcıkta Đngilizce gramerinin temel konuları ile ilgili

bölümler bir araya getirilerek bütünleştirilmi ş ve bazı ayrıntılar ihmal edilerek

basitleştirilmi ştir. Bu bütünleştirilmi ş yaklaşım bir öğrencinin belirli bir konuda neler

bildiğini ve daha neler öğrenmesi gerektiğini kolaylıkla gösterebilir.

Bir dil öğreniminde dört temel becerinin geliştirilmesi gerekir. Bu beceriler okuma,

yazma, anlama ve konuşmadır. Bunlar gramer ve kelime bilgisine dayanır. Yabancı dil

öğreniminde etkinlik sağlayabilmek için dil biliminin bu altı temel bölümüne ayrı ayrı

çalışmak ve önem vermek gerekir. Sınırlı bir amaç için hazırlanmış olup, geçtiğimiz

yıllarda düzenlenen kurslara katılanların da katkıları ile geliştirilmi ş olan bu notların

yabancı dil öğrenimi ile ilgilenenlere yararlı olmasını dilerim.

Z.Y. 2004 - ERZURUM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page FIRST PART- ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY ............. ...................................1 1. TENSES (Zamanlar) .......................................................................................................1 2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller) ..............................................................................7 3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen) .............................................................................8 4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı Đfadeler) ................................................................9 5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Đlgi Zamirleri)..................................................................10 6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı) .........................................................................11 7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları)................................................................................11 8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım) ........................................................................................11 9. NOUNS (Đsimler) ...........................................................................................................12 10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler)..............................................................................................14 11. VERBS (Fiiller)............................................................................................................15 12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar) ............................................................................................19 13. ADVERBS (Zarflar)....................................................................................................21 14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar).........................................................................................24 15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar) ...................................................................................26 16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler)...........................................................................28 17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler)................................................................................................31 18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler) ...............................................................................................31 19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif) .................................................................................32 Odds and Ends...................................................................................................................34 SECOND PART – IDIOMS..............................................................................................37 THIRD PART - PROVERBS AND TONGUE TWISTERS .........................................40 FOURTH PART - QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS..........................................................42 FIFTH PART-LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES................ .........................................52 SIXTH PART - VOCABULARY.....................................................................................57 A Poem................................................................................................................................67

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FIRST PART

ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY

1. TENSES (Zamanlar)

1.1. Simple Tenses

1.1.1 Present Tense I go1 Giderim

1.1.2 Past Tense I went Gittim

1.1.3 Future Tense I will go Gideceğim

1.1.4 Conditional T. I would go Gidecektim

1.2. Continuous Tenses (C.T.)

1.2.1 Present C.T. I am going Gidiyorum

1.2.2 Past C.T. I was going Gidiyordum

1.2.3 Future C.T. I will be going Gidiyor olacağım

1.2.4 Conditional C.T. I would be going Gidiyor olacaktım

1.3. Perfect Tenses (P.T.)

1.3.1 Present P.T. I have gone Gitmişim (Gittim)

1.3.2 Past P.T. I had gone Gitmiştim

1.3.3 Future P.T. I will have gone Gitmiş olacağım

1.3.4 Conditional P.T. I would have gone. Gitmiş olacaktım

1.4. Perfect Continuous Tenses (P.C.T.)

1.4.1 Present P.C.T. I have been going Gitmekteyim

1.4.2 Past P.C.T. I had been going Gitmekteydim 1.4.3 Future P.C.T. I will have been

going Gitmekte olacağım

1.4.4 Conditional P.C.T. I would have been going Gitmekte olacaktım

I am going to go I am gonna go I will go

I was going to go I was gonna go I would go

I used to go Giderdim (Alışkanlık)

I would go Giderdim (Şarta bağlı)

1 Other verbs to be conjugated: to do, to be, to see, to have, to make. (to smoke for P.C.T.).

2

SAMPLE SENTENCES

1. I go to school every day in the morning at 8 o’clock with my friends by bus.

2. I went to school 10 minutes late yesterday.

3. I will go to school at one o’clock this afternoon.

4. I would go to school today, if I had completed my homework in time.

5. I am going to Istanbul now.

6. I was going to Istanbul, when I met him at the airport.

7. I will be going to Istanbul tomorrow afternoon at two o’clock.

8. I would be going to Istanbul at this moment, if had not missed the plane.

9. I have gone to Antalya three times in the past.

10. I had gone to Antalya two months before I met you.

11. I will have gone to Antalya the day after tomorrow.

12. I would have gone to Antalya by now, if I had not had an accident on Sunday.

13. I have been smoking for 3 years now.

14. I had been smoking for 10 years, when I stopped smoking.

15. I will have been smoking for 6 years by the end of this year.

16. I would have been smoking for 15 years now, if I had not stopped smoking 5 years

ago. � I’m gonna go to downtown. Are you gonna come with me? � I was gonna go to theatre, if you had come earlier.

� I used to go to movies at least three times a week, when I was a student. � I would go to see him and apologize to him, if I were in your place.

If I go to Istanbul, I will see him

Istanbul'a gidersem

onu göreceğim. If I had gone to Istanbul, I would see him

Istanbul’a gitmiş olsaydım,

onu görürdüm. If I had gone to Istanbul, I would have seen him.

O zaman Istanbul'a gitmiş olsaydım,

Onu görmüs olacaktım.

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CONJUGATION OF TENSES

1.1.1. Simple Present Tense (do, does) (go) (-s)

I go. I do not go. Do I go? Do I not go?

You go. You do not go. Do you go? Do you not go?

(He, She, It) goes. - does not go. Does - go? Does - not go?

We go. We do not go. Do we go? Do we not go?

You go. You do not go. Do you go? Do you not go?

They go. They do not go. Do they go? Do they not go?

1.1.2. Simple Past Tense (did) (go) (went)

I went. I did not go. Did I go? Did I not go?

You went. You did not go. Did you go? Did you not go?

- went. - did not go. Did - go? Did - not go?

We went. We did not go. Did we go? Did we not go?

You went. You did not go. Did you go? Did you not go?

They went. They did not go. Did they go? Did they not go?

1.1.3. Simple Future Tense (will) (go)

I will go. I will not go. Will I go? Will I not go?

You will go. You will not go. Will you go? Will you not go?

- will go. Will not go. Will - go? Will - not go?

We will go. We will not go. Will we go? Will we not go?

You will go. You will not go. Will you go? Will you not go?

They will go. They will not go. Will they go? Will they not go?

1.1.4. Simple Conditional Tense (would) (go)

I would go I would not go. Would I go? Would I not go?

You would go. You would not go. Would you go? Would you not go?

- would go. - would not go. Would - go? Would - not go?

We would go. We would not go. Would we go? Would we not go?

You would go. You would not go. Would you go? Would you not go?

They would go. They would not go. Would they go? Would they not go?

Do not Don't Will not Won't

Did not Didn't Would not Wouldn't

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1.2.1. Present Continuous Tense (am, are, is) (- ing) I am going I am not going Am I going? Am I not going? (1)

(1) Aren't I going? 1.2.2. Past Continuous Tense (was, were) (- ing) I was going I was not going. Was I going? Was I not going?

1.2.3. Future Continuous Tense (will be) (- ing) I will be going I will not be going Will I be going? Will I not be going?

1.2.4. Conditional Continuous Tense (would be) (-ing) I would be going I would not be

going Would I be going? Would I not be

going?

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1.3.1. Present Perfect Tense (have, has) (gone) I have gone I have not gone* Have I gone? Have I not gone?

*Have not: Haven't 1.3.2. Past Perfect Tense (had) (gone) I had gone I had not gone Had I gone? Had I not gone?

1.3.3. Future Perfect Tense (will have) (gone) I will have gone I will not have gone Will I have gone? Will I not have

gone?

1.3.4. Conditional Perfect Tense (would have) (gone) I would have gone I would not have

gone Would I have gone? Would I not have

gone?

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1.4.1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have been, has been) (- ing) I have been going I have not been

going Have I been going?

Have I not been going?

1.4.2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (had been) (- ing) I had been going I had not been

going Had I been going? Had I not been

going?

1.4.3. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (will have been) (- ing) I will have been going

I will not have been going

Will I have been going?

Will I not have been going?

1.4.4. Conditional Perfect Continuous Tense (would have been) (- ing) I would have been going

I would not have been going

Would I have been going?

Would I not have been going?

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2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller)

2.1 Can Đktidar belirten yardımcı fiil 2.2 May Mezuniyet belirten yardımcı fiil 2.3 Must Mecburiyet belirten yardımcı fiil

I can go Gidebilirim

(Muktedirim)

I could have gone Gitmiş olabilirdim

I may go Gidebilirim

(Mezunum)

I might have gone Gitmiş olabilirdim

I must go Gitmeliyim

(Mecburum)

I must have gone Gitmiş olmalıydım

Can be able to

Must have to, have got to, be obliged to, need to, be to, be compelled

to, be supposed to, should, ought to.

To be able to (muktedir olmak, yapabilmek)

I am able to go Gidebilirim I will be able to go Gidebileceğim

I was able to go Gidebildim

(Gitmeye muktedirdim)

I would be able to go

Gidebilecektim

To have to (Mecbur olmak, Zorunda olmak) I have to go Gitmek zorundayım I will have to go Gitmek zorunda

olacağım I had to go Gitmek

zorundaydım I would have to go Gitmek zorunda

olacaktım � If I go, I will be able to see him. � If I had gone, I would have been able to see him. � If you had fallen, you could have broken your leg. � If you had started then, you could have finished it by now. � If I go, I will have to see him. � If I had gone, I would have had to see him. � He must have studied really well (his grade is good). � He should have studied really well (his grade is bad). � I need two hundred dollars so that I can go there. � I bought the car so that you would not have to walk. � Do you have to go? I may have to go.

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3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen)

Active Voice2 Passive Voice3 1 She writes a letter A letter is written by her 2 She wrote a letter “ was “ 3 She will write a letter “ will be “ 4 She would write a letter would be “ 5 She is writing a letter " is being “ 6 She was writing a letter " was being “ 7 She will be writing a letter " will be being “ 8 She would be writing a letter " would be being “ 9 She has written a letter " has been “ 10 She had written a letter " had been “ 11 She will have written a letter " will have been “ 12 She would have written a letter " would have been “ 13 She has been writing a letter " has been being “ 14 She had been writing a letter " had been being “ 15 She will have been writing a letter " will have been being “ 16 She would have been writing a letter " would have been being “ He can write a letter. A letter can be written by him. He may write a letter. A letter may be written by him. He must write a letter. A letter must be written by him. Let him write a letter. Let a letter be written by him. Architect Ali has designed it. It has been designed by architect Ali. He had broken a window. A window had been broken by him.4 ______________________________________________________________________ A. Someone gave me a present. P. I was given a present. P. A present was given to me. A. They made him believe that she died. P. He was made to believe that she died.

2 S+V+O (Subject + verb + object) 3 O+ to be+ V3+ S (Object + to be fiilinin uygun hali + esas fiilin 3. yani past participle hali + subject) 4 Geçişli fiiller (transitive verbs) yani nesne alan fiiller veya neyi ve kimi sorularına cevap alınabilen fiiller

için P.V. yapılabilir. Geçişsiz fiiller (intransitive verbs, to go gibi) için P.V. yapılamaz.

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4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı Đfadeler)

Direct Statement Indirect Statement5 1. "I go".6 He said that He went. 2. "I went". " He went. 3. "I will go". " He would go. 4. "I would go". " He would go. 5. "I am going". He said that He was going. 6. "I was going". " He was going. 7. "I will be going". " He would be going. 8. "I would be going". " He would be going. 9. "I have gone". He said that He had gone. 10. "I had gone". " He had gone. 11. "I will have gone". “ He would have gone. 12. "I would have gone". " He would have gone. 13. "I have been going". He said that He had been going. 14. "I had been going". " He had been going. 15. "I will have been going". " He would have been going. 16. "I would have been going". " He would have been going. "What are you doing”? He asked me what I was doing. "Where were you going”? " where I was going. "Can you help me”? " if I could help him. "May I come in”? " if He might come in. "Will you be able to go”? " if I would be able to go. "Do you have to go”? " if I had to go. "Did you have to go”? " if I had to go. “ Do you go?” “ if I went “ Did you go?” “ if Iwent “Go” ! He told me to go “Don’t go”! He told me not to go

if = whether today-that day tomorrow-the next day now - then this-that yesterday-the day before

5 Present tenses become past, past tenses remain the same. Future tenses become conditional, conditional tenses remain the same. 6 When the introductory verb is in present or future tenses, the tense of the narrated part may not change.

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5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (Đlgi Zamirleri)

Who Ki o Which (What, that) Ki o Where Ki orada Whose Ki onun Of which Ki onun When Ki o zaman Whom Ki ona (onu) To which Ki ona Of whom Ki onun

Who • I saw the man who came to school on Sunday. • The man who is coming toward us is a doctor. • He who comes late deserves punishment. • Those who were late missed the opening ceremony.

Whose

• I saw the man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon.

• The man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon is a lawyer.

• Did you see the lady whose car was without a license plate?

Whom

• I saw the man whom you gave money in the bank.

• The man whom I saw yesterday was quite tired and anxious.

• The man with whom I played billiards is a champion in...

Which (what, that) • I picked up the pen which (that) was on the floor. • I do not understand what you say. • That is not what I want. • This is the knife with which I cut the rope. • The car to which you threw stone is a Cadillac Aldorado.

Where

This is the place where they had met first.

When

There will be a time when Turkey will be full a member of the European Union.

• He is the man, about whom you were talking = He is the man, whom you were

talking about = He is the man, you were talking about.

• He who comes early sits down. • Atatürk is to Turkey what Washington is to U.S.A. • Those who are coming now will have to go back soon.

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6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı)

To have something done To make somebody do something To get something done To get somebody to do something

I have my shoes polished... I had my shoes polished... I will have my shoes polished... I would have my shoes polished...

I make Ali study English... I made Ali study English... I will make Ali study English I would make Ali study English...

I got my shoes polished I will get Ali to study English 7.TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları)

You go to school, don't you?

You went to school, didn't you?

You will go to school, won't you?

You would go to school, wouldn't you?

You do not go to school, do you?

You did not go to school, did you?

You will not go to school, will you?

You would not go to school, would you?

8. PARTICIPATION (Katılım)

A. Affirmative Agreements B. Negative Agreements

Ali goes to zoo. I do too. He does not go to zoo. I don't either.

Ali went to zoo. I did too. He did not go to zoo. I didn't either.

Ali will go to zoo. I will too. He will not go to zoo. I won't either.

Ali would go to zoo. I would too. He wouldn't go to zoo. I wouldn't either.

I do too So do I I don't either Neither do I

It is a pen, isn’t it?

You have to go, don't you?

He may go, may he not?

He has to go, doesn't he?

Let's go, shall we?

Open the door will you?

I am going, aren't I?

� He was made to study for four hours. � She was made to pay for her mistake. � I was made to believe that he was innocent. � I will get him to accept the conditions

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9. NOUNS (Đsimler)

9.1. Proper Nouns (Özel Đsimler)

Ali, Mary, January, Ankara, London, Canterbury

9.2. Common Nouns (Cins Đsimler)

cook, book, sinister, minister

9.3. Countable Nouns (Sayılabilir Đsimler)

apple, box, ranch, table

9.4. Uncountable Nouns (Sayılamayan Đsimler)

bread, butter, salt, water

9.5. Masculine Nouns (Eril Đsimler)

boy, man, prince, king

9.6. Feminine Nouns (Dişil Đsimler)

girl, woman, princess, queen

9.7. Neuter Nouns (Nötr Đsimler)

Things and animals whose sexes are not known

stone, steel, pots and pans

9.10. Nouns with the Same Form for M. and F.

child, parent, artist, painter, cousin

9.11. Nouns with Different Forms for M. and F.

father-mother, brother-sister, nephew-niece,

bull-cow, horse-mare, cock-hen

9.12 Plural Forms (Çoğul Şekilleri)

9.12.1. Regular Form

cat-cats, dog-dogs

9.12.2. Special Forms

9.12.2.1. Nouns Ending in O, ss, sh, ch, X

tomatoes, kisses, watches, boxes

exceptions: pianos, photos

9.12.2.2. Nouns Ending in fe, f,

wife-wives, life-lives,

wolf-wolves, self-selves,

9.12.2.3. Nouns Ending in y

9.12.2.3.1. Following a Consonant

baby-babies, lady-ladies

9.12.2.3.2. Following a vowel

day-days, boy-boys.

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9.12.2.4. Nouns that are in plural form and take singular verbs :

Mathematics, Statistics, Athletics, Economics

9.12.2.5. Nouns that are in plural form and take plural verbs:

pants, trousers, pajamas, glasses,

pliers, shears, scissors, scales, tweezeers

9.12.3. Irregular Forms

fish-fish, trout-trout, sheep-sheep

news-news, baggage-baggage, information-information

man-men, woman-women, foot-feet

mouse-mice, louse-lice, ox-oxen

tooth-teeth, child-children

9.12.4. Original Latin or Greek Nouns

thesis-theses, crisis-crises,

alumnus-alumni, phenomenon-phenomena

erratum-errata, radius-radii

memorandum-memoranda, datum- data

basis-bases, axis-axes, nucleus nuclea

9.12.5. Others

sister in law-sisters in law

man student - men students

VIP- VIPs, MP MPs, UFO-UFOs

9.13. Possessive Forms (Đyelik Şekilleri) Ahmet's apples, man's fob Jone's house, Jones’s house Shakespeare's plays, the plays of Martha X A week's holiday ; a week holiday A stone's throw, ten dollar gas Three dollars worth of gas For heaven's sake, for goodness sake The keys of the car, the names of the cities

9.14. Articles (Tanıtıcılar7)

9.14.1. The Definite Article (Belirli Tanıtıcı) The

The boy, the girl, the sky, the old

The rich, the Alps, the U.S.S.R., the Netherlands, the U.S.A.

The North Pole, the Smiths

9.14.2. The Indefinite Article (Belgisiz Tanıtıcı) a, an

A boy, a girl, an apple, an hour, a university

7 Tanıtıcılar özel isimlerden önce kullanılmaz.

14

10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler8)

( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D) ( E )

I Me My Mine Myself

You You Your Yours Yourself

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its Its Itself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

You You Your Yours Yourselves

They Them Their Theirs Themselves

A. Personal Pronouns (Şahıs Zamirleri) (Özne)

B. Objective Pronouns (Nesne Zamirleri)

C. Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri)

D. Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri)

E. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns (Dönüştürme ve Pekiştirme Zamirleri)

F. Interrogative Pronouns (Soru Zamirleri)

Who? Whose? Whom? Which? What? How? When?

G. Relative Pronouns (Đlgi Zamirleri)

Who, Whose, Whom, Which, What, That.

H. Demonstrative Pronouns (Đşaret Zamirleri)

This, That, These, Those

Đ. Indefinite Pronouns (Belgisiz zamirler)

One, Someone, Anyone, Somebody, Anybody, None, No One, Everyone, Everybody,

All.

______________________________________________________________________

I want nothing: I don't want anything

No: not any

Is everybody ready?

8 Zamirler özne yerine kullanılan sözcüklerdir

15

11. VERBS (Fiiller)

11.1. Infinitive Form to go

11.2. Present Form go

11.3. Past Form went

11.4. Past Participle gone

11.5. Regular Verbs (Düzenli Fiiller) (ask, asked, asked)

11.6. Irregular Verbs (Düzensiz Fiiller)

11.6.1. Present Past Past Participle

Bet Bet Bet Bahse Girmek

Cast Cast Cast Atmak

Cost Cost Cost Malolmak

Hit Hit Hit Vurmak

Hurt Hurt Hurt Incitmek

Let Let Let Bırakmak

Set Set Set Kurmak

Spread Spread Spread Yaymak

Put Put Put Koymak

Quit Quit Quit Terketmek

Shut Shut Shut Kapatmak

11.6.2.

Build Built Built Inşa Etmek

Lend Lent Lent Ödünç Vermek

Send Sent Sent Göndermek

Spend Spent Spent Sarfetmek

11.6.3.

Get Got Got Elde Etmek

Go Went Gone Gitmek

Forget Forgot Forgotten Unutmak

Hang Hung Hung Asmak

Ring Rang Rung (Zil) Çalmak

Sing Sang Sung Şarkı Söylemek

Spring Sprang Sprung Sıçramak

Sit Sat Sat Oturmak

Win Won Won Kazanmak

16

11.6.4.

Hear Heard Heard Duymak

Read Read Read Okumak

Pay Paid Paid Ödemek

Say Said Said Söylemek

11.6.5.

Feed Fed Fed Beslemek

Lead Led Led Yol Göstermek

Hold Held Held Tutmak

11.6.6.

Feel Felt Felt Hissetmek

Keep Kept Kept Saklamak

Sleep Slept Slept Uyumak

Weep Wept Wept Ağlamak

Leave Left Left Bırakmak

Meet Met Met Karşılaşmak

Lose Lost Lost Kaybetmek

11.6.7

Bind Bound Bound Bağlamak

Find Found Found Bulmak

Shine Shone Shone Parlamak

Strike Struck Struck Vurmak, Grev

Yapmak

11.6.8.

Bring Brought Brought Getirmek

Buy Bought Bought Satın Almak

Fight Fought Fought Dövüşmek

Think Thought Thought Düşünmek

Catch Caught Caught Yakalamak

Teach Taught Taught Öğretmek

Sell Sold Sold Satmak

Tell Told Told Anlatmak

Make Made Made Yapmak

Stand Stood Stood Durmak

17

11.6.9.

Ride Rode Ridden Binmek

Write Wrote Written Yazmak

Rise Rose Risen Kalkmak

Bite Bit Bitten Isırmak

Hide Hid Hidden Saklamak

11.6.10.

Bear Bore Born Taşımak

Swear Swore Sworn Yemin Etmek

Tear Tore Torn Yırtmak

Wear Wore Worn Giymek

Break Broke Broken Kırmak

Speak Spoke Spoken Konuşmak

Choose Chose Chosen Seçmek

Steal Stole Stolen Çalmak

11.6.11.

Grow Grew Grown Büyümek

Know Knew Known Bilmek

Throw Threw Thrown Atmak

Fly Flew Flown Uçmak

Slay Slew Slain Katletmek

See Saw Seen Görmek

11.6.12

Take Took Taken Almak

Shake Shook Shaken Sarsmak

11.6.13.

Beat Beat Beaten Dövmek

Eat Ate Eaten Yemek

Fall Fell Fallen Düşmek

Do Did Done Yapmak

Go Went Gone Gitmek

Lie Lay Lain Yatmak, Uzanmak

Lay Laid Laid Yatırmak, Uzatmak

Lie Lied Lied Yalan Söylemek

18

11.6.14

Forbid Forbade Forbidden Yasaklamak

Give Gave Given Vermek

Begin Began Begun Başlamak

Drink Drank Drunk Içmek

Run Ran Run Koşmak

11.7. Verbs Followed by the Gerund

admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, deny, dislike, dread,

enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss,

pardon, postpone, prevent, propose, remember, resent, resist,stop, suggest

To object to, to confess to, to get used to, to look forward to

� He objected to joining the army.

� He admitted robbing the bank.

� She appreciated receiving letters from her fans.

� I enjoy calling her once in a while.

� I don't mind walking to my office.

� I don't remember seeing her.

� I can't help laughing when I think of that joke.

� Stop talking, l can't stop loving you.

� I am looking forward to hearing from you.

� I can't stand listening to a loud music.

11.8. Verbs Followed By the Gerund or Infinitive

Start, begin, continue, intend

� I started studying. (I started to study!) 11.9. Verbs Followed By That and Verb-1

Suggest, recommend, insist, demand

� He suggested that we go.

� What do you suggest that we do?

� The kidnappers demanded that the father pay the ransom in small dollar bills.

11.10. Verbs Followed by the Gerund or Infinitive Taking a Different Meaning

try + gerund denemek I tried solving the problem.

try + to infinitive çabalamak I tried to pick up the stone.

stop + gerund bırakmak I stopped smoking.

stop + to infinitive için durmak I stopped to smoke.

19

12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar)

12.1. Definitive, Comparative and Superlative Forms Of Adjectives

12.1.1. Regular One or Two Syllable Adjectives

Long Longer The Longest

Short Shorter The Shortest

Heavy Heavier The Heaviest

Old Older The Oldest

Weak Weaker The Weakest

Strong Stronger The Strongest

12.1.2. Regular Multi Syllable Adjectives

Beautiful More Beautiful The Most Beautiful

Important More Important The Most Important

Eccentric More Eccentric The Most Eccentric

Tiring More Tiring The Most Tiring

Tired More Tired The Most Tired

Boring More Boring The Most Boring

Bored More Bored The Most Bored

12.1.3. Irregular Adjectives

Good Better The Best

Bad Worse The Worst

Much More The Most

Little Less The Least

12.2. Comparisons

1. as.............. as I am as old as you are.

He is twice as old as she is.

2. more .......... than I am older than you are.

I am more important than you are.

I am better than you are.

3. The most.... among (in) He is the best runner among students.

She is the most beautiful girl in town. (... in the world)

20

• The sun is one million times as big as the Mars is.

• The population of Erzurum is about twice as much as that of Kars.

• The statue of Atatürk in Erzurum is twice as big as the one in Kars.

• Ahmet spends half as much money as Mehmet does.

• There are more than twice as many people in the world now as there were 25 years

ago.

• There are as many students in Erzurum as there are people in Kars.

• I have studied for as many years as you have lived.

• I am not as tired as you are: I am not tired as much as you are.

• A is 100 times richer than B.

• A is as tall as B. A is not as tall as B. A is not so tall as B.

• I am as generous as you are miser.

21

13. ADVERBS (Zarflar9)

13.1. Adverbs of Manner (Hal Zarfları)

Slowly Yavaşça Smoking kills slowly.

Quickly Hızlıca ……

Well Iyice

Badly Kötüce

Altogether Birlikte

Separately Ayrıca

Generally Genellikle

Particularly Özellikle

Deliberately Kasden

Accidentally Kazaen

Naturally Doğal Olarak

Artificially Yapay Olarak

Similarly Aynı Şekilde

Conversely Tersine Olarak

Apparently Görünüş Olarak

Certainly Muhakkak

Evidently Görünüşe Göre

Obviously Açık Olarak

Presumably Farazi Olarak

Fortunately Iyiki

Especially Özellikle

Actually Gerçekten

Mostly Çoğunlukla

Personally Şahsen

Undoubtedly Şüphesiz

Clearly Açıkça

Surely Emin Olarak

Definitely Muhakkak

Positively Kesin Olarak

9 Zarflar, bir fiilin veya sıfatın anlamını belirten veya kuvvetlendiren kelimelerdir

22

13.2. Adverbs of Time (Zaman Zarfları) Now Şimdi It is time to go now. Then O zaman, ondan sonar Earlier Daha önce Later Daha sonra The day before yesterday

Önceki gün

The day after tomorrow

Öbür gün

Every third day Üç günde bir All of a sudden Aniden A while ago Biraz önce A moment ago Biraz önce A little later Biraz sonra Right now Hemen şimdi (önce) He was here right now. Right away Hemen şimdi (sonra) He will be here right away. At the beginning Başlangıçta At the end Sonunda Until now Bu zamana kadar From now on Bundan sonra (artık) From then on Ondan sonra Sooner or later Er veya geç Eventually Sonunda (nihayet) Lately Son zamanlarda Recently Son zamanlarda Soon Yakın zamanda Immediately Derhal In the meanwhile Bu arada Every other day

Gün aşırı

13.3. Adverbs of Place (Yer Zarfları)

Here Burada, burası, buraya He is here. It is here. Come here.

There Orada, orası, oraya

13.4. Adverbs of Frequency (Sıklık Zarfları)*

Once Bir kez I went there once.

Twice Iki kez

Three times Üç kez

All the time Her zaman

Always Her zaman

Frequently Sık sık

23

Occasionally Arada sırada

Periodically Periodik olarak

Once in a while Arada bir

Rarely Nadiren

Once in a blue

moon

Çok nadir

Repeatedly Mükerrer olarak

Continually Sürekli olarak

Intermittently Kesintili olarak

* (Sıklık zarfları yardımcı fiillerden sonra, asıl fiillerden önce gelir) (I am always late)

13.5. Adverbs of Degree (Derece Zarfları)

Almost Hemen hemen It is almost completed.

Nearly Neredeyse

Quite Oldukça

Too Haddinden fazla

Enough Yeterli

Extremely Aşırı şekilde

Only Sadece

Just Sadece

13.6. Words with the Same Adjective and Adverb Forms

Fast Hızlı Don’t go too fast.

Late Geç

Hard Sert

Early Erken

Friendly Dostça

Low Düşük

24

14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar10)

In Içinde, içine It is in the box. Put it in your pocket.

Out Dışında, dışına

On Üstünde, üstüne

Off Uzağında, uzağına

At De, da, e, a

Over Üzerinde, üzerine

Under Altında, altına

In front of Önünde, önüne

At the back of Arkasında, arkasına

At the bottom of Dibinde

On the top of Üstünde

Around Çevresinde, çevresine

Across Karşısında, karşısına

Against Karşısında, karşısına

Along Boyunda, boyuna

Among Arasında, arasına

(ikiden fazla şey)

After Sonra

Before Önce

Behind Arkasında, arkasına

Below Altında, altına

Between Arasında, arasına

(iki şey)

Beyond Ötesinde, ötesine

By Yanında, yanına

Up Yukarıda, yukarıya

Down Aşağıda, aşağıya

From Den, dan

Into Içine

Near Yakınında, yakınına

Opposite Karşısında, karşısına

Outside Dışında, dışına

10 Edatlar bir nesnenin diğer bir nesneye göre konumunu belirten kelimelerdir.

25

Past Den öteye

Through Içinden, arasından

Until, till E kadar

To E doğru

With Ile

Without Ile olmaksızın

ABOVEOVER

ON

TO FROM

OUTIN

THROUGH

INTO OUT OF

BY

BELOWUNDER

A diagram of the most commonly used prepositions

26

15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar)

And Ve George and Jack go to bed at ten.

Or Veya

But Fakat

For Için, den dolayı

Yet Henüz, yine de

If Eğer

Although (though) E rağmen

Notwithstanding E rağmen

Nevertheless Yine de

Because Çünkü

Because of Den dolayı

In spite of E rağmen

In stead of Yerine

Due to Den dolayı

Besides Zaten, ayrıca, den başka

Except Den başka, hariç

Like Gibi

Likewise Aynı şekilde

As Gibi, ken (giderken)

Therefore Bunun için

However Buna rağmen

Whereas Halbuki

In fact Gerçekte, nitekim

As a matter of fact Aslında, zaten, nitekim

Not to mention the

fact that

Kaldı ki

In as much as Madem ki, den dolayı

Since Madem ki, den dolayı

About Hakkında = (pertaining to, regarding, with

regard to in connection with, , related

to pursuant to, in relation to)

27

Either .......or Ya ........ya da...... Either you or your friend will have to

go there.

Neither.....nor Ne ........ne de....... Neither you noır your friend can pay

for that.

Both ........and Hem ....hem de...... Both you and your girl friend were

seen there.

Not only....but also Yalnızca ...değil, fakat

aynı zamanda .......da

Not only you but also your friends

are not wanted here.

Whether ....or …..ip ........mediğini

....se de .....mese de

I don’t know whether or not he is in

Erzurum.

She will have to go there

Whether she wants it or not

The more ....the more Ne kadar çok ..........

O kadar çok ............

The more you study the higher grade

you get.

The more you work, the more you

earn.

The higher you go, the harder you

fall

Just as ......so Nasıl ki .......ise, ayni

şekilde........

-Just as Kosovo is sacred land to

the Serbs, so is Krajina to Croatians.

-Just as Chechenia is an internal

matter of Russia so is Karabag for

Azerbeijan.

28

16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler)

16.1. Gerund (Đsim Fiil)

16.1.1. Present

Swimming is a good exercise.

I like swimming in a warm pool.

She likes teaching tap dance.

I can't stand waiting in lines.

Being alone in a trip is boring.

I like your speaking with an accent

16.1.2. Past

Having been alone on that trip was boring.

He denied having been late for work.

16.2. Infinitive (Mastar)

16.2.1. Present

To exercise in the morning is good for health.

I like to swim in heated pools.

She has a lot of work to do.

I felt the earth move.

He saw him go into the building.

16.2.2. Past

To have seen him doesn't mean much.

It is unfortunate for him to have met her.

I am sorry to have met you.

I wish I had never met you.

16.3. Participle (Sıfat ve Zarf Fiiller)

16.3.1. Adjective Participle (Sıfat fiiller)

16.3.1.1. Present

The movie is exciting.

It is a very exciting movie indeed.

People living in the country are lucky.

The energy needed by all living things comes from the sun.

The lecture was interesting and informing.

29

16.3.1.2 Past

He is a retired teacher. (tired, disappointed etc.)

The broken chair will be repaired.

I will borrow the required money from the bank.

I am excited.

16.3.2. Adverb Participle (Zarf Fiiller)

16.3.2.1. Zaman Bildiren Adverb Participle

16.3.2.1.1. Present

Watching TV, he fell asleep (while...)

Entering the room, I saw the burglar (while...)

I saw him crossing the street (while)

16.3.2.1.2. Past

Having watched the game he left the stadium (... after that.)

Having finished his work, he went home (... after that..)

16.3.2.2. Sebep Bildiren Adverb Participle

16.3.2.2.1. Present

Being very hungry, I ate a lot. (Because ...)

Knowing him well, she did not believe him (Because...)

16.3.2.2.2. Past

(Having been) Wrapped in a blanket, he didn't mind spending the night

outside.

(Because...) Having been very hungry, I had eaten a lot.

Having received no letter from her for a long time, he was worried.

30

VERBALS

Gerund Infinitive Participle

Present Past Present Past

Adjective Adverb

Present Past

Time Cause

Present Past Present Past

31

17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler)

Aboard : (Gemide, gemiye) Welcome aboard.

Abroad : (Yurt dışında, yurt dışına) I have not been abroad yet.

Archbishop : (Başpiskopos) Archbishop Makarios had been involved in politics.

Enrich : (Zenginleştirme) Protein can be used to enrich the flour.

Impossible : (Đmkansız) When something is not possible it is impossible.

Semiofficial : (Yarı resmi) AA is a semiofficial news agency.

Prehistoric : (Tarih öncesi) People did not know much in prehistoric times.

Post election : (Seçim sonrası) Post election politics has been quite complicated

Vice-president : (Başkan yardımcısı) Vice-president Johnson had an heart attack.

18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler)

Drinkable : (Đçilebilir) This water is drinkable.

Kingdom : (Krallık) The United Kingdom is ruled by Elizabeth II.

Enriched : (Zenginleştirilmi ş) This food has been enriched by extra protein.

Employed : (Đşçi, müstahdem) The employees will strike to raise their wages.

Childish : (Çocukça) It is childish to cry over simple things.

Civil ized : (Medenileştirilmi ş) The wild tribes are civilized now.

Americanize : Amerikalılaştırmak

Booklet : (Kitapçık) That booklet consists of only 30 pages.

Lakelet : (Gölcük) Van is a lake but Küçükçekmece is a lakelet.

Payment : (Ödeme) The size of the payment is determined by the

purchase power.

Careful : (Dikkatli) You have to be careful when you cross the street.

Careless : (Dikkatsiz) He fell on the ice because he was careless.

Carefulness : (Dikkatlilik) That job requires complete carefulness.

Carelessness : (Dikkatsizlik) The accident happened as a result of carelessness.

Separately : (Ayrı olarak) Place the pieces separately.

Naturally : (Doğal olarak) Naturally they will refuse the offer.

Personally : (Kişisel olarak) Personally, I hate cold weather.

Strong : güçlü Strength : güç, kuvvet (sıfattan isim)

Smoke : duman Smoky : Dumanlı (isimden sıfat)

Simple : basit Simplify : Basitleştirmek (sıfattan fiil)

32

19. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif)

Three lane highway Üç şeritli karayolu Hundred page book 100 sayfalık kitap The tea is too hot to drink Çay içilmeyecek kadar sıcak The tea is hot enough to drink Çay içilebilecek kadar sıcak There is no body in the room There is not any body in the room The movie is not interesting, I would rather (I'd rather) watch TV tonight

…televizyon seyretmeyi tercih ederim.

I had better (I'd better) start studying, or else I will flunk the exam.

…çalışmaya başlasam iyi olur. Yoksa sınavda çakarım.

They talk to each other.

(2 persons)

They talk to one another.

(More than 2 persons)

You can go whenever (or wherever) you want Her ne zaman istersen…

You can take whatever (or whichever) you

want

Her ne istersen…

No matter what, I will go there Ne olursa olsun...

Sooner or later I'm gonna get you Er veya geç…

They came here one after another Onlar buraya birbiri peşine geldiler.

They came here one at a time Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.

They came here one by one Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler.

They came here in a group of two Onlar buraya ikişer ikişer geldiler.

The more you study, the more you learn Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…

The more you work, the more you earn Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok…

Did you happen to meet Mr. President Hiç (tesadüfen) başkanla karşılaştınız mı

I happened to be passing by the scene when

the accident happened.

Kaza olduğunda oradan tesadüfen geçiyordum….

You don't get into this, mind your own

business:

Bu işe karışma. Kendi işine bak.

That is none of your business Bu iş seni ilgilendirmez.

You have to take a taxi in order to get there in

time (... so, as to ..., so as not to...)

Oraya zamanında varabilmek için taksi ile gitmen gerekir.

You have to study hard in order that (so that)

you can learn English well

Đngilizceyi iyi öğrenebilmen için…

Has what happened to you happened to them

too

Senin başına gelen onların başına da geldi mi?

33

• Open the door.

• Please open the door (open the door please).

• Will you please open the door?

• Would you please open the door?

• Would you be so kind as to open the door please?

• The cars were travelling bumper to bumper.

• Put the boxes one on top of the other to save room (on top of one another)

• The workers put the rails end to end and welded them.

• The fishermen laid the fish side by side in the market.

• If it weren't for the umbrella, we would get wet.

• If it had not been for you, I would not have been able to go there.

• Had it not been for you, she would have died. (Inversion)

• Should one day you come here, please stop by my office.

• Should I hear from him, I will let you know.

• Did you use to go there?

• No. I didn't use to go there.

• Let us (me, him, her, it, , them) go. Shall we?

• Let's stay here. Let's not stay here. Shall we go?

• This is the first time I have seen such a thing.

• If you had not been a stupid, you would not have listened to the same thing

every Sunday.

• You can’t have seen him yesterday, he was with me all day.

• Someone came here, didn't they?

• I am a doctor, aren't I?

• I heard him sing.

• I heard him singing.

• You can't go there until you have finished your work.

• Don't stick your neck out.

• He suggested that I see the doctor.

• To arrive in Istanbul.

• To arrive at the airport.

• To arrive on the scene.

34

• We will take turns.

• Whose turn is it?

• It is my turn.

• Sit at the table.

• Hold it tight, so that you won't fall

• He held it tight so that he wouldn't fall

• It is made of gold.

• It is made from (out of) packing cases.

• To fall in (out of) love with sb.

• Would you honorable MPS come to order please?

• To take a chance: to take a risk.

• To give a chance: to give an opportunity.

• Ski slopes in Erzurum are steeper than those in Sarıkamış.

• The population of Erzurum is twice as much as that of Kars.

• On behalf of : adına

• In behalf of : yararına

• 20 % of the students who passed the exams are girls.

• Half of those that were sent there were donkeys.

• I saw Ahmet go to school. (Action completed)

• I saw Ahmet going to school. (The action may not have been completed.)

• You have to be a little bit crazy to keep your sanity.

• Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards.

• Don't bite the hand that feeds you.

• May god give you twice as much as what you want for me!

• Every body must account for his actions.

• There are two sides to a coin.

• There are more to things than meets the eye.

• There is nothing to it.

• Every criminal must stand trial, and get a fair trial.

Odds and Ends

- to rank first

- to put someone to shame

- council of Higher Education

- ICBMs, airborne bombers, submarine based missiles

- a duplicate copy of important documents

- special thanks are due to those who...

- his philosophy is moderation in everything

35

- Jack of all trades, but master of none

- Don’t let this chance slip away.

- boil, grill, bake, fry,

- pots and pans, garnish

- extant X extinct

- poker, bridge, black jack, chess, backgammon

- heart, club, spade, diamond

- citius, altius, fortius

- wrestling, boxing, running, high-jumping, long-jumping, skating, skiing,

swimming, diving, riding, hammer-throwing, discus-throwing, javelin,

tennis, ping-pong, pole-vaulting, golf, football, voleyball, basketball, soccer,

etc.

- Five Pillars of Islam: praying, fasting, pilgrimage, almsgiving, confirmation

of faith. (the sixth one, they say, is knowing your boundries)

- Mental Abilities : Intelligence, memory, perception, reasoning, orientation,

willpower stability, attention, sensitivity.

- Acrophobia: fear of height.

- Acrobat: acts in the heights.

- To pass (fail, flunk) the test

- To stand the test of time.

- To chant nursery rhymes.

- At ease, attention, fire.

- Open shed barns

- Honest to God : Vallahi

- Duplication, multiplication, replication, reproduction.

- Liberty, equality, fraternity.

- Dilemma: A difficult situation.

- Paradox: strange but true.

- Enigma: Muamma, esrar, şifre

- To be vulnerable to pressure

- To take somebody at his word.

- The theory of Lambrazo on the nature of man

- On the spur of the moment.

- To tell a lie

- To lie ander a tree

- To lay a wreath, (a foundation stone and a L)

36

Addition 2 + 3 = 5 Two plus three equals five.

Two plus three is five.

Subtraction 5-3 = 2 Five minus three equals two.

Multiplication 5 x 6 = 30 Five multiplied by six equals thirty.

Five times six is thirty.

Division 30 : 6 = 5 Thirty divided by six equals five.

62: six squared ax : a to the power x

63: six to the third power a-b : a to the power minus b.

a/b = c dividend / divider = quotient

a.b = c multiplied. multiplier = product

X = Σ X/N X bar equals sum X over N (average)

6 and 36 6 is a factor of 36, 36 is a multiple of 6 (çarpan ve kat)

a2 - b2 : (a+b) (a-b) The difference of two squared numbers is the product of

the sum and the difference of these numbers.

37

SECOND PART

IDIOMS

All the same yine de I was not invited to the conference, but I will attend all the same.

As if sanki, imiş gibi He orders me to do things, as if he is my father.

As soon as possible mümkün olan en kısa zamanda

Please let me know the result as soon as possible.

At first ilk önce At first, I thought that he was a student At last nihayet At last, he was able to pay his debt. At least en azından There were at least 500 people in the

theatre. To be about to üzere olmak He was about to leave the room when I

went there. To be familiar with aşina olmak I am familiar with that subject. To be in charge of sorumlu olmak He is in charge of this department. To be interested in ilgilenmek I am not interested in politics. To be one's turn sırası olmak Now it is your turn to wash the dishes. To be tired of bıkmak They are tired of uninvited guests. To be used to alışık olmak People in Erzurum are used to cold. To break down bozulmak My car broke down on the way. To break up (with) bozuşmak He broke up with his girl friend yesterday. To bring up çocuk yetiştirmek He was brought up in a village. By the way sırası gelmişken By the way, I had met him in Paris. To catch cold soğuk almak Take your coat with you, otherwise you

will catch cold. To catch fire ateş almak The forest caught fire in a dry hot day. To be fed up (with) bıkmak usanmak I am fed up with all this nonsense. To be fond (of) hoşlanmak He is fond of Jane Fonda very much. To be in need (of) ihtiyacı olmak The old man is in need of money and care. To be out of question söz konusu

olmamak A general amnesty is out of question for the coming ten years.

To be through (with) bitirmek, ilişiği kesmek

I am through with that research for this semester

To beat about to bush lafı uzatmak Please don't beat about (around) the bush, come to the point.

To change one's mind Fikrini değiştirmek Did you change your mind? To come across karşılaşmak We come across different types of people

in the railway and bus stations. To come to an end sona ermek Sooner or later, this tragedy will come to

an end. To call for gerektirmek The project calls for a million dollar. To catch up (with) yetişmek Turkey has been trying to catch up with the

38

West for the past 100 years. To charged (with) ile itham etmek He was charged with murder and robbery. To do away with (to get rid of)

kurtulmak, başından atmak

She did away with all her old clothes.

To do one's best elinden geleni yapmak

I will try do my best to accomplish it and save my face.

To fall asleep uykuya dalmak He falls asleep right after he goes to bed. To fall in love (with) aşık olmak Ferhat had fallen in love with Şirin. To feel like canı istemek I don't feel like drinking tonight. To feel sorry (for) acımak He feels sorry for the poor and gives them

money. To find out anlamak I'll find out where he was at that time. For the time being şimdilik He will keep his mouth shut for the time

being. For nothing bedava, karşılıksız You can not get anything for nothing. To get along geçinmek They can’t get along well with each other. To get well iyileşmek I hope you will get well soon. To get in touch (with) temasa geçmek You have to get in touch with the manager. To get in the house eve girmek to get out of the house : evden çıkmak To get on the bus arabaya binmek to get off the bus : arabadan inmek To get up yataktan kalkmak to wake up : uyanmak To get used to alışmak You will get used to it soon. To give a call telefon etmek Give me a call tonight. To give in taviz vermek I won’t give in any more. To give up vazgeçmek He gave up his plan to go to Sakarya Heads or tails yazı tura Heads or tails? Heads you win, tails I win. To have nothing to do with something

Bir şeyle ilgisi olmamak

I have nothing to do with it.

In other words diğer bir deyişle …in other words, he will not pay his debt. To keep in mind akılda tutmak please keep in mind that ... To keep in touch (with)

ili şkiyi devam ettirmek

Keep in touch with us even if you go far far away.

To keep up (with) ayak uydurmak He can't keep up with the rest of the group To let someone know birisine bildirmek Please let me know if you run into him. To look after bakmak (çocuk vs.) The mother will look after the child. To make fun (of) alay etmek Don't make fun of me sir. To make up (with) barışmak He made up with his girl friend today. To make up (for) telafi etmek I will make up for the time I lost… To play a joke (on) şaka yapmak The students played a joke on the teacher. To make money para kazanmak He made a lot of money in gambling. To make up one's mind

karar vermek Don't make up your mind without consulting the consultant.

To change one's mind karar değiştirmek Don’t change your mind so often. To make use of yararlanmak Turkey can make use of coal for energy. To mind one's own business

kendi işine bakmak Mind your own bussiness. Don’t stick your nose into this matter.

Once and for all kesin olarak Resolve the matter once and for all.

39

Out of curiosity meraktan Just out of curiosity, how much money do you make in one month?

Out of date demode Your shirts are out of date, keep them up to date.

Out of order bozuk Don't turn the radio on. It is out of order. To pay attention to dikkat etmek Pay attention to what I say. To put out söndürmek They put the fire out. To put off tehir etmek They had to put off the show because of

the bad weather. To call off iptal etmek They called off the show for financial

reasons. To put on weight kilo almak Some people put on weight fast, no matter

what... To run into rastlamak He ran into his old friend in the street. To see someone off birisini uğurlamak The honor troop was present when they

saw the president off. To set fire to ateşe vermek They set fire to the house on purpose. To shake hands el sıkışmak We shook hands when we broke up. To shut up sesini kesmek If you don't have to talk, just shut up. To show up çıkagelmek He showed up one hour after the show. To slow down yavaşlamak The car slowed down and pulled over. To stick to the point konuya bağlı

kalmak Do not beat about the bush, come and stick to the point.

To take a bus otobüse binmek You must take a bus or a taxi. To take a chance Đşi şansa bırakmak Study hard. Don’t take a chance. To take advantage of istirmar etmek Do not take advantage of his innocence. To take after Birisine çekmek Who did he take after? He took after his

good for nothing uncle. To take a seat bir yere oturmak He asked me to take a seat when I entered

the room. To take into account hesaba katmak The teacher should have taken the

conditions in his family into account. To take a break ara vermek We took a break after we studied an hour. To take apart parçalamak They took the car apart to repair it. To take by surprise şaşırtmak That news took me by surprise. To take part in katılmak I would like to take a part in the research. To take seriously ciddiye almak Don't take to the movies too seriously. To take sides taraf tutmak A president should not take sides on

political matters. To take someone for someone else

birisini birisine benzetmek

They often take me for my brother.

To take up alışkanlık edinmek I gave up smoking but took up chewing gum. Don’t take up a harmfull habit.

To turn someone down

birisini reddetmek The girl turned the boy down when he asked her for a date.

To wake up uyanmak I try to wake up early in the morning.

40

THIRD PART

PROVERBS AND TONGUE TWISTERS

Proverbs

� Treat others as you would like to be treated.

� Do not do to others, what you do not want others to do to you.

� Whatever you wish for yourself wish the same for the others

� One is as good as the extent to which he wants for others what he wants for himself

� We have two ears but only one tongue, so that we may hear more and speak less.

� Birds of a feather flock together.

� Rolling stones gather no moss.

� Barking dogs do not bite.

� A friend exaggerates one's virtues and enemy his faults.

� What is good for one may not always be good for others.

� One should not judge by appearance.

� One should not put the cart in front of the horse.

� Business is business.

� A lie calls for a hundred more.

� You can fool some of the people all of the time, all of the people some of the time,

but you can not fool all of the people all of the time (Lincoln).

� People who stay in glass houses should not throw stones (men dakka dukka)

� When the cats are away, the mice will play.

� Only the squeaky wheel gets the grease.

� Too many cooks spoil the soup.

� Strike while the iron is hot.

� A penny saved is a penny earned.

� A friend in need is a friend indeed.

� A man is known by the company he keeps.

� A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.

� Action speaks louder than the words.

� The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.

� Easy come, easy go.

� Time is money (El vaktu naktun)

� Out of sight, out of mind

� God gives nuts to those who don't have teeth.

� Don't run after a girl or a bus, because there is always another one coming.

� If a diplomat says yes, it means perhaps.If a diplomat says perhaps, it means no.

� If a diplomat says no, he is not a real diplomat.

41

Tongue Twisters

� How much wood would a woodpecker peck, if a woodpecker could peck wood.

� Did you see Sally selling sea shells by the sea shores?

� Will you buy a rubber baby buggy bumper?

� Three hundred and thirty three thousand three hundred and thirty three (333.333).

� Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper. How many packs of pickled pepper did

Peter Piper pick?

� Trouble trouble before trouble troubles you.

� The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know.

� It lasted from two to two, to two two..

� If the sentence that had HAD had had HAD HAD, it would be correct.

� Are you one of those whom we have not been able to Americanize?

A Nursery Rhyme

Eeney meeney monee moo.

Catch a tiger by his toe,

If he hollers let him go.

Eeney, meeney, monee, moo.

42

FOURTH PART

QUOTABLE QUOTATIONS

The World

Geography � The world is one of the 9 planets of the solar system. � The world rotates* on its own axis once every 24 hours. � The Earth revolves* around the sun once a year. � The moon is a satellite of the earth. � The moon revolves around the earth on an orbit once a month. � The moon is a satellite of the earth. � The area of the world is about 510.000.000 km2 (square kilometers). � The area of the world is about 600 times larger than that of Turkey. � 3/4 of the world area is covered by the sea (three fourths of the ...) � The distance between the earth and the moon is about 384.000 km. A space craft

can cover this distance in less than three days. History � The history of the world dates back around 4 billion years. � We are living at a time when machines do work that men used to do. � Airplanes can cover a distance in as many hours now, as it used to take days by

other means of transportation in the near past. � There are twice as many people in the world now as there were 50 years ago. � Neil Armstrong, the commander of Apollo 11, is the first man to set foot on the

moon on July 21, 1969. � America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. � Telephone was invented by A. Graham Bell in 1876. � United Nations was established in 1945.

Economy � The richest country in the world, in terms of per capita income, is Kuwait. � According to Malthus, the population of the world increases in geometrical ratio

whereas the food production increases in arithmetical ratio. Therefore, the world is bound to face a serious crisis stemming from the shortage of food.

Politics � One of the most important problems facing the mankind today is the lack of

sense of justice among nations. Power is still the major factor in settling disputes.

� Palestinian-Israeli dispute is the most important problem in the World Politics. � Turkey is trying to join the European Union since 1963.

* Rotate: to turn on an axis * Revolve: to turn around a point

43

Turkey

Geography � Turkey is located between two continents, Asia and Europe.

� The area of Turkey is about 780.000 km2 (... square kilometers)

� Turkey has well defined borders on all sides.

� Turkey is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The Black Sea is in the north, Aegean Sea is in the west and the Mediterranean Sea is in the south.

� The mountains along the coast are covered with forests whereas the mountains of Central Anatolia is mainly bare.

� Due to the differences in climate and the formation of the terrain, Anatolia is divided into a variety of agricultural regions.

History � For many thousands of years, because of its unique geographical position, Turkey

has been the cradle of many civilizations and the scene of many historical events.

� Anatolia was captured and ruled by many nations, including Ionians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, and Turks.

� It is not for nothing that Turkey is called as the "cradle of civilization"...

Economy

� The economy of Turkey is based on free market system.

� Monetary unit in Turkey is Turkish Lira.

� Per capita income in Turkey is about $5.000.

� Turkey is among a few nations in the world that are self- sufficient in food production.

� If it weren’t for the waste and and mismanagement in the government in the past 20 years, the per capita income would have more than doubled now.

Social and Cultural Structure

� The population of Turkey is about 70 million which constitutes approximately % 1 (one per cent) of the world's population.

� 30 % of the population live in rural areas in Turkey.

� Turkey can be considered as a land of contrasts in some ways. For example, some people still live a traditional life while some have adopted a modern way of life.

� There is a big gap between the distribution of income both among the individuals and the regions. These disparities need to be mitigated.

Politics

� Political parties based onreligion, race or class is outlawed in Turkey.

� Turkey is a country to be reckoned with.

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Erzurum

Geography � Erzurum is located in the north eastern part of Turkey. � It has always been an important center because of its geographical location and

topographical position. � A branch of the ancient Silk Road used to pass through the city. � It is located on the skirts of majestic Palandöken Mountains, overlooks a large

plain and controls several passes to different directions. � The population of Erzurum is about 400.000. � The altitude of the city is about 1.800 meters. � The city is surrounded by Palandoken Mountains on the south and Kargapazarı

Mountains on the north. � The winters in Erzurum last for about six months from mid-November to the

end of April. History

� Erzurum has a history of 6.000 years dating back to 4.000 B.C. � Erzurum was captured and ruled by many nations such as Urartians,

Cimmerians, Persians, Romans, Arabs, Byzantians and Turks (Saltuqs, Ilhans and Ottomans).

� The Citadel in the city was built by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in the 5th Century, but the clock tower was built by the Saltuq Turks in 12th Century.

� Erzurum has been the capital city of Saltuqian Dynasty in 12th Century. � There are many works of art in the city from the period of Saltuq, Ilhan, and

Ottoman Turks such as Grand Mosque, Double Minarets, Yakutiye Medresah and Lala Pasha Mosque.

� Ulucami, the grand mosque, was built by Melik Nasrettin of Seljuks in the 12th

Century. It is covered by 7 parallel vaults, which provide 7 wide naves for the prayers.

� The Double Minarets, a Theological College, was built by Sultan Alaattin Keykubat of saltuqs, a branch of the Seljuks, in the 13th Century. It is the biggest and most elaborately decorated building of its kind in Anatolia. It has a very impressive portal with a highly decorated frame and a huge mukarnas (a decorated arch of the portal). Elaborate stone carvings on the base of the minarets and the reliefs on the walls have symbolic meanings representing the beliefs of the Ilhanits before they adopted Islam. For example, the double headed eagles and the dragons represent masters of the sky and the earth respectively.

� Yakutiye Medresah, a theological college, was built by Hodja Cemalettin Yakutin in the 14th Century. The building is being used as a museum now.

� Lalapasha Mosque was built by the Governor Lala Mustafa Pasha who later became the conqueror of Cyprus in the 16th Century during the reign of The Suleyman the Magnificent. It is a typical example of classical Ottoman mosques with a central dome supported by 4 main columns. It is the work of the great architect Sinan.

� The city was occupied temporarily by the Russians three times in 1829, 1882 and 1916.

45

� Erzurum is the city where the foundation of the Republic of Turkey was laid in Erzurum Congress in July 23rd. 1919 by Atatürk and his friends.

� Other points of interest in the city include the Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai which is used as a marketplace for black stone jewelry, three tombs and old Erzurum houses.

Economy

� For thermal and eco- tourism as well as rafting, trekking and mountain biking, the economy of Erzurum depends mainly on three Sectors, namely, agriculture, trade and turizm.

� Fodder crops and animal husbandry in Erzurum has a great potential for development.

� The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Erzurum has more than 3.500 members. It is the biggest civil society organization in Erzurum.

� Tourism, especially the winter tourism, is becoming a major economical sector in Erzurum. Palandöken Ski Center is one of the most popular ski centers in the Country. When fully developed, the center will have a capacity of 32.000 skiers per day. The center isonly 6 kilometers away from the city. There are four five star luxurious hotels in the center and it has the longest ski runs and the best snow quality in Turkey.

� There is an important potential in Erzurum.

Social and Cultural Structure

� Erzurum has been the center of culture, education and throughout the history. � Double minarets and Yakutiye Medresah are the two important institutions of

higher education of 12th and 13th Century. � Ataturk University is one of the biggest and most important institutions of

higher education in the Country with about 40.000 Students � The people of Erzurum are called “dadash” which means “man of dignity “. Politics � People of Erzurum are known to be “conservative” in their political and social

views. � Local elections will be held next year. � In the political history of Erzrurum, no Mayor has been elected twice.

46

Cyprus Problem

Cyprus is an island in Eastern Mediterranean, only 40 miles off the cost of Turkey.

It is more than 300 miles away from the mainland Greece. Cyprus became a part of the

Ottoman Empire in 1571 and remained so, for more than 300 years. In 1923 Turkey

relinquished its sovereignty to England in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. The

population of Cyprus is about 600.000, a quarter of which is Turkish.

The essence of Cyprus problem is that the Greeks have, for a long time, wanted to

unite the island with Greece and eliminate the Turkish Population. Turkish people on the

island had been subjected to continious discrimination, intimidation, oppression

harassment and outright massacre for years. In 1974, Turkey intervened militarily in

accordance with the Treaty of Guarantee of 1960 to maintain the independence of the

island and protect the lives of the Turkish People. If the Turks had not been harassed out

of Cyprus, it has been calculated that the number of them would have been equal to that of

Greeks by now.

The best possible solution to the problem seems to be the establishment of a bi-

communal, bi-zonal, non-aligned and independent federal republic. This solution will

maintain the independence and integrity of the island, and will provide peace and security

to both communities.

There are two completely different communities on the island. They have different

cultural, social, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. They have different traditions and

aspirations. Past events have created a profound mistrust and enmity between them. These

communities can not live together at least for the time being. Therefore, they should live

side by side if peace and security on the Island are to be maintained.

The Greeks seem to maintain the idea of Enosis. Now, they are more interested in

mobilizing international pressure against Turkey than in reaching a just and lasting peace

through negotiations. There will not be a solution to the problem as long as Greeks follow

a policy of tension with Turkey. On the other hand an imposed solution to the question

will, almost certainly, lead to another crisis, another tragedy or even a shamefull ethnic

clensing like the one witnessed in Bosnia.

47

Turkish- Armenian Matter

Some Armenians are trying to win the sympathy of the world public opinion and gain

some political advantage at the expense of Turkey by making genocide claims and presenting only

one side of the story.

The Armenians, like many other communities, lived in total cultural freedom, peace, and

prosperity for many Centuries under the Ottoman rule. In late 19th Century those countries that

wanted to decimate the Ottoman Empire manipulated the Armenians for their own political aims

and encouraged them to fight against the empire and form an independent State. To that end, they

formed organizations such as Hinchak in 1987 and Tashnak groups in 1890 with armed units to

fight against the Ottoman security forces and harass the Muslim population. They started the first

riot and in Sason in 1894 and shed the bloods of many innocent people. In the following years

they intensified their violence in Eastern Anatolia. During the First World War, they fought

against the Ottoman army along side the Russians and committed mass murders

On April 24, 1915, the Ottoman Government decided to relocate or resetle the

Armenians of Eastern Anatolia to Syria which was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that time.

Many countries in history have relocated some of their citizens during the wars.

What Armenians claim to be genocide is in fact the relocation of the Armenians away

from the front line as a result of their own acts of violence. Subsequent loss of life due to the

inhuman conditions of war is well known to all. Genocide is an act of killing a group of people for

what they are, not for what they do. Ermenians were resetled for what they did during the war.

Most Armenians who scratch the healing wounds now are the descendents of those who

were resetled away from the front line during the War. If there had been a genocide at that time,

they would not have been able to make those claims now.

It is unfortunate that on the advent of 21st Century, some people are nurturing hatred and

violence again, killing innocent people including diplomats and expecting some benefits from

creating a biased World public opinion.

A group of bipartisan international experts must come together to bring out to light all

the facts about this matter and put an end to endless accusations, enmities, misunderstanding and

the exploitation of the good will of the international communities.

In the final analysis, both the Armenians and the Turks who lost their lives as a result of

the fabricated hatret are the victims of the super powers of that time which followed the policy of

“divide and rule”. Most of the conflicts in the Middle East of today stems from the same policy.

All those who want to tarnish the image of a nation must act responsible and give up creating

more hatret, conflict and violence.

48

Agriculture

� Agriculture can be described as the work of growing crops and raising farm

animals.

� Agronomy is the work of producing field crops in large and open fields.

� Horticulture is the work of producing fruits and vegetables in small and protected

areas.

� Agricultural extension is a technical service based on an out-of-school educational

system and aimed at improving the living conditions of the people who are

engaged in Agriculture.

� There are eleven Departments in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University.

They are the Departments of: Horticulture, Plant Protection, Food Technology,

Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Mechanization,

Field Crops, Soil Science and Animal Husbandry, Aquaculture and Landscape

Architecture.

� Photosynthesis is a process by which chlorophyll containing cells in green plants

synthesize carbohydrates from carbodioxide and water in the presence of sun

light. In other words, it is a process by which plants make sugar from water and

air.

� Erosion occurs on sloping surfaces rather than level surfaces.

� Some bacteria are beneficial, but some are harmful, causing various diseases.

� A plow is an implement to till or turn over the soil.

� A roller is used to break up the clods and compact the seed bed.

� In general, tillage serves three purposes. It prepares the seed bed, destroys the

weeds, and improves the soil.

� Rotation is a practice of growing different crops at different times on the same

soil.

� A tractor can draw a two or more furrow plow.

49

Economics

� Economics is the study of man's activities aimed at satisfying the unlimited human

needs by means of limited resources. These activities include production,

distribution, consumption etc.

� Supply and demand are among the most important concepts in Economics. Supply

refers to the amounts of a commodity that the suppliers are willing to sell at

certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time. On the other hand,

demand refers to the amounts of a commodity that the consumers are willing to

buy at certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time.

� In a free market, the price of a commodity is determined at a point where the

amounts of supply and demand are equal. , the price of a commodity goes up as

the demand goes up, or the supply goes down, or vice versa.

� Inflation is an economic phenomenon which appears as a steady and sharp

increase in general price level. Inflation, by definition, refers to a high level of

increase in money supply in relation to the increase in production. Inflation can

also be defined as too much demand in relation to supply. It follows that the

solution to inflation is to decrease demand and increase supply by certain

measures.

� According to the law of diminishing returns, in production when one factor is

increased constantly while the others are held constant. the output will show three

stages:

1) Increases at an increasing rate.

2) Increases at decreasing rate.

3) Reaches a maximum and there after decrease.

� The law of diminishing returns is also called the law of diminishing marginal

productivity

50

Atatürk

Atatürk is the founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic. He was born

in 1881 in Salonika which is in Greece now but was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that

time. He attended military school and became an officer in the Ottoman Army in 1902.

He fought on several fronts in different wars and became a national hero after the

Gallipoli War in 1915. Ottoman Empire was invaded by several foreign powers after the

First World War. He started the Independence War against the invading powers in Samsun

on May 19th, 1919. He led the Nation to victory after a bitter and costly struggle on

August 30th, 1922. He established the Turkish Republic, on October 29th, 1923 and was

elected as the first President of the Republic.

The Turkish Republic was established on the principles of; republicanism,

nationalism, statism, secularism, populism, and revolutionism which have become to be

known as Kemalism. Atatürk has carried out several bold and broad reforms to create a

modern state on the ruins of the six-century old Ottoman Empire.

His many reforms include the following:

� Abolishing the Sultanate and establishing the Republic.

� Abolishing the Caliphate and Religious Code and establishing the secularism

and Civil Code.

� Closing down the religious orders.

� Changing hats and costumes.

� Introducing the Latin alphabet.

� Establishing several state institutions to promote peace, prosperity, and

progress in the Country.

Atatürk died on November 10th, 1938, but his memory and his works will live

forever. He is one of the greatest leaders of the Twentieth Century. Even if he had

achieved only one of his many accomplishments, he would still have deserved to be called

as one of the greatest leaders in the world.

51

Atatürk’s Address to the Turkish Youth

Turkish Youth!

Your first duty is to preserve and defend the Turkish independence and the Turkish

Republic forever.

This is the only foundation of your existence and your future. This foundation is

your most valuable treasure. In the future too, you will have enemies both in the country

and abroad who will try to deprive you of this treasure. If, one day, you are compelled to

defend your independence and the Republic, you shall not hesitate to perform your duty no

matter what the circumstances and possibilities may be. These circumstances and

possibilities may be extremely unfavorable. The enemies who desire to destroy your

independence and your Republic may have won a victory unprecedented in the history of

the World. By force or deceit, all the fortresses and shipyards of your homeland may have

been seized, all the armies may have been dispersed and all the corners of your homeland

may have actually been occupied. What is more tragic and awesome than even these

eventualities, those in power may have fallen into ignorance, error, or even treason.

Moreover, they may identify their personal interest with the enemies' political claims. The

nation may have been completely deprived, destroyed and exhausted.

Turkish youth of the future, even under these circumstances, it is your duty to save

the Turkish independence and the Turkish Republic. The might that you will need is

already present in the noble blood in your veins.

M.K.Atatürk 1927

52

FIFTH PART

LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES

A Letter to a Friend

April 1st, 1986

ERZURUM

Dear A,

Thank you very much for your letter of March 8 th. It was very nice to hear from

you again. I am sorry for the delay in answering your letter. I was out of town for a two-

week vacation when it arrived. Lots of paper had piled up on my desk when I returned

from vacation, and it took me several days to catch up with the work.

It is nice to hear that you and your family are all well. I am happy to be able to say

that I and my family are all fine too. B had a cold last week. He is about over it and join

the football team now. The weather has been unusually warm around here for this time of

the year.

That is all there is to say for the time being. Please say hi, to C and D for me.

Please give my regards to your parents.

I am looking forward to hearing from you again.

With all my best wishes

E. F. U

P.S.

G. became engaged to H.T. yesterday

K will get married to L tomorrow.

53

A Letter of Application

______________________________________________________________________

April 2nd, 1986

ERZURUM

I.C.L.S.

1346 Connecticut Ave., 1200

N.W. Washington D.C. 20036 U.S.A.

Dear Sirs

I am a member of the teaching staff in the Department of... in the College of

Agriculture at Atatürk University in Turkey. I was given a scholarship to study in U.S.A.

for a period of one year. I would like to attend your school for three months for language

training before I start studying in my field.

I would appreciate if you could send me an application form and some information

regarding accommodation possibilities-in D.C.

Thank you very much in advance for your consideration. I am looking forward to

receiving an answer from you.

Sincerely yours,

K.L.A

Department of...........

. Ataturk University

25240 Erzurum-Turkey

Enclosures :

1. A copy of B.S. diploma

2. A letter of financial support

54

A Letter of Recommendation

______________________________________________________________________

April 3rd, 1986

ERZURUM

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

I am pleased to write this letter of recommendation in behalf of Dr. O.P. whom I

have known for over ten years and worked with since 1980. He was asked to join the

teaching staff in the College because of his distinguished record during his undergraduate

years.

Mr. P. is a diligent and intelligent person. He has a great sense of duty and

responsibility. He is known to be a man of patience and perseverance.

It is my belief that Dr. O.P. will be able to benefit greatly from an opportunity to

study abroad. I strongly recommend him for such an opportunity.

Very truly yours,

Prof. Dr. M. C. A

Chairman

Department of..................

College of Agriculture

Atatürk University

Erzurum / TURKEY

Some positive characteristics: careful, considerate, creative, co-operative, diligent, dedicated, energetic,

extravert, friendly, hardworking, imaginative, intelligent, meticulous, orderly, punctual, self confident,

vigilant,

55

A Letter of Confirmation

______________________________________________________________________

April 4th, 1986

ERZURUM

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Dr. O.P. has been a member of the teaching staff in the

College of Agriculture at Atatürk University for the past five years. He was awarded a

scholarship by the Government to study abroad for a period of one year.

I would like to confirm that his scholarship covers in full, the travel expenses, per-

diem allowances, admission fees and medical expenses.

Prof. Dr. T.K.F

Dean

College of Agriculture

Atatürk University 25240

ERZURUM-TURKEY

56

______________________________________________________________________

Translation of a Diploma

______________________________________________________________________ REPUBLIC OF TURKEY

ERZURUM Photo

ATATURK UNIVERSITY and

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE seal

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER

DIPLOMA

Date of Diploma :

Diploma Number :

Department :

This is to certify that ...............................................................the son/daughter of

.......................born in the year........................ in .........................has been granted the title

of AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER on the date of............................. upon completing

his/her studies and examinations successfully in compliance with the special laws and

regulations of the College of Agriculture of Atatürk University to benefit from all the

rights and privileges provided by the laws of the Republic of Turkey.

Rector of Atatürk University Dean of College of Agriculture

.......... .........

Signature Signature

______________________________________________________________________

This is a complete and correct translation of the original

Date and confirmation:

57

SIXTH PART

VOCABULARY

� Just as keys are attached to rings, the words should be attached to sentences to

prevent them from being lost.

English Words

English Logic

When the English tongue we speak,

Why is break not rhymed with freak?

Will you tell me why it's true?

We say sew, but likewise few

And the maker of the verse

Can not cap his horse with worse?

Beard sounds not the same as heard

Cord is different from word

Cow is cow, but low is low;

Shoe is never rhymed with foe.

Think of hose and dose and lose,

And of goose and yet of choose.

Think of comb and tomb and bomb,

Doll and roll, and home and some,

And since pay is rhymed with say.

Why not paid with said, I pray?

We have blood and food and good;

Mould is not pronounced like could.

Wherefore done, but gone and lone?

Is there any reason known?

And in short, it seems to me,

Sound and letters disagree.

58

Homophones

Aisle (Ayıl) Koridor Isle Ada

Be (Bi) Olmak Bee Arı

Break (Breyk) Kırmak Brake Fren

Die (Day) Ölmek Dye Boya

Cell (Sel) Hücre Sell Satmak

Doe (Do) Dişi Geyik Dough Hamur

Hair (Heyr) Saç Hare Tavşan

Flour (Flawr Un Flower Çiçek

Heal (Hiil) Iyileşmek Heel Topuk

Idol (Aydıl) Put Idle Boş, Aylak

Mail (Meyl) Posta Male Erkek

Our (Avr) Bizim Hour Saat

Straight (Streyt) Doğru (Düz Hat) Strait Boğaz (Çanakkale)

Tail (Teyl) Kuyruk Tale Masal

Fair Doğru Adil Fare Ücret (Bilet v.b.)

American English English English Turkish

Baby bottle (nipple) Teat Biberon

Long distance call Trunk call Şehirlerarası telefon

Business suit Lounge suit Resmi elbise

Pants (slacks) Trousers Pantolon

Parka Onarak Mont

Shoestring Shoelace Ayakkabı bağı

Intermission Interval Ara (sinemada)

Meat grinder Mincer Kıyma makinası

Raisins Sultanas Kişmiş

Antenna Arial Anten

Closet Cupboard Dolap

Faucet Tap Muslık

Scotch tape Cellotape Şeffaf bant

Fender Mud quard Çamurluk

Baggage Luggage Bavul

Lost and found Lost property Kayıp eşya bürosu

Make reservation Book Yer ayırtmak

Subway Under ground Metro

Zero Naught Sıfır

59

Agricultural Words and Terms

General

Agriculture: Tarım Winnow: Savurmak Leaf: Yaprak

Horticulture:Bağcılık,

Bahçecilik

Store: Depolamak Awn: Kılçık

Viticulture: Üzümcülük Germinate: Çimlenme Bud: Tomurcuk

Apiculture: Arıcılık Emerge: Çıkma Field Crops: Tarla bitkileri

Cultivate: Işlemek Flower: Çiçek, Çiçek açma Cash Crops: Gelir bitkileri

Plow: Sürmek, Pulluk Mature : Olgun,

Olgunlaşma

Subsistence Crops:

Geçimlik Ürünler

Sow: Ekmek Bran: Kepek Grain Crops: Daneliler

Plant: Dikmek Stable: Ahır Cereal Crops: Hububat

Mow: Biçmek Stem: Gövde (ağaç) Root Crops: Kök bitkileri

Reap: Biçmek Branch: Dal Industrial Crops: End. bit.

Harvest: Hasat etmek Bark: Kabuk Oil Crops: Yağ bitkileri

Trash: Dövmek Stalk: Gövde (sap) Fiber Crops: Lif bitkileri

Wilt: Sararma Seedling : Fide Poultry : Kümes hayvan

Thin: Seyreltme Fingerling: Yavru balık Feed: Hayvan yemi

Hoe: Çapalama Rotation: Münavebe Trough: Kurun (Su kapları)

Irrigate: Sulama Smut: Sürme Saddle Animals: Binek h.

Sprinkler: Yağmurlama Forage Crops: Yem

bitkileri

Draft Animals: Çeki h.

Barn: Samanlık Fodder Crops: Yem Bit. Flora: Tabii Bitki varlığı

Furrow: Karık Cover Crops: Örtü bitkileri Fauna:Tabii Hayvan varlığı

Fallow: Nadas Bovine : Büyükbaş hayvan Farm Manure: Çiftlik

gübresi

To Leave Fallow: Nadasa

bırakma

Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvan Beef: Sığır eti

Mutton: Koyun eti

Plants

Grains: Hububatlar

Barley: Arpa Millet: Darı Awned Wheat: Kılçıklı b.

Wheat: Buğday Lentils: Mercimek Rice: Pirinç

Corn: Mısır Oat: Yulaf Weed: Yabancı ot

Rye: Çavdar

60

Industrial crops

Cotton: Pamuk Tobacco: Tütün Flax: Keten, Jute: Kendir

Hemp: Kenevir Sugar Beet: Şeker pancarı

Fruits: Meyveler

Apple: Elma Cherry Pip: Kiraz çekirdeği Strawberry: Çilek

Pear: Armut Grape: Üzüm Mulberry: Dut

Peach: Şeftali Grapefruit: Greyfurt Pineapple: Ananas

Apricot: Kayısı Date: Hurma Orange : Portakal

Plum: Erik Fig: Incir Tangerine: Mandalina

Cherry: Kiraz Melon : Kavun Lemon: Limon

Pip: Çekirdek Watermelon: Karpuz Quince : Ayva

Vegetables: Sebzeler

Tomato: Domates Potato: Patates Squash: Kabak (Dolmalık)

Pepper: Biber Onion: Soğan Pumpkin: Kabak (Bal)

Egg Plant: Patlıcan Garlic: Sarmısak Cauliflower: Karnabahar

Cucumber: Salatalık Bean: Fasulye Cabbage: Lahana

Lettuce: Marul Melon: Kavun Mushroom: Mantar

Carrot: Havuç

Nuts: Kuruyemi şler

Chestnut: Kestane Coconut: Hindistan Cevizi Pistachio: Antep Fıstığı

Walnut: Ceviz Almond: Badem

Peanut : Fıstık Cashew: Cashew Fıstığı

Fodder crops: Yem Bitkileri

Alfalfa: Yonca Vetch: Fiğ (Küspe) Grass: Çimen

Seinfoin: Korunga Clover : Üçgül Crushed Straw: Saman

Flowers: Çiçekler

Rose: Gül Carnation: Karanfil Daisy: Papatya

Tulip: Lale Violet: Menekşe Lavender: Lavanta

Jasmine: Yasemin Lily: Zambak

61

Trees: Ağaçlar

Willow : Söğüt Maple: Akçaağaç Okra: Bamya

Poplar: Kavak Palm Tree: Palmiye Spinach: Ispanak

Oak: Meşe Herbicide:Yabancı Ot

Ilacı

Celery : Kereviz

Hazelnut: Fındık Pea: Bezelye Parsley : Maydanoz

Pine: Çam Chick-Pea: Nohut Leek: Prasa

Division : Bölüm Class: Sınıf Family: Familya

Animals and Insects

Bovine: Büyükbaş Hayvanlar

Cow: Inek Bull: Boğa Camel: Deve

Ox: Öküz Buffalo: Manda

Calf: Dana Pig: Domuz Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvanlar

Sheep: Koyun Lamb: Kuzu Doe: Keçi (Dişi), Dişi Geyik

Eve: Koyun Goat: Keçi

Ram: Koç Buch: Teke

Poultry: Kümes Hayvancılığı

Chicken: Tavuk Turkey: Hindi Duckling: Ördek yavrusu

Hen: Tavuk Goose: Kaz

Rooster: Horoz Duck: Ördek

Saddle Animals: Binek Hayvanları

Horse: At Mare: Kısrak Mule: Katır

Stallion: Aygır Donkey:Eşek

Domestic Animals : Ev Hayvanlar

Dog: Köpek Puppy: Guduk Kitten: K.Yavrusu

Bitch: Kancık Cat: Kedi

62

Insects: Böcekler

Fly: Sinek Butterfly: Kelebek Genus: Cins

Bee: Arı Spider: Örümcek Species: Tür

Mosquito: Sivrisinek Cockroach: Hamam b. Variety: Çeşit

Beetle: A. Böceği Silkworm: Ipek böceği Strain: Hat

Insecticide:Böcek

Öldürücü

Locust: Çekirge

Wild Animals and Others

Land Animals: Kara Hayvanları

Wolf: Kurt Monkey: Maymun Rabbit: Tavşan

Fox: Tilki Zebra: Zebra Rat: Tarla faresi

Bear: Ayı Giraffe: Zürafa Mouse: Ev faresi

Lion: Aslan Elephant: Fil Bat: Yarasa

Tiger: Kaplan Beaver: Kunduz Squirrel: Sincap

Leopard: Leopar Jackal: Çakal

Sea Creatures: Deniz Yaratıkları

Whale: Balina Coral: Mercan Shrimp: Karides

Shark: Köpek Balığı Sponge: Sünger Lobster: Istakos

Dolphin: Yunus Balığı Octopus: Ahtapot Crab: Yengeç

Trout: Alabalık Mussel: Midye

Birds: Ku şlar

Sea Gull: Martı Crow: Karga Peacock: Tavus

Hawk: Atmaca Sparrow: Serçe Pheasant: Keklik

Dove: Güvercin Pigeon: Güvercin Vulture: Akbaba

Falcon: Şahin Eagle: Kartal Ostrich: Devekuşu

Canary: Kanarya Stork: Leylek Owl: Baykuş

Parrot: Papağan Crane: Leylek

63

Reptiles: Sürüngenler

Snake: Yılan Alligator: Timsah Snail: Sümüklü böcek

Scorpion: Akrep Turtle: Kaplumbağa Frog: Kurbağa

Crocodile: Timsah Worm: Solucan

Agricultural Implements

Fork: Dirgen Hammer: Çekiç Harrow: Sürgü

Rake: Tırmak Sickle: Orak Discharrow: Diskaro

Pick: Kazma Scythe: Tırpan

Shovel: Kürek Cart: Araba Seed Drill: Mibzer

Spade: Bel Küreği Plow: Pulluk Tractor: Traktör

Hoe: Çapa Roller: Merdane Trailer: Römork

Combine Harvester: Biçer

Döver

Potato Planter: P. Dikici Wheel Barrow: El arabası

Household Tools

Scissors: Makas Driver: Tornavida Awl: Biz

Tweezers: Cımbız Bolt: Civata Strainer: Süzgeç

Pliers: Pense Nut: Somun Funnel: Huni

Pincers : Kerpeten Spanner: Somun anahtarı Bucket: Kova

Axe: Balta Wrench: Đng.Anahtar Nail: Çivi

Chopper: Satır, Falçata Saw: Testere Hammer: Çekiç

Lever: Levye Hacksaw: Demir testeresi Brush: Fırça

Drill: Matkap Ripsaw: Ağaç testeresi Broom: Süpürge

Screw: Vida Dust Pan: Faraş Mop: Paspas

Parts of a Human Body

The Skeleton : Đskelet Wrist: Bilek Forehead/Brow: Alın

Skull: Kafatası Fist: Yumruk Jaw: Çene Kemiği Collar-Bone: Köprücük k. Hand: El Mustache: Bıyık Shoulder-Blade: Kürek k. Palm: Aya, Avuç içi Beard: Sakal Breastbone: Göğüş Kemiği Thumb: Başparmak Tooth: Diş Rib: Kaburga Kemiği Finger: Parmak Lip: Dudak Backbone/Spine: Omurga Nail: Tırnak Tongue: Dil Hip-Bone/: Kalça Kemiği/ Leg: Bacak Eye: Göz

64

Pelvis: Leğen Kemiği Thigh: Uyluk Eyeball: Göz yuvarlağı Kneecap: Dizkapağı Kemiği Knee: Diz Eyebrow: Kaş Hair: Saç Calf: Baldır Eyelid: Göz kapağı Head: Baş/Kafa Ankle: Ayak bileği Eyelashes: Kirpikler Neck: Boyun Foot: Ayak Iris: Iris/Iris Tabakası Throat: Boğaz/Gırtlak Heel: Topuk Brain: Beyin Shoulder: Omuz Instep: Taban kemeri Wind Pipe: Soluk borusu Chest: Göğüs Sole: Ayak tabanı Heart: Kalp Yürek Back: Sırt Toe: Ayak parmağı Lung: Akciğer Waist: Bel The Face: Yüz Liver: Karaciğer Stomach/Tummy:Mide/Karın Eye: Göz Kidney: Böbrek Hip: Kalça Nose: Burun Intestines: Barsaklar Bottom/Buttocks: Kıç/Kaba Ear: Kulak Bladder: Sidik torbası Armpit: Koltuk Altı Mouth: Ağız Vein: Toplardamar Arm: Kol Cheek: Yanak, Avurt Artery: Atardamar Upper Arm: Üst kol Chin: Çene Muscle: Kas/Adale Forearm: Önkol Temple: Şakak Vessel: Damar Elbow: Dirsek

Automotive Words and Terms

Car: Araba Gear: Vites Spare Tire: Yedek Lastik

Bus: Otobüs Clutch: Debriyaj Jack: Kriko

Truck: Kamyon Brake: Firen Lever: Levye

Bumper: Tampon Accelerator: Gaz Towing Rope: Çekme halat

Headlight: Ön Far Fan: Pervane Extinguisher: Yangın sön.

Signal: Sinyal Fan Belt: Pervane kayışı Fuel Tank: Depo

Fender: Çamurluk Starter: Marş Pot Hole: Kasis

Hood: Motor kapağı Spark Plug: Buji To Start: Çalıştırmak

Windshield: Ön cam Distributor: Distribitör To Speed Up: Hızlanmak

Wiper: Silecek Carburetor: Karbüratör To Swerve: Dir. Kırmak

Roof: Üst Kaporta Dashboard: Konsol Flat Tire: Patlak Lastik

Trunk: Bagaj Glove Compartment:

Torpido gözü

To Slow down :

Yavaşlamak

Wheel: Tekerlek Front Seat: Ön koltuk To Pull Over: Kenara çekmek

Tire: Lastik Back Seat: Arka koltuk To Stop: Durmak

Rear view mirror: Arkayı

görüş aynası

Seat Belt: Kemer To Repair the flat tire:

Lastik tamir etmek

Steering Wheel: Direksiyon

simidi

Horn: Korna A Dent On The Fender:

Çamurlukta bir çöküntü

To sound horn: Korna To Blow Horn: Korna

65

çalmak Çalmak

Military Terms

Private Er Artillery Topçu

Corporal Onbaşı Cavalry Süvari

Sergeant Çavuş Tank units Tankçı

Lieutenant Teğmen Military engineering Đstihkam Second Lieutenant Üsteğmen Communication

Units Muhabere

Captain Yüzbaşı Cease- Fire Ateş Kes

Major Binbaşı Armistice Mütareke

Lieutenant colonel Yarbay Machine gun Makinalı tüfek

Colonel Albay Bullet Tabanca mermisi

General General Artillery round Top mermisi

One Star general Tuğ general Missile Füze

Two Star general Tüm general Nuclear warhead Nükleer başlık

Three Star general Kor general Gun powder Barut

Four Star general Or general Combat Çatışma

Marshal Mareşal Booby trap Bubi tuzağı

Chief of staff Genel kurmay baş. Armored vehicles Zırhlı araçlar

Army Kara kuvvetleri Trench Siper

Navy Deniz kuvvetleri Front line Savaş hattı

Airforce Hava kuvvetleri Infantry Piyade

Latin Words and Abbreviations

De facto In Reality Fiili Durum

De jure In Law Yasal Olarak Durum

Phenomenon Event Olay

Phenomena Events Olaylar

Fait accompli Accomplished Fact Emri Vaki, Oldu Bitti

(Or) Vice Versa Conversely (Veya) Tersi

Vis-A-Vis Faceto Face, Compared to Yüz Yüze, E Göre

As Per In Accordance with E Uygun Olarak….

66

Datum Information (Sin.) Veri

Data Information (Pl.) Veriler

Thesis Thesis Tez

Theses Theses Tezler

Per Se In (By) itself Bizatihi

Per Capita Per Head Kişi Başına

Ad Hoc Specific Özel

In Vivo In living thing Canlı içinde

In Vitro Out of living thing Canlı dışında

Sine Quo Non Essential Olmazsa olmaz

Ceterus Paribus Other things being equal Diğer şartlar sabit

kaldığında

I.E. (Id Est) That Is Yani

E.G. (Exempli Gratia) For Example Mesela

Etc. (Et Cetera) And so on Vesaire

Et al. And others Ve diğerleri

Ibid ( Ibidem) In the book cited above Y.A.G.E.

C.V. Curriculum Vitae Özgeçmiş

Quid Pro Quo Something for something Kısasa kısas

Erratum Error Hata

Errata Errors Hatalar

Criterion Criterion Ölçüt

Criteria Criteria Ölçütler

Bona Fide Made in good faith Iyi niyetle yapılmış

Uni, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca.

Onomatopoeic Words (Tabiat sesleri taklidi kelimeler)

Bark: Havlama Hum: Mırıldanma (Şarkı) Knock: Kapıyı Vurma

Meow: Miyavlama Mırmır: Mırıldanma (Söz) Clap: Alkış Sesi

Hee Haw: Anırma Purr: Mırıldanma (Kedi) Chop: Odun Kırma

Quack: Vak Vak Snore: Horlama Chip: Kutuya Para Atma

Roar: Kükreme Piss: Işeme Moan: Inleme

Weigh: Kişneme Cough: Öksürme Crisp: Gevrek

Blah-Blah: Dırdır Crack: Çatırtı Bomb: Bomba lamak

Burb: Geğirme Crackle: Çıtırtı Snap: Ipin Kopması

Sneeze: Hapşırma Crash: Çarpışma Hick-Up: Hıçkırmak

Hush: Hış! Splash: Suya Çarpma

67

A Poem

Come, come again.

Whatever you are come again.

Be you an idol or fire worshipper or an atheist

Come again.

Our way is not the way of hopelessness;

Even if you have broken your oath or penitence a hundred times,

Come again,

Mevlana

Another Poem

Whatever you wish for yourself,

wish the same for the others.

That is the assence of four Books,

and the words of the fathers.

Yunus Emre