History 126Dr. Anita Fisher

The Roman Empire

Transformation of Republic to Empire

• Decline of Roman Farmer• Rise of Unemployment• Decline of Political & republican

morality• Government structure designed to rule

city-state not appropriate for empire• Famous Romans at this time: Marius c.

155-86 b.c.e., Sulla 138-78 b.c.e. Pompey 106-48 b.c.e., Crassus 115-53 b.c.e., Julius Caesar 100-44 b.c.e.

Changes Made• Reorganized army from citizen to

professional• Martial law when needed• Suppressed piracy & slave revolt

Triumphate

Julius Caesar100-44 b.c.e.

Vercengetorix

 Vercingetorix Surrenders To CeasarVercenigetorix surrenders to Caesar

Crossing of the Rubicon River

Assassination of Julius Caesar

Legacies from Julius Caesar

• Veni, Vidi, Vici = I came, I saw, I conquered

• Romance languages of Europe• Major cities of Europe– Paris, Rheims, Bordeaux, Cologne, Vienna, Milan,

Budapest, Seville, Lisbon

• Author of Gallic Wars – his war and victory over the Celts

• Calendar from ancient Egyptians• Month of July

Roman Empire

Octavian = Caesar

Augustus63 b.c.e. –

14 c.e.

2nd Triumphirate

•Mark Anthony 83 – 30 b.c.e.

Battle of Actium

Caesar Augustus’ Mottos

• Make Haste Slowly• The Republic has been Restored• First Princeps or first citizen• Augustus or revered one• His 4 virtues on his golden shield– Virtue– Clemency– Justice– Piety

Pax Romanus Coins

Livia – Wife of Caesar

Augustus

Emperor Tiberius

Emperor Nero

&His

Mother Agrippina

Emperor Caligula

Emperor Caligula & Horse

Methods Emperors Used• Illegal activities• Sudden arrests• Exiles• Political trials• Assassinations

5 Good Emperors 96-180 c.e.

• Nerva• Trajan• Hadrian 117-138• Antoninus • Marcus Aurelius

Emperor Trajan Coin

Trajan Forum & Column

Emperor Hadrian

Hadrian’s Wall in England

Chedworth Villa - England

Roman Villa

Chedworth Villa Well

Caerleon In Wales

Marcus Aurelius

Emperor Diocletian

reform coinage

Constantine – 285-337 c.e.

Milvian Bridge BattleChi Rho symbol