23 jan 14 webcast slides
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Carrier Aggregation: Fundamentals and Deployments
Presented by:
Manuel Blanco
Agilent Technologies
2014 Agilent Technologies
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Agenda
LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation
Design and test challenges
2014 Agilent Technologies 2
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Industry background
263 LTE networks in more than 95 countries (+500 operators investing) o Approximately 10% are TDD
o Less than 10% are using 20 MHz
www.gsacom.com
157.7 million LTE subscribers (112 million added in the past 12 months) o More than half in North America (79 million)
Over 1,200 LTE capable devices available o 40% can operate in Band 3 and Band 7
LTE is the fastest developing mobile technology ever
2014 Agilent Technologies 3
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Why LTE-Advanced?
IMT-Advanced Requirements
Based on an all-IP packet switch network
Scalable channel bandwidths between 5 and 20 MHz
Interoperability with existing wireless standards
2014 Agilent Technologies 4
Item Subcategory IMT-Adv LTE
Spectral
efficiency
(b/s/Hz)
Downlink 15
(4x4 MIMO)
16.3 (4x4 MIMO)
Uplink 6.75
(2x4 MIMO)
4.32 (64QAM)
Data rate
(Mbps)
Downlink 1000 300
Uplink 100 75
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LTE-Advanced New features
Carrier Aggregation Enhanced MIMO
Higher data rates
(bps) Higher spectral effiency
(bps/Hz)
Higher spectral effiency
per coverage area
(bps/Hz/Km2)
Het-Nets
2014 Agilent Technologies 5
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LTE-Advanced New UE Categories
UE
Category
Data Rate DL/UL
(Mbps)
Downlink Uplink
Max number
of layers
Max number
of layers
Support for
64QAM
1 10 / 5 1 1 No
2 50 / 25 2 1 No
3 100 / 50 2 1 No
4 150 / 50 2 1 No
5 300 / 75 4 1 Yes
6 300 / 50 2 or 4 1 or 2 No
7 300 / 100 2 or 4 1 or 2 No
8 3000 / 1500 8 4 Yes
LT
E
LT
E-A
2014 Agilent Technologies 6
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Agenda
LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation
Design and test challenges
2014 Agilent Technologies 7
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Carrier Aggregation Fundamentals
Bandwidth extension by aggregating LTE component carriers (CC)
o Up to 5 CC can be allocated in both DL and UL 100 MHz aggregated
o Components carriers are backwards compatible with Release 8 terminals
o Symmetric or asymmetric DL/UL CA configurations
Motivation
o Higher peak data rates
o Facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum
o Enable 150 Mbps (Category 4) in typical
deployments where 20MHz contiguous spectrum
is not an option
2014 Agilent Technologies 8
Aggregated
Data Pipe
10MHz
DL Carrier 1
10MHz
DL Carrier 2
Carrier Aggregation is the first step of LTE Advanced
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PCC (Primary Component Carrier) oHandle the RRC/NAS procedures
oMeasurement reports and mobility
oUEs using the same set of CCs, can have different PCC
oRole only changed with handover
oPUSCH is mandatory
SCC (Secondary Component Carrier) oUE handles up to 4 SCC
oConfigured using RRC signaling procedures
oCan be dynamically activated/de-activated using a MAC control element
oActivated only when in CONNECTED mode
oPUSCH is optional - asymmetric CA
Carrier Aggregation Fundamentals
2014 Agilent Technologies 9
SCC
SCC
PCC
Downlink
PCC
SCC
Uplink
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Carrier Aggregation Fundamentals
PCC UE
RRC Connection
MME
Attach Request
Authentication and NAS Security
AS Security
UE capabilities
Attach Accept + Default EPS
SCC
Release 8
PS Attach
Band 4 - 10 MHz Band 17 -10 MHz
Data Link (single carrier) 73 Mbps
2014 Agilent Technologies 10
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Carrier Aggregation Fundamentals
PCC
RRC Connection
MME
Attach Request
Authentication and NAS Security
AS Security
UE capabilities
Attach Accept + Default EPS
RRC Reconfiguration
+ Add SCC
SCC
Release 8
PS Attach
Release 10
SCC Addition
& Activation
Data Link (single carrier) 73 Mbps
Band 17 -10 MHz Band 4 - 10 MHz
2014 Agilent Technologies 11
UE
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Carrier Aggregation Fundamentals
Physical cell ID and
DL frequency
channel
Common configuration:
DL and UL channel BW,
uplink EARFCN,
antenna config,
physical channels config, power
control config
Dedicated configuration:
Transmission mode,
physical channels config,
cross-carrier scheduling,
CSI-RS config Source: 3GPP TS 36.331
SCC Configuration at RRC level Screen capture of the Agilent Trace log and debug application (Trace Spy II)
2014 Agilent Technologies 12
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Carrier Aggregation Fundamentals
PCC
RRC Connection
MME
Attach Request
Authentication and NAS Security
AS Security
UE capabilities
Attach Accept + Default EPS
RRC Reconfiguration
+ Add SCC
SCC
Release 8
PS Attach
Release 10
SCC Addition
& Activation
Data Link (single carrier) 73 Mbps
MAC control element
Data Link (2 CC aggregated) 147 Mbps
Band 17 -10 MHz Band 4 - 10 MHz
2014 Agilent Technologies 13
UE
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2014 Agilent Technologies 14
Band A Band B
Intra -band
contiguous
Reso
urc
e b
lock
f
Reso
urc
e b
lock
f
Intra-band
non-contiguous
Inter-band
non-contiguous
Reso
urc
e b
lock f
Band A
Band A
Modes and Deployments
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Release 10: o Signaling to support up to 5 CC
o Scenarios limited to 2 CCs
o Maximum aggregated bandwidth is 40MHz
o Prioritized support intra band contiguous and inter band
o Rest of scenarios were postponed to later Releases
Intra - band Contiguous CA
E-UTRA CA
Band
E-UTRA operating
Band
Uplink (UL) band Downlink (DL) band
Duplex mode
UE transmit / BS receive Channel BW MHz
UE receive / BS transmit Channel BW MHz
FUL_low (MHz) FUL_high (MHz)
FDL_low (MHz) FDL_high (MHz)
CA_40 40 2300 2400 [401)
] 2300 2400 [401)
] TDD
CA_1 1 1920 1980 40 2110 2170 40 FDD
[1) For the first phase of LTE TDD CA for UE side, with eventual goal for 50MHz]
Inter - band Non -Contiguous CA
E-UTRA CA Band
E-UTRA operating
Band
Uplink (UL) band Downlink (DL) band
Duplex mode
UE transmit / BS receive Channel BW MHz
UE receive / BS transmit Channel BW MHz FUL_low (MHz) FUL_high
(MHz) FDL_low (MHz) FDL_high
(MHz)
CA_1-5 1 1920 1980 10
1) 2110 2170 10
FDD 5 824 849 10
1) 869 894 10
1) Only one uplink component carrier is used in any of the two frequency bands at any time.
2014 Agilent Technologies 15
Inter-band Intra-band cont
1 2 3
CA
Band C
om
bin
atio
ns
Rel.10
Modes and Deployments
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Release 11: o Maximum aggregated bandwidth is 40MHz
o Support multiple timing advances (required for UL CA)
o Core requirements for intra-band non-cont
o Performance requirements for new inter-band and
intra-band combinations
2014 Agilent Technologies 16
Inter-band Intra-band cont
Inter-band
1 2 3
CA
Band C
om
bin
atio
ns
24
CA
Band C
om
bin
atio
ns
Rel.10
Intra-band cont
Modes and Deployments
Intra non-cont
Rel-11 inter-band Carrier Aggregation Rapporteur
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 7 TeliaSonera
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 17 AT&T
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 13 Ericsson (Verizon)
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 12 Leap Wireless
Carrier Aggregation of Band 5 and Band 12 US Cellular
Carrier Aggregation of Band 7 and Band 20 Huawei
Carrier Aggregation of Band 2 and Band 17 AT&T
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 5 AT&T
Carrier Aggregation of Band 5 and Band 17 AT&T
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 20 Vodafone
Carrier Aggregation of Band 8 and Band 20 Vodafone
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 5 SK Telecom
Carrier Aggregation of Band 4 and Band 7 Rogers Wireless
Carrier Aggregation of Band 11 and Band 18 KDDI
Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 18 KDDI
Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 19 NTT DoCoMo
Carrier Aggregation of Band 1 and Band 21 NTT DoCoMo
Carrier Aggregation of Band 3 and Band 8 KT
Rel.11
1 19 5
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1
Release 12: o Core requirements uplink CA in inter-band
o Performance requirements for intra-band non-contiguous
o Core analysis for 3 component carriers in inter-band
o Maximum aggregated bandwidth is 50MHz
2014 Agilent Technologies 17
Inter-band Intra-band cont
19 Inter-band
1 2 3
CA
Band C
om
bin
atio
ns
24
CA
Band C
om
bin
atio
ns
48 12 Inter-band
25 Inter 3 CC
95
CA
Band C
om
bin
atio
ns
Intra-band cont
10 Intra non-cont
Rel.10
Rel.11
Intra-band cont
Modes and Deployments
Intra non-cont
5
Rel.12
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Agenda
LTE-Advanced
Carrier Aggregation
Design and test challenges
2014 Agilent Technologies 18
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Impact on higher layers:
o Enhanced user plane to support higher data rates
o Modifications and new additions on existing RRC procedures:
Reconfiguration message to support Addition/Release of SCC
Report of new UE categories and capabilities
Impact on UE design
NAS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
NAS
MME UE
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
PCC SCC
2014 Agilent Technologies 19
- None
- Larger buffer
- None
- Addition and removal SCC
Carrier Aggregation impact
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Impact on UE design
o Multiple PHY and aggregated MAC:
One PHY layer per CC
Data aggregation happens at MAC layer
MAC must handle scheduling on multiple CC
Support of cross-carrier scheduling
o Complex transceivers design:
Highly challenging radio environment in terms of spur and self-blocking
Front-end needs to be designed to support multiple frequency band combinations
MIMO + multi chain makes antenna design even more challenging
2014 Agilent Technologies 20
PHY, MAC and RF are the most challenging
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Design and Test Challenges
Challenge #1 : When Inter-Band aggregation and MIMO spatial multiplexing is
combined, test set-ups may become quite complex.
T2010A
LTE Wireless Communications Test Set
21
PCC
SCC
UE +
+
T2010A
Channel
Emulator
RF RX Performance Test Scenario
2CC aggregation MIMO 4x2 Closed loop spatial multiplexing RF impairments
Channel
Emulator
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Design and Test Challenges
TR 36.850 and 36.851 Inter-band carrier aggregation
Scope: To gather relevant background and studies to address Inter-band carrier aggregation requirements (Release 11)
Class Description
A1 Low-high band combination without harmonic relation
between bands or intermodulation problem
A2 Low-high band combination with harmonic relation between
bands
A3 Low-low or high-high band combination without
intermodulation problem (low order IM)
A4 Low-low, low-high or high-high band combination with
intermodulation problem (low order IM)
A5 Combination except for A1 A4
Harmonics may cause
degradation in the performance of
the high band receiver
The use of diplexers to split and
combine RF chains are very
challenging
2014 Agilent Technologies 22
Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation
and cross-modulation within the UE.
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Design and Test Challenges
710 MHz
Band 17 Band 4
Class A2 example: Band 4-17
Uplink
PCC SCC
2014 Agilent Technologies 23
740 MHz 2130 MHz
Downlink Downlink
Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation
and cross-modulation within the UE.
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Design and Test Challenges
3rd harmonic
Class A2 example: Band 4-17
710 MHz 740 MHz 2130 MHz
Band 17 Band 4
Uplink Downlink Downlink
PCC SCC
2014 Agilent Technologies 24
Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation
and cross-modulation within the UE.
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Design and Test Challenges
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Release 8
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Carrier Aggregation
Band 4 -96.3 -89.5
Band 17 -93.3 -92.8
Band 1 -96.3 -96.3
Band 5 -94.3 -94.3
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
2014 Agilent Technologies 25
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
Band A
Band A
Band B
Band B
Antenna
tuner
Sw
itch
Sw
itch
H3 T
rap
Band 17
Band 4
Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation
and cross-modulation within the UE.
-
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
Band A
Band A
Band B
Band B
Antenna
tuner
Sw
itch
Sw
itch
H3 T
rap
Band 17
Band 4
Design and Test Challenges
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Release 8
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Carrier Aggregation
Band 4 -96.3 -89.5
Band 17 -93.3 -92.8
Band 1 -96.3 -96.3
Band 5 -94.3 -94.3
6.8dB due to noise floor increase
caused by harmonic
Note: This is an exception allowed when the uplink active in the lower frequency operating
band.
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
2014 Agilent Technologies 26
Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation
and cross-modulation within the UE.
-
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/D
D/A
D/A
A/D
A/D
Band A
Band A
Band B
Band B
Antenna
tuner
Sw
itch
Sw
itch
H3 T
rap
Band 17
Band 4
Design and Test Challenges
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Release 8
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Carrier Aggregation
Band 4 -96.3 -89.5
Band 17 -93.3 -92.8
Band 1 -96.3 -96.3
Band 5 -94.3 -94.3
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
0.5 dB due to H3 trap filter
insertion loss
2014 Agilent Technologies 27
Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation
and cross-modulation within the UE.
-
Design and Test Challenges
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Release 8
Ref. Sensitivity (dBm)
Carrier Aggregation
Band 4 -96.3 -89.5
Band 17 -92.8 -92.8
Band 1 -96.3 -96.3
Band 5 -94.3 -94.3
0.5 dB due to H3 trap filter
insertion loss
Source: 36.851 and 36.521-1
2014 Agilent Technologies 28
Challenge #2 : Simultaneous transceiver chains lead to intermodulation
and cross-modulation within the UE.
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LTE T4000S Test Systems
2014 Agilent Technologies 29
T4110S LTE Protocol Tester
T4020S LTE RRM Tester
ALL BASED ON THE SAME HARDWARE PLATFORM
T4010S LTE RF Tester
T2010A
LTE Wireless Communications Test Set
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3GPP Conformance Status
63 New RF test cases
16 New RRM test cases
36 New Protocol test cases
Ongoing! CA test cases in a new WI which covers intra-band non-contiguous
13 New RF test cases
18 New Protocol test cases
New test cases for inter-band without UL CA and intra-band contiguous with and without UL CA
Outlook! New CA test cases expected in Rel-12 (inter-band with 2 uplinks)
2014 Agilent Technologies 30
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SUMMARY
Carrier aggregation is the first step of LTE Advanced enabling:
o Higher IP data rates
o Facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum
Inter-Band with 2 component carriers aggregated in the downlink is one of the most demanded combinations today
Carrier aggregation is a huge topic in Conformance with a lot of new test cases defined and more in the pipeline
2014 Agilent Technologies 31
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Unique receiver test Flexible channel allocation and closed-loop testing
Trusted transmitter test X-Series measurement science
Sustained bidirectional 300 Mbps / 50 Mbps E2E IP data
Most highly integrated solution: multiple cells, carrier aggregation, 4x2 DL MIMO, integrated fading and built-in application server
Ensure realistic category 4 / 6 performance
Achieve design confidence
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
CAT 6
Device
DL: 300Mbps
UL: 50 Mbps
E7515A UXM Wireless Test Set Make a clear call
2014 Agilent Technologies 32
Join Overcome LTE-A UE Design Test Challenges with Agilents New UXM webcast here
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2014 Agilent Technologies 33
Agilent Resources
LTE-Advanced application and product info: www.agilent.com/find/lteadvanced
T4000S LTE/LTE-A Conformance and DV Systems: www.agilent.com/find/t4000s
E7515A UXM Wireless Test Set: www.agilent.com/find/E7515A
89600 VSA product information: www.agilent.com/find/vsa
X-Series signal analyzer product information: www.agilent.com/find/xseries
Signal Studio product information: www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio
LTE-Advanced Documents
Application Note: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-6706EN.pdf
Requirements TR 36.913: http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/36913.htm
Study Technical Report TR 36.912: http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/36912.htm
For more information
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THANK YOU!
2014 Agilent Technologies
Questions and Answers