2//12-Pick up your book. 2//12-Pick up your book. **Take out your GATTACA & **Take out your GATTACA & EOCT Review Wksts.**EOCT Review Wksts.**Copy & answer the following Copy & answer the following

questions on a blank sheet of paper.questions on a blank sheet of paper.

1.1. How do you think you did on the How do you think you did on the DNA Test?DNA Test?

2.2. Honestly, how long did you study?Honestly, how long did you study?

3.3. What could YOU do to improve your What could YOU do to improve your grade?grade?

4.4. What could I/WE do to help you?What could I/WE do to help you?

2/17/12-2/17/12-

Copy & answer the following Copy & answer the following questions on a blank sheet of paper.questions on a blank sheet of paper.

1.1. How do you think you did on the How do you think you did on the DNA Test?DNA Test?

2.2. Honestly, how long did you study?Honestly, how long did you study?

3.3. What could YOU do to improve your What could YOU do to improve your grade?grade?

4.4. What could I/WE do to help you?What could I/WE do to help you?

2/22/12-Define the 2/22/12-Define the following:following:14-1 Vocab14-1 Vocab

1. Karyotype1. Karyotype

2. Sex chromosome2. Sex chromosome

3. Autosome3. Autosome

4. Pedigree4. Pedigree

10-2 Vocab10-2 Vocab

5. Mitosis5. Mitosis

6. Chromatid6. Chromatid

7. Centromere7. Centromere

8. Cell Cycle8. Cell Cycle

9. Interphase9. Interphase

11-4 Vocab11-4 Vocab

10. Meiosis10. Meiosis

11. Diploid11. Diploid

12. Haploid12. Haploid

Cell Cell ReproductionReproduction

Mitosis and MeiosisMitosis and Meiosis

Cell ReproductionCell Reproduction Chromosome StructureChromosome Structure

Rod shaped, made of DNA proteinsRod shaped, made of DNA proteins HISTONES are proteins that help in the HISTONES are proteins that help in the

packaging of DNA and maintain the packaging of DNA and maintain the shape of the shape of the

chromosome.chromosome. NONHISTONE proteins control the NONHISTONE proteins control the

activity of specific regions of DNA.activity of specific regions of DNA. Individual chromosomes consist of 2 Individual chromosomes consist of 2

identical halves called CHROMATIDSidentical halves called CHROMATIDS The center of the chromosome is the The center of the chromosome is the

CENTROMERE. It holds the 2 chromatids CENTROMERE. It holds the 2 chromatids together.together.

There are There are 2 types of 2 types of chromosomeschromosomes

SEX CHROMOSOMES-determine SEX CHROMOSOMES-determine the sex of an organismthe sex of an organism In humans, sex chromosomes are either In humans, sex chromosomes are either

X or YX or Y FEMALES=XXFEMALES=XX MALES=XYMALES=XY

Types of chromosomes, Types of chromosomes, cont.cont.

AUTOSOMES-all other chromosomesAUTOSOMES-all other chromosomes Humans have 46 chromosomes totalHumans have 46 chromosomes total

44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes Organisms get 1 copy of each autosome Organisms get 1 copy of each autosome

from a parent-making 2 copies called from a parent-making 2 copies called HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES. HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES. They are the same size, shape, and They are the same size, shape, and carry the same info.carry the same info.

A KARYOTYPE is used to A KARYOTYPE is used to examine an individual’s examine an individual’s

chromosomes.chromosomes.

VERY IMPORTANT VERY IMPORTANT VOCAB!!VOCAB!!

Cells that have 2 sets of Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes are DIPLOID chromosomes are DIPLOID (2n). (2n).

HAPLOID (n) cells have only 1 HAPLOID (n) cells have only 1 set of chromosomes. set of chromosomes. Sperm and egg cells are Sperm and egg cells are haploid cells.haploid cells.

Quick QuizQuick Quiz

1. What are the 2 parts of the 1. What are the 2 parts of the chromosome?chromosome?

2. What are the two types of 2. What are the two types of chromosomes in your bodychromosomes in your body

3. How many chromosomes do your body 3. How many chromosomes do your body cells contain? Your sex cells?cells contain? Your sex cells?

4. Cells that have one set of 4. Cells that have one set of chromosomes are ______________. Cells chromosomes are ______________. Cells that have two sets are ______________.that have two sets are ______________.

2/23/12-Have out EOCT 2/23/12-Have out EOCT p1 &2p1 &2

Do-Now: Do-Now:

Pick up and complete the chromosome Pick up and complete the chromosome crossword puzzle.crossword puzzle.

#1 Down should read “Humans have #1 Down should read “Humans have 2222 pairs” pairs”

Study over yesterdays notes…Study over yesterdays notes…

Cell Division in Cell Division in ProkaryotesProkaryotes

Divide asexually by Divide asexually by BINARY FISSIONBINARY FISSION

Produce identical Produce identical offspringoffspring

3 stages3 stages DNA is copiedDNA is copied Cell begins to Cell begins to

dividedivide 2 identical haploid 2 identical haploid

cells are formedcells are formed

Cell Division in Cell Division in EukaryotesEukaryotes

MITOSIS-cell division that results MITOSIS-cell division that results in 2 new cells with identical in 2 new cells with identical genetic material to the original cellgenetic material to the original cell

The CELL CYCLE is the repeating The CELL CYCLE is the repeating set of events that make up the life set of events that make up the life of a cell. CELL DIVISION is one of a cell. CELL DIVISION is one phase and INTERPHASE is the phase and INTERPHASE is the time between divisions.time between divisions.

InterphaseInterphase Made of 3 phasesMade of 3 phases

G1 PHASE-offspring cells grow to G1 PHASE-offspring cells grow to mature sizemature size

S PHASE-DNA is copied (REPLICATION)S PHASE-DNA is copied (REPLICATION) G2 PHASE-cell prepares for divisionG2 PHASE-cell prepares for division

*Cells can exit the cell cycle and enter the G0 *Cells can exit the cell cycle and enter the G0 PHASE where DNA isn’t copied and cells don’t PHASE where DNA isn’t copied and cells don’t divide. Nervous system cells stop dividing at divide. Nervous system cells stop dividing at

maturity.*maturity.*

MitosisMitosis During mitosis, the M PHASE, During mitosis, the M PHASE,

the nucleus of the cell divides.the nucleus of the cell divides. 4 phases of mitosis (Interphase 4 phases of mitosis (Interphase

is before and after is before and after mitosis/cytokinesis.)mitosis/cytokinesis.)PROPHASEPROPHASEMETAPHASEMETAPHASEANAPHASEANAPHASETELOPHASETELOPHASE

PROPHASEPROPHASE DNA coils into DNA coils into chromosomeschromosomes

Nucleolus and nuclear Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappearmembrane disappear

Dark spots appear Dark spots appear (CENTROSOMES), (CENTROSOMES), which contain the which contain the CENTRIOLES (plants DO CENTRIOLES (plants DO NOT have centrioles)NOT have centrioles)

SPINDLE FIBERS SPINDLE FIBERS radiate from the radiate from the centrosomescentrosomes

METAPHASEMETAPHASE

ChromosomeChromosomes move to the s move to the MIDDLE of MIDDLE of the cellthe cell

2/24/12-2/24/12-Do-Now:Do-Now:

Complete the word search puzzle (back of Complete the word search puzzle (back of yesterday’s crossword).yesterday’s crossword).

Study your Week 7 Study your Week 7 Vocabulary—Prefix/SuffixVocabulary—Prefix/Suffix

ANAPHASEANAPHASE

Chromatids of Chromatids of each each chromosome chromosome separate at separate at centromere & centromere & move toward move toward opposite sides opposite sides of the dividing of the dividing cellcell

TELOPHASETELOPHASE

Spindle fibers Spindle fibers disappeardisappear

Chromosomes uncoilChromosomes uncoil Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane

forms around each forms around each set of chromosomesset of chromosomes

Nucleolus reformsNucleolus reforms Telophase is almost Telophase is almost

the opposite of the opposite of prophase.prophase.

CYTOKINESISCYTOKINESIS

CYTOKINESIS occurs when the CYTOKINESIS occurs when the cytoplasm starts to divide. It starts cytoplasm starts to divide. It starts when telophase is complete.when telophase is complete. In In animal cellsanimal cells, the cell membrane , the cell membrane

pinches in (pinches in (CLEAVAGE FURROWCLEAVAGE FURROW) & ) & separates the dividing cell into 2 new separates the dividing cell into 2 new cells.cells.

In In plant cellsplant cells, the membrane bound cell , the membrane bound cell wall forms (wall forms (CELL PLATECELL PLATE) & separates ) & separates the cell into 2 new cells. the cell into 2 new cells.

Cytokinesis in animal Cytokinesis in animal cellscells

Cytokinesis in plant cellsCytokinesis in plant cells

Ticket to LeaveTicket to Leave

How does cell reproduction occur in How does cell reproduction occur in prokaryotes?prokaryotes?

What is the cell cycle?What is the cell cycle? List and briefly describe the four List and briefly describe the four

steps of mitosis.steps of mitosis.

***QUIZ !!!!******QUIZ !!!!***

2/27/12-Get out Mitosis 2/27/12-Get out Mitosis Foldable. Study for Week 7 Foldable. Study for Week 7 Vocab Vocab (Rescheduled to today)(Rescheduled to today) Do-Now: Do-Now:

1.1. What is the relationship between prophase What is the relationship between prophase and telophase?and telophase?

2.2. The phase where the chromosomes line up in The phase where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell is _____.the middle of the cell is _____.

3.3. When the chromatids split from one another When the chromatids split from one another and move to opposite poles of the cell, ____ is and move to opposite poles of the cell, ____ is occurring.occurring.

4.4. List the 3 parts of Interphase & describe List the 3 parts of Interphase & describe what happens during each.what happens during each.

***QUIZ TUESDAY—Cell Division Notes!!!!!!***QUIZ TUESDAY—Cell Division Notes!!!!!!******

Review Matching—Wk 7Review Matching—Wk 7Give the meaning of the Give the meaning of the

following:following:1.1. Amphi-Amphi-

2.2. Ab-Ab-

3.3. ArchosArchos

4.4. -cide-cide

5.5. CorpusCorpus

6.6. Pheno-Pheno-

7.7. Anthro-Anthro-

8.8. Ad-Ad-

9.9. Audio-Audio-

10.10. Circum-Circum-

MeiosisMeiosis Cell division in SEX cellsCell division in SEX cells Produces haploid (n) reproductive cells Produces haploid (n) reproductive cells

called GAMETEScalled GAMETES Human gametes are SPERM & EGGHuman gametes are SPERM & EGG Each contain 23 chromosomesEach contain 23 chromosomes Fusion of sperm (n) & egg (n) forms a Fusion of sperm (n) & egg (n) forms a

ZYGOTE (2n) that contains 46 ZYGOTE (2n) that contains 46 chromosomeschromosomes

**Cells begin meiosis just like mitosis—it’s **Cells begin meiosis just like mitosis—it’s just that cells divide TWICE in meiosis**just that cells divide TWICE in meiosis**

Meiosis IMeiosis I

Meiosis IIMeiosis II

DNA REPLICATIONDNA REPLICATION

During During replicationreplication, the DNA , the DNA of a 2n (diploid) cell is of a 2n (diploid) cell is copied.copied.

This This only occurs before only occurs before MEIOSIS IMEIOSIS I..

Meiosis IMeiosis I PROPHASE IPROPHASE I DNA coils, spindle fibers appearDNA coils, spindle fibers appear HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES pair up-HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES pair up-

called SYNAPSIScalled SYNAPSIS (doesn’t happen during (doesn’t happen during mitosis)mitosis)

Portions of chromatids break off and attach Portions of chromatids break off and attach to nearby chromatid on the homologous to nearby chromatid on the homologous pair-called CROSSING OVERpair-called CROSSING OVERAllows for genetic info exchange between Allows for genetic info exchange between mother/father chromosomes giving mother/father chromosomes giving a new a new mixture of genetic info-called GENETIC mixture of genetic info-called GENETIC RECOMBINATIONRECOMBINATION

CROSSING OVERCROSSING OVER

METAPHASE IMETAPHASE I

TETRADS (each pair of homologous TETRADS (each pair of homologous chromosomes) line up in middle of chromosomes) line up in middle of cellcell

Spindle fibers attach to the Spindle fibers attach to the homologous chromosomes of the homologous chromosomes of the pairpair

ANAPHASE IANAPHASE I

Each homologous chromosome Each homologous chromosome moves to the opposite side of the moves to the opposite side of the dividing celldividing cell

Random separation of the Random separation of the homologous chromosomes is called homologous chromosomes is called INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT and INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT and it results in genetic variationsit results in genetic variations

TELOPHASE ITELOPHASE I

Chromosomes reach the opposite Chromosomes reach the opposite ends of cellends of cell

Each of the new developing cells will Each of the new developing cells will contain a haploid number of contain a haploid number of chromosomes.chromosomes.

CYTOKINESIS I occursCYTOKINESIS I occurs

2/28/12-Take out “Directed 2/28/12-Take out “Directed Reading” & Meiosis Notes from Reading” & Meiosis Notes from yesterday.yesterday.Do Now:Do Now:

Determine if the following terms/phrases describe mitosis Determine if the following terms/phrases describe mitosis or meiosis.or meiosis.

1. Results in 2 genetically identical cells1. Results in 2 genetically identical cells

2. Results in 4 genetically different cells2. Results in 4 genetically different cells

3. Produces diploid (2n) cells3. Produces diploid (2n) cells

4. Produces haploid (n) cells4. Produces haploid (n) cells

5. Produces body cells5. Produces body cells

6. Produces gametes6. Produces gametes

7. Allows growth and replacement of cells 7. Allows growth and replacement of cells

8. How sexually reproducing organisms make gametes8. How sexually reproducing organisms make gametes

9. Type of cell division 9. Type of cell division

***Cell Reproduction Test—Thursday*******Cell Reproduction Test—Thursday****

MEIOSIS IIMEIOSIS II

The newly formed cells DO NOT The newly formed cells DO NOT copy their DNA.copy their DNA.

PROPHASE IIPROPHASE II Spindle fibers form and move Spindle fibers form and move

chromosomes toward the middle of the chromosomes toward the middle of the cellcell

METAPHASE IIMETAPHASE II

Chromosomes move to the midline of Chromosomes move to the midline of the cells-facing opposite side of the the cells-facing opposite side of the cellscells

ANAPHASE IIANAPHASE II

Chromatids separate and move to Chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of cellopposite sides of cell

TELOPHASE IITELOPHASE II

Nuclear membrane forms around Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes in each of the 4 new chromosomes in each of the 4 new cellscells

CYTOKINESIS II occurs resulting in CYTOKINESIS II occurs resulting in 4 new cells, each containing HALF 4 new cells, each containing HALF the number of chromosomes as the the number of chromosomes as the original celloriginal cell

Formation of GametesFormation of Gametes

SPERMATOGENESSPERMATOGENESIS-production of IS-production of sperm cells-sperm cells--2n -2n reproductive cell reproductive cell divides through divides through meiosis to form 4 meiosis to form 4 haploid cells called haploid cells called SPERMATIDS SPERMATIDS (each will develop (each will develop into a mature into a mature sperm)sperm)

Formation of Gametes, Formation of Gametes, cont.cont.

OOGENESIS-OOGENESIS-production of egg production of egg cellscells, 2n reproductive , 2n reproductive cell divides through cell divides through meiosis to form ONE meiosis to form ONE mature egg cell—the mature egg cell—the other three cells are other three cells are polar bodies and will polar bodies and will degenerate degenerate (unequally divided (unequally divided cytoplasm)cytoplasm)

Ticket to LeaveTicket to Leave

What is crossing over?What is crossing over? Meiosis is used to form __________.Meiosis is used to form __________. List the steps of meiosis I & II.List the steps of meiosis I & II. The formation of sperm is called The formation of sperm is called

___________.___________. The formation of eggs is called The formation of eggs is called

__________.__________.

2/29/12- 2/29/12-

Pick up “Cell Cycle Handout @ the Pick up “Cell Cycle Handout @ the back and completeback and complete

-Look on the right hand side of -Look on the right hand side of paper—paper—

& use the “Word Bank”& use the “Word Bank”

Take out last night’s HW on the back Take out last night’s HW on the back of your “Meiosis Notes”of your “Meiosis Notes”

3/1/12- 3/1/12-

Take out your Chapter 10 Cell Take out your Chapter 10 Cell Division Review & Study…..Division Review & Study…..

Work on Week 8—Prefix/Suffix Work on Week 8—Prefix/Suffix vocab.vocab.

1.1. Another word for sex cells = Another word for sex cells = ____________________

2.2. The 2 main stages of The 2 main stages of cell divisioncell division are are called _______ & cytokinesis.called _______ & cytokinesis.

3/2/123/2/12

After the Test:After the Test: Complete the Cell Reproduction Word Complete the Cell Reproduction Word

Puzzle on the back of your CHAPTER Puzzle on the back of your CHAPTER 10 Cell Division Review Sheet. 10 Cell Division Review Sheet.

There are no words listed. When you There are no words listed. When you find a word that relates to cell find a word that relates to cell division, circle it and write it at the division, circle it and write it at the bottom in the table. The person with bottom in the table. The person with the most words will get bonus points.the most words will get bonus points.