217424165 forest law seminar3 forest rights
TRANSCRIPT
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
INDEXOFAUTHORITIES..............................................................................................................4
Table of Cases...............................................................................................................4
Table of Statutes !ol"#"es..........................................................................................$
E%"to&"als.......................................................................................................................'
A&t"#les..........................................................................................................................'
(ou&)als..........................................................................................................................'
A**RE+IATIONS..........................................................................................................................,
ACNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................................
CHAPTER I............................................................................................................................/0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................/0
CHAPTER II...........................................................................................................................//
HISTORICAL!ERS!ECTI+E................................................................................................//
CHAPTER III........................................................................................................................../1
*RITISH!ERIOD.............................................................................................................../1
T2e Fo&est !ol"#3 ") /'$.............................................................................................../1
CHAPTER IV........................................................................................................................../$
FORESTACT5 /6,.........................................................................................................../$
CHAPTER V...........................................................................................................................66
FOREST7CON+ERSATION8 ACT5 /0..............................................................................66
NON-FOREST!UR!OSE.....................................................................................................61
CONSTITUTIONOFAD+ISOR9COMMITTEE......................................................................64
(UDICIAR9ANDTHEINTER!RETATIONOFTHEACT........................................................64
Fla:;a) T.N. Godavarman Thirumalpada ;"lesto)e #ase e#2oe%................................6,
!e&;"ss"o) of t2e CG ;a)%ato&3....................................................................................6
NORETROS!ECTI+EEFFECT............................................................................................6
CHAPTER VI..........................................................................................................................1/
SCHEDULETRI*EANDOTHERTRADITIONALFORESTDWELLERS7RECOGNITIONOF
FORESTRIGHTS8 ACT5 600'.............................................................................................1/
CHAPTER VII........................................................................................................................1' NATIONALFOREST!OLIC95 /....................................................................................1'
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CHAPTER VIII.......................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................1
*I*LIOGRA!H9..........................................................................................................................4/
INDEXOFAUTHORITIES
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TABLEOFCASES
Ajendra Singh
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Nat"o)al Fo&est !ol"#35 /..................................................................................165 1'5 1
!&". 6,5 60// 761$0 IST8...........................1/
E%"to&"al5 !&ote#t"): Fo&est La)%5 The 1indu5 Se>. /15 60/1 70//IST8.........................14
ARTICLES
A&l"a)#e5 The 1indu5 Se>t 60/470//IST8.......66
Mee)a Me)o)5 Fo&est #o
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ABBREVIATIONS
AIR All I)%"a Re>o&te&5
All Alla2aba%5
Art. A&t"#le5
CAF Co;>e)sato&3 Affo&estat"o) Fu)%5
CG Ce)t&al Go
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UOI U)"o) of I)%"a5
%. +e&sus5
P W&"t !et"t"o).
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AC'NOLEDGEMENT
I @oul% l"e to e>&ess >&ofou)% :&at"tu%e to ;3 Se;")a& - / !&ofesso&5 D&. Asa% Mal" S"& fo&
2"s ")>o&t5 e)#ou&a:e;e)t5 su>e&&o=e#t @o&. H"s ;o&al su>>o&t a)% #o)t")uous :u"%a)#e e)able% ;e to #o;>lete ;3 @o&
su##essfull3.
I a; t2a)ful a)% ")%ebte% to all t2ose @2o 2el>e% ;e %"&e#tl3 o& ")%"&e#tl3 ") #o;>let"o) of
t2"s >&o=e#t &e>o&t.
HIMANSHU
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
T2e te&; Fo&est "s %e&"&obabl3
")%"#at"): outs"%e t2e %@ell"): 2ouse. Fo&est a&e t2e ;a=o& )atu&al &esoue a)% a&e also
&e#o:)"e% as a #olo&ful e>&ess"o) of )atu&e. T2e3 a&e also &e#o:)"e% as :ua&%"a)s a)%
>&ote#to&s of t2e @"l%l"fe of t2e #ou)t&3. Fo&ests a&e o&ta)t &e#&eat"o)al &esoue a)% fo& t2e"& s#e)"# beaut3. T2e&efo&e5 ;a)a:e;e)t of fo&est "s
a) esse)t"al as>e#t of t2e >&ote#t"o) of t2e e)o&ta)t as t2e
t&ees a&e )o@) as >ools o& ba)s of #a&bo) %"o"%e. Cutt"): of t&ees &elease #a&bo) %"o"%e
")to t2e at;os>2e&e @2"#2 2as la&:el3 #o)t&"bute% to t2e :&ee) 2ouse effe#t o& :lobal
@a&;"):. T2"s :lobal @a&;"):5 ") tu&)5 2as &esulte% ") t2e ;elt"): of "#e-#a>s a)% &"se ") t2e
sea leatte&)s 2as also bee) e>e&"e)#e% all ote% "%ol of 11 >ee)t ") I)%"a
a)% oee)t ")te&)at"o)all3./T2us5
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C)"!t#r II
HISTORICALPERSPECTIVE
It 2as bee) &":2tl3 obse&al5 ba)a)a5 tuls"5 a;la5 et#.8 a)% t2"s5 ") tu&)5 auto;at"#all3 @o&e% to >&ote#t
t2e fo&est f&o; t2e o)slau:2t of ;a)")%. T&ees 2ala)tat"o) >&o @as a >&a#t"#e >o>ula& ")
t2e so#"et3. R":ossess"): %"o@e&s. Mo&eola)ts @e&e
%ef"e% as :o% +a&u)a5 o)e of t2e ;ost >o>ula& %e"t"es of +e%"# t";es.
I) t2e Mats3a !u&a)a5 t2e&e "s a o)% "s e?ual to /0 @ells5 o)e so) "s e?ual to /0 >o)%s a)% o)e t&ee "s e?ual to /0 so)s8.
Ma)us;&"t"6also %e#la&es t2e #utt"): of :&ee) t&ees a) offe)#e. aut"l3a 12as >&oee> a)% >la)t fo&ests fo& t2e
"):%o;. He also >&es#&"bes t2at "t "s t2e %ut3 of t2e "): to >la)t fo&ests @2"#2 :&a)t safet3 to
a)";ate a)% ")a)";ate ob=e#ts.
E;>e&o& As2oa "s also )o@) fo& 2"s @o& to >&ote#t fo&ests a)% fo& >la)t"): t&ees alo):
>ubl"# &oa%s. T2e e%"#ts "ssue% b3 2"; ")#lu%e fo&ests ;ust )ot be bu&)e%5 a)% t&ees s2all
be >la)te% o) bot2 t2e s"%es of t2e &oa%s. S")#e t2e t";e ";;e;o&"al5 fo&est 2as bee) >la3"):
2-anu!mriti5 XIJ '$J +IIIJ 110.
3aut"l3a5Artha!ha!tra5 *oo II C2. II5 *oos +II C2. XI5 XIII.
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a #e)t&al &ole ") t2e l"fe a)% #ultu&e of t2e I)%"a) t&"bes. S>ea"): e;>"&"#all35 fo&ests a)%
t&"bal 2a&ote#t"): a)% :ua&%"):
t2e fo&ests a)% "t @as a so#"al &es>o)s"b"l"t3 of t2e ")%"
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CHAPTER III
BRITISHPERIOD
T"ll t2e be:"))"): of *&"t"s2 &ule ") I)%"a5 t2e fo&ests @e&e @ell >&ote#te% a)% :ua&%e% b3 t2e
>eo>le a)% >a&t"#ula&l3 t2e t&"bal >eo>le 7fo&ests %@elle&s8. *ut %u&"): t2e *&"t"s2 >e&"o%5 t2e
&ule&s @e&e 2aa&t;e)t @as establ"s2e%. T2e ;a") >u&>ose of t2"s A#t @as to fa#"l"tate t2e
a#?u"s"t"o) of I)%"a) fo&est a&eas to su>>l3 t";be& fo& &a"l@a3s a)% to establ"s2 t2e #la"; of
t2e State o) t2e fo&est la)%. *ut t2e A#t %"% )ot 2a&o&ote#t t2e e"st"): &":2ts of
t2e >eo>le l"lo"tat"o)5
a)% t2e ;a)a:e;e)t a)% >&ese& of at asse&t"): t2e State ;o)o>ol3 &":2t o
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Soo)5 "t @as fou)% t2at t2e >&ou)"s2;e)t a)% :ao@e&s to t2e fo&ests off"#e&s. T2e&efo&e5 afte& a :&eat
%ebate5 a )e@ Fo&est A#t @as >asse% ") /, @2"#2 #la";e% absolute #o)t&ol a)% o@)e&s2">
&":2ts of t2e State o) fo&ests. It also &e#o:)"se% t2e &":2ts of t2e )o;a%s of t2e fo&ests a)% of
ot2e& )ea&b3 %@elle&s 7#usto;a&3 &":2ts8 ") &o>&"eta&3 &":2ts.
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CHAPTER IV
FORESTACT* +,-
To ;ae fo&est la@s ;o&e effe#t"eale% all t2e >&e
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Rese&&o%u#e ") t&a)s"t KSs. 1-40J Co)t&ol o) t";be& a)% ot2e& fo&est >&o%u#e ") t&a)s"t KSs. 4/-44.
C2a>te& IX of t2e A#t >&o&o#e%u&e. Se# ,0 of t2e A#t also ;aes t2e
Cattle T&es>ass A#t5 /,/ a>>l"#able to &ese&a&t of t2e >&ote#te% fo&ests as
a se?uel to t2"s5 f")es fo& #attle t&es>ass 2a&o&"u&>ose u)%e& t2e A#t5 @2"#2 s2all be
%ee;e% to be )ee%e% fo& a >ubl"# >u&>ose @"t2") t2e ;ea)"): of Se#. 4 of t2e La)%
A#?u"s"t"o) A#t5 /4.//Ma)3 States 2aasse% le5 t2e @o&% #attle
")#lu%es ele>2a)ts5 #a;els5 buffaloes5 2o&ses5 ;a&es5 :el%"):s5 >o)"es5 #olts5 f"ll"es5 ;ules5
asses5 >":s5 &a;s5 e@es5 la;bs5 :oats a)% "%s. T2e @o&% fo&est >&o%u#e ")#lu%es t";be&5
#2aoal5 #aout#2ou#5 #ate#2u5 @oo%-o"l5 &es")5 )atu&al a&ts of t&ees5
>la)ts 7:&ass5 #&ee>e&s5 &ee%s a)% ;oss85 @"l% a)";als a)% all o& a)3 >a&t of su#2 a)";als5
>eat5 su&fa#e so"l5 &o# a)% ;")e&als ")#lu%"): l";esto)e5 late&"te5 ;")e&al o"l a)% ot2e&
>&o%u#ts of ;")es a)% ?ua&&"es. It 2as also bee) ;a%e #lea& t2at t&ees ")#lu%es >al;s5
ba;boos5 su;>s5 b&us2@oo% a)% #a)es./1
T2e follo@"): a#t"&o2"b"te% ") &ese&"): o& #a&&3"): a)3 f"&eJ
T&es>ass"): o& >astu&"): #attleJ
Caus"): %a;a:e b3 )e:l":e)#e ") fell"): a)3 t&ee o& #utt"): o& %&a::"): a)3 t";be&J
Fell"):5 :"&%l"):5 lo>"): o& bu&)"): a)3 t&ee5 st&">>"): off t2e ba& o& lea&o%u#eJ
Clea)"): o& b&ea"): u> of a)3 la)%J
Hu)t"):5 s2oot"):5 f"s2"):5 >o"so)"): @ate& o& sett"): t&a>s o& s)a&esJ a)%
10Se#. ,/5 Supra5 ). ,.
11A#t I of /4.
12)umari ,erma
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"ll"): o& #at#2"): ele>2a)ts. KSe#. 6'.
T2e >o@e& of t2e State Goeo>le. Mo&eo&"eta&3 &":2ts of t2e
a;")%a&s a)% all e"st"): use& &":2ts. T2e Su>&e;e Cou&t I)te&"; O&%e& ") t2e Go%a&o
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fo&est 2as #o)t")ue% e&ote#t t2e fo&est f&o; u)s#"e)t"f"# a)% u)>la))e% e>lo"tat"o) a)% "t @as o)e of t2e &easo)
t2at t2e Fo&est 7Co)&o>e&t3 &":2ts to t2e
o##u>a)ts of la)%t&"bals. T2ese fo&est %@elle&s l"&o>e&t3 of
t2e :oute5 t2e PFo&est Settle;e)t Off"#e&P @oul% 2ao&ta)t ?uest"o) &elat"): to t2e s":2t
of t2e State to )ot"f3 a) a&ea as a P&ese&eo>le5 @as t&eate% as @&"t >et"t"o) b3 t2e #ou&t. "t @as #o)te)%e% t2at
t2ese >eo>le 2a% bee) #olle#t"): fo&est >&o%u#e5 a)% us"): te2 fo&est fo& t2e >u&>ose of
:&a"): a)% fuel @oo%5 et#. fo& :e)e&at"o)s a)% )o@ t2e3 2a&"lea%e% t2at t2e fo&est la)% 2a% bee)
a#?u"&e% to set-u> a t2e&;al >o@e& st3at"o) a)% >&oa&t of t2e @&"t >et"t"o) a)% :a&ote#t t2e &":2ts of A%"ossess"o) of t2e A%"a&"so) to t2e &":2ts of
t2e t&"bals.
197/,8 1 SCC 104J 7/68 / SCC //,J 7/68 6 SCC 606.
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I)Ishwar (handra Gupta%.State of U.P.,-5t2e Alla2aba% HC ;a%e "t #lea& t2at t2e S#2e%ule
T&"bes a)% ot2e& T&a%"t"o)al Fo&est D@elle&s 7Re#o:)"t"o) of Fo&est R":2s8 A#t5 600' "s ")
a%%"t"o) to t2e Fo&est A#t5 /6, a)% t2e t@o &u) )ot %e&o:ato&3 to ea#2 ot2e&. T2ese t@o A#ts
&u) ") %"ffe&e)t f"el% a)% t2e&e "s )o ")#o)s"ste)#3 bet@ee) >&o ") fo&est a&ea s")#e /6 a)% t2e3 #oul% )ot >&o&o&es#&"be a ;a";u; >u)"s2;e)t of s" ;o)t2s
";>&"so);e)t o& a f")e ete)%"): to $005 o& bot2. T2e >&ou)"s2;e)t
fo& t2ose #aus"): se&"ous %a;a:e to t2e @ealt2 of t2e )at"o)5 "s fu&t2e& eo@e& to le:"slate o) fo&ests5 but t2e Co)st"tut"o)al
A;e)%;e)t6/2as :"o@e& to le:"slate o) fo&ests to t2e U)"o) Go #oal @as2e&3. It @as#la";e%
t2at t2e la)% lease% out @as a fo&est la)%5 @2"#2 #oul% )ot be use% fo& )o)-fo&est >u&>ose5 ".e.
fo& #oal @as2e&3. T2e #ou&t &e"te&ate% t2at t2e %ef")"t"o) :"u&>ose of Se#. 67I8 of
t2e Fo&est A#t5 /6,. Ta"): a >&a#t"#al a>>&oa#25 Pa) a&ea ;easu&"): /0 2e#ta&es o& ;o&e
2a
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")#lu%es a)3 a&ea &e#o&%e% as fo&est ") t2e :oute% la)% @as &efe&&e% to t2e CEC @2o :ao&ts o)
t2&ee %"ffe&e)t o##as"o)s5 a)% %e#la&e% t2at t2e la)% ") ?uest"o) @as a )o)-fo&est la)%.
T2e&efo&e5 "t @as %e#la&e% t2at t2e >et"t"o)e& %"% )ot #o;e to t2e #ou&t @"t2 #lea) 2a)%s but
@"t2 ulte&"o& ;ot"et"t"o) @"t2 #osts a)% also @a&)e% t2e
>et"t"o)e& )ot to use P&e#u>e&ate la):ua:eP ") t2e >lea%"):s. W"t2 &efe&e)#e to #o)se&&ote#t"o) of fo&ests a)% e#olo:3 a)% use of fo&est fo& )o)-fo&est >u&>ose5
follo@"): >&")#">les @e&e la"% %o@) b3 t2e SC
T2e >&")#">le a"; of t2e fo&est >ol"#3 "s to e)su&e e)le a";.
T2e fo&est >ol"#3 2as a statuto&3 fla&")#">le
@oul% be e)al #o;>e)sato&3 affo&estat"o)5 )et >&ese)t la)tat"o)s.
I)%e>e)%e)t s3ste; of #o)#u&&e)t ;o)"to&"): a)% ela))"):.
24E)
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Lea3 N!A e#e>t :o&o=e#ts l"e 2os>"tals5 %"s>e)sa&"es a)% s#2ools.
T2e SC "s )o@ e)fo"): #o;>ulso&3 lee)sato&3 Affo&estat"o) Fu)%
Ma)a:e;e)t a)% !la))"): Aut2o&"t3 7CAM!A8. T2e fu)% #o;>&"ses ;o)"es #olle#te% fo&
#o;>e)sato&3 affo&estat"o) as ;a)%ate% b3 t2e Fo&est Co)se&
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CHAPTER V
FOREST(CONVERSATION/ ACT* +,01-
As ;e)t"o)e% aboo@e&s to ;ae la@s o) fo&est ") /,'. Follo@"): t2"s5
t2e U)"o) Goasse% t2e Fo&est 7Co)se&&ote#t"o) of fo&ests. Ma")l35 t2"s A#t @as >asse% to &e;o&"&o&essl3 >&o2"b"ts #o)>&ol"a)#e5 The 1indu5 Se>t 60/470// IST8.
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7"8 t2at a)3 &ese&o&t"o) t2e&eof ;a3 be ass":)e% b3 @a3 of lease o& ot2e&@"se
to a)3 >&"e&so) o& to a)3 aut2o&"t35 #o&>o&at"o)5 a:e)#3 o& a)3 ot2e& o&:a)"sat"o)
)ot o@)e%. Ma)a:e% o& #o)t&olle% b3 Goo&t"o) fo& t2e >u&>ose of us"): "t fo& &eaffo&estat"o).
T2e SC 2as also %ef")e% t2e te&; Fo&est. I) T.N. Godavarman Thirumalpad%. Union of
India-t2e Cou&t 2el% t2at t2e @o&% fo&est ;ust be u)%e&stoo% a##o&%"): to "ts %"#t"o)a&3
;ea)"):. T2"s %es#&">t"o) #ou&>ose of Se#. 67"8 of FCA. T2e te&; fo&est la)%5
o##u&&"): ") Se#. 65 @"ll )ot o)l3 ")#lu%e fo&est as u)%e&stoo% ") t2e %"#t"o)a&3 se)se5 but also
a)3 a&ea &e#o&%e% as fo&ests ") t2e Go&"o& a>>&ou&>oses 2as bee) %ef")e% as b&ea"): u> o& #lea)"): of a)3 fo&est la)%
o& >o&t"o) t2e&eof fo& 7a8 t2e #ult"al;s5 o"l-bea&"):
>la)ts5 2o&t"#ultu&e #&o>s a)% ;e%"#")al >la)tsJ o& 7b8 a)3 >u&>ose ot2e& t2a) &eaffo&esta"o).
Se#t"o) 6 fu&t2e& >&ou)"s2e% @"t2 s";>le ";>&"so);e)t fo& a
>e&"o% @2"#2 ;a3 ete)% to /$ %a3s.16
30AIR /, SC /66.
31Nature 'over! -ovement
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FORESTLAWS
T2e Ra=ast2a) HC ") Om Prakash (houdhar/ %. State of "a#asthan*22 ;a%e "t #lea& t2at
#o)st&u#t"o) of ")te&>&etat"o) #e)t&e ")) fo&est a&ea "s )ot #ou&>ose5 as t2e Nat"o)al W"l%l"fe A#t"o) !la) >&e>a&e% ") /6 ;aes a >&o&etat"o) #e)t&es at W"l%l"fe U)"ts fo& e%u#at"): t2e eo>le a&e al"a&t
of )atu&eBs :&eat >la) ") @2"#2 t2e3 2ala3. T2e&efo&e5 t2e&e @as )o )ee% to see
>&"o& a>>&oa&t;e)t a)% :ot t2e &oa% #o)st&u#te% a)%
ele#t&"# l")e la"% o) t2e fo&est la)%.1$
CONSTITUTIONOFAD+ISOR9COMMITTEE
T2e A#t 2as also >&o>&oa&t t2e&eof fo& )o)-fo&est
>u&>oses a)% ;a%e "t a ;a)%ato&3 &e?u"&e;e)t to see >&"o& a>>&ou&>oses.
33AIR 600$ Ra= /.
34AIR 600 *o; /0.
35+d.
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T2e SC 2as ;a%e "t #lea& ") T.N. Godavarman Thirumalkpad%. UOI*24t2at t2e te&; fo&est
") t2e FCA #o>&o"#al ela)ts a)% a)";als l"e&fo&;"): t2e @o& of
;a")ta")"): t2e 23%&olo:"#al bala)#e of t2e a&ea5 a&o=e#t ") t2"s s"le)t e&ts ")#lu%"): s#"e)t"sts atta#2e% to t2e De>a&t;e)t of S#"e)#e a)% Te#2)olo:35 I)%"a)
Go&e
ele#t&"#"t3 fo& >oo& >eo>le of t2e State. T2e e&ala HC a##e>te% t2e sta)% of t2e State
Go&o>e& to e
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We find no rea!on to interfere. We di!mi!! no application! #ith no order to co!t!.9
T2e abo>ose% b3 t2e
s#"e)t"sts5 e) of !&of. M.G.. Me)o) ") Au:.
/05 @2"#2 sub;"tte% "ts &e>o&t ") /1 a)% as a &esult t2e S"le)t +alle3 >&o=e#t @as s#&a>>e%
") Nola#e% >e&so)s a)% t2e l"el3 :a") f&o; t2e >&o=e#t ") #o)t&ast to t2e
%eose% t2e >&o=e#t5 but a la&:e t&a# of la)% @as %efo&este% @"t2out
obta")"): #lea&a)#e f&o; t2e CG. At last5 t2e !&";e M")"ste& %"&e#te% t2e C2"ef M")"ste& of t2e
State to aba)%o) t2e >&o=e#t a)% tae a#t"o) a:a")st e&&"): State Off"#e&s @2o @e&e ")&"o& a>>&o&"o& a>>&o>l"#able ") a #ase
of &e)e@al of t2e e"st"): lease.
T2e SC ")"ural 3iti&ation and 4ntitlement 5endra 1ehradun%.State of U.P.%$7RLE #ase8
;a%e "t #lea& t2at =#hether it i! a ca!e of fir!t grant or rene#al follo#ing e8erci!e of option
39N.. S"):25 !.M. ass M.! Gou)"s2 off"#e&s fo& %efo&estat"o)5 The +ndian 58pre!!5
Ma&. //5 /'.
40T.N. Godavarman Thirumalpad
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by the le!!ee$ the compliance of Sec. > of the %on!ervation Act i! nece!!ary a! a condition
precedent.9
T2e abo&"o&
>e&;"ss"o) of t2e :o&o)ou)#e% b3 t2e #ou&t ") T.N. Go%a
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I)2uklesh +li%.State of +ssam*30t2e SC 2as ;a%e "t #lea& t2at t2e %"&e#t"o)s "s "ssue%
b3 t2e #ou&t fo& %"s#">l")a&3#&";")al >&o#ee%"): a:a")st e&&"): fo&est off"#e&s a&e
>&os>e#t">l"e% fo& &e)e@al t2&ou:2
>&o>e& aut2o&"t"es @2o also &e#o;;e)%e% t2e sa;e5 a)% )o &e=e#t"o) lette& @as &e#e"&oe&;"tte% to #o)t")ue 2"s ;")"): a#t"&ese)t #ase5 t2e State
Fo&est De>a&t;e)t &e#o;;e)%e% fo& t2e &e)e@al of ;")es to t2e CG.
I)5amal#eet Sin&h +hluwalia%.State of )ihar*5+t2e (2a&2a)% HC ;a%e "t #lea& t2at all
;")"): a#t"&"o& >e&;"ss"o) of t2e CG f&o; t2e %ate t2e
FCA #a;e ")to foe.$6T2"s #lause "s e?uall3 a>>l"#able fo& #a&&3"): o) ;")"): a#t"
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I) State of 2.P.%.5artar Sin&h )a&&a*52 t2e #ou&t ;a%e "t #lea& t2at ee&;"ss"o) of CG5 t2ou:2 t2e lease @as :&a)te% ") /4. T2e
:o&"o& to t2e #o;;e)#e;e)t of t2e A#t a&e #o)#e&)e%. It
"s a>>l"#able o)l3 afte& t2"s %ate.$$
Public Purpo!e Public benefit/-
I) Goa foundation %. 5onkan "ailwa/ (orpn.*54 t2e *o;ba3 HC obse&&o=e#t 2a% bee) u)%e&tae) b3 t2e CG o)l3 afte& t2e &e)o@)e% e>e&ts f&o; t2e a&ea5 t2e
>&"o& a>>&o&o=e#t u)%e&tae) b3 t2e Ra"l@a3s Ce)t&al Goo&at"o) Lt%. T2e #ou&t %e#l")e% to ")te&fe&e @"t2 a >&o=e#t of su#2
;a:)"tu%e ")te)%e% to ;eet t2e as>"&at"o)s a)% )ee% of t2e >eo>le of t2at a&ea. It @as %e#la&e%
b3 t2e #ou&t t2at @2"le ea;")e t2e :&"eoss"ble a%
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I) Tarun )ha&at Sin&h %. UOI*5 t2e SC %e#la&e% t2at ee&;"ss"o) f&o; t2e CG @as )e#essa&3 fo& ;")"): a#t"">el")es ") W"l% Ass
Sa)#tua&3 of Gu=a&at5 t2e >&"o& a>>&o>e)s to be a fo&est
la)%. Fu&t2e& "t @as %e#la&e% t2at all fo&est #lea&a)#e :"loa%e%
o) M")"st&3Bs @ebs"te to e)su&e >ubl"# a##ou)tab"l"t3. It @as &e"te&ate% t2at to a>&a"sal Co;;"ttees to
"%e)t"f3 t2e a&eas @2"#2 a&e fo&ests- )ot"f"e%5 &e#o:)"se% o& #lass"f"e% u)%e& a)3 la@5 a)%
"&&es>e#t"s #o)ta")"): %eta"ls of lo#at"o) a)% bou)%a&3 ;ust be
>&e>a&e% fo& t2e >u&>ose of t2e FCA.
57/1 Su>> 718 SCC //$.
58W! 7C8 No. 606 of /$.
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CHAPTER VI
SCHEDULETRIBEANDOTHERTRADITIONALFORESTDELLERS(RECOGNITIONOF
FORESTRIGHTS/ ACT* -1145,
T2"s A#t @as >asse% to &e#o:)"se a)% eo>le of I)%"a @2"#2 fo&; .0 >ee)t
of I)%"a) >o>ulat"o).
Nea&l3 6$0 ;"ll"o) >eo>le l"ulat"o) sta)%s at about /00 ;"ll"o). To >ut t2ese )u;be&s ")
>e&s>e#t"o>ulat"o)5 t2e&e #a))ot be a)3 bette& )e@s t2a) t2e :o
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Su#2 le:"slat"o) "s )e#essa&3 to e)su&e t2e t&a)sfe& of be)ef"ts to #o;;u)"t"es t2at 2a&o#ess u)%e& t2e *"olo:"#al
D"&e2e)s"ass"): of t2e a#t5 e&a#t"#es t2at al&ea%3 e)=o3 le:"t";a#3 at t2e lo#al lee) o&e#e%e)te% s#ale.'1
T2"s A#t "s a &esult of I)te&)at"o)al %e;e)ts a)% so;e >&o)ou)#e;e)ts ;a%e b3 t2e
I)%"a) SC l"eP. "ami "edd/ %.State of +.P.*43)anwasi Sewa +shram %.State of U.P.*45
Samatha %.State of +.P.*44et#.5 to as#e&ta") a)% &e#o:)"se t2e &":2ts of ")%":e)ous >eo>le.
T2e Nat"o)al Fo&est !ol"#3 of /5 D&aft Nat"o)al !ol"#3 o) Resettle;e)t a)% Re2ab"l"tat"o)
fo& !&o=e#t Affe#te% Fa;"l"es o) Feb. /,5 60045 D&aft Nat"o)al De;e)t5 D"s>la#e;e)t5
Re2ab"l"tat"o) !ol"#3 of 600$ a)% %&aft of Nat"o)al !ol"#3 o) T&"bal ") 6004 also ;ot"os"to&"es o: ")%":e)ous )o@le%:e a)%
61 E%"to&"al5 +alu"): *"o%"
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FORESTLAWS
@"s%o; @2"#2 ;ust be >&ote#te%. T2e I)%"a) Co)st"tut"o) also 2as >&o&ese&eo>le5 t2e"& "%e)t"t3 a)% #ultu&e a)% t2at t2e3 2aat"o) ") fo&est la)% ") fo&est %@ell"): S#2e%ule% T&"bes a)% ot2e& t&a%"t"o)al fo&est
%@elle&s @2o 2a:>@@ primarily re!ided in
and #ho depend on the fore!t or fore!t! land for bonafide livelihood need!.B
Se#. 1 of t2e A#t #o)fe&&e% /1 fo&est &":2ts to t2e fo&est %@elle&s. T2ese &":2ts ")#lu%e
/. &":2t to 2ol% a)% l"ose of fo&est >&o%u#e @2"#2 2as bee)t&a%"t"o)all3 #olle#te%J
1. R":2ts ")#lu%"): #o;;u)"t3 te)u&es of 2ab"tat a)% 2ab"tat"o) fo& >&";"t"
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Se#t"o) 4 of t2e A#t 2as s>e#"f"#all3 &e#o:)"se% t2at "f t2e ")%":e)oust&"bal >eo>le a&e l"a&s a)% sa)#tua&"es a)% t2e3 a&e to be s2"fte%5 su#2
;":&at"o)s2"ft"): @"ll )ot be allo@e% u)less5
7"8 A &esettle;e)t o& alte&)at"a#a:e 2as bee) >&e>a&e% a)% #o;;u)"#ate% t2at >&o&o>ose% &esettle;e)t
2as bee) obta")e% ") @&"t"):J a)%
7"""8 T2e fa#"l"t"es a)% la)% allo#at"o) at t2e &esettle;e)t lo#at"o) 2alete% as >e&
>&o;"se% >a#a:e.
T2e fu)%s l3"): @"t2 CAM!A >&ese)t a :&eat >&os>e#t to %e-f&a:;e)t t2e last &e;a")"):
>at#2es of ol%-:&o@t2 )atu&al fo&ests. I)%"a =ust #a))ot affo&% to lose t2"s fa)tast"# o>>o&tu)"t3
to ";>le;e)t a @")-@") solut"o) t2at )ot o)l3 #o)sol"%ates #&"t"#al @"l%l"fe 2ab"tats but also
%el"&oose all ;")o& fo&est >&o%u#e as also t2e &":2t a)% %ut3 to >&ote#t5
68Supra5 ). 6$.
69E%"to&"al5 !&ote#t"): Fo&est La)%5 The 1indu5 Se>. /15 60/1 70//IST8.
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&e:e)e&ate o& #o)se&&o#ess fo& %ete&;")"): t2e )atu&e a)%
ete)t of ")%"ass t2e &esolut"o) to
t2at effe#t.,/
A)3 >e&so) a::&"e&o
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T2e A#t 2as bee) a>>&e#"ate% as a >ote)t"al tool
/. To e;>o@e& a)% st&e):t2e) t2e lo#al self :oooo& :&o@t2J
4. To a%%&ess t2e "ssues of #o)se&eo>le a)% ot2e& fo&est %@elle&s >&o>e&l3. Fu&t2e&5 &est&"#t"o) of fou&
2e#ta&es of la)% to be o##u>"e% b3 t2e ")%"&oa#t"eo>le ") a &e#e)tl3 %e#"%e% #ase. T2e #ou&t obse&le )o@
2o@ to ee> t2e bala)#e bet@ee) e#o)o;"# a)% e)o")t ") t2e ;a)a:e;e)t of fo&ests ") I)%"a. It @as %e#la&e%
b3 t2e :o&")#">le a"; of t2e >ol"#3 "s to e)su&e e)&")#">le a";.
I)%"aBs Nat"o)al Fo&est !ol"#3 / a";s at ;a")ta")"): 11 >e& #e)t of t2e :eo:&a>2"#al a&eau)%e& fo&est a)% t&ee #oat#2es of
#o)t":uous fo&ests a##ou)t"): fo& about 40 >e& #e)t of t2e fo&est #o
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T2us #o)se&s o) a @a& foot"): to #o)t&ol t2e ;a:)"tu%e of e)&ote#t t2e &":2ts of t2e t&"bals. It "s obossess"o) of e)#&oa#2e&s ") #o))"ol"t"#al @"ll5 oo& bou)%a&3 %e;aat"o) a)% al"e)at"o) of &e:ula&"se% la)% s2oul% be a%%&esse%.4
T2us5 t2"s >ol"#3 @as >asse% @"t2 follo@"): bas"# ob=e#t"&o%u#t"leBs ;o
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T2e >ol"#3 su::este% se&";a&"l3 be fo& t2e bo)af"%e use of t2e #o;;u)"t"es l"u&>ose s2oul% be sub=e#t to t2e ;ost #a&eful
ea;")at"o)s b3 s>e#"al"sts f&o; t2e sta)%>o")t of so#"al a)% e)a&t of su#2 %"eo>le.
Da;a:e to fo&ests f&o; e)#&oa#2;e)ts5 f"&es a)% :&a"): ;ust be sto>>e%.
S>e#"al st&ate:3 fo& fo&est base% ")%ust&"es s2oul% be %ee%.
Fo&est ete)s"o)5 &esea a)% fo&est e%u#at"o) a&e also esse)t"al >a&t of fo&est >ol"#3.
All t2ese >&o:&a;;es @"ll be su>>o&te% b3 le:al a)% f")a)#"al su>>o&t fo&; t2e :ool"#35 ;a)3 ste>s 2aol"#3. It @as @"%el3 &efe&&e% b3 t2e SC ") 3afar&e Umiam =P> 3td.%.
UOI7Lafa&:e U;"a; M")"): #ase8.,,
I) t2"s #ase t2e S# 2as %"&e#te% t2at t2e CG a)% t2e SGs s2oul% a>>o")t A>>&o>&"ate
Aut2o&"t3 >&efe&abl3 ") t2e fo&; of Re:ulato& at t2e Ce)t&e a)% t2e State le&o=e#ts5 e)foe e)ose >e)alt3 o) >ollute&s.
It @as fu&t2e& #la&"f"e% t2at as >e& Off"#e Me;o&a)%u; of t2e MoEF5 %ate% A>&"l 6'5 60//5 "t
"s esse)t"al to see fo&est #lea&a)#e f&o; t2e fo&est %e>a&t;e)t befo&e t2e :&a)t of t2e
e)&")#">les5 ;ust :oe&;"ss"o)
u)%e& Se#.6 of t2e FCA. It @as also %e#la&e% t2at t2e Nat"o)al Fo&est !ol"#35 / s2oul% be
77Supra5 ). ,4.
78Supra5 ). /.
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&ea% as a >a&t of t2e >&o
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su::ests t2at @2"le t2e state "s atte;>t"): t2e ;ost )a&&o@ ")te&>&etat"o)5 :&ass&oots
;ole;e)tat"o) as >e& t2e s>"&"t of t2e A#t.
G"e of ")te&>&etat"o) of ")#lus"o)s a)% e#lus"o)s ") ";>le;e)tat"o). No)-t&"bal fo&est
%@elle&s a&e #lea&l3 l"el3 to be a;o):st t2e b"::est #ate:o&3 of t2e e#lu%e% %ue to t2e
u)&easo)able &e?u"&e;e)t of 2aa&e)t a)% %e;o#&at"#
fo&u;. It "s also #lea& t2at ele;e)te% ") t2e best >oss"ble ;a))e&5 #o;>le;e)ta&3
")st"tut"o)al &efo&; ") a 2ost of ot2e& la@s a)% st&u#tu&es "s &e?u"&e% to a#2"e&o-
>oo& ;a)%ate of t2e la@. To %ate5 t2e&e "s )o eut a) e)% to t2"s >&a#t"#e "t "s )e#essa&3 to :"&o%u#e alo): @"t2
")st"tut"o)al a&&a):e;e)ts fo& ;a"): of su#2 >&o%u#e.
1. I)%":e)ous >eo>les a)% ")%"eo>les a)% ")%"
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FORESTLAWS
'. I)%":e)ous >eo>les 2aeo>les s2all 2a o& ot2e& t&a%"t"o)al o##u>at"o) o& use5 as @ell as t2ose
@2"#2 t2e3 2a&ofess"o). A:&"#ultu&e
U)"&o;ot"): &esea.
. I)%":e)ous >eo>les ;ust feel se#u&e ") t2e"& la)% te)u&e a)% >la3 a #e)t&al &ole ") fo&est5
la)% a)% &esoue ;a)a:e;e)t5 ") la)%-use s3ste;s a)% ") #o)fl"#t &esolut"o)s.
BIBLIOGRAPH6
C22at&a>at" S"):25 %ommon Property and %ommon Poverty5 7OU! Del2" /'8.
Das (a:a))at2 A)% R.N. !at"5 Tribal and +ndigenou! people of +ndia problem! &
per!pective5 7600685 A!H !ubl"s2"): Co&>o&at"o)5 Ne@ Del2".
D"
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FORESTLAWS