Insect Pest and Diseases of Crop, Fruits and Vegetablesan overview

ByAllah Dad Khan

PPD NWFP

How insects caused damage

Insects caused damage to a wide variety of crops , stored products .Each item may be attacked by several insects species each causing a different type of damage.

There are two types of damages

1. Direct Damages

2.Indirect Damages

1.Direct Damages

It is the result of the insect own activities such as feeding or oviposition.Can be classified as1. Feeding Chewing Type

Grass Hoppers , Caterpillars ,Leaf miners ,Beetles

( Larvae). Flies ( Larvae) Moth( Larvae), Stem Borers ( Larvae), Fruit Borers ( Larvae)

2.Feeding Sucking Type

Aphids Jassids

1.Direct Damages

3.ToxinPotato or bean leaf hopper Potato Psyllid (only the nymph produces the toxin , and a small number of nymph can destroy an healthy crop.4. Injury by ovipositorCrickets ,Cicadas , Tree Hoppers.5.Spoilage Hop AphidOther Aphids

Caterpillar Emerging from Egg

CATERPILLAR DAMAGING

Aphids on a Cabbage Plant

Fruit Fly Laying Egg

Thrips-caused plant damage.

Whitefly on cauliflower

Leaf miner

Pod Borer on Mung

Defoliating larva on leaf.

Fruit tree leaf roler

IMPORTANT SPECIES

Bactrocera zonata- Peach fruit fly

B. Dorsalis - Oriental fruit fly

B. Cucurbitae - Melon fruit fly

B. ciliatus – Ethiopian fruit fly

Myopardalis pardalina

Ceratitis capitata Med-fly

2. Indirect damages

Transmission of plant pathogens.Leaf Hopper transmits disease of aster yellow.Beet leaf hopper transmits curly top disease of sugar beet.Cucumber beetle transmits Cucurbit wilt diseaseBeetles transmits fire blight a bacterial disease in pears

Plum curculio transmits brown rot of peach

Agriculture Crops Pests

1. Insects , mites and nematodes.Insects have 6 Legs.

( Egg, Larva., Pupa and Adult complete metamorphosis)

( Egg, Nymph and adult incomplete metamorphosis)

Mites have 8 Legs( Egg, Nymph and adult incomplete metamorphosis)

Nematodes

True eelworms have no legs. ( Microscopic in size, may be either ectoparasitic, endoparasitic or forming Knot)

Agriculture Crops Pests-Contd

2. Diseases.Causal organisms

Fungi

Bacteria

Virus.

Environmental or physiological diseases.

Agriculture Crops Pests-Contd

3.Rodents.

1. Rabbits

2. Rates

3. Mice

4. Gophers

5. Moles

Animals Rodents

Agriculture Crops Pests-Contd

4.Weeds.Annual

Lambs Quarter( Chenipodium album)

Pig weed( Amaranthus retroflexus)

BiennialShepherd purse (Capsella Bursapastoris)

Pepper grass( Lepidium virginicum)

PerennialBind weed ( Convolvulus arvensis)

Johnson grass ( Sorghum halepense)

Crops

Sugarcane

Maize

Rice

Wheat

Vegetables

Fruits

Sugar cane

Harmful InsectsTop borer ( Chooti ka Gurwan)Stem Borer ( Tunai Ka Gurwan)Gurdaspur Borer ( Goordas Gurwan)Root borer ( Jarr KA Gurwan)Pyrilla ( Goorah Makhi)RedMite (Surkh Joon)

Termites ( Deemak)Jassid ( Chust telia)Whit fly ( Sufeed makhi)Mealy bug

Sugar cane

Diseases

Red rot ( Ruta roog)

Whip Smut ( Kangiari)

Mosaic ( Chukabri)

Rust (Kungi )

Red Stripe (Surkh burgi dharian)

Wilt ( Sooka)

Sugar cane

WeedsPeeli dhodak ChoolaiKhabal gassPhoolan GassDeelaLeeliDhodhakCrab gassTandlaDhadhanHazar dani

Maize Harmful Insects

Maize Stem Borer ( Tunay ki sundai)

Maize shoot fly ( Koonpal ki makhi)

Maize Jassids ( Chust telia)

Maize aphids ( Susat telia)

Army worm ( Lushkari sundai)

Cut worm ( Choor keera)

Termites ( Deemak)

Maize Stem BorerMaize Stem Borer

2.Maize Aphids

Nymph Winged Adult

TermitesTermites

Army Worm

Maize Diseases

Maize head smut

Fusarium stalk rot

Common rust

Anthracnose Leaf Blight (Fungus)

Maize head smut

Fusarium stalk rot

Common rust

Anthracnose Leaf Blight (Fungus)

Maize Weeds

1. Jungli cholai2. Dehla3. Khabal gass4. Kulfa5. Swank6. Tandla7. Mandana8. Bhakhra9. Leeli10. Krund11. Buru gass12. Dhodhak13. Itsit14. Mako

Rice

InsectsStem borer ( Tunay ka gurwan)Aphids ( Telia)Hopper ( Hopper)Leaf Roler ( Leaf roler)Army worm Grass hopperHispa ( saya bhoondi)

Rice

Diseases

Rice blast ( Dehan ka bubhka)

Rice blight ( Julsaoo)

Rice weeds

Mirch bootiDhedhanDehlaBoohienGoheinKhabalNarooLehliChapati fernMandana grass

Wheat Insects

Grass hopper

Army worm

Aphids

Termites

Wheat Diseases

Rust

Smut

Wheat weeds

PholiPiaziLehliBathuMina SanjiBili bootiChatri dhodhakJamdarJangli palakKrundShahtraJangli mattarJhangli haloonKhabalDumbi sutty

Rabi Vegetables insects

Cabbage buterflySemi looperCaterpillarDiamond back mothMealy bugSaw flyOnion thripsPea mothLeaf minerAphidArmy wormCut wormFruit borer

49

Rabi Vegetables Diseases

Potato blight ( Early & Late)

Tomato blight ( Early & Late)

Root rot

Collar rot

Fruit rot

Rabi weeds

BathuBili bootiJangli palakJangli choolaiJangli haloonChandaniSanjiKrund LehliMinaKhabal

Kharif vegetables

Insects

Aphids

Fruit fly

Kharif Vegetables

Diseases

Damping off

Powdery mildew

Downy mildew

Mosaic virus

Root knot nematodes

Kharif Weeds

ItsitTandla CholaiDehlaKhabhalKulfaLoomer gassMandhana gassBathuMakoHazardani

Citrus

InsectsLeaf miner (Surang bananay wala keera)Red and yellow scaleBlack aphidsLemon buterflyCitrus psyllaCitrus buterfly ( Teetri)Citrus white fly ( Sufeed makhi)Citrus fruitfly ( Phal ki makhi)

Citrus FFS Orchards

Citrus

DiseasesCitrus cankerWither tipFoot rotGumosisVirus tristesiaGreeningNematodes

Beneficial insects

Beneficial Insects ( Predators Shakari Keeray)LLBPraying MantisOrius bugsChrysopaBeetleSpidersPredatory mitesLace wingSyrphid flyDragon flyDamsel flyAssassin bugAnts

( Parasites Tufeely Keeri)Trichogramma ( Larva parasite)Costesia flavipes ( Larvae parasite)Epiricania melanolenca ( Adult killing) Ichnid fly

1. Lady bird beetle

Lady bird Beetle

LBB egg mass

2. Praying mantids

Praying mantids

Praying mantids

3. Orius bugs

4. Green Lacewing

chrysoperla sp

5. Ground beetle

Cater pillar hunter beetle

6. Spiders

Harvestman, Daddy longlegs, Harvest spider

Phalangium opilio(Arachnida: Opiliones, Phalangiidae)

L-Harvestman adult male (Phalangium opilio)

R-Harvestman adult female (Phalangium opilio

Spider

7. Predatory Mites contd

8. Chrysoperia

9. Syrphid fly

Syrphid fly

10. Damsel fly

11. Dragon fly

12. Asssasan bug

13. Ants

14. Ant lion

15 Pirate bugs

16 .Stink bug

17. Ambush bug

Parasitoid Trichogramma

Trichogramma wasps

Parasite Cabbageworm, tomato hornworm,Corn earworm, codling moth, Cutworm, Armyworm, Webworm,

Cabbage looper, Corn borer, moth & butterfly eggs

Parasitoid Braconidae

Parasitoid Encarsia formosa

EncarsiaEncarsia formosaHymenoptera: AphelinidaeTiny parasiticWasp PARASTOID

Ichneumon fly/wasp Parastoids

Trichopoda pennipes

(Diptera: Tachinidae Trichopoda pennipes adult

Anaphes flavipes(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

A. flavipes female

on host egg.

Encarsia inaron

(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) Left: Adult female Encarsia inaron.Right: E. inaron exit holes (arrow) from Ash whitefly nymphs. 

“We must have insect control, I do not favor turning nature over to

insects. I favor the sparing, selective and

intelligent use of chemicals. It is the

indiscriminate, blanket spraying that I oppose”

(Rachel Carson, 1962)

“The obligation to endure

gives us the right to

know.”

(Rachel Carson, 1962)

Hands Picking Poison

I am the future, Protect me Please

Pesticides

PARADIGM SHIFTS IN IPM

From chemical to a more ECOLOGICAL approachFrom a top-down delivery mechanism of technology to EDUCATION, i.e. a focus on understanding rather than following instructions or adopting a package of practices

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