《20世纪后半叴历史解密》(1950--2000) .doc
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20(1950----2000)
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1. 2.
3.1949
1976 12
37 51
4.
75
5. 1954
84 6.20 50 60
1956-1966
94 7.1952
8.
9.
112 120 126
10.
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1949 1976
1949 1976 28
20
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20 50 60 1956-1966
10
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1963
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70
1921
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1983 1986
1989
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WillyBrandt1971
3
1971
1995 7
1993 1968
1993 4 1996 8 1997 9
1997 10
1997 5
(EBarkan)
10
19591961 3 000
9
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5
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1989 6
1996
30
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1986
VeraSchwarcz [1]
1933
1
1937 5
[2]
12
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[3]
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1944 7
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[5]1944 6 12
......
[6] 1945
[7]
[8]
1940 1942
1949
[9]
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[10]
1935
1939 12
1938 5 8
2,288
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1941 5
1942 2
[15]
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1949
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84 28
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1942 11
1942 12
1943 4 1
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390 208
[43] 1,400 [44]
1943 1944
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25
1945
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1935
1945
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charisma
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1926
1927
1933 1
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1939
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[50]
[51]
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1840
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1957 2
55
1959
1962
[59] 1972
1974
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1943
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1978
1979
1983 10
2000 12 14 15 2000 12 2001 5
[1]
TheChineseEnlightenment:
IntellectualsandtheLegacyoftheMayFourthMovementof 1919 1986
[2] 255 [3]
257 [4] 274 [5] 1983 2021
[6] 1944 6 13
33
~~~~~~~~
[7] 1058 [8] 1060 [9] 696
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827 [17] 820 [18]
[19] 815
[20] 803
[21] 826 [22] 817 [23]
[24]
1995 3
34
~~~~~~~~~
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1931 AB
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360 [37] 483 [38]
55 [39] 56 [40]
200 [41] 138
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226 227 [44] 278 [45] 165
166 [46] 218 [47]
142 143 [48] 99 [49]
127 [50] 618 [51] 619
[52] 638 [53] 600 [54] 666
667 [55] 1074 1075 [56] 7
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[59]
1996 10
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2002 12
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1957
2001
1949
1925
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1936 .
[5]
1942
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1958
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1942 3
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1943 8 8
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[19] 6
1991
50
1949 3
1951 5
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43
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1957 1
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11 30
12 23 24
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1920
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1951 11
20
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1942
30 1954
7 30
1955
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44
1955 5 6 3
[25] 1955 5
17
1980
2,100 92 78
23 [26]
1980
[27] 25
8
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1956 1
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45
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3 6 20 15
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4 39
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1958
100
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8 8
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48
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6 [2]1996
99 [3]1986
1925 12 1 4
1926 3 116117
1926 2 1
[4]1927
1 1927 2 1927 9
[5].1979 127 [6]
1991 447-452 [7]
2002 12 [8]
1984
105108 1986 491
[9]
[10] 1999
143 [11]
1991 37 208 [12]
[9] 153 [13]
[10] 217 [14]
[10] 210 [15]1993 130140143
149 [16] 1992 125
49
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[17] [10] 229
1999 7 24
1998 19 [18] 20
[19] 1986 836 [20]
5 1977 49 [21] 5
333 [22]
1981 104
1988 526620627 [23]1952 8 13
1993 46 47 [24]
1952 4 8 47 [25] 5 161163
[26]
1999 63 [27]
1989 3 [28] 5 333-350 [29]5
[30] 1957 7 15
1999 311-312 [31]
5 424-425 [32] 3 827
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1967 11 6
50
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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1949 1976
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1. 1949
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1951
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[4]
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1955 237
1954 1,086 386 1955 10
1,246 517 10
185 340
326 75 13 19
179 109
47 57 1,142 484
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1952 16 118
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16 17
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1952
82 133
9 120
70 46
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1952 231 67
30 14
9
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1953 58 370
3 3 36
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132 183
1953 141 355
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1953 168 316
1954 8 124
1954 76 33
56
1954 131
174 536
1955 163 219 25
1955 25 43
1 6
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113
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1956 2103 231 1950
1956 395 1956 2105 287
1952 1957 4
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1957
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1957 2216 52 80
1957 2218 13
1957
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1957 2220 13
1957 2223 19
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1957
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1957
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1957 2274 7
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1957 2281 11
1957 2281 15
60
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1957 2371 13
[14]
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3. 1949
1967 8 10 326
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62
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1968 11 4
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1966 6
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1949 1976
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1969 1 7
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71
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1968
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1966 7 9
1968 12 20
1969 1 24
1971 4 25
1966
1968
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1968 1908
1966 1899
1966 1909 1966 1906
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1917 1957
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1966 1893 1952
1919 1966
1920 1968 1920
1966 1912
1966 1913
1968 1896
1966 1900
1957 1903
1975 1915 1970
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1967 1894
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73~~~~~
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1949
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1993 3 [18] 3 568 1989 11
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415 1999 12 [22]
1992 4 46 [23]
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83
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5 [12]
[13]
[1] [2]
640 641 [3] 1999
440478536 [4] 2002 2 19
70
[5] 1956 12 12
[6] 1995
110
[7][8]
[3] 524 [9] 536 [10] 440 [11]
1960
1960 11 81
384 1963 7 6 20
[12]
1961 1962 [13]
2002 3
111
1952 1952 6 9 [1]
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20
50
1952
1948 7 3
[2]
1948 12 15 1 10
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[3]
1949 6 15 6 24
6 25
112
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1949 10
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[6]
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1950 861
9,106 1950
1950
20[9] 1950 6 1
[10] 6
[11]
[12]
1949
113
1950
1951
1951
20 11
9
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[14]
1952 206
36 17%
114
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1952
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50 25 [17] 1952
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[18]
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115
1952 108
149 51 21 [19]
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37,682 3,830 [20]
[21]
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1949
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[22] 21
7 42 13 [23]
[24]
1947 24% 1952
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8
1948 200 50
1949
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Humanism
117
1950
1952
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[1] 1999
56 [2] 1949 5 5 [3]
19481949 12[4]1950
11[5] 17 1991
34 [6] [7]19491981
1984 684 [8] [5] 5 [9]
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6 1989 73 [11]
1987 394 [12]1950
[13] 8
2000 9495 [14]
3 1992 345 [15]
[7] 967 [16] [14] 346 [17]
3 1992
355356 [18] 1952
118
[19] 50 1999 1864 [20]1981
966 [21]R 19491965 1990 208 [22]
2002 1
[23] 2002 309
[24] [25] 2000 7
119
:
1959 1961
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121
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[15] 1958 3
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~~~~~~~~~
[3] 1482 [4]()()
1987 174 [5] ()()
1988 126 [6]
1989 404 405 [7] 407 408
() 1991 285 288 [8]
19491965 ()1990 280 289
[9]
1992 683 [10]
(19491957) 1981 198
()1990 384 [11]
146152154150158186168174184172 [12] 130 136
[13] 104 [14] 179 [15]
199 200 [16] 1986[17] 1991 1 [18]
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[1]1948 89
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1963 24 25 [3] 22
289 31 1958 6
1964 372 23
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60 323 [5]
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377 378 [7]
1994 430 432 [8] 307326
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131
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1993 6 [13] 183 186
[14] 1953 8,250 1913 8,600 1953 19[15]
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1991 363
364 [16] 169 185 1953
1983 1983 158
[17] [15] 471 472 [18] [15] 470 482
[19] 315 [20]
1988 58
132
~~~~~
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400 200
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1959 13 34 35 25 13
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1989 561 [15] 281
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52 [9][10]
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1958 10 9 [12]
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1980 10 16
[6] 20
[7] 2000 12 [8][9] 1966 9 10
[10]
1967 3 9 [11]AndrewWalderandYangSu,"TheCulturalRevolution
intheCountryside:Scope,Timing,andHumanImpact."WorkingPapersSeries.
InstituteforInternationalStudies,StanfordUniversity, 2001.
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[12] [1][13]
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[1] 2003 4345 [2]
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[3] 1996 209
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180
[6]
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1988 211 467 [9] [6] 467-468 [10] 469-470 [11]
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[1] 364 [16] [1] 286 [17] [6] 131-133
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[11] 77 [41] 415 [42]
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213 [45] [42][46] [18] 242-243 [47]
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20 [4]1989 208 [5]
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[11]
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17 [13] 39 1967 5 19 [14]
1984 [15] 212
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197
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[19]
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1994 8 478 [22] 216 [23]
223 [24]
1967 34 [25]
11 [26] 25 26 [27] 217
[28]1927
1953 1957
[29]
1933 1936
1937 1949
[30]1939
1950
1957 [31] 6991 [32]
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1989 3 19 [40]
430 [41] 478
[42]M
1999 4 21 [43] 59
1967 8 8 [44] 218 219 [45]
228 [46] 1995 5
[47] 213
[48] [11][49]
[42][50] 1967 9 17
[51] [42] 22 [52] 1999
4 23
30
[53]
182 [54] 1991
312 313 [55] 224 [56] 1970
11 27
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19491976 416 [57]
1970 12 3 19491976 417
199
[58] 583 [59] [42] 24
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1967 3 8
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1987 6
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[1]
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theideologicalstate
apparatuses[6]
1949
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[7] 1956 1957
1958 1959 1962
[8] 1970
[9]
[10]
211
[11]
[12]
-
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166/191
[13]
212
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
-
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213
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
1949
[24]
214
-
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1961
1927
[25]
[26]
215
[27]
-
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.....
......[28]
[29]
216
[30]
[31]
[32]
1957
[33]
[1]
350 1992 [2] 629 1974 [3]
-
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170/191
1993 [4]1976
[5] 1999 5
61 20
1995 2 37
// 1990 3 34
[6] 1987
4 105 [7] 58 3
217
245
1989 [8]
[9] [6] 246 [10]
308 [11] 310 [12]
1974 [13] 537
[14] 10 [15]
338
1976 [16] 69 [17]
372 [18]
459 [19]
460 [20] 18 2000 [21]
35 1997 [22] [6] 38
[23] [24] 1949
247 1995 [25]
1949-1976 97 98 1995
[26] 1996
[27] 160 1986
[28] 417429 1982 [29]
[3] 93 [30] [31]1987 3 105
218
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[32] [3][33]
[3] 3
219
-
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6
1969
[1]
1. 1979
6
1982 5
220
1984 1984135
1988
1989
[2] 1989 1990
2.
5 [3]
-
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1986
221
[4]
6
13
13
-
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1. } 1958
70
1984 1986
1992
70 1992
222
1982
150
1984
75-16-6
2.
1986
14
19121991
19151991
[5]
70 80
1986 1988 1988
11 9
-
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174/191
[6]
223
[7]
[8]
3. 14
1989 5
8 412 403
9 1989
1991
[9]
1988 19851986
224
180
8-1010
-
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1990 7 6
.....
.....
[10]
1. 1990 8
21
1990 12 11
225
10 10
[11]
-
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1991 8 3
3
1991
2.
1992 8 31
226
1. 1992 8 31
[12]
1992 2 5
1991 9 1991 4
-
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1991 10
10
1992 8
31 1992 1 21
24
55
88
227
1,768 840
4 5
165
2. 1992 2 1
-
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2 17 3
1992 3 16
228
55
1991
1991
1992 4 3
3.
1992 1 17 97
1 21
2 17
13
229
-
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4.
5
1990
1992 8,831
58 22 201993
10 9
[13]
20
[1]
1991 70 [2]
1992 12 14 [3]
1993 8 [4] [2] 45 [5] 1951
[6]
131 143
1991
230
[7]
268 273 1987
[8][9]
1991 1992
6 17 18 [10]
1990 7 6 [11]
1990 [12] 1.
1991 9
9
1991 1992
2 5 1992 2
2.
-
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3.
[13]
1998 8 14 1982 12 4
5 1979 9
13 10
1989 12 26 11
1989 12 26 22
1981 5 1984
1986
1988
1989
1990
231
50
1949
50
1949
1950
1951 1958
21 2 88
1958
1958
-
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181/191
232
3
60
70 1973 500
1974 300 1974 5
1975
233
-
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182/191
50
8
20
14
8
50
234
20
20
70
-
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183/191
4
271.5
76.8
90
17
50
235
10
48 1981 1990
1995
1998
10
1991
60 70
1954 1954 1954
1991 1954
1954
1995
1996 1,300 10
48
-
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184/191
50
50
236
7080
40
5
10
1990 10 1995
-
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185/191
1998 1998
237
50
238
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
35 1968 12 22
-
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[1]
10
12.11
12.11
[2]
10
35
2030
239
`~~~~~~~~~~~
1968 12 22
10
35
-
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60 20
240
~~~~~~~~~~~~
[3]
12.11
[4]
5 [5]
1968 7 28 5 5
-
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[6]5
241
1981 10
25 [7]
50
10
[8]
12.11
3
3
3
242
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1949
-
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1959 1961 3
60
3
3
3
243
~~~~~~~~~~~~
80
10
[9]
-
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[10]
......
1,600 10
[11]
20 20
1968
1969 1970
10 3
50
244
~~~~~~~~~~
12 3
6
39 1972 17 [12]
[13]
-
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191/191
[1] 1968 12 23
[2] 20
1995 929 [3]
[4]
http://archives.cnd.org/HXWK/column/History/cm9301d-3.gb.html[5]
http://hi.people.com.cn/news/2003/10/29/93928.html[6] [7]
1997 283 284
[8]
245
http://www.dzwww.com/jingjidaobao/renwenchoukan/200309240589.htm[9]