22.1 The Scientific 22.1 The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

In the mid-1500s, scientists begin In the mid-1500s, scientists begin to question accepted beliefs and to question accepted beliefs and

make new theories based on make new theories based on experimentationexperimentation

The Roots of Modern ScienceThe Roots of Modern Science

The Medieval ViewThe Medieval View• Most knowledge in Most knowledge in

the Middle Ages the Middle Ages comes from the comes from the Bible and Bible and Greek/Roman Greek/Roman sources.sources.

• Supports Supports geocentricgeocentric theorytheory—moon, sun, —moon, sun, planets revolve planets revolve around eartharound earth

The Roots of Modern ScienceThe Roots of Modern Science

A New Way of ThinkingA New Way of Thinking• Renaissance prompts new ways of Renaissance prompts new ways of

thinking (1300-1600)thinking (1300-1600)• Scientific Revolution—new way of Scientific Revolution—new way of

viewing the natural world—based on viewing the natural world—based on observation and inquiryobservation and inquiry

• New discoveries, overseas exploration New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinkingopen up thinking

• Scholars make new developments in Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics.astronomy and mathematics.

A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseA Revolutionary Model of the Universe

The Heliocentric The Heliocentric TheoryTheory• Widely accepted Widely accepted

geocentric theory geocentric theory challenged as challenged as inaccurateinaccurate

• Copernicus develops Copernicus develops the heliocentric theorythe heliocentric theory—planets revolve —planets revolve around the sunaround the sun

• Later scientists Later scientists mathematically prove mathematically prove Copernicus to be Copernicus to be correctcorrect

Nicolaus

Copernicus

A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseA Revolutionary Model of the Universe

Galileo’s DiscoveriesGalileo’s Discoveries• Italian scientist Galileo Italian scientist Galileo

Galilei makes key Galilei makes key advances in astronomy.advances in astronomy.

• He makes discovery He makes discovery about planet surfacesabout planet surfaces

• supports heliocentric supports heliocentric theorytheory

• 4 moons of Jupiter 4 moons of Jupiter (Jupiter has 8 moons)(Jupiter has 8 moons)

• Sun spotsSun spots

Galileo Galilei

Conflict with the Conflict with the ChurchChurch• Church attacks Church attacks

Galileo’s work, fears Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken it will weaken people’s faithpeople’s faith

• Pope forces Galileo Pope forces Galileo to declare his and to declare his and other new findings other new findings are wrongare wrong

Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

A Logical ApproachA Logical Approach• Revolution in thinking leads to development of Revolution in thinking leads to development of

scientific method—a series of steps for forming scientific method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theoriesand testing scientific theories

Bacon and DescartesBacon and Descartes• Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create

scientific methodscientific method• Bacon urges scientists to experiment before Bacon urges scientists to experiment before

drawing conclusionsdrawing conclusions• Descartes advocates using logic and math to Descartes advocates using logic and math to

reason out basic truthsreason out basic truths

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) René Descartes (1595-1650)

Newton Explains the Law of GravityNewton Explains the Law of Gravity

Newton’s TheoriesNewton’s Theories• English scientist Isaac English scientist Isaac

Newton develops theory Newton develops theory of motion—states some of motion—states some forces rule motion of forces rule motion of planets, matter in planets, matter in space, and earthspace, and earth

• LAW OF GRAVITYLAW OF GRAVITY

Isaac Newton in 1689

Newton Explains the Law of GravityNewton Explains the Law of Gravity

Newton’s Theories Newton’s Theories (continued)(continued)• Motion in space and Motion in space and

earth linked by the law earth linked by the law of universal gravitationof universal gravitation—holds that every —holds that every object is universe object is universe attracts every other attracts every other objectobject

• Newton views the Newton views the universe as a vast, universe as a vast, perfect mechanical perfect mechanical clockclock

Isaac Newton in 1702

The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads

Scientific Scientific InstrumentsInstruments• Scientists develop Scientists develop

microscope, microscope, barometer, and barometer, and thermometerthermometer

• New instruments New instruments lead to better lead to better observations and observations and new discoveriesnew discoveries

microscope

thermometer

simple mercury barometer

The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads

Medicine and the Medicine and the Human BodyHuman Body• Andreas Vesalius Andreas Vesalius

improves improves knowledge of knowledge of anatomyanatomy

Andreas Vesalius

The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads

Medicine and the Medicine and the Human Body Human Body (continued)(continued)• Edward Jenner Edward Jenner

produces world’s produces world’s first vaccination—first vaccination—for smallpoxfor smallpox

1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages.

The Scientific Revolution SpreadsThe Scientific Revolution Spreads

Discoveries in Discoveries in ChemistryChemistry• Robert Boyle argues Robert Boyle argues

that matter is made that matter is made of many different of many different particlesparticles

• Boyle’s law reveals Boyle’s law reveals interaction of interaction of volume, volume, temperature, and temperature, and gas pressure.gas pressure.