20170615b bo sapporopcat.cat.hokudai.ac.jp/class/me2017/20170615b_bo_sapporo.pdf · • japanese...

2017/06/15—Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 1

June 15, 2017


chi-square (chi-squared) test: statistics

xi ： observed datummi： expected on certain assumptionk： (n-1) freedom [e.g., "3" for ABO group blood type]

Distribution of 2 can be calculated for n's.

20

(probability)

n

i i

ii

mmx

1

22


professional golfers ranking (men) 2006-2010

• Japanese 1st to 100th golf players on their earnings• excluding those who are clearly foreigners from their name (possible different

blood-type distribution)• Some golfers' blood type has not been disclosed.• Japanese blood type distribution: A 0.387, B 0.222, O 0.292 and AB 0.099.• Generally, the assumption for calculation can be rejected when the probability

() is less than 5%.

type 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006A 30 27 30 29 29B 12 13 13 11 12O 24 29 26 24 24

AB 5 5 3 2 1total 71 74 72 66 66

A 0.23 0.09 0.16 0.47 0.47B 0.90 0.72 0.56 0.91 0.48O 0.52 2.53 1.18 1.16 1.16

AB 0.59 0.74 2.39 3.15 4.69sum 2.23 4.08 4.29 5.68 6.80

2(3)

0.100 6.25139

0.050 7.81473

0.025 9.34840

0.010 11.34490

0.005 12.83810 2


blood-type distribution in this class

just do ittype number distribution expected chi square

A 3 0.387 5.031 0.82B 4 0.222 2.886 0.43O 4 0.292 3.796 0.01

AB 2 0.099 1.287 0.40sum 13 1 13 1.66

2(3)

0.100 6.25139

0.050 7.81473

0.025 9.34840

0.010 11.34490

0.005 12.83810


blood type and character (nature)

Why do you think that those characters are relating to blood types?

OR

What is the significant point for the thinking relation between blood type and characters?

A： well-organizedB： my paceO： simple or leadershipAB：dual personality

A慎重派。我慢強さあり。整理整頓がかなり得意で几帳面細かいところまで気配りできる。完璧主義。考え過ぎて決断力が不足。優柔不断。

O情が深い。親分肌。おおらか。小さいことはあまり気にしないし、過去の失敗にこだわらない。正義感強い。負けず嫌い。親しみやすい。裏表がない。断り下手。気分屋。

AB探究心旺盛。器用。洞察力が鋭い。本音とたてまえを見ぬく。物事にあまり執着しない。駆け引き上手。誰にでも公平に。合理的。能率が良い。二面性アリ。皮肉屋。

B楽天家。行動力あり。社交的。意地っ張り。あまのじゃくの面がある。ひねくれ者。熱しやすく冷めやすい。あきっぽい。忍耐力や安定性にかける。


確率

組み合わせの数

すべて 4P3 =4 * 3 * 2 = 24• 4つ合う 1 0.0416• 2つ合う 4C2 = 4 * 3/2 = 6 0.250• 1つ合う 4C1 * 2 = 8 0.333• あわない 3 * (2 + 1) = 9 0.375

hit number distribution expected chi square4 4 0.0416 0.4992 24.552 7 0.25 3 5.331 0 0.333 3.996 4.000 1 0.375 4.5 2.72sum 12 0.9996 11.9952 36.60

α χ2(3)

0.100 6.25139

0.050 7.81473

0.025 9.34840

0.010 11.34490

0.005 12.83810


birthday

A November 30A I think "No", because the probability may be below 2%.A Approximately 50% for 23 people.

Probability of n people do not share birthdays = （365/365）（364/365）...｛（365）－n｝ = 365Pn/365n = 365!/｛365n（365－n）!｝

!365365!3651

np n


today's topic = grasping in chemistry

What is cell (denchi)? Interpret in a sense of chemistry.



What is cell (denchi)? Interpret in a sense of chemistry.What kind of cell do you imagine?

chemistry of fuel cells 10

fuel cell (nenryo denchi)

Q What is fuel cell? Interpret the chemistry of fuel cells.


fuel cell

fuel cell: producing electricity from fuel


mechanism of fuel cell

chemical to electric energy conversion: H2 + 1/2 O2 H2O

electron

current

inve

rter

H2

AC

out

putair (O2)

cathode anodeelectrolyte

fuel cell


merit of fuel cell

QCan we reduce emission of carbon dioxide by using fuel cells?


mechanism of fuel cell

chemical to electric energy conversion: H2 + 1/2 O2 H2O

electron

current

inve

rter

H2

AC

out

putair (O2)


mod

ifier

H2

fuel

gasolinenatural gasmethanolethanol fuel cell


fuel for fuel cells

negligible hydrogen (H2) in airH2 is produced in industry, but discarded due to relatively

high cost of storage and transportation.produced via modification with water

CxH4y + 2x H2O 2(x+y)H2 + xCO2

examples of a modifier for fuel cell cars


a fuel cell with a modifier

chemical reaction of modification of fossil fuels and in a fuel cell

Q What is the stoichiometry of combustion of fuel (CxH4y) in engines?


2(x+y)H2 + (x+y)O2 2(x+y)H2O

CxH4y + (x+y)O2 2y H2O + xCO2


same chemistry/different efficiencyemission of NOx can be avoided by fuel cells



same as combustion in engines


2(x+y)H2 + (x+y)O2 2(x+y)H2O



higher efficiency if energy can be storedenergy conversion efficiency < 100%spontaneous reaction: use of catalyst

energy conversion

gasoline-engine cargasoline (chemical) → (heat) → (mechanical)

engine engine

fuel-cell car with a modifiergasoline (chemical) → hydrogen (chemical)

modifier

→ (electric) → (mechanical)fuel cell motor


spontaneous if Gibbs energy is negative (G < 0)

accelerated by CATALYSTwith reduced activation energy (Ea)

Gibbs energy and activation energy

Pote

ntia

l

CxH2yOz

Ea

yH2O + xCO2

E'aG <0

Ea < E'a

H2+ 1/2O2

Ea

H2O

E'a

Ea < E'a

G <0


catalysts in fuel cell

modifier: catalyst for modificationelectrodes: reaction of hydrogen and oxygen

electron

current

inve

rter

H2

AC

out

putair (O2)


mod

ifier

H2

fuel

gasolinenatural gasmethanolethanol fuel cell


same CO2 emission/different efficiencyemission of NOx can be avoided by fuel cells



same as combustion in engines


2(x+y)H2 + (x+y)O2 2(x+y)H2O



fuel for fuel cells

negligible hydrogen (H2) in airH2 is produced in industry, but discarded due to relatively high cost of

storage and transportation.produced via modification with water


production of hydrogen from water by solar light

H2O H2 + 1/2 O2

direct photolysis/photocatalysis/electrolysis with solar cells


hydrogen production by solar cells

CIGS (copper-indium-gallium-selenium) photocell

Hondahttp://www.honda.co.jp/news/2003/c031002.html


energy conversion

gasoline-engine cargasoline (chemical) (heat) (mechanical)

engine engine

fuel-cell car with a modifiergasoline (chemical) hydrogen (chemical)

modifier

(electric) (mechanical)fuel cell motor

fuel-cell car with hydrogen from solar-cell electrolysissolar light (photo) (electric) hydrogen (chemical)

solar cell electrolysis cell

(electric) (mechanical)fuel cell mortorQ Accomplish this scheme.


energy conversion


engine engine


modifier




(electric) (mechanical)fuel cell mortor


energy conversion


engine engine


modifier




(electric) (mechanical)fuel cell mortor

electric car charged by solar cellsolar light (photo) → (electric) → (mechanical)

solar cell + battery motor


electric car with lithium-ion battery

Mitsubishi's electric car "iMiEV"


lithium-ion battery


silicon solar cell

solar energy is stored by silicon solid-state cell: crystal, amorphous and thin-film silicon are used.


dye-sensitized solar cell

Solar energy is stored by wet-type cells.

dye-sensitized solar cells


solar energy

hydroelectric power = originally solar energy


solar energy

wind electricity = originally solar energy

"windmill"


energy conversion in various cells

• primary cell: [chemical] (electrical)

• secondary cell (rechargeable battery): lead battery/lithium-ion battery(electrical) [chemical] (electrical)

• solar cell: silicon solar cell(photo) (electrical)

• dye-sensitized solar cell(photo) (chemical) (electrical)

• fuel cell(chemical) (electrical)



What is cell (denchi)? Interpret in a sense of chemistry.What kind of cells do you imagine?

(1) storing electrical energy as chemicals and converting them into electrical energy

(2) converting certain energy into electrical energy

Find the hidden concept(s) !

北海道（離島をのぞく）の面積と海岸線の総延長をもとめる方法を説明してください．Interpret the ways for evaluation of area and total length of the coastline of Hokkaido Island.


comments on this lecture and question

Please send email in Japanese or English within 48 hours

to: [email protected]: me20170615-XXXXXXXX(your id number)

[email protected]<full name><nickname><comments on today's lecture><question(s): at least one>


sample mail

to: [email protected]

subject: me20170615-12345678

me20170615-12345678

[email protected]

大谷文章

某教授

今日の講義ではなぜ講義名が「分子環境学特論I」なのかはわかりませんでしたが，これからの講義がすこし楽しみです．

先生はなんでそんなにモテるんですか．

20170615b bo sapporopcat.cat.hokudai.ac.jp/class/me2017/20170615b_bo_sapporo.pdf · • japanese...

Documents