Olw~La VII

to thie exerclee • have ma.de an a.ttei:J:pt to

unde~etafttl tt.te nature ot ev1~-r1oot in the rurol eeon~ to

tema of tbe efteotJ.Ynleea ·of er!l)l~·cent ot tbe' bou.~e!lold

ra.ther thM the uau;il time bue4 •:aau!'t of uMaplt~J'*nt -

un4eMtap1o;:..~ut or eurplua lt!bour. !be eonm;pt of effecttve­

oeee of Gll]llo,-ment b~e nee t1Eaj~red in ttr'Q8 of the 't3lue­

a4ded &ecru lag to thE: bOUJ::ehc.l4 wbich • in turn, ln EJ<~unl to

the i~~" fa.mil:; ®tNt m.t.cur; the pt~id out ceota ittcn~red ill

the productioa flt"Qceet.h A notuJebold ia catecor1oetl ae

•ett'ecttvelJ • or • ine~fecti:¥817' eaplc yea 4eT~Gttdlne upon tht­

\'JGl' <h>~Jita Y_ .. fall1er; atrtf9e or telow the povcrt7 level. ~,1tb .... thie C'(>DC~pt t\ed rM'tbot of aeamJnoeot ne b~vct atutU.ed tbe

eaturo of emp1 • f~i~Ot 1n the rora.l eeco~~ tw tatioc tm~ re{Tiotu.­

f,.om Dorth Bt.llor. coe o!' wt:ioh 1e aericul turo.l~ well. developed

nt.tu ttle ()toe;:- ooe le ler:e d.e•elc•Pt~d• !:he dl::t,.icto ohoocn • fC",r tllia p1u•pooe _,,.. Dho.ltnr ana uadt'Ul'l:lni ree:··ectivcl:;. Vr.ur

•i11.~;eo ".roe oelceteJ. ffeo oueb d1ctr.1et • !n cuce ot :-'ho~pur

tbeoe Yi\l~ --es ~" f!lOH 4c-ve-1c·~4 a.cd 1tl tll:Jl'Rb~n1 ttt!CM ttere

t~ backward ones.

to the flret toftt anoe e com.r:arleon ~e tH!ett r:ne.o ee

tc. the et'fflcttvcroeec of eaplCJt.leet of hotu'teholdo ln tbt: tt70

ftr.'.i'CM• :";$000tllJ' t ECOIU)t\J,C attd Qt'lCit~emoc~~~ :!:L1C \~rt",f'ilto Of

Uu •t,t'I"ectlvelJ'• nft4 •.t.nc:ff'eetinl)·' ¢ttp!<'J:fNl bou~choldo ta

the two nd.M:Je have beea antilJ'H4• fhe t.llffcrenti~~'ie 1ft

the efftctt"fGneee of tua.n1¢7mect ot the cultivat1~1• t"mr,c

cull'C1ft;7; an4 coo-:rarm hextaeb0lt1s b:~ .,. Meo an~l:ytK:d ef.Utt tmtl

an nttetl'Pt h~o ~leo t•1n' ude 1a thie re~Ei\J'Cb tC~ ft.12e! out

the :factor• "~htoh flaplain v•r1atie-uo in Ute effeeti.vcneoe of

eaplO;JtJillit of ihfUH~ three e!lttt-0orttif.\ of bOU'Oeholtltt. lt\ u!:!nt

fo'l \owe we pneeot the ~r:t of bae1e ftadlnt;:o of' th~ p:H>ncot

at.ud; •d t»lte)' ~p11eat1tm thereof.,

OUr OUI'VQ 4nta reveal that to both the regions a

81aeabl.e proport:ion of ho~eeholc.'io o.re tce·t!eetivel,J em'f)loycd.

tu tbf> leee aevetoped eat.rpl~· v11.1t.w:cu; of t1a~bu\t:;n1 the

*1nteffecttft'cy 1 errplQJe4 boueeboldo c.OGetttute 59 .. :' tmr cent,

wberoue the7 c<netitute l9·1 ltCI' cnt 1ft t!w deftlopcd anaple

•1lla~::teo of' Sbo~TNr• It i.e further obc£rved tbat on tho ;tel'

capita '• ocnle boooeholde 111 Vbo~PQr tul'l 1ar{'tfll~ :Jt tbe

upper eoa. whercae in t;:ldhub:lftl t~ fi\1'1 le.r~~l:.' at tU<: lcwer

~r.td. The per ca,lt;l \'rt le found to be ilthlO~a.~ to~ tho

•et!E'ct1velu' «Q1('Jf"e4 cad 1lo • .)GO.O tor the 'inef!ect1vel7•

emplc~ed hOUMholae Ao Bbo!'1UJl ae Qg~iitlat .jl&J.n::.c ned

iict.?:?~:.o for .rco~t't11JO ca.tee;or1eo of tloueel:loldo 10 !Jadhub::itd .•

Of tbe '1a<Jffe'cti.•el7• em·~~loJe4 hc.uaeholdo 1c.

bho3pur eoat ot thd full oear tbe po't"ertJ l.lftf;;· • wboreao 1a

&a4Wbud. e larpr oe.etiOD of toom fall at tb~ bottom ead of

the Va ocale. Thus. whel\ " aeanure the iceS.tlonee ot pevet•ty,

lt 1e f(!Qftd to h relatift17 blf'{b in Liaahubf4nS. (? • o.~r) a.e

et;nioat . (P • 0 • .14) la Bl\o~tul"• ftM! hlt.M.:: level of cffect1..-eMee

of ea,.,lOJ'tiletlt. ln Dbo~tor to larttell' beeauee 0f the f::'i.ct of tbe

deYelcped eature or apleolture thfH• !he G8t1r\•· e'Ltt't lndicnte

o. bleb couceutratf.cm of 'a 1ft Bllo3f'tlr ae Comtlt\red to f.~a.abtlbti.ni.

fhie le reneeted itt the CU.td.-cc.eftieie.nts which o.rt: obtalne·a

&e 0.47 tlncl 0.42 fer the reepectlve H«iM'h 'rhic 1o ~~tl.r

GJr'Pl~iued 1ft te:rr.ae of hi~beJ- eone•~trnt1on of l, .. ~l'ld le Ubo~pur

(0 • t:.f.e) than 1n li'i!idh\lb.r:,nS. (G = c. 5n).

An cnt~l7eio of tbe labour allot:>~ltlen p:.ttem ahcwa

that the part1e1p.,.t1co rote :lo •11 nc tht a""~~ et~~,nd~~d

W\'/8 of emplo~nl•nt ;tar adult wonfir le high in t~adho\\.1-nl tur

co!:r;7and to Bbo3pur. Deb.en the' '"fteetlvel)·• rm1

'ineffeetivel,-• qapl.oared. hCU(:t¢·hol-df) it l~ obr:c:rw:l tb.'\t in

l)ho~11Qtt purtic1pat.t.on rete io bleh ~ the •.tne£fect1wel.r•

emploJ9e4 !lcuel1l'l0lda. t»t 1o ~:ndbu~i.tti 1t i.e tOtimd to t\e hl{!!b

:.eonc the •etfecti:ve~ • G111l1e,rc4 houoeht·ldtt. Pee:vl1c ~"'lrttei'flG•

t·.l(tn rat.e lo Mr.b amen~ the 11neffect1'YelJt' etlt;l(yc4 llettOI:h·rlda

in botb the fte!oo$, preb;;;b1a 'Mcaut'e At 10 the ~ibole hco~ehcld

which ~- to p.tt 1D eftorto to ek~ out a 11v1a.q. :lc f!Ucb cneeo.

Lv•nl ntl.l~ the •etfectivelr• eapl.OJtt4 lu::urelr.oltln 1~ tbe le~c

dewlovea reeioa ot ~;~bfl~ai fett.'l1e pa"1olpat1co rate te 111(!)1,

beeauae • for tJlt;m are well but:~tltl labour rem:~ift!! to be ~3or f::tctor

senerattag outtu'• Ae J'*f1R*U'llD ebild pn.~tic1nt''t1e&n ~:'ate ~;tt; •

oltnn• that 1• both \be reg1ou '1oe1'feetS;'qe17' emplo~ed

boutt•eholde ettow ld.~bflr ellild l'lttrtic!.~t.J..CD rate c~s c:-Otn.1JaN4

to t-he •etteet1'9e~' •mpto,Jed orsea.

u ra_. u tbe aunt1n ot ~'r·l'k la cccct~j;'1'Jed 1t to

obQ.e,..,-e4 that ia lJb03't'!UI" the 'eff&cttvcl,-• ani~ •intt!fectivelf•

ul)lo)'tHl htiaf'ehold,o 4o cot ditfe-~ to h.:ma of tM t1veror.e

•"tHial"4 d:tqe of eJ.tplo~at per adult t~ort~er. ~t i.n t-44Jmb~Di•

it ia f()Uil\1 to ~ al~.Mlf1cenU,. bJ.{tb for the 'ef1ective}7 1

earplo)'e4 hOOHboldth Furtl".er. ffe o~erfll that the •e·ftect1\'elf·'

emplc,Jed llounb:olda ia Ua4hub:.:o1 won tor l flrtwr tm:ttbc.r ot dfli'O

(;,~41. ;f mandn7e ~r a-dult uor.ter) ae cO.p~.iftd tP tbclJ' couatf£1"­

parta ta ilho~tur 19~•3 •1.24·~7•• flo tbe otht'r hn.tu! tbe

•tn•ffeot1ve1J'' eap1ere4 houeeho14o Dhow 3oet the rt:ftt~e•

picture.. Tbe:,e hOUeebo\48 .to nboj;;.:ur an fOUDtl to i'i'erlt tor

l?P.4 a .. ,,ad~e ae c~:tre4 to 16)·~·· oaadD.;JG 1ft ~ttdbub:>ol.

Je tcrm'e of the ectmoalc o:od o;;o.lo-tt•mocravhic:

~rof1lee ot the •fi.:ffeett.vol.7• a.od •tncf~t'ct1.-.lJ'•, emra,lr·)"od

bo~tt•t~ol.da 1t ie oba.rved that the *€ffe¢ti¥el~· a•·st~;ed

hou0el$;e14• have e 1\f.rpr aver~ce b:ot<!tac etae ao eonr rea to

tl~ 11aeft'ect1vel7• e!lP107G4 ctleo f.a botb the N~leil'Uh Furtht>r,

tbGz •trt.tfectiYel,,-• enpl.e;tfiO boueenoldt~ eult1":atte a. relatit~elJ

larr.e pro~n1oa e-r 1tafte4-1o. laud, eon eo 1e Bbo3tv~"•

Atl to oa1)1tal ae•t• we ob8(1:r\"e that the •ci'~'t'CtiYe17•

•avlovcd be:>AltJOhol4a b'*•• lo.~rget~ e1~e ot e~pltril ae co~T:.~ea to

the •tnef'f'ecti'Wel) • -~~l¢l~tUl eoeo. more eo 1o Dho3,1llrt ovmint~

larf,lGl.)' mod& n •«rlcu\ tuN tm-::lt~-ntlh

}~• tc 4:-~bt .:l01tl':llo •• f!Dd t.h~~t tbe •cttecti.Yf!l.r'

em:,lo;e4 bou•ho14e 1e mao~wr shew a re1r:t1v•lJ 'tO'''er nver"<'\f!C'!

DWD-r of draut;bt- anlm\\1• zter Mt cro~d b£Ct.:ll'f'- However. in

•• ._ of tter bou&Jcbold th•J' eb.el'fed to bn.ve a. larger 1\Un~r ef

1raught ncitltd. A• tar ~u1 milcb a-ota-:tlo nre c<:m.cErne4, it 1e

ol!Joerve4 that the. •etfeet1velJ' em~lltl64 hOQi:;thr:ldo oun thee

l.a lar,g:·er oumbcur ce co~re4 t.o the •ina!feetivtl.J' Rplo~ed

OH·G to botb the ree:1,·r.t.e. '.rhe 1 ~ tt~r g;~ou' cf ~Jceh()lde were

oboene4 tc .nep 1tu•ce17 obe•r,oat •• etc.

Xt uaa furtber oboerved that the 'cf~ectlvfrl1J11

emplo,e4 boueebolto 1ft both tile rcri{'}fttl urc~ foua2 to b.ift

b1~.h.t"r p.roaucti~it3 le•el (J)rodueti'fitl twr net cro'r'ped bcct1!.tf'e ~

per grcae C'J"''rt>Gtl bGctrotn) ~e COC\tl~Nt! to the, '1r¥c1'f'ectivtl,J'

em ;lt•:~ett oneo. Blttr~r t)N:'"duett.ve effic1enc,y te Men 1tt tile

.r~~ct ot greater uae of r•rt111~er-lrr.lntiM teetmol<:r:t co the

()fM: hl1Dd ~~tut bi~.h crop lateo~it)' oa th~ ot.ber tw tbet'e houoe­

ho14e.

eur dar a re~l'dt.ap, ee~1o-fl•eor;rar>hie eht!~i<.tt".tt :.•latt<~B

Dhow tb~1t there llN e1gni!1c't1nt 41ff€re"cee J.u tbc oex ~atio

aftd at~ at:-u.eUJN t:'f tbe 'efft:cti-.elJ' ned '111{;;f!'ect1vel11'

fmlp\07fH1 h~~nho14ta. fer eX~M::i"Ple • oex 1"tltt!.o ia hi~etr rJJe-og

tbe •4itt'oct1Yel;• f.ns.~'lo.r·e.4 houoebol4e to beth tbc nstonth

S1X!i1ltU"'l.J, tlle proport10D of cbiltl 1'0Teltllt1CD le o.leo fount\

to be M.p :40ft€ •tMffect1'ftlJ' nplo,Je·d houeti1&l4EJ 1-o both

the ft~.tiOll!h~

It i·o a little eurl)ricU.a~ to aoto th~.t the :;ver~

oi:lllt. of the boueeno14 ie h1o;h«r ~ the '4f!'t:cttvel,-• etrplC)"etl

llouvttboldc ia Sllo3r:ar • t;t.-stl.J bGcauc.w of ~ciet fomil~ ~ eteo

~tt t bf! ratedb1m nt'l4 1.4;;·~• ta~rts. Dut it ia ~utJt the

Opl)Ooite t.a li:a4bubanl. oinc• tbe ttronort1cc of Dt!rf',tnnl and

~.1ll fr;.r.-re 1o tl\it& rep.:ico la a:oeb larr,er ~~,a~! tbeee hotUJG•

holds n.re cen•rt$ll.)'" wc:lt ar .ta n'lt.ure.

A ect~"lrieCD ot tta. littl"&Cj' ra~ee tm.a tb<t edu~~ticm.ttl

attaltulleot of the two ~roupa ot heveebolcl!" truJic~tet' that

1.1\erao~ rate .la olgaJ.ttcr~ntl' higher ~<"ut: t:bc •efft.:c~ i,.cl;'

eaplf))e4 b.ouec:bolctP. Umn th~ • iaei'!'cct1tte1,-' eap., r:j trd cn•e ta

~~th tkc :regiooe. 1:e al~o find that the iY!'tl~ttrticn of• ~~oou

li'it.tf. at lflaet Usb eeboel e4ucatJ.cn 1u u1tm1!1c:antlJ ht.rber

nc~ thtt •Ce'tfcc1 ivttl7' ar)lo)•e4 bouat:ho'!<le 11\ !lh037Ur• nut

il'l Ei:adhutlanl the two groupa of b0ueeh<?14~ do not ehcw 3n3

41fteJl~DeG lD t.bie na·~•ot •

.t\tl anfllJ-ele of the c;t"feetlveneao cf emplo,.r,.at ~

the oul tJ.y,a.~iGC• w-~~ce. earaill6 aa4 ooa-f.:.rm houoehe14tY: in the

•~~o •~ttlp1tt ngloae bae J.D41cated th~t the fU\H va.ri.tu~

a1tee1f.lent'\7 u f.l .ck t"att?er'l7 cf the IHnu:~l:~.elCc ta bctb tbt:

n«lc-aa. lt 1• rurt:lJer {1Mtne4 that tb.G cu1. t1v~t1f.l.t' hous(t.<-lde

Of Bhej~UJ' ~re cere 'e!f~Ct'1Yf'17t ·~P1C!'.:t.¢d thf:'lt'l H.Y·oe in

lladbubuot. Not ~"Dl¥ tbe.J ahcw tf' te *•f:reeti \lt4lJ • •m'"1Qe4

it'l 1;-:..r.-:-:t' r pron~on·ticn t ~ aloe that t.u per ca.t)1t ~" ll ~ Cftll of . • ·':1.

the •1n•f!eetift\J'1 et;;j:llt""a onea le hll.".h• nouethcltlnt n1tb

o~r,ntJ.Mel boliU.u~ of more thM • h~h •1N !ouftd tc bfi'

•ottectl'ft'l~• •PlO¥ed 1n botb tiM re~l<ma. It io furtMr

o'bMrve4 that the a:u·cteal Mtd ~Mll ~~~r• of !.tojpu~ un

aoft •etreotJ.vctlJ'' emploae4 Uttm their eou1lterp(llJ!'ti1 ln

111141NlHulJ..

COldac to w~p eat'Dit'&lt boueel1oldo r2e c'bett.ne tb<1t 1D

bOth t.M ncloae the prcf;o.rtioo ot •icertee\ive~• em~lorett

boutleh(\14a J.a td,.aeable • it be1U£ relatively hi(;b«r ta mto~pur.

ilODev•r• wUle la BhC#PGt' ~11 or there hotn~ehclec 1'"~1\ nt\iilr the

poyen• l.t.ae witll nlatlftl) hiP tcr ea~·:ifji. \'n• la l'.lil:hub::;n1

we o.._rve t1l4t ltOMI' of· tb~~~ fall at the Mttom end of V, act~.1 ... --~

ftae •• 1•o10&c-• of poveztt)' te fovad to be htrb ~-r. the

-.... •a.t''IU.ar. bOu•nlte of k :butmnl ~• ccc red to t! nne io

Bboi1JU.r• 1Qaea we eoapft tu wa~ earni~ hOuNtlclt!P with

\bo .. Of MptiU1 fari!Wtrtt Gftd D_..flll'lt hOUMhOlde 1 lt l~

ohene4 tMt t.• JbuUNkaJ. the wm• eal"'l'd.ll€' boueetwlde ere more

ett•ct1Yel)' ••t.tl~e4 ae eoa~d to tlw e..'lrgint~l ftlrt:~N t •. na

.... faN llou•noltf'• llut 1e J.}hO~'P\Jr the Qa reitt4l f~~ r~ aft

twe4 to be •erfeet1••17• eaploJe4 lo l~rpr 'PJIOT>Ol"'ioe.

Boweft.r1 the JWr Cll\plta Vt1 of t-.be 'lee~tef''tt'VtlJ' emplOJ"e4

wace •:lf'OiO,~~ hooeehol4a 111 Dho.1wr i.e .re1nt1vew LJ.rh :J.e contli'lht

to tlu..Jee of the mc.rct~ f~rmerc. Zbe ncn-r~1l'tll hcr,nehf'tac itt

Dho~l)Qr Q.l'C o.ot fouec4 to be leee effective~ ~rrpjoz.c~ r:s c~·~red

tb the ~~ e~raioR hcuaehol4e.

we o.leo examid4 tbe tactore nt}la1n1:a.;'t v~:ri:~tiooc

io the eftectt:vooeaa of nplOJ1!Kmt etrm.rn.tel~ tor e:,cb of tM

thfte aoclo-eeonomic eate(tor1oa of b<>uoeheld$, v1th o t·:;ltivatift~,

traafl eal"'lnc a&d eoo-fafta tloueebo}.ae, u~~lttr tbe li.t.u:. ::.r rE~reoeloo

eodel. to thfl etlee of cut t1Yat lq houcebo1de of Dho~r.ur tbe

farra oeobanteat1oc, tbe mM:ta«erial ef'fJ.e1cnc7 (eeacund 1o

t•m• of len1, of e4ut·attoa:!l) aa4 anr~re ete.nda:t! d:l;Yc < r emplo,_.t per adult tumt.l)" fl<::'kCl..:'tt Ctier~ ac the e1{'1U.f'1cr.mt

explartato...,. vu1nbleo • exy,la1nicg l-7 .6 per ceD' of the total

vatt1aticeo. the tGet that fam meehat\lsatieo et'I.Cr~ o.a the

a1gaJ.f1<.HJUt eJr:t)luaat\J:',f va~.ltlble" hOl'fever,. c<~tmf:lt be ttllrett to

lm't'l7 that tecreaee4 fe.rm Mel";J.\rJiea.t1c:o lead~ to nioe the

pro4uct1vitl' 'htYfllt ao J.u our caoe ~ h{t\fq c-orrclatea tbe ~r •

ca ~,1 ta V n • ae:l t\Ot the tam ap.teu1 tural output.. tti tb. the o13e

o! modtu:·o c~p1t.::.1. It ha• e!'lertW4 ~D1;;n1f1c~t explanat~..,­

ractor bec;~uee .the rarm -..olltl'MQ lUte tr~;.ctor, ~··· etc.

~lave r.ul41t1ooal ueee, all o! wblcb contribute to a hlrher ll€1" of the aoueehol.l.i. em tbe otht .;; br:.na. Ut'·e of

e~~).t.trA V ,, a efficleaq wbtch lc 4ireetl~ r•1ate4 to tbe -~~;.t-:~ri:~l U!rput

into fa.rtlitlg aaQ the tateoeit¥ wltb iYhiCh lr.tbour le uoe4,

Unet~ lnflt-lene.e tiM autf,!Ut leftl ea4 Mt:lee the 'P(:r ca:.:ltft

V~3~ of tbe hoveeMl<2• lu ll~dhclt.~t'lit we obr.t.ene (;rft!> 1tttene1t7 •

1rrt.eat1ea rma l.ttw1 ot e4ucc.tt..::o enerd- aa tu eif":'~if'1e!·~.at eap~t017 tactora, e~lUala~,~t C4.rJ ve·l" eeot ef tbc tot-a1

'Yar1.at1-. ..

ID the can of th• "l'"'* cnra£ne houMho14o in

11ho.3vu,.. 0D17 tU a•cu:~tt.ge etuda.rd ~lNO cf emp1r~nt tlCI"

~4ult famll.J' worker, llDd not the t~~lf(El ~attt etc. erncu.•t:ef! ae tbe

i:aportaot fJActor. Bu.t, 11l !ta4.bllli~td. 1 t le tb.C' per ecot d~e

wone4 ia the 'lett-faN wase eector which •=-r~e o.e the

atplf.te~t•t v•~;·J.able, thcueb 1a t~1ie c~ tM oonetatt.ca

c:oet·rtcimt ( "-) 1e ottecrnfi to be ftG('At1\ .. • ~ific<-mt C~.t

l .. ~ cnt lewl. ae 4Pfli1let ~r bi\'Othf:e1th i"bu~ • tt.~ t-.t.od

of fUtT,tlAetJ.t\ ·-q tU·stem th~t ef.!lt .. ~ra fo.r tl1.fl t¥3!!¢ €UnJtnc bOu••

Mlds to the ttro f'ec.;.cat~ coee eot: C.J.flt~ the t1~QC(;•~cuJ

1nf1uenc1a't VllU"~latioao in their c!tectivenee" ot n?lnl·tll(;at

~ htiiaoe .re ... u.1r.ec mere ill dcptb an~:l~it:itn 'tt·1ch ,t_ b~.ve• eot

t.en nble ~,o ea.rt7 cut ti\t tbitt ete~.

Si.allarl;r f'or the coo•f&~1:! bou.sehclda t~-c: , ccmcbo\;;· •

cr.!uld oot eateb tbe baoic nriublea e%~1 ~1N.1l6 ~ •an~.ticme

.la their oftetcti.vn••• of' e~lo,_.t. lloee of tbf' (t(··\~f:!ttd

var1~blea tume4 out to bav• a eiCftlflcaat t·or~lat10& with

per e~S~}ita Va of t.beee houeeho14e.

'thuo, 1ook1nl'! At tile vu:o1~ce es:pl aae4 tG- tbe

caultlp\e cr-r~"lntiM cet~ffictr:at ef tbt three cor:ttt~::: .. 1ee of

houoGhclde la tM twc Htti:_c~ we ad:l et;J ti1~;;.t our t::lrl· f'l~to17

f.qfoteu hQ.'te brou~Jl~ out the faetcs•s crp1 alrd.nc va.t•1ni 1o11e

in tht effect1Vt;nece cf eml)lOJMftt <ml7 for tim cultivatiq ·

hou~:~enoldB, wbenae t.e the case ot the wn;~ eutu~ cmd e.ott•

tana b0uoeho14e lt le 8:0t clt:'v. ~-~ Gl¢1:-lanntc17 o:;ote~ fol"

tll'i'GI cate~cJ-tee oi' boueehr,l4e oee• to lie 11.u:·b ll('ltre cottP.les

t~a we bu.<1 V1t"t.m.l1ee-4 an4 1 thentcre, ~cda u<~re ctetn11tH!

JlrGW.Ilt!•

tu •t.aef'feetivelJ' ap\~e4 houMho14o 1c both th£

recJ.oo.,: conctl toto the problem C"Un• tc ,tt)J' C<!ve1 <'i'~at.

efron "'h.l~b Cli.r.ul at n4uo1a~ the if.M:idcnee of t~ove.rt, lt 1a

thita group of bc.-ueeheld~J thAt hae to be the tz.:;.r~t. !'rt't) tbe

utn~tJ~itle ~rect·r.tted 1t\ this atudy it in elear tllO.t lo e:u:b •

eccte..,..conomle grtlU.i tbtLt'O are ht·utK.ho1t1e t;tit:b NZ'e

•A.neff"et!tl¥~·11'' Bl'lo~·e4 to YU!'Ji 4.G{t dttc;t>eeft. ':!·ht' re!lecDa for

'ineffecttve• e~lt~Jmeet an d1ffcrtftt for the three bouaehcU

e~:,te~r1eot cu1 t1vatora, u~ •araer$ ;::md ~1-i'41'0 wr·rifera .•

~;elf...emplo;yt.Vd eul tivatw emu ~-u·f:~lft'i hwachol4e

~M '1eeff~eti't1tlJ• eral)lO¥e4 lteeauee c.f tlw1r low p.roductivit3

which 1u tur"D la a nneotittt'l of their n1nti~ely poor non-

la'"*r rttaoaroe MM• tB tl!le oaae o-t ~ ea~ bouaebolae

lt 1e the !U4eqnaQ' of ~1~at op,ortga1t1ee ae v~ll ne

low tint~ .ntea tltat e1tplai.t1 their lftt:;ffeet.Lv~nen ot G1:1PlOJMflt•

Ae I.1~'.at '1Mtfeetittelr• en,lo;re4 hoYeebe14e "e.ert to atlt1~1e

~,,ettvitt•• t.eteltt41tt« fil'rterioc tbt: lat·oor t\t'aJt:~tJt for --• wortc,

tile Oftral.l 48$aft4 for labotlr 10 the regic·n J;if ott:'l.t» t-he extpt

to which w~e teceMs ~~u1 be CHU1Utd aet oal7 b7 Y't~i~:t'{ii CJa.rciGg

hounht:lde but - ot~r• u well. !hun C4\C factor 'd;.i.cb ;.d.'ft,tt

~11 beurmb014o ie the e.-ttftt to wb.lcb ti'~f.G' m~lit~:.;*nt opportnl•

t iee aft avai 1 ~~l'le 1a U'l~ recion att n whole, ~'i.hit·h >Jtot-;~n4a oa ·

the aerJorttl level of develo~n.t of the ne1ett.

Ic ao:!lttr, the d-ft.,c\o-pe4 o&;'!~·le reg;...on, e.r:cb ot the

tbfte Cfilte~orito of .houe•aol4t3 tl.rt more ef:teet1v~lM eaplo,.e4

th&m their coutlt~ r~~r~tt 1ft f;;!adhubant. • tl\e 1e:nt Jenlo~4 st..rltll•

reg1cm. Octr dt tt'-' ~?~hO\; tbat th~ hlt·ht~ 1~vol or d€tve1o-,J:tcot 1a

Uho~pur S.P- ·:aecoeiated \<"lith ~ t::-r(~tttr fJfl;>:.n :~tcccam1b1\1t.:r to

l'\ce-labour ~st·urt:efl • 1~d. c.:~pt.tal (be1th ~•~>tc.eto :;.,nd \1Clirt.ng

c,1 ';'li '"" l ) • 8111 ::~ad kt\Ot.<tle !e•· JUt a re~u l t • tllt ru:~l ~~beur to

"!.·:~bt~r ;re,..;.tu•ct ,r;;\tlo l1l both tG.m ~oa nen-ftu•m ':t't.iv1t$ to

nb·~ .. 3 ·:u.r .S.m b.lr;h~r 'UJ4 lf' d1Nctly na~~1t-1e ftir tho M.r~~z-

1'l~ct1v1t¥ ot h008eho14•• aa4 tiltllwtdl the tt~rtt(""e tt.'lM~a

wo:rte4 1ft Bbo~lQI' le \ot'i'er. the cut"!'JQt per unit ef lrAbottr la

larpr.

Our araalJ'$1V a.1e<t ~tbr:~we that. c:oocentrat10D

o~ff1ct.nt et lau :i.ct well ae 'h.lu• addet!t .. ~ceru1Df.:' to

oouaello14a (whi.ell call be t~tll ua a !1J.'CJ'.l'· rora 1ntt.Ge) tu h.t.t::her

&11 thf; deftlOl)Q4 llbc~par recto& thaD i-o tbe lac~ dttvc-lope-cl

iiadhub':~l\1 ngJ.ot:a. Cone1der1De that the Pt~V£ l"t;;; t~C~tr~re 1n

~-h0.1lftolr la 1c¥f~r. ~1 oet{r~t.ivc r\ tatloua.bJ.p &e found b<:·twecm

lftequa11t7 au '&)Overt,r.

From the iJCUlt of view ot' t»11(.:J! it C"lflt therefore,

t~ 8414 tha\ c~Vt<ll the prlmt:.cy cf tht: objt:etlvc or ft$1ucl.uc

ttOftrt7 or S:ceftect1v81'\eac er tlll)lO)'t!Cmt, tM c.ct:ttnt. OUi;t.t to

be oa 1"!~rrv1tu· ilt neitm*o :..:e.ccee1\;\1llt:; to r6lOc.t:~ er' C.fl to

raJ.M the ::..ver~ et·!tcct iWntloe c-r eaplo~tleot rct~.r t:U1.m eo

aeaaune wh1ch unu.eace the dietr1'tutic.m or reeourcct:t cr

lncoM but a:ot uceeaar11.r t.be c.ve~ e!iectiveneec ot

(>J:lplOJ:Kttt.

PL--io:·ita 1'\.Ntt ot ecnecro nuet bf:, tc wrr~on thtt

reclotle r••': urce ••• 1ft t.t.;.·t!t! of :lrneetif'IO f~t'i!it.ieo,

CUtJ'P~ of J.n~.uto, upe4·a.dJ.Ds of £lki11 {j.na u-o~ 1c.:t.te-:e • Ctxprfft-stoa

or credit ll~ail.&bilit.:. • tt•a.nr-pcrtat1on c.nd c<m~llf.ti('~tim ·

t·~c1\1titu.t, ete. t.rhie ~",culu r~t1t1t the urr-duc:t1vit)" lt.vel. of

t h~ eclf ..... ml'JlO)'t:4 l.CF.JMhO\rJ.t1 4iHC:t'lJt c:lf:ltl Of thf r;o;:,{"f:' ezreJ.q

h®eeholc1a 1ntl1rec•1~~, tw 1•enaatq t.J'l(; det1attd fo:r l~tiCu:r as

'"f:ll aa \'t~ rates. Su!lr·lemeetncy mplt~":c:nt to tmce £~roiott

•oueebelde cae tte p.rn1t!e4 tbreugh pabl1e Vf~rke wbieb uu,_.t

the reat!il.:"Ct baM of tile rectcn 1ft tbe! ~ltert cr !!'.ed:tcn ~em.

n. tJ!Jlt ot aeboat tbr~e.h .-Jtloh thir" is dt-ne tel\ ~ r.et t ~ille4

llOO:c-r'diag to the lott'tl c1reuast~,.oe&th !tewe~er 1 an trer-cr:scr

in the -~bttr of d~· nt "b\<:')'U&t bJ' ltoelf td.ll ~,of~ yi~ld

~tv ~~~;l .llE;U.t M'ftvf'i"', •aa.t t• moM l~rta:ut lc to ~-:tee tba

ea.-au~ tHtt:mbll1tf of all bounbo14e la tlte nr.a~.