210 biomes

7/22/2019 210 biomes

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/210-biomes 1/23

!"#$%&

'()*+,- +/ +01 234,(5 6*-7,)0*-8(6 9: 58(*1

;3*<45( 4,6 =()(547+,

Biomes

Major ecological

systems that occupy

large geographicregions of land or

water

Varying

combinations of

biotic & abiotic

factors determine

biome structure

Aquatic & terrestrial

biomes

34

34

!"#$%&

%'(#$)*&& $*',

-%./%%& #0

1*234-%5

!"#1#."(*1

(#$$4'"2%& *(/#&&

6*&3 */%*&

.%#./*)7,

&%*&#'*1"3,

(1"$*3%

87*)%- 9,

34

:;<8

!"#$%&

&*$% )1*(% *&

./*'-)*/%'3& *'-

./%*3 =>

?1*'3&

&)%("@(

(7*/*(3%/"&2(&

(7*'.%

ABCD

7/22/2019 210 biomes


!"#$%&

B4$*'&

<4$)%/&

8)1"E%/&

FG4*2( H%//%&3/"*1

FIJKK

B#L $*', 9"#$%&D

4) 3# "'3%/)/%3*2#'

F./%%<*'- M& A*3%/

:;<8 1%*6% 37%"/

L*3%/, 9"#$% #'1,

*N%/ $*"'3*"'

37%"/ &4))1, #0

L*3%/ "'3%/'*11,

Terrestrial

Biomes

Distribution

Temperature &

precipitation

Plants &

animals

84

7/22/2019 210 biomes


!"#$%&

O 3,)%& 3%//%&3/"*1

P#/%&3&

I/*&&1*'-&

H4'-/*

Q%&%/3

Biome NPP (g C/m2 /yr)

Tropical Rain Forest 900

Tropical Dry Forest 675

Temperate Evergreen Forest 585

Temperate Deciduous Forest 540

Boreal Forest 360

Tropical Grasslands 315

Cultivated land (USA) 290

Chaparral 270

Prairie 225

Tundra 225

Desert 32

Extreme Desert 1.5

Net Primary Production of Terrestrial Biomes

!"#$%"& !"()*+,(-

./#&& )/"$*/, )/#-4(2#'

*$#4'3 #0 1".73 %'%/.,(#'6%/3%- 3# (7%$"(*1 %'%/.,

:%3 )/"$*/, )/#-4(2#'

*$#4'3 #0 1".73 %'%/.,

(#'6%/3%- 3# (7%$"(*1 %'%/.,

%'%/., 3/*'&0%/ 4&4*11, 1%&& 37*' RST

RSS UVSS U >W X YY

UUUZ YY[RSS XV>5\T

7/22/2019 210 biomes


86 Desert

Desert

defined by liquidprecipitation

less than 250mm

can have drastictemperature

changes

Kalahari = 7-10cmSahara = 5-7cm

Desert

25% of land mass

15-35° N & Slatitude

can have life butadapted specialists

Split into evadersand resistors

>%&%'?&

SimpsonNamib

Sahara

Gobi

Atacama

Sonoran

7/22/2019 210 biomes


Desert

RainshadowFohn Wind

19

Evaders

Plants or NMLS

Hibernation &aestivation

modified physiologyseeds

Migration

7/22/2019 210 biomes


Resistors Plants

deep roots

succulents store

H2O

modified physiology

Desert

Resistors NML

Behavioural

Physiological

!"

Onymacris unguicularis

"fog-basking" beetle.

7/22/2019 210 biomes


!#

?]<FJ ^_K _F?

Always covered with snow and ice;bitterly cold year round with little or no precipitation.

Antarctica

91Tundra

7/22/2019 210 biomes


11/30/07 29

Tundra Climate

Growing season1-2.5 months

Low averageTemperature

Low Solarradiation

High UV

NPP?Water

cycling?

11/30/0731

Tundra soils

Poor - low weathering

40% Canada Permafrost(20% world)

high water table

recovery slow fromdisturbance

diversity?

@ ?AB%& #C ?DE>'F! Both share some of the same plants, animals, and

climate, but are located in different areas around the

world

" ARCTIC

" ALPINE

7/22/2019 210 biomes


F'G?"G ?DE>'F!?8( F1;7; 50,614 *- 4 /1+H(, 34,6 905 43-+ 84- -+<(

4,*<43- 3*=*,) 58(1( 3*I( 58( ;41*9+0 J1(*,6((1KL <0-I +ML

41;7; 841(L 41;7; /+ML -,+N: +N3L 3(<<*,)-L 4,6 2+341

9(41-O

FE?F'G?"G ?DE>'F!$%& ()*+,-.- $/)0,+ 12 +324 + 5,46&) 3+)0 317& *%& +,-.- 4)& 8/* %+2 019&,&)*

+)1:+32 31;1)< *%&,&= >&+ :+::+32 +)0 2&+ 81,02? 1)-3/01)< 2&+32 +)0

@&)</1)2? 1)%+81* +,&+2 )&+, *%& 2%4,&? +)0 24:& 2:+33 :+::+32? 317&

,+881*2 +)0 -+*2? %+;& 8&&) 1)*,40/-&0 8A %/:+)2 *4 24:& 45 *%&

2/8+)*+,-.- 123+)02=

P"QPRFE> GR"$F?%

Sea Level

300 m

1000 m

2000 m

3000 m

4000 m

5000m

6000m

30°C

25°C

20°C

15°C

10°C

0°C

-5°C

-10°C

*Guayaquil

*Quito

Hot Zone

Temperate Zone

Cold Zone

Tundra

Snow cap

Mountain areas where the airtemperature cools as

altitude increases.

FRB"E% ?DE>'F

The alpine tundra, whichis a biome that exists at

the tops of highmountains, above thetree line.

The growing season isabout 180 days, andnighttime temperaturesare usually belowfreezing. ."*$/(01

7/22/2019 210 biomes


FE"$FR& ?PF? F'% G#$$#E "E ?P%

!"#$% JFRB"E% ?DE>'FK

Kea parrot

Mountaingoat (not areal goatrelated todomesticcattle!)

Chinchila

BC

$#DE?F"E FE"$FR&

The yellow-pine chipmunk andthe torrent salamander are uniqueto the Olympia Range on the west

coast.

The Bighorn sheepis the Nevada state animal.

7/22/2019 210 biomes


P#/%&3&

!#/%*1

1*/.%&3 *'- $#&3

-"6%/&%

3/#)"(*1

H%$)%/*3%

Q%("-4#4&

V[Y #0 L#/1-

Tropical

Rainforest

al

ing

e layer

ory

layer

loor

er

In general, tropical rainforests occur where a

• mean monthlytemperature ofbetween 20 and 28degrees C

• And between 1.5 and10 metres, rainfall

'F"E C#'%&? P#/%&3&

"#$%&#'' (#"$)* +#% ,) #,-()

./0+1

9%13 9%3L%%' 3/#)"(&

RY(: ` 8

$#/% 9"#-"6%/&"3,

:43/"%'3 )##/ &#"1

L*/$ *'- 74$"-

7/22/2019 210 biomes


H/#)"(*1 /*"'0#/%&3&

?'#B"GFR 'F"E C#'%&? FE"$FR&

While covering

less than 6percent ofEarth's surface,rain forests arehome to morethan 50 percentof the world'splant andanimal species.

Toucan

Mandrill

Whittaker’s scheme: biomes delineated byaverage temperature and precipitation.

7/22/2019 210 biomes


Walter’s climate diagrams allow comparisonsamong localities.

General rule:

20 mm monthly rainfor each 10ºC in temp= enough water forgrowth

(wherever precip lineis above temp line)= enough water forgrowth

growing season

What is clue thatthis is a desert?

Each climate zone has a typical seasonalpattern of temperature and precipitation. What type of

biome wouldyou expect todevelop withthis climate?

Explain.

7/22/2019 210 biomes


What type ofbiome wouldyou expect todevelop with

each climate?Explain.

What type ofbiome wouldyou expect todevelop with

each climate?Explain.

Localities worldwide with similar climate havethe same biome.

Unrelated African and South Americanrainforest mammals show strikingconvergence. How is this concept related toprevious slide about biomes?

7/22/2019 210 biomes


89

Coniferous Forest

(Taiga)

H*".*

VST #0 37% L#/1-& -/, 1*'-

O\37 a \W37 ?*/*11%1

U\S-_ U RS-_

A"'-& 9/"'. 37% */(2(

(#1- -#L' -4/"'. 37%

L"'3%/

!"#$%& ("#$)*

S-(=(1( N*,5(1-L

$F? ;4, 9( T U 6() G

S225 *- 3+NL 905

(=42+S

514,-2*147+, 3+N

S-8+15 )1+N*,)

-(4-+,

P1#/*

R 3,)%&

(1#&%-

#)%'

;#&&,

<"(7%' -#$"'*3%&

7/22/2019 210 biomes


FaunaP*4'*

F-*)3 )7,&"(*11,

F-*)3 )7,&"#1#."(*11,

?%$B%'F?% >%G">D#D& C#'%&?

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests are a temperate andhumid . Typically, they occur in warm and rainy

climates, sometime with a distinct dry season.

S6*-7,;5 N*,5(1 -(4-+,L

/1+-5 4 6(V,*,) /(4501(

S-0<<(1 -(4-+, 0-0433:

<+*-5 N*58

225 W

(=42+514,-2*147+,

?(<2(145( C+1(-5

7/22/2019 210 biomes


HQP

A%&3 U K*&3 L%*37%/

RY/- a Ob37 ?*/*11%1

B"(c#/,d 9%%(7 #*c

&%*&#'*1 "'e4%'(%

B"(c#/,d 9%%(7 #*c

$F'"E% X%&? G#F&?

An oceanic climate (also called

marine west coast climate andmaritime climate) is the climatetypically found along the westcoasts at the middle latitudes ofall the world's continents, and insoutheastern Australia; similarclimates are also found at highelevations within the tropics.

7/22/2019 210 biomes


GFEF>"FE '#GYA $#DE?F"E&

Orographic precipitation

FOHN WIND

.

7/22/2019 210 biomes


Q'F&&RFE>&savanna – tall; prairie – medium andtall; steppe - short

88

Temperate Grassland

?(<2(145( Q14--34,6Z&810934,6

S-*<*341 5+ 51+2*;43

-4=4,,4L 905 N*58 ;+36

N*,5(1

S1(347=(3: 8+5 -0<<(1

S2+5(,743

(=42+514,-2*147+, W

225

&?%BB% Q'F&&RFE>

7/22/2019 210 biomes


DD

Q'F&&RFE>&!+#%)) ,) -".,/%/*

!0#%,#,$1.")*&2 3#%))4 5$6

*#$$)

!7*$88$1-#2!7%9%//%1:"* %/- -#2

B'F"'"%

Much of the Great Plainsprincipally supportsmedium grasses, with few

trees, and a generallytemperate or moderateclimate.

formed by sediment droppedby a river when it floods

P1##- ?1*"'

7/22/2019 210 biomes


7/22/2019 210 biomes


87 Savanna

&F[FEEF8*6*''*

Temperate Grassland/Shrubland

-scattered trees

and shrubs

-trees are short

-fire & grazing by animalsalso contribute to

predominance of grasses,

but that depends on climate

S/+0,6 *, 58( 51+2*;-

J905 W \U] 347506(K

S21+,+0,;(6 61:

-(4-+,

N*58 T^ ;< 14*,/433 *,

-+<( <+,58-

?1+2*;43 &4=4,,48Z&(4-+,43 C+1(-5

7/22/2019 210 biomes


Tropical Savannah/Seasonal Forest

-scattered trees and grass

-tropical biome (rainforest plus seasonal forest) is largest

biome based on land area

210 biomes

Documents