22s:152 Applied Linear Regression

Chapter 3: Examining Data————————————————————

Review types of data

Quantitative:

• Continuous weights, heights, i.e. ‘decimal’ values

• Discrete finite (or infinitely countable)number of values is possible

‘counts’ fall into this category

Qualitative:

• Categorical/Nominalgender: male/female

color: green, blue, etc.

• Ordinal high/median/low1

Review terminology

• Variable– a particular characteristic that may take

on differet values for different subjects orexperimental units.

e.g. age, weight, chemical make-up

• Dependent variable– the ‘response’ variable

– the thing we want to ‘predict’

• Independent variable– an explanatory variable (there may be many)

– a variable used to predict the response

– can also be called ‘covariate’

2

• Observation

– an observation is taken on a single subject,and corresponds to a row in a data matrixor table such as this...

country infant.mortality gdp

-------- ---------------- ---

Afghanistan 154 2848

Albania 32 863

Algeria 44 1531

American.Samoa 11 NA

Andorra NA NA

Angola 124 355

– an observation includes independent anddependent variables

3

Examining Data————————————————————Visual investigation of numerical datais important (and very useful)

• Are there outliers?• Are there any ‘suspect’ data points?

40 60 80 100 120

4060

8010

012

014

016

0

reported weight

actu

al w

eigh

t

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malesfemales

Davis, C. (1990) Body image and weight preoccupation: A com-

parison between exercising and non-exercising women. Appetite,

15, 1321.

4

• Is there anything unusual in the data?

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