portal.arid.my · 2017-07-11 · –11 – @@ò߆Խa ñ ‰ì– ò aÛ àä çî È bí¾ l...
TRANSCRIPT
אאא
–א–אא W0096264647550
W00962795265767 KW71277311171–א
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אKאאאK،אאKא،אK
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978-9957-71-510-6: ISBN
אאאאא )1732/4/2015(
070.433 ،אא
אאאא2003אLאאKWא2015K
F212EK KW)1732/4/2015(
אאWאLLאאLLאאאL אאאאאא
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pbíìna@ @Êì™ì½a òzЖÛaáÓ‰
ò߆Խa......................................................................................17 – 11
Þëþa@Ý–ÐÛa@ZszjÛa@òîvèäß....................................................41 – 19 szjÛaòÜØ’ß.....................................................................................21 szjÛaòîàçc..............................................................................24 – 21
szjÛaÊìã........................................................................................24 szjÛaÒa†çc............................................................................25 – 24 szjÛawèäß...............................................................................26 – 25
òiìÈ•szjÛa....................................................................................26
òÔibÛapba‰†Ûa........................................................................33 – 27
a‰†Ûapüb©...................................................................................33
ÝîÜznÛaòÔíŠ....................................................................................34
szjÛaÉàn©..............................................................................35 – 34
jÜÛÞbvà×ÞbÔ½a‰bînalbjcsz......................................................35 ÝîÜznÛapaë…c....................................................................................36
ÝîÜznÛaò÷Ïëñ†yë†í†¤.....................................................................36 ÖbîÛañ†yë†í†¤.............................................................................37
Ñîä–nÛaõbäi..............................................................................38 – 37 ‰bjnapbjrÛaëÖ†–Ûa.................................................................40 – 38
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Êì™ì½a òzЖÛaáÓ‰ ò߆‚n½apbzÜİ–½aëáîçbнaáçcÑíŠÈm...................................41 – 40
ïãbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛa@ZïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔàÜÛ@òíŠÄäÛa@þ[email protected] – 43@ @Þëþaszj½aZê‰ìİmëïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½añd’ã...................................56 – 45 ïãbrÛaszj½aZéÐöbÃëëïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÊaìãc..................................72 – 57 sÛbrÛaszj½aZòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½a‰ìİmëñd’ãN ...84 – 73 sÛbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛaZ‰ì–Ûa@åíìØm@¿@âýÇ⁄a@Ýöbë@‰ë…@@@¿@òîäçˆÛa@@@ÝÔÇ@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
‰ìèà¦a...................................................................................138 – 85@ @Þëþaszj½aZòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐß........................................102 – 87
òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa‰ìİmïãbrÛaszj½a............................................112 – 103 sÛbrÛaszj½aZòîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐß¿âýÇüaÝöbë‰ë…ë
bèäíìØm..................................................................................138 – 113 ÉiaŠÛa@Ý–ÐÛaZô†Û@ÖaŠÈÜÛ@òîäçˆÛa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@æìàšß@Ýîܤ@@þa@lbnØÛa@¿@´îØíŠß
Œ¹bm@Ú‰ìíìîã@òÐîz•..............................................................185 – 139@ @Þëþaszj½aZæìàš½aÝîܤ¿òîvèä½apaõaŠu⁄aëáîçbнa......154 – 141 ïãbrÛaszj½aZòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aòîbîÛapübÔ½aæìàšßÝîܤ
évöbnã댹bmÚ‰ìíìîã..............................................................176 – 155 sÛbrÛaszj½aZÝîÜznÛawöbnãÐm...........................................184 – 177
pbî•ìmëò·b....................................................................190 – 185 ÉuaŠ½a뉅b–½a......................................................................212 – 191
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ò߆Խa@ @éãcåçaŠÛab㊖ÇpbåßIñ‰ì–ÛaŠ–ÇHñ‰ì–ÛaòäàîçÈíb¾L
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bèiÃbÐnyüaëbèÈîà£ëpbßìÜȽaêˆçõbЙgáníåØÛëLÁÔÏpbßìÜȽaåßÛaò÷îjÛaÉßÕÐníb½bÔÏëbèÈßÑîØníëæbã⁄abèîÏ“îÈí[ñ‰ì–Ûaæü
òîÐäÛapbçb£üaëÒ‰bȽaëÕöbÔ§aëpbßìÜȽaåßñr×pbãìØßåßÑÛdnmLñ†ßb¦aÂb¸þaëpa‰ì–nÛaëô†Ûòà×a½añ¨aÕíŠåÇbèibn×aáníë
émbîypaìäÇ…ŠÐÛaI1HNòîßýÇüaòÛbŠÛaÞb–ía¿ñ‰ì–ÛañìÓåàØmë¿ôŠüaaì§aåߊr×aŠ–jÛaòbyÝàÈníæbãüaæì×åßbÓýİãa
æbÏÙÛˆ×pbßìÜȽalbn×aÕ톖nÛaâìèÐßåßÕÜİämñ‰ì–ÛañìÓaæþLkíˆØnÛaëLÕ톖nÛabcïçò튖jÛaòíúŠÛñ‰ì–ÛaæìØÛëkb¥
ïèÏÙÛˆÛLpbÌÜÛaŒubyŠØmëLjØÛaëÌ–ÛaLïßþaëáÜÈn½aLŠ’jÛaÝ×a‰b’nãaÉëþaæaåÇýšÏLñ‰ì–ÛaÑÜn¥òÛìè¿òiìnؽaòàÜØÛaåÇ
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ënÛabèäíìØmkjiñ‰ì–Ûaqdm…a…ŒíbèÇbj‘gëLòîuìÛìäØnÛabènËýiëÔæaìÛþbiéîÜLJìznmëò튖jÛa†çb’½aîbycŒÐnmsî¡LpaŠqû½aëN
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n½aðaŠÛapübÔ½åßñ†àÜÛoìiåİä‘aìÛaòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈ1O1O2007òíbÌÛë31O12O2007†ÜaòîãbãüaâìÜÈÜÛoíŠØmòÈßbuòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡LI15H…†ÈÛaI6H
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ñ‰ì–ÛaâýÇgL¿lŠ§aêˆç‰bjcÉibn½åČîjní‡g[ñ‰ì–ÛaâýÇgbçbèãcëòî½bÈÛa‰bjþapbØj‘òîØíŠßüaòÏbz–ÛabèäîiåßëLõbäqcëLlŠ§aÙÜmÝîjÓ
LbèÇìÓëåßæbÏì…ìuëLÊìjdibèÐÓìm†ÈiëœîÐmòí‰bj⁄a‰ì–ÛaŠÇˆÛbi|ÐİmëÑíì‚nÛbiNpc†iLñ‰ì–Ûbioènãaëñ‰ì–ÛbilŠ§apc†i†ÔÛ
éãdiåí†çb’àÜÛêŠíì–mðˆÛaÚaˆãe´yâa†•îöŠÜÛñ‰ì–iI‰ìmbn×…HLëI…ŠànßHkjibÈÛaåßc…†èíëLòîÛë†ÛaòîÇŠ’ÛaëïÛë†ÛaæìãbÔÛaóÜÇ
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æìzîİíáçë´îÓaŠÈÛaœÈiŠíì–msîyL…a†Ìiòäí†ßLk–äÛaaˆèiòíˆyþbibiŠ™éãìÈj’íëLéiæìÜØäíëN
åßÝÈÛÝßaìÇñ†ÇkjilŠÈÛaåÇòîjÜõa‰eæbØíŠßþaÝ»†ÓëòîjÜÛañ‰ì–Ûbi´îØíŠßþaÑíŠÈm¿aj×a‰ë…aìjÈÛåíˆÛaæìÓŠ’n½abèàçc
âìäiëŠËæìÏÒbnìËÖŠ’n½aáèàçcåßëòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÜÛI19091979HÊü†ãaÝjÓòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaµgaÜØãgåߊubçðˆÛa
âbÇìËbØî‘òÈßbuµgášãaëòîãbrÛaòî½bÈÛalŠ§a1943NâbÇ¿ë1957óã…þaÖŠ’Ûaƒí‰bnÛ‡bnd×aj×aŒ×ŠßÝÌ’îÛbîã‰ìÐîÛb×òÈßbuµgášãaN
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…ìîÛìçbèvnämÛaòîöbàäîÛaâýÏþa…ìmïiŠÈÜÛa‰ì•aì߆ÓZðë†jÛañ‰ì•Éß“îÈíœÐ‚äßéàîÜÈmÔÏéãdiáníÝyŠÛaë†jÛaåßæìØí†ÓðˆÛa
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áíŠyN“îÈíïaŠÔ¹…ËïiŠÈÛaëæbîÌñŠİîo¤ïbî…bÏòÛby¿òÇbº(1)NaæbÏÝibÔ½biëñ‰ì•…†¤ÛaÝßaìÈÛaáçcåßí†ÛaÝßbÈÛ
æüÙÛ‡ëòîiŠÈÛaòîäçˆÛa¿æbØíŠßþaIoãìØmÛaòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaŠèÄmÛaòî–‚’Ûaïçïßý⁄aåí†ÛaÞìybèÓbÏeÝ׿ñ‰ìzànßòî–‚’×
™b§aoÓìÛa¿bäÛòí†îÜÔmŠL‰ìİmë‰ìèÃÖbî¿p‹ŠiëoãìØmbèãì×ÉaìÛaóäȽbi¿bÔrÛabèÔÏcåí†ÛaÝØ‘sîyòîßý⁄añ‰bš§añ…bîë
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´îbßìÜi†Ûaë´îbîÛabèãì×ÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|ßýß‹mëÛaÞýåßÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþaŠíŠÔnðˆÛaaòîu‰b¨añ‰a‹ëém†ÇcòîØíŠßþ
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ÒìénߊiòÔİä½a¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaŒ×ŠßæüaŠÄãÖaŠÈÛaÉßÕqëcpbÓýÇñ†zn½apbíüìÛaêb£ÖaŠÈÛaÑÓìßóÜdžîÈi†yµg†ànÈíH(3)N
(1) í†îÛaZÂLŠŁaâìèÐßëpaˆÛañ‰ì•´iòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa3a…LpëiLŠíìänÛa‰
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bà×òîØíŠßþapbjnؽaÝjÓåßbîö‰bÈuŠßↂnmëæbØíŠßþa´îbîÜÛrybjÛaë´îbßìÜi†ÜÛòîu‡ìàäÛaòÐîz–Ûabèãg†ÓëL´îßìاa´Ûëû½aë´
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ÖaŠÈÛaåljbr½aæìàš½a—öb–†í†znÛýßb‘ýîܤpübÔ½aLå߆ÈíéãbÏÛaòíÐnÛaëòîЕìÛapba‰†ÛaëtìzjÛaòäçaŠÛaÕöbÔ§aòa‰†iánèm
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bäÛaåßò÷ÐiæÔík–ÈnÛaëòbjÛaŠÐßIÓòîßìLòîäí…LäuLòÇbºòîäèß…aHêîÌmkÈ–íëò÷ÐÛaÙÜmõbšÇcòäîiòí…ŠÐÛaÖëŠÐÛaýçbvnß
æbîyþaáÄÈß¿N´àܽaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•õì’ãæcµgòa‰†ÛaoÜ•ìm†Óë ÏŠİÛa´iÞb–müaòîÇìãóÜÇp†ànÇaÝyaŠ¶pŠßlŠÌÛa¿bç‰ìİmëL
ßbèiŠßÛapüìznÛaóÜÇëpüìznÛaÙÜmbØÈãaëlŠÈÜÛñ‰ì–Ûawnäòîu‰bòÇbºáèЕìi´àܽaëlŠÈÜÛéníú‰¿òîÜa…òÇbºéЕìiéîÜÇN
(1)ð‰ìj¦aïça‰æa†í‹ñ…a‰gZÜ©¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì• òîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaáíbnÛaò1973òÛb‰L
nubßIñ‰ì’äßËHâýÇ⁄aáÓµgo߆ӿla…ŁaòîÜ× âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb1996N
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lŠy†ÈilŠÈÜÛòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûaæaòa‰†ÛaoÐ’×ë1973òÏbz–Ûa¿ÌnmòîØíŠßþaLÒëŠÃåßëïiŠÌÛataÛaåßñ†àn½a‰ì–ÛapŠàna‡g
îØíŠßþañ‰bÔÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿ÃìzÜßÌmt†°ëÜÛa‰ìèÄÛbibè§b–ßëòNñ‰ìİcáİyðˆÛaÝmbÔ½añ‰ì–iïiŠÈÛa‰ìèÃæcµgòa‰†ÛaoÜ•ìmÙÛˆ×
IÝîöaŠgHòÜ©ÝîܤåߊèÃbàׇgñ‰ì–Ûa¿aÌmÈíüâŒèmüÛaõgðŠØÈÛaÖìÐnÛaÙÛ‡kãbßæbÇŠòîØíŠßþaáíbnÛax‰b
ïiŠÈÛaòî–‚‘Nñ‰ûj×òîiŠÈÛa‰bİÓþaëïibç‰h×ïiŠÈÛaáí†ÔmŠàna†ÔÛëlŠÌÛaÉßæìÐÜn±åíˆÛalŠÈÛaâbاaë‰aŠÔnüaâ†ÇëpbiaŠİ™ýÛ
îÏìÛa…b¤üaµg´Èibmë´j–Ènßë´îibç‰h×NaŒnjßéЕìiïiŠÈÛaâ†Óëëòí…b–nÓapbß‹c¿kjníëbÈÛa–¶áØzníbÈÛa¿òîãbãgëòîbîN
2NòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•Z(1) µëþaòzЖÛapübÔßóÜÇoíŠucÛaòîÜîÜznÛaòa‰†ÛaêˆçoÐ’×
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Úbäçæa´m‰ì׈½a´m†íŠ¦apübÔßæìàšßÝîܤ†äÇòa‰†ÛaoÜ•ìm†ÓëòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØnÛŠ•bäÇ
òîÓaŠÈÛaò÷îjÛatìÜmbèäßòîãbrÛawîܨalŠy†ÈiLòí‹aŒÐnüaÞbÈÏþaë•b¨aòävÜÛaõbšÇþÑ–ÔÛabèjjíÛaòí…b½aŠöb¨aávyëÖaŠÈÛaÝa…ò
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(1)ïãa†à§a†»aæbİzÓbí‰ZnubßòÛb‰LòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•IË
ñ‰ì’äßHla…ŁaòîÜ×µgoß†Ó âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb2001N
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3NòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•19451958(1)
bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•ëòí‰bj⁄aòîİÌnÛa—öb–òa‰†ÛaêˆçoÐ’×aòî½bÈÛalŠ§a†ÈiòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿´îãbİíÛaëòí‰ìèà¦aâbîÓónyòîãbrÛ
‰bjþa‰…b–½òz™aëòäàîçÚbäçæcµgòa‰†ÛaoÜ•ìmsîyÖaŠÈÛa¿òîãbİíÛaIpbÇa‡gLpüb×ëLÑz•NH¿bîãbİíŠi‰ìšyòjãoãb׆Óë
µaÙÛ‡ôŒÈíëñ‰…bãòa‰†Ûañ†ßÞýòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ðcŠÛapübÔßaòîÜak‚äÛaåßœÈjÛa……ŠmbyÊì™ìß¿bèíc‰åÇjÈnÛa¿òîÓaŠÈÛ
òÏbz–Ûa¿ŠàÈn½a†ÜjÛbiòÓýÈÛaÝrßNìçÙÛ‡¿bþaÝßbÈÛaÝÈÛëbèÈšíëbîãbİíÛñ…bšßŠÄãòèuëðcÉä¹æb×ðˆÛaâ‰b–ÛaïibÓŠÛa„bä½a
ð‰a…⁄aÝîİÈnÜÛòÐîz–ÛaŠÈí†Óbà×òîãìãbÔÛaòiìÔÈÛaòÜöbo¤N†ÓëoØÇê†íŠíbßòîäߌÛañ†½aÙÜmÞýòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–ÜÛòí‰bj⁄aòîİÌnÛa
òîöbdžÛaénîvîmagbèäÇáämÛaïãbİíÛaŠàÈn½aNòa‰†ÛaêˆçoВ׆ÓëòîİÌnÛapbçb£aíŠØm¿åàîèßÝßbÇ…ìuëéjÈÜíðˆÛajØÛaqdnÛaô†ß
émbèuìmëé§b–ß↱b¶òí‰bj⁄aN׆ÔÛëbèm†ànÇaÛapbîvîmaÛaŠqcæbêˆçwöbnã¿bz™aëòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–ÛbÈßÝßbÈnÛbiòí‰bàÈnüañŒèuþaòäàîaòîäiì™ìiòäîÈÛaÑz•¿bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•oØLJgòa‰†ÛabîãbİíŠioÛëbämÛa…aì½a¿ì™ìiØÈãabßaˆçëbèÐãòí‰bàÈnüa
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(1)ìØä•õbЕê‰bju‰ZòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•19451958êa‰ìn×…òyëŠcL
IËñ‰ì’äßHâýÇ⁄aòîÜ×µgoß†Ó âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb2001N
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4Nbòí…bãòa‰…Iñ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿´îÜîöaŠüaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•òîØíŠßüaH(1)âbÇoÈjÛaë1987òîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaÞìyòÜØ’½ap‰ìz·ëL
âbÇ´ibßñ†½a¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaòÏbz•bè߆Ômbà×òîÜîöaŠüaëòîiŠÈÛa1967M1973üapbÐÛabîÓòa‰†Ûaoäjm†ÓëLòîmZ
• òÏbz•bèØÈmbà×òîÜîöaŠüaëòîiŠÈÛaòîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇlŠ§aŠqañ†zn½apbíüìÛaN
• bèØÈmbà×òîÜîöaŠüaëòîiŠÈÛaòîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇïbîÛaâbÄäÛaŠqañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòÏbz•N
• êˆçåíìØm¿òíŠØÐÛaëòîbîÛaëòí‰bš§aëòbnÛapa…†aŠqa‰ì–ÛañN
bà×òÛb§aòa‰…ëïÜîÜznÛaíŠvnÛawèä½aòa‰†Ûao߆‚na†ÓëìçbßbèäßëLïÐãìçbßbèäßñ†í†ÇŠaóÜÇbèna‰…¿òrybjÛap†änaòîØíŠßüaÑz–Ûaåß…†ÈÛæìàš½aÝîܤâa†‚naÉßïbîëïÇbànuaN
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Šqaoäîibà×LòîÜîöaŠüaòî–‚’ÛaåÇòjîİÛapbЖÛaåßòÇìà©ëòîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–ÛaoЙdÏôŠüalìÈ’ÛabèãìØmÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿òîbîÛaáÄäÛa
áØyòjÔy¿ò튖½aòî–‚’ÛaåÇòjîËpbЕòîØíŠßüaÞbºîöŠÛa
(1)bòí…bãZLòîÇbànuüaâìÜÈÛaòÜ©LòîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿´îÜîöaŠüaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•
…†ÈÛa1L1980N
– 31 –
òjÔy¿ò튖½aòî–‚’ÛaåÇbènØÇÛañ‰ì–ÛaØÇóÜÇŠ•bäÛa†jÇòîbîÛaëòí‰bš§aëòbnÛapa…†zàÜÛæcbšía´jmbà×Lpa…bÛaáØyåÇlìÈ’Ûaô†Ûñ‰ì–Ûaõbäi¿ŠqüaòîØíŠßüaòÏbz–Ûabç…†¤ÛaòíŠØÐÛaë
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5Néîua‰òa‰…åÇÝí†äÓ†»aIòÏbz–Ûa¿ÝîöaŠañ‰ì•ò튖½aH(1)ZpŠuc òÐîz•åßòàÄnäßòäîÇóÜÇòã‰bÔßòîÜîܤòa‰…òrybjÛa
x‡ìàä×âaŠçüa òîÇìjüapývàÜÛx‡ìàä×òÇbŠcëòîßìîÛaòÐz–ÜÛbèßaìÓ288Þý…†Ç âaìÇc1972،1974،1978.µgòrybjÛaoÜ•ìm†Óëwöbnãñ†Çbèàçc:
• æg òîãaë†ÈÛaòÛë†Ûa‰bØÏcØÈmbèÏa†çcëÝîöaŠgòÈîjİÛòîöŠÛabȽa ì™ìÛaÐäiñ‰ì–ÛaóÏŠèÄmbȽaêˆçoãb×ægëòîÈìnÛa.
• ÝîjóÏↂnmëåíŠþa‡ìÐãëñìÓëcò•b¨abèmìÓóÜÇÝîöaŠg†ànÈmòîÐäÛalŠ§akîÛbabèÏa†çaÕîÔ¤.
• â¤üÝîöaŠgòîÇŠ’ÛaëÕîqaì½aô†znmëbèm‰aŠÓëòîÛë†ÛapbàÄä½aòîÛë†ÛaN
• bîàÜÇò߆ÔnßòÛë†×ÝîöaŠgŠèÄmbîuìÛìäØmëbíŠØÇòÓìÐnßëbèäØÛëãbÈmïòîäßcëòí…b–nÓaÝ×b’ßåß.
(1)†äÓ†»còîua‰ÝíZ âaìÇaò튖½aòÏbz–ÛaóÏÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•1972ë1974ë1978L
òyëŠcêa‰ìn×…IËñ‰ì’äßHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇ⁄aòîÜ׿òÏbz–ÛaáÓµao߆Ó1981N
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• ÛaòÔíŠİÛaëÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•oØÇónÛa‰bØÏþabèãa’mbèio߆Óòu‰…óÜljì躵gòèuìßñ‰ì•òÏbÔrÛaåßòäîÈß.
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þaëkîÛb ÛaÒa†çþaêˆçÕîÔznÛbè߆‚nm.
• ¿ÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•ÁjmŠm¿ò튖½aòÏbz–ÛapbÓýÈiòa‰†ÛapaìäÜa†ÛaæbîjÛaÝÈ£òîÔİäßïbàväßñ‰ì–ÜÛ.
• æb× z™aëÒýn⁄aba†uâbÇÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•´i1972âbÇbèm‰ì•ë1978¿òÏbz–Ûa æbm‰ì–ÛaÕÐnmsîyò튖½aâaycâ†ÈÛòjäÛbiüg
òîÛë†ÛaÕîqaì½a.
6NåÇïÓìÓa†ÛaáîçaŠiaòa‰…IlŠÈÛaô†ÛÚaŠmüañ‰ì•H(1)ZêˆçoÈjëâbÇ¿òa‰†Ûa2001lŠÈÛaô†ÛÚaŠmüañ‰ì•òÜØ’ßp‰bqc†ÓëL
åߊè‘aònÞýñ‰…b–ÛaòîiŠÈÛaÑz–ÛaåßòÇìà©òa‰†ÛaoÈšaë1O10O1998µa31O3O1999pbÐÛabîÓòa‰†Ûaoäjm†Óëòîmüa
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(1)…NïÓìÓa†ÛaáîçaŠiaZLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëiLÚaŠmüaô†ÛlŠÈÛañ‰ì•
2001N
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• ô†ÛÚaŠmýÛòîjÜÛaòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿âýÇüaÝöbë‰ë…ìçbß_lŠÈÛa
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• ì•ïçlŠÈÛaô†ÛÚaŠmýÛòß슽añ‰ì–ÛaÝçâaòîÇì™ìßëòîÈÓaëñ‰çì’ßbèãaò_ÉÓaìÜÛñŠíbÌßë
ouŠëLæìàš½aÝîܤòÔíŠİiëLïЕìÛawèä½biòa‰†ÛaoãbÈnaòîmüawöbnäÛbiZ
âýÇüaÝöbë¿lŠÈÛaô†ÛÚaŠmýÛ´m‰ì•òægZñ‰ì•µëüaïiŠÈÛaÖŠ’½a¿ÚaŠmüaÞìyòîjÜIåí†jnßëåíŠàÈnà×Hib¯añ‰ì•ëòî
ïiŠÈÛalŠÌ½abëbäníÚaŠmýÛIòí‰bàÈnüaòàvaåßòîiŠÈÛa…ýjÜÛñbàz×HLæcüaŠè‘aònÛa‹ëbvnmüïãbߌÛabç‰ba¿ñ…놪òa‰†ÛaêˆçæcÉßëòjãæbîiëbèÜîܤëòÜßb×òÐîz•Š’Çòqýq…aìß—zÐiÉaëszjÛaÉàn©
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ÝîÜznÜÛÉš‚nÛaNpübÔ½aåßæìØníéãbÏòa‰†ÛaÉànv¶ÕÜÈníbàîÏë¿´îØíŠßþalbnØÛabèjn×ÛaÞbaoÜrßÛañ†½aÞýñ‰ì׈½aòÐîz–Ûa
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1NòîãdnßñõaŠÓòîÇìjþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ñ‰bq⁄biÕÜÈníÝ×ñõaŠÓánmLa‡hÏ£übiˆdísybjÛaæbÏbßñŠØÏpŠèÃåߊr×céîÜdžî×dnÛaë†jíðˆÛaêb
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2N¿ŠàníÝÜaæbÏêb£ýÛòÛü…òícÝîÜznÛaÊì™ìßñŠÔÐÛa¿ŠèÄma‡g†öbÛaêb£üa|šníëñŠØÐÛaÝànØmónyòîÛbnÛañŠÔÐÛaµgñõaŠÔÛaN
3NàèäßñŠØÏÝ×æbÏæbmŠØÏñ†yaìÛañŠÔÐÛa¿pŠèÃa‡gbçb£a†ÈmbßýÔnN
ügÝîܤòÜîëìçæìàš½aÝîܤæcòîvèä½aõbàÜÇœÈiÅyü†ÔÛòÄyýßòÜîëìèÏÙÛ‡åߊr×céãaNÝØ’iŠ’jÛaÚìÜòÄyýßåßü†jÏ
ÞëbäníáèîÜÇõb–ÔnüaõaŠugëcpbbîÔÜÛÊ욨aáèîÛgkÜİÛaëcŠ‘bjßnãcÛaòîÛb–müañ…b½asybjÛabèîÜÇpüúbmŠİíëõüûçbèvI1HN
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• âbÈÛaðaŠÛaáèmÛabíbšÔÛbiâbànçþaN
• ÝîÜznÛa늒ÛbibíbšÔÛaëta†yýÛòbnÛaòîÐܨa‹aŠiaN
– 36 –
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– 37 –
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1N òîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN
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– 38 –
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415N
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Ö†–Ûa@‰bjnaZ@ @ìçbßbîÔÛña…þaëclìÜþaòîyý•òz–ÛaëcÖ†–Ûbi†–Ôí
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– 40 –
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áç†öbÔÇëáèmbçb£aë…aŠÏþaÑaìÈi(1)N
• òîßýÇ⁄añ‰ì–ÛaZâýÇ⁄aÝöbëbèjämÛapbàÛaòÇìà©ïçëÞìywßaŠië´ßbšßåßé߆ÔmbßÞýåßlìÈ’ÛaëcÞë†Ûaô†y⁄
lìÈ’ÛaëÞë†ÛaêˆçNÑÜn¥ëñ‰ì–ÛaåÇâìèнaaˆèiòîßýÇ⁄añ‰ì–Ûa†äÇæìØnmÛaòîmaˆÛapbÇbjİãýÛïöbèäÛawmbäÛa¿ÝrànmÛaòîäçˆÛañd’äßëcäuëckÈ‘ëcbßâbÄãëc´Èß—‚‘õa‹gpbÇbà¦aë…aŠÏþaqdméÛæìØíæcåعŠeõï‘ðcëcòîÛë…ëcòîܪòàÄäßëcòûßëc
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(1)…NñìvÇïÜÇZÂLòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛa1LknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaL1983˜L10N (2)…NñìvÇïÜÇZ‰†–ßÕib˜L129N
– 41 –
• ïöaŠu⁄aÑíŠÈnÛaòîbîÛapübÔ½albnØÛZ pübÔ½albnØiÑÛû½a†–ÔíòàÜØÛaòÇbä–i´ÜÌn’½a´îØíŠßþalbnØÛaÝ×ïöaŠugÑíŠÈn×òîbîÛaòÐîz•¿ðcŠÛapübÔßòzЕ¿áèmübÔßaìjn×åíˆÛaëòÏbÔqëaŠØÏëbíc‰
âbÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîã2004N
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ïãbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛa@ @ïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔàÜÛ@òíŠÄäÛa@þa@ @
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òîØíŠßþa@ @
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Þëþa@szj½a ê‰ìİmë@ïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔ½a@ñd’ã@ @
½aÝn°ãbØßïÐz–ÛaÞbÔòÝÌ’íìèÏLòr톧aòîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛa´iòàèß
éãabà×LÙÜmëaòîšÔÛaêˆç|™ìíñ…bÇéãüòÐîz–Ûa¿òîàçüaÍÛbiaŒîyìèÏLï–‚’ÛaÞb–müakÜİßÉßlëbvnmÛaòîÜÇbÏŠr×üakîÛbüa†ya
ŠÄãòèuìiâb½aëòÏŠÈßóÜÇéÜȯëØÐnÛaóÜÇù‰bÔÛas°ónyòäîÈßòíŠØÐÛaémbb’ã¿bèäßÉÐnäíæaÉîİníNI1H
bíìÌÛïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÑíŠÈnÛoÈ™ëÛapbÐíŠÈnÛaå߆í†ÈÛaÚbäçbîyýİ•aëNðìÌÜÛakãb¦aïÐÏZÞìÔÛaëòÛbÔ½aëÞbÔ½aLáubȽa¿õbubà×
ÞbÓ‰†–ßò¹†ÔÛaLcbßbmæbÜÛaéiÕİäíÅÐÛÝ×ìçâýØÛaëÞìÔÛaëb–ÓbãëLæd×áèÜíëbÓcëénÛbÔßëéÛbÔßoÈÞìÔíLÝîÔÛaŠr×ëLòÛbÔßbäÛa¿éÛpŠ’nãaë(2)N
åßòÛbÔ½aæc†¬ð† þa†vä½a¿ëIÞìÓHZ¿òÜÔnßòÈİÓïçëòÐîz•¿ëcñŠ’ã(3)Nïmdíbà×ÞbÔ½aÑíŠÈm…ÏÁîìÛaìßbÔÛa¿bßcZ
IòÛbÔßëübÔßëüìÓ ÞbÓZáÜØmLâýØÛaóÜÇÞ†mbèãgðcLìçâýØÛaë‰bØÏþaÝÔãòÜîëLÝöbÓɺëLÝöbÓìèÏñ‰†Ô½aêˆçÙܹåßëZéÛbÓNH†Óë
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âýÇüaòîÜ× òÈßbâbÇ2006˜L28N (2)…NïÜßbÈÛa†àªïÓì‘ZLò튖½aòšèäÛaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLðŠØ‘廊Ûa†jÇl…c¿ÞbÔ½a
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– 46 –
¿õbuIbz–Ûa‰bn«HÈmñ‰ëbaëÉu‰Èm‰byægð‹aŠÛaŠØiïiþòiëbaLlëbvnÛa‰ëbznÛaë(1)NãdiÁîìÛaávȽa¿ÞbÔ½aÑíŠÈmõbu†Óëé:
IëcòÐîz•¿Š’äíÊbànuüaëcòbîÛaëcl…þaëcáÜÈÛa¿Ì•s¡òÜ©H(2)N
áíŠØÛaæaŠÔÛa¿óäȽaaˆç…‰ë†ÓëÞìÔÛaåßñ‡ìbßòÛbÔßòàÜ×æaµbÈméÛìÓ¿ZIW V U T S RH]ساء µbÈméÛìÓëZI l]122:الن
r q p o n mH}oÜğ–ÏZ33{
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bèîÏübÔßëH(3)N
‰ìÄäßåiülŠÈÛaæbÛ¿õbuëIßëéÛìÓëýîÓëüìÓÞìÔíÞbÓübÔéÛbÔßëH(4)NòàÜ×põbuëIòÛbÔ½aHÒýüa‰bÈ‘a¿ÞbÔ½aëïmbíbà×ëZ
1Méma‰aˆnÇa¿ïãbîiˆÛaòÌibäÛaZ
éÛbãaÒìoÜÓæaòÛbÔßÉöa‰ÙÜrßõbÔÜmåßÙÛ‡¿ë(5)
(1)ð‹aŠÛaŠØiïicåi†àªZ«ÛalbnØÛa‰a…LpëiLbz–Ûa‰bnïiŠÈL1979˜L161N (2)ÁîìÛaávȽaZx2ÂL3LñŠçbÔÛaLòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÉà©L1985˜L797N (3)LñŠçbÔÛaLòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÉà©LÁîaìßbÔÛaLð…bia‹ëÐÛaåí†Ûa†©1961˜L773N (4)†ÜaLlŠÈÛaæbÛL‰ìÄäßåiaI1HL‰…b•‰a…LlLpëi–˜Lp573N (5)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòÏbÔrÛaòÜØ’ßëâýÇüaÝöbëLLñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îa
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2MÞìŠÛaŠÇb‘oibqåiæbyÞìÓ¿õbuëIáÜëéîÜÇaóÜ•ZH
†àªoy†ßæabßaÛbÔ¶ØÛ†àz¶ÛbÔßoy†ßå(1)
3MlbݨaåiŠàÇkb±ò÷îİzÜÛðŠiåia†’ãaëI™‰éäÇaïZH
ÙîܽaÚa†çµaåä¤ÞbÔßâbÔßÝØÛæbÏ(2)
4MŠÇb’ÛaÞìÓëZ
bèÜçaµaõìÛaòÛbÔßÝöb‰†zäßåßÊŠa(3)
æaëLÞbÔíø‘bèãaðìÌÜÛabçbäÈßë†ÈíüòÛbÔ½aæbÏaˆèiëÅÐÜÛaaˆçñ…bßåßÕn’ßIÞìÔÛaHIübÔßðaéÛìÓëüìÓÞìÔíÞbÓH(4)N
ÞbÔ½aåÏñ‰ìİòíìÌÜÛaïãbȽaëpbÐíŠÈnÛaêˆç|™ìmëLòîàçcëéjmb×Nâ†ÔÛaˆäßÞbÔ½akyb–ÏéßìÓ´iñİòãbØßéÛLábit†zn½aìèÏ
òÇbà¦aLmŠ’nãaëbäÛa´iÊb‘bßa‡gİæd‘éícŠÛëêqdNbšícìçëáèäÇjÈnÛaëòÇbà¦aÞbyŠíì–móÜlj…bÔÛaN
(1)ÕÛb¨a†jÇïÈîi‰ZLòîÈßb¦aòϊȽa‰a…Lò퉆äØüaLïiŠÈÛal…þa¿òîmaˆÛaòÛbÔ½aåÏ
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1991˜L76N (4)íŠØnÛaŠØiäßZkîÛbcLs톧aïÓaŠÈÛal…üa¿bç‰ìİmëòÛbÔ½aL…a†Ìi…b‘‰⁄aòÈjİßL
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òîäÛþapba‰†ÛaìÈjnnßëæìq†aæìíìÌÜÛaÕÐníéãa‰…b–½a’mëLÞbÔ½aâìèнÕîÓ†Ûa†í†znÛaóÜÇL‡gÞbÔàÜÛ†yaëÑíŠÈmóÜÇÖbÐmüakÈ–íN
òÇbà¦aábiïŠÛat†zn½aœÈjÛaênÈí´yïÐÏLÈíðc‰æëŠeênéjmb×åÇÈíNáèäàÏïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÑíŠÈm¿lŠÈÛaæìrybjÛaÑÜna†Óë
µgémŠÄãåßÕÜİãcðˆÛaïàèÏ…ìઉìn׆Ûb×ïÇbº†èuéãaóÜnj׉åßòäjÜÛaìç¨aæb×a‡géãaôÏòÐÜn‚½aŠíŠznÛaæìäÐÛòîÜßbØmòèuëåßÞbÔ½a
©bèäßÑÛdníÛaµëþaõbäjÛaìçïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aæbÏLïÐz–ÛaõbäjÛaÊìàéma‡N¿kbä½aæbؽaéÐãoÓìÛa¿…†°æcæë…‰bjþaåߨòàîÓýÏ
òîÐz–Ûaò–ÔÛaõbäiNkzφyaë—‚‘ÝàÇåßnÈíüÞbÔ½aëLb¸aëåÇÑÜn±ÙÛ‡¿áèäßÝ×…ìè©æb×æaë˜b‚‘þaåß…†ÇÝàÇåßnÈí
©—Ôäíëc†íŒí†Ó늣a…ìè(1)N
òîÐîÃìÛaòîybäÛaóÜÇÞbÔàÜÛéÐíŠÈm¿âbäÌÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jljìn׆ÛaŒ×ŠíëÞìÔîÏIlŠÈménİaìiëù‰bÔÜÛòjäÛbiëòÐîz–ÜÛòjäÛbiñj×òàîÓÞbÔàÜÛ
kÇýnÛaµg‰aŠİ™üaæë…æëû’ÛaÉbèöa‰eëbènbîåÇòÐîz–Ûa‰bjþbiNbÏbßcð…bÈÛab•ì–ëù‰bÔÜÛém†öLõa‰ŁaëpaÐnÛbiÉÐnäíìèÏ
éîÏñ…ìuì½aLé×ýnßaâ†ÈÛbèàèÏéîÜÇkÈ–ía‰ìßcéÛŠ’mbßbjÛbËÛaëòîßìîÛañbîzÜÛñ†ÔȽaÝî•bÐnÛaòϊȽòîÏbØÛañ‰†ÔÜÛëoÓìÜÛ(2)N
(1)…NïàèÏ…ìàªZLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îaLñŠçbÔÛaLôØÛaÑz–ÛaŠíŠ¤åÏ1982˜L194195N
(2)…NâbäÌÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZLò튖½aìܬüaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLòÏbz–ÛaáÜǵg݆ß1977˜L155N
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òibnØÛòİîaõaìuþaòîàçcóÜnj׉åßlŠÈÛa´rybjÛaåßëÞbÔ½añŠØÏóÜÇóäjmòîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½aæcôŠíìèÏÑ튑…ìઉìn׆ÛaïÐz–Ûa‰…b–ßåßéîÛgÝ–íaæìØm†ÓéiòİîaõaìuþaåßÞbÔ½akmb×bç†àníÊì™ìßóÜÇbÔîÜÈmëcïÇbànuaëcïbîÊì™ìßóÜÇbÔîÜÈmëc‰bjþa
êõaŠÓÒŠİîéãaôc‰ëÞbÔ½akmb׆‘ÑîÐÞbÔ½akmbØÛpŠİñŠbëcbèjnØíæcôc‰ë(1)N
ñŠØÏåߊr×coîÛòîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½aæcñŒ»ÑîİÜÛa†jljìn׆ÛaôŠíëéiòİîaò÷îjÛaåßbèÐÔÜníëcïÐz–ÛakmbØÛabç†î–ní‰bØÏþaåßLbßónßë
bßñŠØÐiïÐz–ÛakmbØÛaÝÈÐãaLòibnØÛaµgòzÜßòubyéÐã¿yc(2)N
òí‰b¦ata†yþbiÁjmŠíáîاa†jdžઉìn׆Ûa†äÇïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aëìçëbèîÜÇÕîÜÈnÛaëbçÐmëòí…b–nÓüaëòîbîÛaëòîÇbànuüapýØ’½aëŠí¿ù‰bÔÜÛbb–ígµgïߊíÛañŠØÐÛaëæìàš½biánèíëòÇŠÛbiání
òbiëõýuëLaåßkmbØÛabèÐÔÜníñŠØÏÞbÔ½aëbèiŠqdníëéiòİîaò÷îjÛ(3)N
‰ìn׆Ûaê…‰ëcðˆÛaÑíŠÈnÛaïÐz–ÛaÞbÔàÜÛòàè½apbÐíŠÈnÛaåßëôŠíðˆÛaï–ßbà§aåí†ÛaÞýuIꊒämðˆÛaÞbÔ½aìçïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aæg
(1)…NÑ튑…ìàªZÐz–ÛaëòîÇì™ì½aëòîi…þaòÛbÔ½aåÏLòiëŠÈÛa‰a…LoíìØÛaLòîIpL…HL
˜152N (2)…NñŒ»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇZÂLŠ–ß¿òîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½al…c2ïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLL
1958˜L123N (3)…N†àªáîاa†jdžàªZLÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛa´iÞbÔ½aæìäÏâa‰a…ñ‰ì–ä½apb߆‚ÜÛôŠÔÛa
LòîàîÜÈnÛa1999˜L107N
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ëcta†yþbiòİjmŠßòîÛbyòЕpa‡pbßbànçaëcpüúbmòîİÌnÛòÐîz–ÛaßbabíbšÔÛaëcpýØ’½abçõaŠÓñbîy¿ÝÈÐÛbiòí‰b¦aòNæcåعÛaÙÜmëc
kíŠÔÛaÝjÔn½a¿áèmbîy¿ðŠ£Nˆ‚níëòîÐz–ÛaénËýji‹bn¹ÞbÔ½aaˆçëëcò‰†àÜÛñŒîà½aòÌî–ÛaëcꊒämÛaòÐîz–ÛaÉibİÛñŒîà½aòÌî–Ûa
kmbØÛaéîÛgïànäíðˆÛaïÐz–ÛakçˆàÜÛH(1)N
pbÐíŠÈnÛaåßëòîÐz–ÛapübÔ½aòibn׿òîÇì™ì½aóÜdž×ûmÛaéãdiÞbÔ½aÒŠÈíðˆÛaïi뉆Ûa†àª‰ìn׆ÛaÑíŠÈmZIïÜîܤïibn×ÝØ‘
ta†ycëŠçaìÃòÇìà©ëct†yëcñŠçbÊ•bäÇëkãaìuÑÜn«ÞëbäníâbçïÇbànuaóäÈßëÕîqë‰ìšypa‡L‰a†•gëÐmµgÞbÔ½aÒ†èíë
⁄aëâbØyþabè¦bÈíÛata†yþaëcŠçaìÄÛawöbnãµgñ‰b‘LÞýåßÙÛ‡ëåßbäÔînßù‰bÔÛaÝÈ£ëòîbþaémb™aÏa†×ûmÛa´çaÛa‹aŠig
bènßýHI2HN
ïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aÒŠÈîÏòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈßbßcEditorial¿òÐîz–Ûaðc‰åÇÈíïîö‰ÞbÔßéãdiòÐîz–ÛaIaŠ‘bäÛaëå퉊HØÈí
ta†yþaõa‹gbèÐÓìßëòÐîz–ÛaòbîI3HN
éãdiÞbÔ½aòîãbİíÛaòÇìì½aÒŠÈmëZIknØíÞìİÛaÁìnßõb’ãgâŒnÜíæcóÜÇñŒuìßòİjßòÔíŠİibäîÈßbÇì™ìßbÈíëÑz–Ûa¿Š’äÜÛ
(1)…Nï–ßbà§aåí†ÛaÞýuZLŠ–¶Ò‰b–½a‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLòîÛbr½aòÐîz–Ûa1972˜L203N (2)…Nïi뉆Ûa†àªZLŠ’äÛaëpba‰†ÜÛòîiŠÈÛaòû½aLpëiLŠ•bȽaïÐz–ÛaëòÏbz–Ûa
1996˜L187N (3)…NÜ‘âŠ×ZÂLòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈß1LÖ늒Ûa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL1989˜L193N
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Êì™ì½aaˆç…ë†ykmbØÛaHI1HN
Ûa†äÇïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aƒí‰bmbßcòÈuaŠßÞýåßê†í†¤åØàîÏlŠÈïßý⁄aïiŠÈÛataÛa‰…b–½Lo¤lŠÈÛaéϊdžÓÞbÔ½aåÏæcôŠãsîy
bèäßón‘pbîàßZæìØîipübÔ߉ìèÃÝjÓÞì–ÐÛaëpbßbÔ½aëÝöbŠÛaðŒîÜØã⁄aLïãŠÐÛal…þa¿´nãìßpübÔ߉ìèÃÝjÓëÝiNŠèÆÔÏ
bãŠÏ¿ñŠßÞëþåÐÛaaˆçòä1571¿òäñŠ’ÇÉšjiÙÛ‡†ÈiŠèÃáq‰ìè’½aðŒîÜØã⁄aáîاaæìØîiîãaŠÏpbibn×LÙÛ‡ˆäßòÛbÔ½aozj•cáq
lŠÈÛaáèÜjÓë´îãŠÐÛaÕjÉßòíŒîÜØã⁄aõaŠÓ´ibÈöb‘bíŒîÜØãgbäÏ´§aéîÛgNòÛbÔ½aåÏåßlÔmpbibn×áoãb׆ÔÏLöbë‰ì•¿põbuÞëbänmÝ
òí†ÔãëcòîÇbànuabíbšÓLÅÐÛáèšÈÛↂnaëLÝ–ÐÛaéîÜÇaìÔÜcbàîÏëclbn×åßáÓóäȶÞbÔßL|j•éibn×áÔíð†ä’ÔÜÔÛb×LÑÛû½bãaìäÇëc
ÞbÔßáÓÝ×óÜÇÕÜİíâbÓcñŠ’ǵgó’ÇþaI2HN bèã¿ügïiŠÈÛaåìÛaéÏŠÈíáÜÏïÔîÔ§aêbäȶÞbÔ½abßcæŠÔÛaòí
òÇìjݽaòÏbz–ÛalŠÈÛaÒŠÇb߆äÇŠ’ÇåßbrÛaLòÛë…ÞëcŠ–ßoãb×sîyòÐîz•æìîãŠÐÛa‰†•cb߆äÇòÏbz–ÛaÒŠÈmòîiŠÇIð…éîí‰ì×ÛîvîojH
òäòîãŠÐÛbi1798Nòäp‰†•Ûaò튖½aÉöbÓìÛa†Èië1828LµaìmÇo·ÛaòîàîÜÈnÛaòšèäÛa†Èiò•bÑz–Ûa‰a†•gb‘biïÜdžઆíóÜ
Š–ßá×byN†àªëðëbİèİÛaòÇbω†íóÜÇŠ–ß¿ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½a†Ûë†Óë
(1) The New Encyclopaedia BritanniaCD\. 2003, (editorial).
(2)…NÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZLòϊȽablja…LñŠçbÔÛaLòÛbÔ½al…þïßýÇ⁄aÐnÛa1995˜L21N
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Þëþa…†ÈÛaŠèÃÛaÝîäÛað…aëòÐîz•kyb•…ìÈÛaìica†jÇëê†jÇ¿bèäß5æaŠíŒy1867â(1)N ŠíìänÛaëÑîÔrnÛaëáîÜÈnÛaòÐîÃëò÷îjÛaêˆç¿òÏbz–ÛaóÜÇk܈Óë
ìnÛaëòßÿÛéîuLÑîÔrnÛaëáîÜÈnÛañìÓÙܹðˆÛaÞbÔ½aéÜ×aˆña…þaoãb×늒ÇåßbrÛaæŠÔÛaòíbèã¿ïÐz•òàÜ×oãb×aˆëòßÿÛéîuìnÛaëŠíìänÛaë
kí…còàÜØÛòÏ…aŠß(2)N
†èÇŠaëc¿ÞbÔ½abèîÏŠç…‹cÛaòîãbrÛaòîÐz–Ûaò÷îjÛac†jm뉆•b߆äÇÝîÇbgðì톨aáîÜæbîãbäjÜÛabècÛaâaŠçþaòÐîz•pòäò퉆äØ⁄biýÔmñ‰b’ië1875ñŠçbÔÛbiñ‰bÄãìicòÐîz•p‰†•áqL
òä1877bèjyb–ÛïiŠÈÛabÈÛa¿òí‰ìmbØí‰b×òÐîz•Þëcoãb×Ûaëðì톨aòbîp†ÔnãaÛapübÔ½aå߆í†ÈÛabèîÏkn×ðˆÛaÊìä•lìÔÈí
ÝîÇbgNò튧aåßëÊì™ì½a¿ò튧aåßÁÔiÞbÔ½aáÈãòÜyŠ½aêˆç¿ëŠräÛaåÇa†îÈilìÜþa¿LåߊeæìÛµgbýÞbÔ½albn×êb£aòvînã
ïßìÔÛa…bè¦aæaìÛc(3)NŠ–ß¿òîäìÛa‰bãovudmå튒ÈÛaæŠÔÛaÉÜİß¿ëoãb×òîäëlaŒycpŠèÃëïãbİíÛaÞýnyüa†™ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½biÝìnm
(1)…NòÐîÜÞýugZxLïÐz–ÛaŠíŠznÛaåÏ¿òrí†ypbçb£a1LòÇbjİÜÛbäa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL
1972˜L100N (2)…Npbib•ÝîÜZÂLbç‰ìİmëbèmd’ãÞb–müaÝöbë5Lò튖½aìܬüaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaL
1987˜L164N (3)…NáîçaŠigÝîÇbgZÂLòîÜàÈÛapbÔîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaþa ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aåÏ2LñŠçbÔÛaL
LÉí‹ìnÛa늒äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛŠvÐÛa‰a…2003˜L40N
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õaìÜÛaòÐîz•Þbr½aÝîjóÜÇoãbØÏbèöa‰eåÇjÈnÛaÝuaåßbèÐz•¿¿Ýßb×óÐİ–ßáîÇŒÛab牆•cÛa2O1O1900lŒybšícÚbäçæb×ë
énÐîz•ëòßþaIòÐîz–ÛaHòäp‰†•Ûaë†îÛaïÐİÛbçŠíŠ¤c‰Ûa1907(1)NÔàÜÛæb׆ÔÏÖaŠÈÛa¿bßcÞýìÛaê‰ë…ïÐz–ÛaÞb
òäéÛïãbİíÛaÞýnyüa1914òÐîz•Þbaaˆç¿Š×ˆmÛaòÜrßþaåßëIpaŠÐÛaHb煆lj†•Ûaëå튒ÈÛañ‰ìqÞbyæbÛoãb×ÛaÑväÛa¿
¿Þëþa1Þëþaå튒m1920b煆lj†•ÛaòîÐväÛaÞýÔnüaòÐîz•ëL¿Þëþa3ëþaå튒mÞ1920ÝØämÛaòí‰ìrÛapübÔ½bip‹bnßaÛaë
ÞýnyüapbİÜi(2)NñŠíŒ¦b×òîäìÛaÑz–ÛapübÔ½oãb×Ý•ì½a¿ëòjÛbݽaëïãbİíÛala†nãüaëÞýnyübi†í†änÛa¿áè½abç‰ë…†èÈÛaë
´İÜÏòîšÓñŠ–ãëòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛaµgñìdžÛaëâbnÛaÞýÔnübi(3)NÛˆ×Ùòäõa‰ëŒÛaòÐîz•‰ë†–ibènía†iˆäßòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûañ½Éjnn½aæbÏ
1869ÛaòîàänÛaÞb©¿ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aéjÈÛðˆÛa‰ë†Ûaì™ìiôŠíbèãdiñ†zn½aáßþabènÏŠÇIòÛa†ÈÛaëïÇbànuüaîÌnÛaéîÛgbÏbšßìàäÛa
ŠÏÉîìmëkÈ’ÜÛÝšÏcñbîyÏìmëòîÇbànuüaáîÜÈnÛbiâbànçüaëÝàÈÛa˜
(1)…N»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇñŒZLŠ–ß¿òîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½al…cx2ÂL2LïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL
1958˜L122N (2)ïua‰†ÛabjdžàªZLòßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L…a†ÌiLÊa†igëƒí‰bmÑväÛaòÏbz•
1989˜L1719N (3)…N†»aÝîÜáîçaŠigZòÈßbuLÝ•ì½aLÝ•ì½a¿òîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûañd’ãLÝ•ì½a1982˜L
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k퉆nÛaëH(1)pbÇì™ì¶üìÌ’ßæb×òîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÞbÔ½aæcôŠãsîyŠ×ˆÛaòÐãŁaòîàänÛaN
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émbîy‰aìcå߉ìLycëcÉëcôc‰b¶êŠqdméö‰bÓµgÝÔnäîÏLÇbèjyb•Þbîåßñ†ànßòÜîºñ‰ì•LñëaŠëéöa…cÞbà ù‰bÔÛaðìènîÏ
éi‰b£LòîÇì™ì½aoãb×æaëòî–‚‘òiŠ£bcóÜÇòàöbÓbþbiïç‡gëbñŒîà½aòàÛaLòàÜ×ëIòÛbÔ½aHòjíŠËoîÛòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaóÜÇLoãb×æaë
ïiŠÈÛal…þa¿òq†ªòîäÐÛabènÛü…NÁjmŠíòÛü†ÛaêˆèiòÛbÔ½aƒí‰bmÝÈÛërØiæbߌÛaåß´ãŠÓåߊr×cêŠàdžíŒíüƒí‰bmìçëòÏbz–Ûaƒí‰bniN
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pbzЖÛapaŠ’ÇÖŠÌnm†ÓNs톧abèjÛbÓ¿òÛbÔ½abßc~ŒîànnÏMŠ–ÔÛbibßbÇìã–‹b¯⁄biëLÊì™ì½biòÜ–n½a‰bØÏþaëÕöbÔ§aÝ×Ýà’mübèãì×L
szjÛapbbîÜÏLòa‰†ÛaÒb•ëcüëLbn¥†ÓbèäØÛëåßa†yaëbjãbu‰‰bjnÇaݪéäßÝÈvnÛÊì™ì½akãaìuNkmbØÛaòÇaŠiø£bäçëNóÜvnmë
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bè½aåßïšnÔíbßÉßÞýènýÛï‘ìÛaòÏb™g¿ñ‰LİÔn×ò·b¨aİÔmë
(1)…NðŠØ‘†îa†jÇZLñŠçbÔÛaL†í†uæŠÓpb톤ëÝjÔn½aÖbÏeòîàänÛaëïßýÇ⁄aÞb–müa
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‰ìçŒÛaòÇìà©åߊİÈÛaI1HNa†’yæìØíæcåßïÐÇc†ÓÞbÔ½aæb×a‡gëÝÔríæaëpbßìÜȽaåßbà×aßù‰bÔÜÛòϊȽaåßÝöbaáØÛaLæcå߆iüìèÏkmbØÛaòî–‚‘åßb÷î‘Ýà°LkzÏéiìÜc¿üLaòîÇìã¿ÝiÉî™aì½
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ñ…†Èn½aémýßdmëémbÄyýßåßïÔnmëôˆÌnmñÐÛaÙÜmåßïçëþaLbäÛbiéöbÔÛåßëLå×bßýÛéma‰bí‹ëNÛÝr½aåß|ubäÛaÞbÔ½aìܱbàÜÓÙÛˆ
òbnÛaòzàÜÛaëñ‰…bäÛaë|Üİ–½aëòíbاaëòÏŠİÛaëNËëòîÏaŠÌ¦aòÛa†ÛaëÙÛ‡N…†ªæa†îßÞbÔàÜÛåØíb½ëLåߊr×cóÜÇÊ‹ìnîÛéníŠyÝÌnc†ÔÏ
†îÈ•åߊr×cóÜÇòub§aÜíëåÏLïÇbànuüaëïbîÛaÞbÔ½aÚbäèÏÓüaë™bíŠÛaëïi…þaëð†ÔäÛaëð…b–nÞìÔ§aón‘¿ëÙۇ˵aëïNar×ë
ÞbÔßòÏbz•bèãgæŠÔÛaaˆçÉÜİß¿òîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–ÛaonÈãbßLoãbׇgâbíþaÙÜmÑz•åßòîîöŠÛaòjuìÛaÝØ’mpübÔ½aLâýÓcojİÔnasîy
Ýî¦aÙÛ‡åßlbnØÛaòÔÛbàÇL§a¿áèmbibn×pŠqcåíˆÛaëòîÏbÔrÛaëòîi…þañbîåߌÛaåßÝíì…ŠÛNïÐİÛóÐİ–ßë´yéëïã‹b½aë…bÔÈÛaáèäßë
r×áçËëê†jdžàªëïÈÏaŠÛaëïìÜÐä½aNòîäÔnÛapüb–müañ‰ìqòía†i¿Lpbäîà¨aÉÜİßÉßòîÐmbapüb–müaîmëìí…aŠÛa‰b’nãaëLòÇŒäÛap…b
òÏbz–ÛaóÜÇòí‰bj⁄aLýîÜÓpŠ−aëòÛbÔ½aòîàçcòíŠØÐÛaëòîÜîÜznÛaòÏbz•bèãdiòjÔ§aÙÜmÑz•Ñ•ìnÛLåÏ…bÈnabßæbÇŠåØÛë
énîÏbÇòÛbÔ½aLòjuëÝØ’mpübÔ½ap†Ëb߆ÈiåçaŠÛaoÓìÛaónyÞa‹bßëbèäÇõbäÌnüaåعüòîäËN
(1) http://www.balagh.com/najah/5q0tinut.htm
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ïãbrÛa@szj½a éÐöbÃëë@ïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔ½a@Êaìãc@ @
ïmdíb¶bç†í†¤åعñ†í†ÇÊaìãcïÐz–ÛaÞbÔàÜÛZ
1@HïybnnÏüa@ÞbÔ½aZ@@ @òîybnnÏüaìçïybnnÏüaÞbÔàÜÛÉöb’ÛaáüaægLòîßìîÛaòàÜØÛaïçë
ÈßÊì™ìß¿bèíc‰åÇajÈmòÐîz–ÛabèjnØmÛaL‹Šicñ…bÇæìØíëòÐîz–Ûab犒ämÛapbÇì™ì½aåßÊì™ìßLéãaôŠmëåß…†Ç×cáèí
õaŠÔÛaLòÛü…åßéîÜÇðìİäíbß|î™ìmëÐnÛbiéÛëbännÏLÞbÔ½aaˆçŠ’äíëÝrßoibqáco¤ñ…bÇIâaŠçþaðc‰HLIâìîÛaòàÜ×HLIÞìÔmòí‰ìèà¦aHL
Ibj–Ûasí†yHpbîànÛaåßbçËëLÊì™ì½aæaìäÇÙÛ‡†ÈiÉ™ìíáqÞbÔ½aéÛëbäníðˆÛaNnÛaÝibÔíëòíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛa¿ïybnnÏüaÞbÔàÜÛòîiŠÈÛaòîà
Leading Article†öbÔÛaÞbÔ½aÈmëLÞ†mïçëLêËóÜÇâ†Ô½aÞbÔ½aëcqdnÛaëòîàçþaóÜÇLòãbؽaóÜÇÞ†mbà×LbèäßëòÌÜÛaîßaìÓÒŠÈmÙÛˆÛë
éãdiïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aiëìßbÓIc‰åÇÈíòãbؽaŠçbÃÞbÔßðz–ÛaòÐîHI1HN
(1)Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language , New York ,
PORTLAND HOUSE , 1990 , P. 286.
– 58 –
òÇìàv¶ôŠþaòîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛaåßêËåÇïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aŒîàníëïmdíbà×bbºgåع—öb–¨aåßI1HZ
1N òÜÔnßòÐîz–Ûaêˆçoãb×õaìòÐîz–ÛaòbîåÇjÈnÛaLðþòÈibmëc¿ðŠØÏëcïÇbànuaëcïbîêb£aåÇñÈßëclaŒyþaåßlŒy
a†ÜjÛaéîω†–mðˆÛN
2N ÉÔmÛaëcïÜaÖbİäÛa¿ÉÔmÛaÙÜmõaìòîßìîÛata†yþaòÈibnßïÛë†ÛaÖbİäÛaóÜÇN
3N õaŠÔÛaæbç‡cÝÌ’mëâbÈÛaðcŠÛaáèmÛabíbšÔÛbiâbànçüaN
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5N †‚naõaŠÓòÈîjëáöýní…†ª|™aëlìÜcëòİîiòÜèòÌÛâaòîÏbÔrÛaáèmbíìnßÑÜn¥åíˆÛaòÐîz–ÛaN
6N òÐîz–Ûaéið…bämðˆÛaðcŠÛaëcòîšÔÛbiù‰bÔÛaÊbäÓgóÜÇñ‰†ÔÛaLb¶òîÏb×òÛ…cëòîÔİäßwvyåßkmbØÛaé߆ÔíN
ÞbÔ½aòÐîÃëÑÜn¥ëïÐz–Ûa‰†–mðˆÛaÉànaòÈîjkyéîÏòÐîz–ÛaLÏìèòÐîz–ÛaÙÛbßåÇÈíòîÛaîÜÛapbÈàna¿ÙÛb½aæb×õaì
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184N
– 59 –
laŒyþaNòîÛìà’ÛaÞë†Ûa¿bßcLëcòÛë†ÛaòbîåÇÈíïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½bÏ çæìØísîybèîÏá×b§alŒ§aá×b§aâbÄäÜÛòîÇa†Ûaòibr¶ÞbÔ½aaNæb×bícë
ŠÇ¿b犖yåعéÐöbÃëëéßbèßæbÏòÐîz–Ûaéîω†–mðˆÛaÉànaòÐÜn‚½abèmüü…ëbç…bÈicåÇÑ’ØÛaëòÐÜn‚½ata†yþaÝîܤëLò’Óbäßë
óÜÇõaŠÔÛañ†ÇbßëâbÈÛaðcŠÛaÝÌ’mÛaòÐÜn‚½aŠçaìÄÛaëbíbšÔÛaŠëbènÈibnßëbèàèÏNpbbîÛaåÇjÈnÛaïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aâbèßåßæbÏÙÛˆ×
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òqýqÚbäçæcïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½akmb×ÒŠÈíæcð‰ëŠšÛaåßÝÈÛë¿bèšÈiŠqûíõbî‘cŠŁaœÈjÛaLœÈióÜÇbèšÈi†ànÈíëLÝa†níë
ïçòqýrÛaõbî‘þaêˆçëœÈi¿bèšÈiZòÐîz–ÛaòbîLÞbÔ½aòËbî•LõaŠÔÛaâbànçaëNñ†yëïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aæaëÕöbÔzÜÛ…Š…Š©îÛëLòÜÔnßL
†çaì’ÛbiæbîmgëcL¿bxëŠmÛaòÐîz–Ûaðc‰åÇjÈnÛaòÜîëéãauüaŠØÐÛaëcòbîÛaëcÊbànLõa‰ŁaêˆçÁjíòîybnnÏüakmb׆¬ÙÛˆÛë
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(1)…Nlbvyä߆àªZLòÇbjİÜÛ†îÈòûßLbİäLïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½a1987˜L34N
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kÛbÓóÜÇj½aïybnnÏüaÞbÔàÜÛÐÛaõbäjÛa|™ìíÞ†nȽaâŠa
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– 61 –
2@HïÐz–Ûa@…ìàÈÛa@Z@ @ØÐnÛalìÜc¿b牊ªÉibİibàöa…ánmÛaòîÐz–Ûañ…b½aìçëLŠí†ÔmŠr×cóÜÇbîÐz•a…ìàÇbènybß¿‹ëbvnmüëLjÈnÛalìÜcëL
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a…ìàÈÛaëñ…†ªñÌ•ñŠØÏìçïÐz–ÛLpýØ’ßåßòÜØ’¶ÁjmŠmõaŠÔÛaL…ìàÈÛakmb×pýØ’ßëcLsí†yéãaóÜÇbbcóäjí…ìàÈÛaæü
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1968˜L308N (2)…NÑ튑…ìàªZLòiëŠÈÛa‰a…LoíìØÛaLòîÐz–ÛaëòîÇì™ì½aëòîi…þaòÛbÔ½aåÏI…NpHL
˜159N (3)…N†í‹ìicÖë‰bÏZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLòîÐz–ÛaòibnØÛaåÏ193N
– 62 –
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ïç—öb–¨aåßòÇìàv¶ïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛaŒîàníëZ
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– 63 –
3N õaŠÔÛaëkmbØÛa´iòîàîà§aòÓýÈÛaéîÏŠÏìnmæcN
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òÔ’ßëkÈmæë…ŠíëòÛìèiù‰bÔÛaéîÛgÝ–íónyN
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ónzç…ìàÇòibnØiâaŒnÛüaÞýåßáöa…ÝØ’iõaŠÔÛaÉßa†uaìnßâbíc¿pa‹bu⁄aëŠÐÛaN
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1Na‰Łaò•ýõ‰bØÏþaë 2NÊì™ìàÜÛù‰bÔÛaÉÏ… 3Nù‰bÔÛaëkmbØÛa´i‰aìy|nÏ
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ïi…þaxbnã⁄aáíìÔmëÝîܤëÐmëŠÈiâìÔíðˆÛaÞbÔ½aìçë‰bîna¿ém†Çbßëxbnã⁄aaˆçòîàçdiù‰bÔÛaòîÇìmÝuaåßïàÜÈÛaëÐÛaëÐÛaëïi…þaxbnã⁄aåßÝöbaáØÛaaˆçåßÉàíëc†çb’íëccŠÔíbß
aìâìíÝ×ÕφníðˆÛaïàÜÈÛaëï½bÈÛaëcïÜaôìn½aóÜÇõN
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ÝjÓåßÞ†uÉ™ìßôŠþaïçoãbØÏïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÑöbÃëbßcbàç´çb£biŠ–zämb¸gÞbÔ½aÑöbÃëæcóÜdž×cåßáèäàÏL´rybjÛaZÞbÔ½a
(1)…NáîçaŠigÝîÇbgZ˜LÕib‰†–ß232N
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ÉànaŠíìäm¿ïßìÔÛaëìÛakuaìÛaéàn°b¶íðˆÛaïbîÛaÞba¿Ûaõa‰Łaë‰bØÏþbi‰ìİnÜÛòjbä½aò§b–ÛaòîbîLïÇbànuüaÞba¿ÞbÔ½aë
Éànaý•g¿ñ†í†Ûaõa‰ŁaŠ’ãòîbþaéßbèßåßðˆÛaI1HNÞbÔ½aëôŠþaòîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛaÝrßéÜrßïÐz–ÛaLòÐîz–Ûapaë…cåßòÜîëëña…c
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1N @@òí‰bj⁄a@ò‰†½aZòÐîÃìÛaïçòîßýÇ⁄aòÐîÃìÛaæcò‰†½aêˆçôŠmëñŠ•bȽaòÏbz–ÜÛòîbþaNÞbÔ½aòÐîÃëæcµgbç‰b–ãckçˆíbäçåßë
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2N @ðcŠÛa@ò‰†ßZŠ–nÔíüïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½a‰ë…æaò‰†½aêˆç‰b–ãcôŠíÉàna¿‰ë†íb½ò×bÇñeŠßéãì×…Š©óÜÇL½aaˆçð…ûíæck¯Ýi‰ë…ÞbÔ
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òíŠØÐÛaëòîbîÛaëòîÇbànuüaNõbjãþaóÜÇÕîÜÈnÛbiïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aâìÔíbà×Û†Ûa˜ý‚naëbçÐmëbèäîÈibíbšÓåÇÊbφÜÛbèäßÝî(1)N
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1N âýÇ⁄aZbíbšÔÛaëcta†yþaåÇñ†í†¦a‰bØÏþaëpbßìÜȽaáí†ÔniÙÛ‡ëâbÈÛaðcŠÛaÝÌ’mÛaÝ×b’½aëcN
2N bèîÜÇÕîÜÈnÛaëòí‰b¦aòîßìîÛa‰bjþaÐm늑Lbç…bÈic|™ìíb¶ìuëòÐÜn‚½abèjãaN
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7N émbçb£aóÜÇqdnÛaëÉàna¿âbÈÛaðcŠÛaåíìØmN
(1)…NÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aåÏLÉí‹ìnÛa늒äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛõbjÓ‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL2000L
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8N ñ…bîÔÛaZÇs§aµgòÐîÃìÛaêˆçÒ†èmëÉànaëoîjÛa¿òÜ™bÏñbîyóÜN
9N Úbènãaë…b§⁄apaìÇ…†™ù…bj½aëáîÔÛaëpb†Ô½aëæbí…þaåÇÊbφÛaù…bj½aëáîÔÛaåÇx늨aëpb†Ô½aN
10N òãaû½aëÊbnß⁄aëòîÜnÛaZìÐäÛaåÇõkÈÛaÑÐ¥òÐîÃìÛaêˆçëkÇbnßåßbèîÏbßáˉòÜànªñbî§aÝÈ£ëÞìÔÈÛaëN
– 73 –
sÛbrÛa@szj½a òîØíŠßþa@òÏbz–Ûa@¿@ïÜîÜznÛa@ÞbÔ½a@‰ìİmë@ñd’ã@ @
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¿òi‰bšÛaê‰ëˆuéÛåØÛëL†í†uët†znßåÏìçòÛbÔ½aåÏæaÉßëò¹†ÔÛala…üaÖbàÇa(3)NÛbäí†ßÙ‘ýi´nãìßæb׆ÔÏIæ늒î‘HðˆÛaL
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ÞbîëÝèlìÜdiémbÇì™ìßbÈíæb×bäí†ßéÐãæ늒î‘ëù…bçÛIæìýÏaHæëû’ÛaµalŠÓab™ŠÇòßbÈÛañbî§aæëû‘ŠÈíæb×ðˆÛa
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(3)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòÛb•üaµañŠ•bȽaåßòÛbÔ½al…aLÕib‰†–ßL˜64N (4)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZLl…ýÛïßýÇüaÐnÛa¿LñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îa2002L
˜75N
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…bØíÝØ’ibèîÜÇóÌİíïmaˆÛaŠ–äÈÛaæa´nãìßpübÔßóÜÇÅyýíðˆÛaë†yŠÈß¿åØÛëLbßb·æìØíê‰bØÏaádžíæaóäíüò•b¨aéi‰b£åÇérí
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(1)Encarta Reference LibraryCD,2003, (editorial article).
(2) …Nlbvyä߆àªZLòÇbjİÜÛ†îÈòûßLbİäLïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½a1987˜L19N (3)…ìàªkî¬ï׋ë´ßc†»aZxLbÈÛa¿l…þaò–Ó3Lò튖½aòšèäÛaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaL
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– 77 –
ŒîÜØã⁄albnØÛbiïØíŠßþaÞbÔ½albn׊qdm†ÓëLÑ–näß¿‹Šië¿ÞbÈÐÛaáçqdmáæb×åíˆÛaðcŠÛapübÔßlbn׊’ÇÉbnÛaæŠÔÛa
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– 78 –
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ÊìjþaòíbèãòÜİÇI†yþaâìíHsîy×cáv¡Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•‰†–mÐmŠíåßpbzЖÛaÞ†ÈßÉ70µg167òzЕNbèÈí‹ìmÞ†ÈßÉÐmŠíëIâìí
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‰bjþaë‰bØÏþaŠÇL¨aò߆ÔßëæaìäÈÛaŠíŠ¤¿ñ†ÇbÓŠwnãc†ÓåßòÐÜn«wöbnäiïmdíŠÈÛaòÔ튿Ñz–ÛaÒýnaæcÞìÔÛaåعsî¡
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sÛbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛa @åíìØm@¿@âýÇ⁄a@Ýöbë@‰ë…‰ìèà¦a@ÝÔÇ@¿@òîäçˆÛa@‰ì–Ûa
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LïÔîÔ§abÈÛaåÇbèÈibnßÝ–ÐmëLÞìÔÈÛbikÇýnmñ‰ì–Ûaozj•cñŠİî½aòîÛbnn½añ‰ì–ÛaÞýåßügÉÓaìÛaÒŠÈí…ìÈíüsî¡.aëoÇbİn
óÜÇòİÜëòäàîç‰b·æcñ‰ì–ÛaÑz–ÛaõaŠÓNæcñ‰ì–ÛaoÇbİnabîbcaŠ–äÇæìØmÝîØ’m¿ëLæbã⁄aòî–‚‘ÝîØ’m¿ åÇéma‰ì–m
ò‘bȽaòîßìîÛaòîÜÈÐÛaémaÖìÐíÝØ’iLÉÓaìÛa.µgñ‰ì–ÛaòÇbä•p…c†ÔÛæbÈàÜÛaë‰bèi⁄aëLÝØ’ÛaëŠèĽaòÏbÔqòäàîç lbyóÜÇLaŠÈnüaë
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paŒîФëLpýîšÐmëpa‰bînüN
bãa†îßÞa‹bßëÖaŠÈÛaæb×lˆn£ÛaòîäßþaëòîbîÛata†yÿÛbj–âbÇÖaŠÈÛaÞýnyaˆäßëoànçaÛaòîØíŠßüaòÏbz–ÛabèäßëâýÇ⁄aÝöbë
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cÝa…ðŠ¯bßòϊȽïÓaŠÈÛaæb’Ûbi´ànèàÜÛòjäÛbibîbca‰†–ßozj•ÖaŠÈÛaLòîİÌnÛaõ왿pbçb£üaëpbÇbäÔÛaÝØ’mëjmæcbåعïÛbnÛbië
pbbîëpa†äuþ†î×dnÛbi†änmÛaëòÐîz–ÛaÙÜmbè߆ÔmÛaòîÐz–Ûa
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òÜîìÛaóÜljaŠÔÛaÉãb•ñŠİîô†ßÉßbí…ŠkbänmL“ßaìç…†znmaˆèië×mÛaò튧aâcïßýÇ⁄aâbÄäÛaëcòÛë†ÛaòİÜoãb×õaìpbİÜÛabè
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˜60N (2)LïiŠÈÛaõb¸⁄a†èÈßLpëiLñ…bí‹åÈߊ튤LòîiŠÈÛaòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½a1986ñ‰ì•ñ…bßLN
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ÙÜmáí†ÔmÞýåßæìØmòîßýÇ⁄a…aì½aåíìÜnÏòîßýÇ⁄aÖŠİiñ‰ì–ÛaÉãb•ê…†°ðˆÛaêb£üa¿k–mòíbèäÛa¿bèäØÛòÐÜn«ëñ…†ÈnßÞbØ‘cë
ïßýÇ⁄a‰aŠÔÛa(1)N òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaëñ‰ì–Ûañ…ŠÐ½ïàvȽaóäȽaòÈuaŠßoВ׆ÔÛL
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òîÐÜÐÛapbçb£üaÑÜn«¿áöa…‰ìšyNÞëbämáí†ÔnÛbäîȉbg¿ëaˆÛïßýÇ⁄aëïÇbànuüaáÜÈÛa¿ŠèÃbà×|Üİ–½ÕîÓ…ïàÜÇLåßbã†uë
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Éi‰þaÝÜÈÛaåÇòÏëŠÈ½aéníŠÄãâ†ÓÙÛ‡ÕÏëZÉä•bß´jmÛaòí…b½aòÜÈÛaõï’ÛaéäßLßáØ¡ìçbßðcòí‰ì–ÛaòÜÈÛaëénîçbLòÜÇbÐÛaòÜÈÛaëIbßðc
ê†uëcHòîöbÌÛaòÜÈÛaëIéäߊÌÛaëénÐîÃëïçbßðcH(2)N
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ñ…bßLŠ’ãƒí‰bmZñ‰ì•N
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åßÞëcæbàjîÛÛaëïØíŠßþaïÐz–Ûa†ÈîÏŠ•bȽaƒí‰bnÛa¿bßcòíìÓëcòÐîÈ™bÈÜÛòjmŠ½añ‰ì–ÛaÙÜméЕìi|Üİ–½aaˆçↂna
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õbî‘diæìßìÔíëñ…†aòÏëŠÈ½aáèä×bßcõbî‘þaëbäÛaˆdíbÈÛaÙÛ‡¿ëáèäßbèÈÓìnãòäîÈßLéîÏõbšÇcbäãgëbäjbäíéãaëbä½bÇ¿bäãgŠÈ’ãbç†äÇ
ŠÈãëéÏ(1)NpbßìÜȽaóÜÇ´àöbÔÛaéiâìÔíbßñ‰ì–ÛaÙÜmቿŠqûíëæìàöbÔÛaõüûçëîÌnÛaaˆçæ늯åíˆÛaòßbÈÛaòà×b§ak‚ŽäÛaëòßìاaáç
áèîàãåíˆÛaëâýÇþaÝöbë¿IðcŠÛañ…bÓHŠ¡åßæë‰bn±åíˆÛaë†íŠíübßæìбëáèmbßbànçgkbäíbßñ…‰aìÛapbßìÜȽaꊒãëéÈí‹ìmæN
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~ÞìÔmÛaÑzŽ–Ûaêˆçô†ÛòîmaˆÛaòibÓŠÛaða´îÐz–Ûa´ÜaŠ½aõa‰diå퉊aëáèÐÓaìßëÐîz–ÛaÁÉßò
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âìÜÈÛaávÈàÏLbèiojjmÛapaŠqû½aoÜí‹ab߆ÈiñŠ×aˆÛa¿oãìØmbèÏŠÈíòî×ìÜÛaIñŠ×a‡åßÉjämòîäç‡ò‚ãbèãdiŒîÐznÛalbîË¿òîyòiŠ£
ï§aHbèãdibšíaÒŠÈmëIï§aŠqû½albîË¿òîäç‡ñHæabà×
(1)ð‰ìj¦aïça‰æa†í‹ñ…a‰gZáíbnÛaòÜ©¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì• òîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa1973òÛb‰LnubßIñ‰ì’äßËHla…ŁaòîÜ×µao߆Ӆa†ÌiòÌßb âbÇ1996˜L11N
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òîà×ïçòîÜ•üaîbyüaëñ‰ì–Ûa´iÒýnüaQuantityòîÇìãîÛëQualityr½aåßñ†‘ÝÓaïçbämaåßbèîdžnãÛa‰ì–ÛaæaëNbäçåß
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bèãdiZIñ†í†¦aëòq‰aìn½aò¹†ÔÛapbÇbjİãüaëâbØyüaëpa‰ì–nÛaåßòÇìà©Éàn©ëcòÇbºëc—‚‘bçˆdíÛaòîjÜÛabèäßëòîib¯üaòq†zn½aåÇ
abè߆‚ní늣aÔnÛbÔÜİäßëbbîîéÐÓì߆í†znÛë—‚’Ûaaˆéàêõa‹aé×ìÜëH(1)N
bèãbiòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaoϊdžÓëBòäîÈßòÇbº…aŠÏa´iÉöb‘ïÜÔÇâìèÐßòÔjëcbßâbÄãëc´Èß—‚‘ì−ïbüaòÇbà¦aêˆçêb£aµa’í
bîòÐÜÏëcéäîÈiäuëcLbèäîÈiéäîÈiõï‘ðcëcòäîÈßòîßìÓëcLòîBœÈiåǘb‚‘aô†Û†uìmÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿Ýrànmpbçb£ýÛ¿ŠÈ½aæìؽbÏòäîÈßîbyaëcŠÇb’ßbèÜØ’mëcbèöbdžna´yÅÓìmÛaë˜b‚‘üa
IïÐbÈÛaæìؽaHòäîÈßpbî×ìÜêb£biÉφmáqIï×ìÜÛaæìؽaHÈíaˆçëpbãìØßáqå߉ì–ÛaÒýndÏòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛapbãìØßbèma‡ïçêb£üa
áèmbçb£aÒýnþ…ìÈípbÇìàaë…aŠÏüa´iòîäçˆÛa(2)N
(1)Dictionary of Behavioral Science , by Benjamin B. Wolman(ed) , N.
Y , Van Ncstrand Reinhold ,Co, 1973.s.v. Image. (2)…Nðë†iï׋†»cZòîÇbànuþaâìÜÈÛapbzÜİ–ßávÈßLLpëiæbäjÛòjnØß1978~˜86N
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òîäç‡a‰ì•åàšnmÝöb‰òÌÜÛaÇðçbà¦aÞb–müaÝöbëÝà¤ëåÇÈmbèÜ×ëpbÇbjİãaëáˉëõbî‘þaåßò÷Ïëabßõï’Û…Š©ðŠØωì–m
‰ì–ÛaæcpbbØÈãg…Š©oîÛïèÏòî™b½apb׉†½abcóÜÇâìÔmÛaœÈjÛaœàÌíbàäîipb׉†½aŠçbÄßœÈiì™ìiŠèÄm†Óëpb׉†½aêˆ
Šþa~ôŠapb׉†ßÐm…ìÈíbà×µañ‰ì–ÛaáîÄämNñ‰ì–ÛaâìÔmüëñë‰ëŠ™óÜÇ…‰aìàÜÛâìÔm†ÔÏõï’ÜÛñŠ‘bj½apb׉†½abcóÜÇapbãbîjÛ
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…ŠÐÛa…ëŒmëñ‰ì–ÛabèbaóÜÇâìÔmÛaòîÜ•þapb׉†½aÝØ’mòÌÜÛa½aêˆçŠ×ˆmóÜdžÇbmÛaÝöbìÛbipb׉†N
wã†ÛìiîÛcôŠmëElies BouldingáçaåߌîîànÛaëÝîšÐnÛaæabèãdiñ‰ì–ÛaÒŠÈnÏñ‰ì–ÛabÈßIòÔîÔzÜÛòܚнapb×a‰…üaëáîçbнaL
õï’ÛaaˆçbÈߊr×aåßñbÔnäßòÇìà©ïçbßõï‘ñ‰ì•ôŠmbèãaÙÛ‡ëbçËæë…bèiÃbÐnyüa…ŠÐÛaÝšÐíëaŒîî·H(1)N
abßaòàÜ×æaôÏïÜÔÈÛakİÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇ¿ñŠ–n‚½aòÇìì½IimageHŠØÐÛa¿êŠšznmbà×õï’ÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇòÛü†ÜÛↂnmIòäçaŠÛaòÄzÜÛa¿§aõbšÇcóÜÇéÇìÓëæë…HŠ×ˆmÝîjóÜÇõaì
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(1)Ýí†äÓ†»aòîua‰ZâaìÇaò튖½aòÏbz–Ûa¿ÝîöaŠañ‰ì•72L74L1978êa‰ìn×…òÛb‰L
Iñ‰ì’äßËHµao߆ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbâbÇ1981˜L33–34N
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bÔà×ëÝiIimageryHLÊaìãcµaëbßìàÇòîäçˆÛa‰ì–Ûaµg’íÅÐÛbèîÏìçëÝî‚nÛaëØÐnÛapbîÜàÇ¿òîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaåíìØmòîÜàǵgëcbèäßòäîÈß
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òí‰b¦ata†yþabèzz–mëòÛìÐİÛaõbäqcoãì×lìjª—‚’ÛH(2)NaˆèiëÒŠÈmóäȽabèãdiñ‰ì–ÛaZIbèàÄäíÛaòàÄä½aëòà×a½aÒ‰bȽaåßòÇìà©
éÛìyåßbÈÛaåÇëéÐãåÇ…ŠÐÛaLÞbî¨aåßj×kãbuµañ‰ì–ÛaæìØmëLõï‘Ý×ášmëémb׉†ßkyòjmŠßÕöbÔyëáîÓëÒ‰bÈßåßbèàÄäßéàÜÈm
bèiÁjmŠmÛapbÓýÈÛaëLbèîÏáØznÛaóÜÇñ‰†ÔÛaéí†ÛÛaëH(3)N
bèãdiñ‰ì–Ûasî̽a†jÇÒŠ‘aÒŠÈíëZIÛapbàÛaåßòîà×aŠmòîäi…ŠÐÛaò÷îjÛbİëbu‡ì¸Ýr·ïèÏãbvnÛaì−Ýî·L…ŠÐÛaïÔÜmåßd’äm
‰Š‘bj½aË늑bj½aÞb–müaÕíŠåÇÝöbL†í†ÈÛaÇÝöbŠÛaÙÜmŠ·ëòîÐäÛapbz‘Š½aåßL Èß¿bÔqïÇbànua‰baÝa…ÙÛ‡ÙÛ‡áníëLŒîànmë
(1)…NïÛì¨aáîÛëZÂLïÜÔÈÛakİÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇ¿ñŠ–n‚½aòÇìì½a1LÒ‰bȽa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL
1979燉ì–mëñ‰ì•bm…bßLN (2)…NÝÓbÇŠbÏZLïiŠÈÛa†öaŠÛa‰a…LpëiLòî×ìÜÛaâìÜÈÛaávÈß1988‰ì•ñ…bßL
pa‰ì–mëN (3)ÑìíìiabäíaZz–Ûa¿sÛbrÛabÈÛañ‰ì•ñÐÛaÞýòîØíŠßüaëò튖½aòÏb1980–
1989òyëŠcLêa‰ìn×…Iñ‰ì’äßËHµao߆ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbâbÇ1994L˜34–35N
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éÛýåßæëŠÄäíbèibz•übÈÓaëÝØ’mbèãdipbàÛaêˆçLóÜÇæìÏŠ–níëébaLaòßëbÔßëpbjrÛaµapbàÛaêˆçÝî·bà×îÌnÛH (1)N
òíìÌÜÛaÞì•þaáubÈ߆îÈmëEtymologyòíŒîÜØã⁄aòàÜØÛaImageïãŠÏîmüÝ•aµgLáîçbнaóÜÇÞ†nÛòíŒîÜØã⁄aáubȽa¿o߆‚na
òîmŁaZéib’n½aLáä•Lñ‰ì–ÛaLåçˆÛa¿Ýîr·LñŠØÏLåßîÛÝîr·ëcñ‰ì•cÞbî¨a¿b튖iæìØíæað‰ëŠšÛañŠ×aˆÛaëLbßb÷î‘ar×éib’í‰ìèÃLÁ¸
ònibqòİÔäiéîÏòİÔãÝ×Ý•ìíŠeÝØ‘åßwnäíÝØ‘Lð…ìàÇÂbÔgëcðìnß|İëcoibqáîÔnßÁµgéäßNòËýjÛa¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßë
ÈmZéîj’nÛaëñ‰bÈnüaNòßbÈÛañ‰ì–ÛaëIòíçbà¦aHÞìÔÇ¿ñ‰ì•ïçäÛaáÄÈßéÜr¹b½bIÞbr½aÝîjóÜÇHïbîlŒy(2)NæìrybjÛa|™ëcë
´nàèß´nİÔã¿òîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaåÇòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÒýnabàç(3)Z
1N äÛapbjrÛbiánmbèãgsîybçîÌmåعòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaægLbßcbçîÌmkÈ–ÛaåàÏîÌnÛaâëbÔmïèÏòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaN
(1) sî̽a†jdž»aÒŠ‘aZlbj’Ûaô†ÛsÛbrÛabÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿âýÇüa‰ë…
ðŠ–½aòÛb‰òîãa†îßòîÜîܤòa‰…nubßIñ‰ì’äßËHµao߆ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× òÈßbñŠçbÔÛaâbÇ1993˜61N
(2)Etymological Dictionary of the Language: By: R. Walter &W.Sheat. London: Oxford University Press , 1974 ,s.v. image.
(3)…NïØzØÛaóÐİ–ßñŒÇZç‡c¿bØíŠßcñ‰ì•ÝîØ’m¿Ýöbë‰ë…ïÈßb¦albj’ÛaæbâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àܽaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄albn׿LðŠ–½a
LñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbux1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002˜L335N
– 95 –
2N ìØmbßbjÛbËñŒîznßòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaæLØÇòîjÜkÛbÌÛa¿ïèÏòîib¯gbãbîycæìØmÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaLòîjÜôŠcÒëŠÃ¿ëN
bèãgóÜÇÁîìÛaávȽa¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÑíŠÈm…ŠíëZIñ‰ì–ÛaZáaÞbrànÛaëÝØ’ÛaLµbÈmÞbÓZÙÛ†ÈÏÚaìÏÙÔÜðˆÛaLñ‰ì•ðc¿
Ùj׉õb‘bßLŠßþaëcòÛb½añ‰ì–ÏZŠßþaaˆçÞbÔíÊìäÛañ‰ì•ëbènЕ‰ì•týqóÜÇNõï’Ûañ‰ì•ëZñ…ŠaénîçbßLëcåçˆÛa¿éÛbîém‰ì•ë
ÝÔÈÛaH(1)NåçˆÛa¿Œîàn½aâìÜȽaïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëLòîçb½aòÜ•byëÛa¿…ŠíëÑÓaì½aŠ‘¿bà×ç‡ðcïÜÃ…ìuìiñ…ìuì½abz–Z
IòÌÛ…b–ÛaŠØi‰ì–ÛaëLñ‰ì•ÉºN‰ì–nÏaŠíì–mñ‰ì–ÛaëLp‰ì–mëÝîqbànÛaŠíëb–nÛaëïÛ‰ì–nÏém‰ì•oàçìmõï’ÛaH(2)N
áubȽaêˆç¿pa…bè’naåßâ†ÔmbßÞýåßëLïbþaóäȽaæbÏŠíì–nÛaÝÈÏëñ‰ì–Ûañ…ŠÐ½ïãeŠÔÛaâa†‚nüaå߇ìdß|Üİ–àÜÛNóÜÇë
Ïë¿ñ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–½òîbþapbßa†‚nüaæcwnänãæcåعÙÛ‡Õ îbc´îäÈßóÜÇÊ‹ìnmòîiŠÈÛaáubȽaLÞëþaZðˆÛaëïu‰b¨aÝØ’Ûa
Ýà’íIò÷îaHLÞbrànÛaLòЖÛaLò‚äÛaëcÞbr½aëcéj’Ûa…ïãbrÛaëZòîçb½aåçˆÛaëÞbî¨a¿ïãbÈßåßbèälj†zníbßëñ…Šaâa†‚nüaìçëÝÔÈÛaë
ïÐÜÐÛa‰ìİnÛaÖbî¿|Üİ–½aâa†‚naµglŠÓþaNïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaë…ŠÐÜÛ¿ŠÈ½aâbÄäÛa¿bßÊì™ì½áÄäßÝîr·LpbàÛaåßòîà×aŠmòîäiïçë
(1)ÁîìÛaávȽaZñ…bßLŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiLòîàÜÈÛaòjnؽaLæaŠèLòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÉà©Z‰ì•N (2)bz–Ûa‰bn«Z⁄aLïiŠÈÛalbnØÛa‰a…LpëiLð‹aŠÛaâbß1979ñ…bßLZ‰ì•N
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ãbvnÛaì−Ýî·ÛaL…ŠÐÛaïÔÜmåßd’ämë…ŠÐÛaò÷îjÛbİjßbu‡ì¸Ýr·ïèÏÕíŠåÇÝöb‰Š‘bj½aË늑bj½aÞb–müaNbèãdipbàÛaêˆçŒîànmë
ébcóÜÇæìÏŠ–níëéÛýåßæëŠÄäíbèibz•übÓ…b•bÈÓaëÝØ’m(1)N
âa†‚naÉuŠíëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaIimageHñŠØÏÊbjİãa ñ‰ì•µgòîäç‡LòßìŠßëcŠíì–nÛapüeô†yhiòİÔnÜßñ‰ì•æìØm†ÓïçëL†Óë
ñ‰ì•æìØmbßæbãgå燿—‚’Ûëcõï’ÛNNåÇbèãì×ÛaémŠØÏðcéäÇéÇbjİãaðcéä燿éÛbè‰Ûaém‰ì•ë—‚’ÛaÙÛ‡(2)Nñ‰ì–ÜÛë
òîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßìçÒ…aŠß|Üİ–ßòîäçˆÛastereotypeLÒŠÈíëÛaòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈßIstereotypeHò×’½a‹ìߊÛabèãdi
çbàvÜÛLòîjÈ’ÛapbîäËþaëbþaëòÜrßþaëáاaÝrßLpa‰ì–nÛabèãgðcòäîÈßõbî‘þbäÛa†äÇÛaNòàÜØÛávȽaaˆçïİÈíÙÛˆ×
ÛaIstereotypeHæìØí|Üİ–½aaˆçóäÈßæbÏaˆëñŒçb¦akÛaìÔÛaóäÈ߉ìÛaëc—¦aåßkÛbÓ¿æ†È½ak–iÉä–mòîÇbjòzЖÛbšícbÏ…aŠßÖ
ñ†šäßÒëŠyåLJìdßåvȽa(3)N
(1)…NïØzØÛaóÐİ–ßñŒÇZÕib‰†–ߘL332N
(2) john Harding “image” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Vol.4,New York: Macmillian company and the Free Press ,1968,P.259.
(3)…NÜ‘âŠ×ZLÖ늒Ûa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈß1989˜L576˜ë285N
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Ûapb׉†½aåßòÇìà©ïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaæc´rybjÛaœÈi†uëëñ‰ì–ÛaÊì™ìßêb£…ŠÐÛa…ë…‰áؤsî¡ïÇìÛaòybß¿pŠÔna(1)N
ïç…bÈicòqýqbòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaæcœÈjÛaôŠíë(2)Z
1N ¿ŠÈ߆ÈiZÛýåßÚ‰†íðˆÛa†ÈjÛaìçëÝ–níbäîÈßbÇì™ìß…ŠÐÛaéòîÏaŠÌ¦aëòbnÛaþbiòϊȽaÝrßbßÉàn©ëckÈ‘ëcòÛë†i
bèjÈ’iòÔÜÈn½apbßìÜȽbiòϊȽaëòÛë†ÜÛN
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ý•cLónyòîÛbÈÐãüapbäz’ÛaëõbäÈÛaë…ìà¦akjibèzîz–ma†ukÈ–íØzÜÛòšçbäßòiŠ£Éß“íbÈnÛaìÛÕj½aáH(1)N
òîib¯⁄aëòîjÜÛaÑÓaì½aóÜÇlŠÈÛa´rybjÛaœÈiŒ×‰†ÔÏÝibÔ½biëòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿ôŠmÛaŠ–ã´Û‰b߆äÇÞb§aìçbà×bÈßIåßòÇìà©
ÛaòîjÜÛaëcòîib¯⁄aòÛü†Ûapa‡òßbÈÛapaŠí†ÔnÛaëpbЖÛaëâbØyþaà©bèÜà×diòÇbºóÜÇÕjİämåëëcòîßìÓëcÖŠÇáèÈ௅aŠÏþaåßòÇì
åí…ëcNÕîjİnÛaëïÇbànuüaëcïÔܨaÞìÛ†½aë‰aŠØnÛaëáîàÈnÛaægsîyòjÛìÔ½añ‰ì–ÜÛòãìؽaŠ•bäÈÛaïçbçŠdiòÇbºóÜÇH(2)N
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òîßìÔÛaLbèãdiÑ•ìmÛaòîßìÔÛaòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐߊèÄÏIpbàÛaŠekÈ‘kãbuåßbßkÈ‘óÜÇðŠmÛaònibrÛaòÈöb’ÛaLÝØ‘ˆdmÛaë
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òîݸLòîϊȽapbíŠÄäÛa‰bgåà™ëÝaëÉëcòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßæc‡gòîϊȽapbàÛaòÇìà©ìçÞëþaòqýrÛôìnªéãbÏI‰…üaòî×aHõŠ½aáèÐíÛa
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Ûata†yþaÝÈÐiÌnÜÛò™ŠÇæìØmëÚìÜÛaéuìmïçëòîÇì™ì½aòÔîÔ§a…ŠÐÜÛòîmaˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇŠqûmNÉëcïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaæbÏôŠcñ‰bjÈië
îİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÔjm´y¿òîİàäÛaåßÝaëïib¯gëcÜòàîÓáØyòõbšÇc´iòí…ŠÐÛaÖëŠÐÛaýçbvnßbäÛaåßò÷ÐiæÔíáîàÈnÛaëòbjÛaÍÛbi
æbîyþaáÄÈß¿êîÌmkÈ–íëò÷ÐÛaÙÜm(2)N ¿òîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßpbßa†‚na´iòã‰bÔ½aæg
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bàèäîiÞ…bjn½aâa†‚nüaëLbãbîycôŠþaòÛü†ibàç†ycLxbnänüaæc†îiÝØÛaòÓýÇïçòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa´iòÓýÈÛaµg’íïÔİä½a
õŒ¦biLñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßåßüìëòÈŠr×aìçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßæaëòîİàäÛaLiÁjmŠmÛaõbäiëpbçb£üaòa‰…ëÁîàänÛaòîÜàÈibþaòu‰†Ûb
k–ÈnÛaåÇòíŠÄãNòîu‰b¨aòÇbà¦añ‰ì•æaIòîİàäÛaHóÜÇbèîÛgŠÄäíübèiˆ×ëcbèÓ†•bcLòÇbà¦ab–ßëÒa†çcÉßbèjbämbcóÜÇÝi
à¦a¿ñ…ìuì½apbàÛaðìn¤üëcðìn¤b¶‰ôŠcñ‰bjÈiëcòîÜa†ÛaòÇbòİàä½aL¿bèäîàšnÛòjäÛbibàèßb÷î‘îÛpbàÛaêˆçlˆ×ëcÖ†•æc†îi
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òÌÜÛa¿´Ï…aß´nàÜ×´iŒî¸æc˜ì–¨aaˆç¿bäÛ†iüëbàçëòíŒîÜØã⁄aZòàÜ×IstereotypeHòàÜ×ëIimageHN|Üİ–ßÞ…bÈí‡g
òíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛa¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaòàÜ×IimageHìßbÓbèÏŠÇÛaÞbrànÛaÝrßõï’ÜÛïu‰b¨aÝØ’ÜÛʉbi†îÜÔmbèãdi…‰ìÐ×aNŠ×ˆíë
æcbšícìßbÔÛaIimageH†àÈnßÝÈÏïçLÑ–íëcñ‰ì•Éä–íóäȶõï’Ûübr·Éä–íðcñ‰ì•Éä–íë(2)NòàÜ×ÒŠÈíéãbÏiëìßbÓbßcI
imageHbèãdiIcò‚ãb÷î‘ëcbãbãgæìØíæd×õï‘ÝØ‘åßôŠLÞbÔí‡g
(1)ñ‰bju‰ìØä•õbЕZñ‰ì•òîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿bîãbİíŠi19451958êa‰ìn×…òyëŠcL
Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇâýÇ⁄aáÓla…ŁaòîÜ×…a†ÌiòÈßbuµgo߆Ó2001˜L142143N
(2) The Oxford Universal Dictionary , 5d , ( Oxford: The Clarendonpress , 1964 p.1063.
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éîicåßò‚ãìç†ÛìÛaaˆçægLÝÔÈÛa¿ñ‰ì•bšícïçëH(1)NÕÐníëÙÛb½ï™b½aòiŠ£ÝØÛòvînãïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaæc¿æìîiŠÌÛaæìrybjÛa
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ÑîØnm‡gÙbànÛaòíìÓëcòÐîÈ™bÈÜÛòjmŠßñ‰ì•bèãdiñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçæbàjîÛbäßýycëbämaŠßëbäma‰†ÓëbäÓaë‡cëbäma…bÇbèÔÏëóÜÇL‰ì•æìØmü†Óë
bÈÜÛòÜànØßbämõbÐ×ëbäßbØyc¿ŠqûmïçëåؾbÈÛñ‰ì•ÙÛ‡ÉßbèäØÛáÜÈnÛa¿LñbîzÜÛbänÐÜÏ¿ónyÝiå튣aêb£bäÛbÈÏc…ë…‰ë(3)Nêˆçæg
ñ…ŠaòîÇì™ì½aénÏŠÈßbèãdiÒŠÈmbÈÛaåÇ…ŠÐÛabèÜà°ÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaéÛýåߊÄäíòÓ…b•òÔîÔyéãdiéiåßûíbßëcóÜÇbèàèÐíëéÛìybßµg
ébc(4)N
(1)Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language , New York ,
PORTLAND HOUSE , 1990 , P. 449 (2)…NñìvÇïÜÇZLknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaLòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa1983˜L7N (3)cpßüNpßüZLÖ늒Ûa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLïÇbànuüaÐäÛaáÜÇ1993˜L148N (4)…NòÓ‰b’ßîmZì•ëïiŠÈÛaLoîããüaëpbîöbšÐÛaëò½ìÈÛaÝÿém‰‰ì’äßs¡lbn׿
…ŠíŠ¤Lòíìaëò½ìÈÛaNLbîÐÛ…ýîÏòÈßbuLæbàÇLÉj•gìicb•1999˜L365N
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‰ìİmk¡Þ†jnmëÌnmòî׊yòîÜàÇïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØmægòîÏbÔrÛaëòîbîÛaÒëŠÄÛaëòí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþaÌmëïÇbànuüaÉÓaìÛaL
Šàn½aÝÇbÐnÛaëòã늽biánmb¸aë…ìà¦aëpbjrÛbiÑ–nmüïèÏÙÛˆÛÉnmëìàämë‰ìİnnÏñbî§aÞaìîÌnÛaÝjÔmëÕàÈnmë…†Ènmë(1)N
ñ‰ì–ÛaïzÜİ–ß´iæìÈà¯lŠÈÛa´rybjÛakÜËaæbÏÙÛ‡Éßëa†yaëbßìèÐßbèãë†ÈíëòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîäçˆÛaNòîÜàÈi´ànè½a´rybjÛaåßë
ÒŠÈíðˆÛað‰bŠšïàÜy‰ìn׆Ûaå튣aÞìÔÇ¿‰ì–ÛaåíìØmòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛabèãdiZIáníbßòÇbà¦ÂŠÐ½aÁîjnÛaëkÜ–nÛbiÑ–ní‰ì–m
êˆçµgæìànäíåíˆÛaå튣a˜b‚‘þaÑ•ëéöì™óÜÇòÇbà¦aLÙÜnÛñŒîà½apbàÛaë—öb–¨aåßòÇìੵga…bänaáèÐîä–mëòÇbà¦aHN(2)
(1)…NñìvÇïÜÇZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa12N (2)…Nð‰bŠšïàÜyZ×ñcŠ½aIŠeHäàîç¿òa‰…¿ñcŠ½aòãbØßóÜÇïãbä¦aÁîàänÛaò
lbn׿Lïã…‰þaÉànaZŠŁañ‰ì•ZLkîjÛŠçbİÛaŠíŠ¤LéîÛga‰ìÄäßëaŠÃbãïiŠÈÛaLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëi1999˜L765N
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ïãbrÛa@szj½a òîäçˆÛa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@âìèÐß@‰ìİm@ @
–Ûa|Üİ–ßâa†‚nac†iòîäçˆÛañ‰ìimageïãbrÛaÑ–äÛaòía†iÉßòí‰bvnÛapf’ä½biòÓýÇéÛ|Üİ–à×å튒ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßNæasjÛbßåØÛòÐÜn‚½aòîäè½aëòîßýÇ⁄aëòîbîÛapüba¿â†‚na(1)NÞýbã†è‘†ÔÛ
ÐäÛaáÜÇtb¡c¿âìèнaaˆa‰ìšyå튒ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßïãbrÛaÑ–äÛauüaòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛaëâýÇ⁄apba‰…ëïÇbànLâbÈÛaðcŠÛatì¡¿ë
òîÛë†ÛapbÓýÈÛaëLÉßémýa†mëcâìèнaaˆç‰ìšy†•ŠãæcåعsîyòßbÈÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîßìÔÛañ‰ì–Ûaëõa‰Łaëpbçb£üaÝrßòèib’ßáîçbÐßN
òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßæcµgòîjäuþa‰…b–½aœÈi’mëµgŠèÄíâbÇ¿üg…ìuìÛa1908éibn׿‰b‘cðˆÛaëüa…âbçaŠubÈÛa†íóÜÇ
Ájßõï‘åíìØmµgòuby¿´jbäÛaæcµgòbîÛaëò튒jÛaòÈîjİÛabß|‘Šß¿òÔrÛa†äÇáÄäßëáöa…ë(2)Nñ†ÇòîiŠÌÛapba‰†Ûa¿â†‚nmë
çˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßóÜÇòÛü†ÜÛpajÈmòíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛa¿bç‹Šicòîä imageóäȶîmýÛaÝ•ÿÛµëþaòàÜØÛa†ÈmëLIÝr¹ëcï×b°HéîÜÇë
ñb×baëÝîrànÛaóÜdžànÈmòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛbÏNñ‰ì–ÛaµajíëávÈß’íëbîyÚ‰†íüõï’ÛïÜÔljì–mbèãgóÜÇòîäçˆÛaLÞbàÇdiéÜî¥åعåØÛë
(1) The New EncyclopaediaBritannia:CD. 2003image. (2) vermun Bogolonor; Blak Well, Encyolpeia of political sciences,
Oxford , Black wall pudlishers. 1991, p.229.
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íŠëcòîÜÔÇåÇéîÜÇáاaëcbßõì–m—‚’ÛaÉîİníbènİaìiòÔÑz–Ûaë‹bÐÜnÛb×ðçbà¦aÞb–müaÝöbëÝrßpbîİȽaåßá×ÕíŠ(1)N
ñ‰ì–ÛaëòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–¶ÁjmŠíëòîßìÔÛaN˜b‚‘þaëñbî§aåÇòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÕÜİßÈmòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛbÏÇcïçëòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaåßÝcëáLoÓëåßÞ†jnmëÌnmbèãgµaòÏb™⁄bi
òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåÇbènÛü…¿òî•ì–Šr×còîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûaæa´y¿Šüñ‰ì–ÛaåíìØmÝyaŠ½òÔyüòÜyŠß†Èmë…ìà¦aëpbjrÛbiánmbèãþ
òîäçˆÛa(2)NâìèÐ߉ìÜjm¿ðŠÄäÛaîdnÛaaˆçáçb†ÔÛIòîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaHëcIòîßìÔÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaHbÈaëbßa†‚nabã†è‘ðˆÛaœÈjÛajÈmky
å튒ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßïãbrÛaÑ–äÛaˆäßéÛLÙÜmáÃbÈmÉߘbÝØ’iëïÛë†ÛaÚìÜÛaŠçaìÃÞëbänÛoŠ×Ûapba‰†ÛaLlìÈ’Ûa‰ì•ëpaŠÄãë
bèšÈjÛLŠ•bȽaÞb–müaÝöbë¿b蹆ÔmëñNá×…Š©òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaoîÛëÁÔÏpbßìÜȽaåßLbèiÃbÐnyüaëbèÈîà£ëpbßìÜȽaêˆçõbЙgáníåØÛë
bèÈßÑîØníëæbã⁄abèîÏ“îÈíÛaò÷îjÛaÉßÕÐníb½bÔÏëLñ‰ì–Ûaæüpbçb£üaëÒ‰bȽaëÕöbÔ§aëpbßìÜȽaåßñr×pbãìØßåßÑÛdnmòîäçˆÛa
aëòîÐäÛaòà×a½añ¨aÕíŠåÇbèibn×aáníëñ†ßb¦aÂb¸þaëpa‰ì–nÛémbîypaìäÇ…ŠÐÛaô†Û(3)NïÜÜî’ØîßØîÛa†äÇñ‰ì–Ûaæc†¬aˆë
(1) Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language , New York ,
PORTLAND HOUSE , 1990 , P. 449 (2)”b‰…bÔÛa†jÇZÛaLïiŠÌÛaâýÇ⁄añeŠß¿lŠÌÛaëâýfiÛòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûaò׊‘LbíŠ
Lñ…ë†aâýÇfiÛñŠöa†Ûa1981˜L13N (3)aìÇð‹bËZÂLòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïiŠÈÛa1LòßbèmpbÇìjİßLñ†uL1985˜L4N
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òîÇbànuüaòíìaåíìØmŠ•bäÇåߊ–äÇïçLbßkÜÓ¿êŠÄäiÉÔíéãaÝiïÈà¦abèÜØ‘¿òíìañaìãéîàíL…ŠÐÛaòíìañaìäÏâbÄäÛaìçéí†ÛòíIÕäÛaH
pa‰ì–nÛaëc‰ì–ÛaåßòîäiæìØíæcë†ÈíüðˆÛa¿bÔrÛaâbÄäÛaÝibÔß¿ŠÈ½aíbÈßåàšnmòî×a‰…gòØj‘óÜdžvnmbÈÛaÚa‰…biò•b¨apaÐnÛaë
òîÏbÔq‹ì߉ëx‡b¸ë(1)N
iLbèšÈiåÇތȶÑÔmLòÜ–ÐäßpbãìØßoîÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaægÝIµgbèšÈióÜÇñ†ànÈßLò튖jÛaòiŠvnÜÛòèib’ßLòîÔÏaìmòîÈà£paõbäi
îäȽaåßÝØiLòÐÜn«pbu‰…ZœÈiòîäjiûjänÛaëcÞü†nüaåعéãaôŠþa‰ì–Ûaòîäiå߉ì–ÛaLåÇwnäm‰ì–ÛaœÈi¿paîÌnÛaæcóäȶëcôŠþaîÌmì−évníæ‹aìmH(2)NäعÙÛˆiëëcòîÜ×ñ‰ì•åÇs톧abä
Ûaòî™b½aéi‰b£ëémÝàxbnä×…ŠÐÛabèîàäíæcåعbÈÜÛòîÛbºgbè‘bÇN|Üİ–½…ŠÐ½aâa†‚nüaaˆç¿ìçbäçéèuaìãðˆÛaÝØ’½aæg
âa†‚nüaaˆçkãbuµgâbÈÛa§aÖbî¿ém†çb’ßbã†nÇaðˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaİ–½…Šİ½aëÉaìÛaâìÜǵaïànämòÐÜn«pbibİëpbÓbî¿ñ‰ì–Ûa|Ü
òÐÜn«òîÏŠÈßÞìÔyë(3)NbèîÏ“îÈíÛaò÷îjÛbiòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØmŠqdníëïu‰b¨abÈÛaåßéÈÓìßë…ŠÐÛaLòbnÛapbßìÜȽaòîÇìãëoÓìÛaòÈîjë
(1)ïÜÜî’ØîßØîÛaZ…òºŠmLòíìaNLáîìÛa‰a…LÕ’ß…LòÐëïÜÇ1993˜L1826N (2)…NæìîÜËæbçŠiZÛë†ÛaòîiŠÈÛaòäaLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëiLòßþa†™ò
1994˜L59N (3)òíbÏcåí†Ûa‰ìã†àªZLÁîìÛaïßý⁄aïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa¿ŠŁa‰ì•Ýî‚n½alŠÌÛa
LïiŠÈÛa¿bÔrÛaŒ×Š½aLpëi2000˜L19N
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òíŠþaëòî–‚’ÛapbÓýÈÛaòÈîjëLéí†Ûòîãbã⁄apa‰bšzÜÛpbÓýÇëîbyþaëŠÇb’½aòîÇìãëÉàna¿ñ†öbÛapbî×ìÜÛaëòÓa†–Ûa
pübÈÐãüaëNta†ygµgð…ûmÝßaìÇòÇìàv¶òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaŠqdnmël늧aÝrßñr½ata†yþabèàçclb¯⁄aëckÜÛbibèîÏpaîÌm
½ata†yþaåßÙÛ‡ËëòßbaòîbîÛata†yþaët‰aìØÛaëêbjnãýÛñrbèîÜÇbäÛa…bînÇaâ†ÇëbèniaŠÌÛëcbènîàçþ(1)NòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaŠqdnmÙÛˆ×
ëcoÓìÛaåßòÜíìñÏbèmaqdmëcbèqë†yÖŠÌníÛaòà×a½ata†yþbiŠèÄíüëcLòîÇìjcéj‘ëcòîßìíñÌ•ta†ycëpbãìØßñ†ÇåßæìØnm
ëcÝànØmb߆äÇügbçqdmÞbàn×üaåßlÔmNÝöbëñ‰ìİŠèÄmbäçåßëåÇáèí†ÛïÛü†Ûa‰b⁄aÝØ’mbèÜÈuë…aŠÏÿÛñ‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’m¿âýÇ⁄aâ†ÇëcòÜîìÛaâbànça‰bg¿bèÈíˆmëb犒ämÛaõa‰ŁaëpbßìÜȽaÕíŠôŠdiëcòu‰†iŠqûíðˆÛaŠßþaLôŠþaÞbÐËgëòäîÈßpbÇì™ì¶âbànçüa
…aŠÏþaô†ÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’móÜÇ(2)N ¿a†í†u†ÈíòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßâa†‚naæaåßáËŠÛaóÜÇëÒŠÈíïßý⁄aëïiŠÈÛaƒí‰bnÛa¿sybjÛaëÉjnn½aæhÏòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûaaë‰b‘cëñ‰ì–ÜÛñ†í†ÇpaÐmaì߆ӆÓÝöaëþaæìàܽalŠÈÛaõbàÜÈÛaæc
µgì™ìiòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßN¿‰ìÄäßåiaô†ÛŠ–−æcåعsîy
(1)íìÈÛaïÜdžàªZÇLñŠçbÔÛaLÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛa´iïÛë†ÛaâýÇ⁄aLknØÛab1987˜L166170N
(2)…NЖÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jÇÞaìãZta†yc†ÈiòîØíŠßþaòîÇìjþapýa¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•11‰ì’äßs¡LànjåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àܽaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄albn׿
LñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛx1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002˜L435N
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ïçñ‰ì–ÜÛòîö‰æbÈßtýqlŠÈÛaæbÛIò÷îaëÝØ’ÛaHëIõï’ÛaòÔîÔyHëIénЕNHéÛìÔiÞëþaóäȽaóÜÇÝÛ†íëZIìçë‰ì–½aµbÈmaõbc¿
ò•bñ‰ì•bèäßõï‘Ý×óİÇdÏbèjm‰ëpa…ìuì½aÉì•ðˆÛaò÷îçëbèÏýnaóÜÇbèiŒîàníñ…ŠÐßH(1)N
òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëbßìàÇñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßïÄy†ÓëIimageHéuëóÜÇlŠÈÛa´rybjÛaëõbàÜÈÛa†ädžíaŒn߉욡˜ì–¨aN‰ìš§aaˆçÝÈÛë
Êbî™ëÝçÛa†yµgÝ–íbîÏŠÈßbÇbmaâìèнaóÜÇóЙcbßìçÉaìÛaÕîÓ†ÛaÑíŠÈnÛa…ë†yÝa†nÛaåÇýšÏ…†a|™aìÛaâa†‚nüaë
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|j’Ûaïçëñ‰ì–Ûað‡ñ†çb’½ñeŠßëòÛeïçÝÔÈÛa¿Ý–¤òîÐî×bèäßæbÈßéîj’ÛaÞbr½aëñeŠ½a¿Ýî‚n½biLx‰b¨a¿æb×õaìõï’ÛaéiŒîàníbßbèäß
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aˆ×Þb§añ‰ì•ëaˆ×òÛb½añ‰ì•ÞbÔîÏïãbȽaLíµbÈmém‰ì–Ïéma‡bèi…aŠµbÈmÞbÓbà×õbî‘þaåßêa†ÇbßòÜqb¾åÇòçŒä½aò•ì–‚½aIéÜrà×îÛ
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æbîÇþabçbåçˆÛax‰bLëë‰ì•ïàíìèωì–nÛabçbåçˆÛa¿…ìu‰ì–nÛbiæbã⁄aÝÔÇ¿ñ…ìuì½aõbî‘þa(1)NïãbuŠ¦aÑ튒Ûa†äÇñ‰ì–Ûaë
æbÇìãïçZïçñ‰ì–ÛaæaŠ×‡sîyòîÇìäÛañ‰ì–Ûaëòîà¦añ‰ì–ÛaIòîÐî×òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaïçëåçˆÛa¿õï’Ûañ‰ì•Þì–yL¿Ý•byìçbßÝ×æü
iýÏÝÔÈÛaïÜÔÇ—î‚’måßéÛ†HNõï’Ûañ‰ì•ïçê†äÇòîu‰b¨añ‰ì–Ûaëx‰b¨a¿bç†uaìm†äÇ(2)N
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ñ‰ì–Ûbi´ànè½abèidžÓꆬsîyòîäçˆÛaL…ìuìÛac†jßïçê†äÇñ‰ì–ÛbÏÝÈÐÛbiLñ‰ì–ÛaÕíŠåÇÝÈÐÛaòÛbyµgñìÔÛaòÛbyåßÝÔäí…ìuìÛaëNñ‰ì–Ï
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LlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îaLñŠçbÔÛa1977˜L228N (3)ŠÈÛaõb¸⁄a†èÈßLpëiLñ…bí‹åÈߊ튤LòîiŠÈÛaòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½aLïi1986ñ‰ì•ñ…bßLN
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pýîr·ôìoîÛêŠÄäi‰bØÏþbωbØÏþaÝ׉†–ßòî§aòiŠvnÛaåßõbî‘ÿÛNñ‰ì•µgÞìzníÑÈší´yëòϊȽaÖýİãaòİÔãìçby⁄aëimagebèm†yp†ÔÏñ‰ì•ïçñŠØÐÛaë(1)N
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ñ†öbÛapbîöbärÛaåßar׋ëbvníæcñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßÇæìnËŠiÞëbyLÊì™ì½aëpaˆÛaòîöbär×L’í‡gñ…b½aë‰ìÈ’ÛaëZIÈßa…ìu놖Ôãñ‰ì–Ûbibäî
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‹ìߊÛaåßòØj‘åÇñ‰bjÇìçïÇbànuüaÞbaæübéßa†‚naýÜÈßðŠib¦a†ibÇaëÛaõbî‘þaòÔîÔyéÛýåßôŠãðˆÛa‰bÄä½b×ìèÏŠçaìÄÛaëõbî‘þaÝíëdmbèîÏánííbȽ
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rÛaÞìÔîÏòîiŠÈÛaòÏbÔZIõïܽaïÛbî¨aŠ–ÛaìçïiŠÈÛaïÇbànuüabäÜî«ægñbãbȽaÊaìãcëpüìİjÛaëŠqf½aåßbäÛbßcŠíLj×…†ÇéäØíðˆÛaŠ–Ûa
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(1)æì׉c†àªZLâý⁄aóÜÇñˆÏbãÂ2LLáîè¦abî•òºŠmLpëiLòîİlja…1997L˜18N
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(1)…Nñ…b»ïãìîiZšèãòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLòbîÛaëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLÖŠ’Ûaò1996˜L229N
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sÛbrÛa@szj½a bèäíìØm@¿@âýÇüa@Ýöbë@‰ë…ëòîßýÇüa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@âìèÐß@ @
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µao߆ÓâýÇüaòîÜ×âbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb 1993L˜79–80N
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åßñ†ànßbèãaáˉòÈäİ–½aòîÈÓaìÛaêˆçëLæìíŒÐÜnÛa¿bç†çb’ãëìí…aŠÛaæaµaÝî·òÇìä–½aòîßýÇ⁄aòîÈÓaìÛbÏbèäÇÑÜn¥bèãaügòîÈÓaìÛañbî§a
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Óêb£´È߉ì–niçbà¦aêˆçÁi‰ëlìÈ’Ûaêˆçbíbš(3)N
(1)…Næbàrdž»a†»aë‰bväÛa†îÈïßbZŠ–½añìЖÛapbçb£aïiŠÈÛaæbãüañ‰ì•ì−òí
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ëæìàš½aánèíbàäîyŠüaåÇñ‰ì•æìØmæaåعòîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûañ‰ì–ÛaæìØm†ÓëLŠakÈ’ÛëaôŠaòÛë…¿ñbî§añb×bz¶ïßýÇüaåßðc¿bèma‡ñbî§añb×bªïßýÇüaæìàš½aÞëbäníbàäîypaˆÜÛòîßýÇüa
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bèäîÈiòÛë…ÞbîyòîßýÇüaòÜîìÛaóÜÇ´àöbÔÛaô†Û…ì–Ô½aïÜÔÈÛaLÝÿpaŒØmŠ½aåßòܺLÞìà½aòbîåßbbaòÔrjä½aòîßýÇüaòbîÛabèàça
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áèäßòjmŠßÝÓaáèãdi…ìÜÛœîjÛaÑ•ëëaÉî™ë(3)N ïßýÇüa‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•ŠØÏ¿ñ‰ì•bbaïçòîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaëkbänmLòšíŠÇÂìİ¢|ßýßáŠíðˆÛaëLâýÇüaòÜîëóÜÇŠİî½a
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(2)ðëaŠÈ’ÛaïÜdž»aZ‰†–ßbÕiL˜65N (3)a†ã‰ì–äßå¹aZòîÜ×LâbÈÛaðcŠÛatìzjÛò튖½aòÜaLòîbîÛapa‰aŠÔÛaëòîßýÇüa‰ì–Ûa
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…Šíò튧a“ßaìç…†¤aˆèiëLòÜîìÛaóÜljaŠÔÛaÉãb•ñŠİîô†ßÉßbâaïßýÇüaâbÄäÛaâaòÛë†ÛaòİÜoãb×õaìLpbİÜÛaÙÜmbè×mÛa
µaÝÔnämïßýÇüa‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•pbàîÜÈmæhÏïÛbnÛbiëð…b–nÓüaÞìà½aáöbÔÛaÞýåßñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçòÈîj…†°ðˆÛaÞb–mübiIÏñÜHñ…b½aòîЖmëa
ÖŠİiñ‰ì–Ûaêˆçáí†ÔmÞýåßæìØmòîßýÇüa…aì½aåíìÜnÏòîßýÇüaòÐÜn«ëñ…†ÈnßÞbØ‘aëNëaˆèióäȽaÏêˆçâýÇaÝöbëbèvnämÛa‰ì–Ûaæb
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ÁjšÛbiLÖëŠÏ…ìuëµaòîßýÇüapba‰†ÛaåßóàÄÈÛaòîjÛbÌÛaoÜ•ìm†ÔÏaëòîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûa´i陊ÈmðˆÛaÉÓaìÛLòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–½ƒ‰b¾
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1M bèÐîÛdmëòÛbŠÛaõbäiZbİîiæìØíæcކiüòîbîÛaòÛbŠÛaæìàšàÏbÏìÛdßLbîÛbrßL ñ…bÇc†jmòîbîÛañ‰ì–ÛbÏòîîö‰òÜàLKey phrase
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(1)…NñìvÇïÜÇZÂLòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛa3LknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaL2001L
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ÇâýÇ⁄a¿ØÈmÝikzÏpa‰ì–mâ†Ômübèãhωë†Ûaaˆèiœèämb߆äpa‰ì–nÛaÙÜmåÇÉànapa†ÔnÈßéma‡oÓìÛaNñ‰ì–ÛaæaÞìÔÛaåعë
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á‚™N‰ì–ÛaåíìØnÛpbßìÜȽaŠ¡åßñŠqbän½apbßìÜȽa‰bînaòîÜàÇæg
(1)…N‰b¬a†îÈÛaïßbëæbàrdž»c†»c‰†–ßÕib˜L460N (2)…N†îà§a†jdžàªZLqdnÛapbçb£aëâýÇ⁄apbíŠÄãÕib‰†–ߘL201N
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²jÛòàèßòîÜàÇïçôŠcòßcô†ÛòßcåÇüëcZñŠqbän½apbßìÜȽaêˆçæüòîbîÛaáèöaìçckyÑz–ÛaóÜÇæìàöbÔÛabç‰bn±Lå߆íŒíðˆÛaŠßþa
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bíbšÓåÇòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿bàèßa‰ë…âýÇ⁄aÝöbëð…ûmëòÐÜn‚½añbî§aL‰bØÏþaëõa‰Łaë‰ì–ÛaÝÔäÛòîöŠÛaòÜîìÛaïèÏLádžmë
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1N énÈîjİi…놪bäÛaáÄÈßòiŠ£ÖbİãægLïÔníæbã⁄aæbÏÙÛˆÛë‰b’nãüaòÈaìÛaâýÇ⁄aÝöbë陊ÈmëéÈíˆmëꊒämb¶émbßìÜÈßN
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3N bÈÛa¿ðŠ£ÛaÕöbÔ§aëta†yþaÐmóÜÇâýÇ⁄aÝöbëñ‰†ÓòäîÈ߉앿bèm‰ìÜiëbîßìíLØÐnÛa¿a†èu…ŠÐÛaóÜÇŠÏìíaˆçë
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LŠ’äÛaëpba‰†ÜÛ1995˜L84N
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éiÁîaÉÓaìÛaóÜÇÒŠÈnÛa¿émaµaòÏb™⁄bibèîÜÇLæaâaŠ‘ÛëôŠíëïÛaìy70EâýÇ⁄aÝöbëåßñ†ànßé½bÈÛæbã⁄abèîäjíÛa‰ì–Ûaåß
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âýÇ⁄aÝöbëÇéÜ–mÛapbßìÜȽaåßÒ‰b¦a(2)N
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(3)†îà§a†jÇ…aûÏâbëZs¡LðŠ–½aÈ’ÛaïÇìÛa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•…†ÈÛaLòîÛë†ÛaòbîÛaòÜ©¿‰ì’äßI134HL1998˜L159N
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æbãfiÛòî–‚’Ûaòibr¶ïçòí‰b£òûßNóÜÇpbû½aêˆç†ànÈmëpbãýÇ⁄aÕíŠåÇÙÛ‡ëñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçŠ’ã¿òÐÜn‚½aâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLŠèÃë
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bßìàÇ(2)N
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ÞìÔÇ¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÉä•¿bàèßa‰ë…òîbîÛaòàÄãþakÈÜmëòÐÜn‚½aâýÇ⁄aÝöbìÛbèèîuìmÞýåß…aŠÏþaLå߆uìmü‰ì–ÛaêˆèÏ
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1H@a@õbÔnãapbßìÜȽaë@ta†yþZ@@ @¿ñŠqû½aÖŠİÛaáçcô†ygïçpbßìÜÈàÜÛâýÇ⁄aÝöbëéîuìmægéãcáÜÈãb߆äÇáèßqdnÛaaˆçæaëLôŠcòßcåÇòßcô†Û‰ì–ÛaåíìØm
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bÈÛa¿ñ†í†uNïãbrÛaå튒m¿ñ‰bеgòî™ìнaêˆçôìnßÉω†Óë1946NlŠÈÛaæbÏÙÛˆ×áèãì×æbØíŠßÿÛòîöýÈnañ‰ì•æbØíŠßÿÛaìãì×
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ŠíŠÔnÛa†×csîyÖaŠÈÛaIòîiŠÈÛaòîßìÔÛaéîÏìàämðˆÛaoÓìÛa¿éãaæbÏåßæìØîëïiŠÈÛabÈÛa¿bîö‰bÈÓìßþa¿ûjníéãdiŠ’jíÖaŠÈÛaaŠÄãÖaŠÈÛaÉßÕqëcpbÓýÇádžãæcbäÛòjäÛbiñ†íaŒnßñ‰ì–iëð‰ëŠšÛaóÜdžîÈi†yµg†ànÈíÒìénߊiòÔİä½a¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaŒ×Šßæü
ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaêb£ÖaŠÈÛaÑÓìßH(1)N
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òäîÇÝîÜzni‰Œîߌۉb’mëæbàjîÛÛaëæbrybjÛaâbÓb߆äÇå튒ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßaåßâbÇåßòîÐ’ÜjÛañ‰ìrÛaåÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz–iñ‰ì’ä½aòí‰bj⁄añ…b½
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bßbànçaæìàš½aÝîܤpba‰†ibîjßìÛì×òÈßb òÏbz–Ûapbîäîqýq¿aj×å튒ÈÛaæŠÔÛaLÑz–ÛaæìàšßåÇòîÜîܤòa‰…åߊr×abèälj†•sîy
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2000LµëþaòÈjİÛaL˜216218N
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4N†ÈiëÝjÓïçbà×óÔjnÏbèÜîÜzniâìÔíÛapbßìÜȽa¿sybjÛaŠqûíüòa‰†ÛaõaŠugN
5NµëþañŠ½aÉßwöbnäÛaòã‰bÔßëòîãbqñŠßòa‰†ÛaõaŠugñ…bÇüòîãbØßgÚbäçôŠcpüb©ëŠçaìÃòa‰…wöbnãÉßëcñŠçbÄÛaÐäÛ(1)N
æìàš½a@Ýîܤ@ÑíŠÈmZ@@ @æbçb£aÚbäçbàçòîvèä½aõbàÜdžäÇæìàš½aÝîܤÑíŠÈm¿Z
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LÉí‹ìnÛa늒äÜÛõbЕ‰a…LæbàÇLÕîjİnÛaë2000˜L49N (2)…N廊Ûa†jÇÑaìÇIpbíŠcëZHLÕib‰†–ßLòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûa¿æìàš½aÝîܤ
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òzîz•pbubnänaëpüü†naµgÝ•ìnÛaÒ†èiòîßýÇ⁄a…aì½aÝîܤbİßëÝîÜznÛaëcszjÛaòÛb§òÔiH(1)N
bîãbqZôìna@Ýîܤ@¿@ïÛü†nüa@êb£üa@Z@ @ïãbȽaåÇÑ’ØÛaµgŠçbÄÛaôìnaÑ•ëêb£üaaˆç‹ëbvníëòîÜàÈÛòÐÜn‚½a…bÈiþaåÇÞü†nüaë‰ìİÛa´ibßñõaŠÓëLòäßbØÛa
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pb–Ü‚n½aëcÑîä–nÛaëcòŠèÐÛaåÇÝîÜznÛaÖŠÐí(2)N‰ìn׆ÛaôŠíëïЕìÛa´çb£üaåßÝ×´iÉà¯æìàš½aÝîܤÑíŠÈmæc†îà§a†jdžàªÝîÜznÛbiáöbÔÛaÒ†èníÛawöbnäÛaôìnßëÝîÜznÛapbjÜİnßëïÛü†nüaë
bèÔîÔ¤Néãdiæìàš½aÝîܤ†îà§a†jdžàªÒŠÈíÙÛˆÛëZIpaìݨaòÇìà©ôìna¿òäßbØÛaïãbȽaÒb’n×aµgóÈmÛaòîvèä½aLòîbjm‰üapbÓýÈÛaë
ïàØÛaszjÛaÞýåßïãbȽaêˆèi¿ñŠçbÄÛapbàÜÛáÄä½aëïÇì™ì½aëôìnaaˆçH(3)N
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2015˜L315N (3)½a‰†–éÐã˜L318N
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—öb–¨aáçcŠ×ˆãæcåعâ†ÔmbßÞýåßëòÔibÛapbÐíŠÈnÛaåßëïmŁaìzäÛaóÜÇÙÛ‡ëæìàš½aÝîܤlìÜcbèiŒîàníÛaZ
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5NòîöaŠu⁄aëòîvèä½aëòîäÐÛaïyaìäÛaåßæìàš½aÝîܤòîÜàÇÁjmŠmé™ëŠÏëszjÜÛòîàÜÈÛaòÜØ’½biN
6NÝîܤæìØíæcïÌjäíbàÄnäßæìàš½aN
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10NòîÇì™ì½biæìàš½aÝîܤŒîàníæck¯Lëòîvèä½apbjÜİnàÜÛÉš±N
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æìàš½a@Ýîܤ@lìÜcZ@ @Ýàn’íðˆÛaïЕìÛawèä½akîÛbcåßlìÜcæìàš½aÝîܤ†Èíë
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paë…þaêˆçÝîܤa‡hÏLbèma…bÇëbèiýßëLpbçb£aåÇÑ’ØíÙÛ‡æbÏpbÇbà¦aêˆçI2HN
æìàš½aÝîܤlìÜcsybjÛaↂna†ÓëContentAnalysis
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åßñ†àÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîã1O1O2004òíbÌÛë31O12O2004åßÙÛ‡ëpübÔ½aÙÜmæìàšßÝîܤÞýN
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4NÙÛ‡ëåíŠè‘ñ†ßbàèäîiÝ–Ðm´mŠßÝîÜznÛaòîÜàÇõaŠuhisybjÛaâbÓÝîÜznÛa¿pbjrÛakÜİßÜíïØÛN
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3NýÔnßbçb£a†ÈmbàèäßñŠØÏÝ×æbÏæbmŠØÏñ†yaìÛañŠÔÐÛa¿pŠèÃa‡gêb£aÝØÛ†yaë‰aŠØm‰bjnÇaáníëN
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ÝîÜznÛaÊ늒½òîbþapaõaŠu⁄aåà™NÝîܤìçð†îèànÛaÝîÜznÛaëÝîÜznÛapa†yìÛòãìؽaŠ•bäÈÛa†í†¤ŠÌÛŠÌ•cpbäîÇóÜÇáníïÐî×
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´iòÈÓaìÛa1O1O2004òíbÌÛë31O12O2004LszjÛaÉànbîãbß‹üb©ñ‰ì׈½añ†½aÞýŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a†Èmë
©szjÛaÉànbîãbØßübNõaŠuhiÝîÜznÜÛïãbؽaÞbasybjÛa…†y†ÔÛëÞýŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔàÜÛÝßb‘|ßòîÜàÇ
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ÝîÜznÛa@ñ†yë@†í†¤Z@@ @à×bЕëæìàš½aŠ•bäÇÑ•ëµgóÈíæìàš½aÝîܤæb×b½bîL
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45 ÖaŠÈÜÛaõìÝÓcÞìÜyì− æbàËëŠ×Þìi 10O8O2004
– 162 –
p ‰ì’ä½aÞbÔ½aæaìäÇ akmb×áaÞbÔ½ ÞbÔ½aŠ’ãƒí‰bm
46 ‰ìn†ÜÛÚbènãaNNòzÏbØßábilbç‰⁄a
ÙîrîÛbîÛa… 20O8O2004
47 ÖaŠÈÛaëŒËë…bîj½ëþa´i …ëa…åí‰ìß 23O8O2004
48 ïãbÌÏþakbäÛabnÛb‰ÖaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûï×ßþaë
ÏbâbîÛë 31O8O2004
49 ܦa†»cë”ìiZŒîànßáí†ÔmjØ‘Š½A
ÒìníŠ×ðüìØîã 13O8O2004
50 òèuaì½æbnÔíŠDlbç‰⁄aC¿ÖaŠÈÛa
×ëŠi†îÐí… 17O9O2004
51 þaÊa†¨aNN|iˆÛaÖaŠÇ¿ìÛaëï×ßþa…ìuNAN
æbàËëŠ×Þìi 27O9O2004
52 ïãbÓìÐÛaæcóÜÇ”ìiŠ–ía‡b½_òÈiŠßñŠöa†Ûaëïãbn¤
pŠiŠçlìi 6O10O2004
53 ïÓaŠÇáîzuì−évnãÝç_†í†u
×ëŠi†îÐí… 7O10O2004
54 NNÉä–íæcÝèvÜÛåícåßë_ñìÓ
æbàËëŠ×Þìi 11O10O2004
55 ʉaì‘¿ŠeÊìãåßÝÜ‘moíŠØ
pŠiŠçlìi 16O10O2004
– 163 –
p ‰ì’ä½aÞbÔ½aæaìäÇ akmb×áaÞbÔ½ ÞbÔ½aŠ’ãƒí‰bm
56 ‰bÈÛaâbícµgaìÛbÈmNN pŠiŠçlìi 2O11O2004
57 pbÏŠÇtaßaˆçNNÙÛ‡ëâa†•taß
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 8O11O2004
58 òuìÜÐÛaÝjÓNNêˆçóÜÇkväÜÏòÜ÷þaANN
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 12O11O2004
59 lbç‰⁄aëÖaŠÈÛaZxbn¤ña‰bjß¿b™gåߌÛ
ŠÏbßìmæb߆í 19O11O2004
60 ðcåߊİcòî×ßcñ‰a…g´ÔçaŠßòib–Ç
pŠiŠçlìi 21O11O2004
61 ÖaŠÈÛaNNÝîyŠÛaÝjÓbßpbîäßc æb߆íŠÏbßìm 22O11O2004
62 áÜycïãìÇ…NNa‡gïÈßaìàÜyaëánzNAN
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 26O11O2004
63 ÖaŠÈÛaZæìq‰b½aÂì‘éãgþaNNÛa†–°åàÏ_kçˆ
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 29O11O2004
64 aˆç¿ù…baØÐnÜÛñìÇ…ëïÓaŠÈÛaÑİÈä½a
ïÛbßpŠië‰æb¹Üîçoìv
2O12O2004
65 ”ìjÛZÞbîÏþak׉aNNüëbèãaóÜÇåçaŠm
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 3O12O2004
– 164 –
p ‰ì’ä½aÞbÔ½aæaìäÇ akmb×áaÞbÔ½ ÞbÔ½aŠ’ãƒí‰bm
66 éaîöŠÛñ†í†uòÓb»”ìiANN
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 6O12O2004
67 ëb×ßcÖaŠÈÛaZñ†í†uñ…bßlìŠÛaõa‰ë
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 10O12O2004
68 Áj™cZbjÜn߆ÜîÐßa‰NAN …ëa…åí‰ìß 10O12O2004
69 ÖaŠÈÛaZõa†ÇcµgòÛb‰bväÛaNNÕnÐÛaòÜ×cëANN
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 13O12O2004
70 ÖaŠÈÛaZò•bòÛbyNNkÜİnmb•bbuýÇ
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 20O12O2004
71 aÖaŠÈÛZòî‘bÐÛa|j–m´yòßëbÔß
æb߆íŠÏbßìm 24O12O2004
72 †ÜîÐßa‰ZæcÕ»þaaˆæebßcoà–í
pŠiŠçlìi 29O12O2004
òÌÜÛbiŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿pŠ’ãÛapübÔ½aɺæg†ÈiëòºÛaòîÜàÇóÜÇ´Šàn½a´º½a†ycÉßÖbÐmüaôŠuòíŒîÜØã⁄a
Ñz–ÜÛòÐîz–Ûa¿pŠ’ãÛapübÔ½aÉîºòºiâbÓ†ÓëòîjäuþaoÌÜiÛaëñ‰ì׈½aI72Hô†ÛÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aÉîà¦übÔß
åßñ†àÜÛòÐîz–Ûa¿ðcŠÛapübÔßlbn×1O1O2004ónyë31O12O2004N
– 165 –
ÝîÜznÛapb÷ÏxaŠ‚naëÑîä–nÛaõbäisybjÛaÊbİnaÙÛ‡†ÈiëòÔÜÈn½bmübÔ½abènäàšmÛaòîöŠÛapb÷ÐÛa†í†¤ëÝîÜznÛapa†yë†í†¤ë
½aÞýŠ×ˆÛaòÐãŁaòÐîz–Ûa¿ðcŠÛapübÔßlbn×ô†ÛÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iñ†ïçëñ‰ì׈½aZ
1NòîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN
2Nlbç‰⁄añ‰ì•ëòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½añ‰ì•´iÁiŠÛaò÷ÏN
3N´äîÈߘb‚‘diÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaõa†ÈÛaŠ–yò÷ÏIõa†ÈÛaòä–‚‘HN
4NÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dmò÷ÏN
5NÖaŠÈÛa¿ÝjÔn½añ‰ì•ò÷ÏN
6NÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ò÷ÏN
7NÖaŠÈÛa¿òí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ò÷ÏN
8NÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏsÈjÛalŒyëN
9NòîÓaŠÈÛaÝßb’Ûa‰b߆ÛaòzÜcåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN
10NòîÓaŠÈÛapbib‚nãüaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN
òîbþaÝîÜznÛapb÷ÏbènäàšmÛaòîöŠÛa‰bØÏþa†í†¤ïmdíbàîÏëïmdíbà×ïçëZ
üëcZíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷Ïêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaåßïØòîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaZ
òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ
– 166 –
cN aìàÜníæc†ÈiügbèmìÓëòîÓaŠÈÛaáènî–‚‘æìÏŠÈíüæìîÓaŠÈÛa|îmbнaNNñ…bÇgëcÖaŠÈÛaõbäiñ…bÇg¿òîÛëû½aÝÔäãæcÉîİnãbèäîy
áèÐãc´îÓaŠÈÛaµgê‰bàÇaLaëŠÈ’íåÛáèãabà×ÙÛ‡†ÈiügòîÛëû½biLbèàØyëpaˆÛaÁjšÛòîÔîÔ§aâþaïçòîÛëû½aæüN
lN òîÓaŠÇòßìØyoÜØ’mbßa‡gòîÛbr½abØíŠßcbíaìäiæìäßûîæìîÓaŠÈÛañ‰ëŒßpbib‚nãbiýrßòã‰bÔ½biñ†bÏËòÇ늒ßN
xN òîäÜÈÛaÊbànüapbÜuæbiáèmaì•cóÜÇdi„aŠ–Ûaæìí‰ìèà¦aÞëbyapb×bènãaÞìyïØíŠßþa„ìî’ÛaÜv¶òzܽapaìÔÛaòä¦bç†ÔÈmÛ
õa…cåÇbã…ìäu‰bÄãcÒŠ–m´îÓaŠÈÛaõbävÛaòîãbã⁄æbØíŠßþa…ìä¦aáèmbjuaëN
…N pa…bîÔÛaÝjÓåßñ†àÈnßòbîìçkíŠËìicåv¿t†ybßÓaŠÈÛaõbävÛaò×ì‘ŠØÛòîØíŠßþaòí‰bj‚nüaòíŠØÈÛa´î
pbÔîÔznÜÛáèn÷îènÛëLñŠİîÛaåÇouŠòbîïçëN
êN ¿ÖaŠÇþaëkçaˆ½a´iòîÐöbİÛaòänÐÛa‰ëˆiwuûmÞýnyüapbİÜæaÑöbÃìÛaëòîbîÛaÉÓaì½a¿òîÐöbİÛaò–•bac†jßbç…bànÇbi…ýjÛa
âbÄäÛaëæìãbÔÛalbîË¿òzܽapbî’îÜî½a‰b’nãbibèybëLòßbÈÛaN
ëN brÛbqa‰bîïaŠÔ¹†Ûa‰bî¨anÈíLïÜjÓïiŠÇÉàn©Ý×ÝrßéÜrßÖaŠÈÛaNìçbàöa…éîÏÞëþa‰bî¨aZDbçúa†ÇcâŒèíëÜîjÓŠ–nämæcNC‰bî¨aëL
ìçïãbrÛaZDŠ¥æck¯ÙnÜîjÓæhÏpŠ†ÓÜîjÓoßa…bßCNbßcìèÏsÛbrÛa‰bî¨aZD¿bèßì–kØíëÜîjÓkØmæcoÓìÛaÐãN
‹N paìÔÛaægïçkíŠËìicåvòzîšÏÊìÓìÛïîöŠÛakjÛaæg
– 167 –
òí‰bj‚napbßìÜÈßbèí†ÛåØíëa…Š·éuaìmoãb×ÖaŠÈÛa¿òî×ßüaNóÜÇbäm‰†ÔiëcòîÇŠ‘ñŠÄãbäîÛgæëŠÄäí´îÓaŠÈÛaåßýîÜÓa…†Çæcbà×
â†ÔnÛaóÜÇaëúŠ¯ëcaìjËŠíáÜÏaˆÛëLáèníb»òí‰bj‚napbßìÜȶbäºbèíðˆÛaåߘ얢N
N ìçLjØ‘ñõaŠÔÛoÓëéí†Ûæb×a‡gL”ìiîöŠÛbiÕÜÈn½a‰†Ûapbî–‚’ÛaÕrmbjíŠÔmòîyŠßÝ×ïÐÏLòîma‰bj‚nüapbÓbÐ⁄aòîàny
ïq‰b×ì−óÜÇòzîz•ËæìØmæcµgïènämÛapbßìÜȽbiN†ÔÏÛaémbäiÛÙܽaÖ†•Ö†•ëLònîßoîîÛìuæcìîßë‰Ö†•ëLpbíØ
ìËbíkí‡b×cÝîİÇN
bîãbqZñ‰ì•´iÁiŠÛabèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½albç‰⁄añ‰ì•ëZ
òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ
cN bφçïÇbà¦aëcð…ŠÐÛaôìn½aóÜÇõaìÖaŠÈÛaìí‰bznãaÙܹüÖaŠÈÜÛ†îÐßõï‘ðcáí†Ôm¿oÜ’ÏbØíŠßcæcóÜÇòäçÛaôìLáçë
Ò†aaˆçÝucåßÖaŠÈÛakÈ‘ÝØiòîzšnÜÛ…a†ÈnaóÜÇN
lN òÛëbªëcó™ìÐÛaëlaŠ¨aòÇb‘g¿bîÛby‰aŠ‘þaòİ—‚Ünmåßj×…†ÇÝnÓéäÇwnäíÝàÈiâbîÔÜÛòîØíŠßþapaìÔÛa‹aŒÐna
´îÓaŠÈÛaL…ûíb¾bäÛaÊbäÓgë´îÓaŠÈÛa´Ûëû½axaŠygµgïÛbnÛbið´îØíŠßþa†í¿pa‹ìu‰cåߊr×caìîÛáèãdiN
xN ´îrÈiåßéãìØßbäÛaaë‰didjÈmüñŠíŠ‘ôìÓÝÈÐÛbiéuaìãå−æìãbÔÛaÖŠëò¹Š¦a¿ªëñ†ÇbÔÛbiòİjmŠßŠ•bäÇë´ÔibLáèãa
– 168 –
åßñj×…a†ÇcÝnÓæìÜ•aìíkÛbİßòícåÇaìz–Ðíæaæë†i´îÓaŠÈÛaòîbîN
…N ÉßÝ’Ðãæa†îyìÛaéàçë†Çòi‰bªåßòiìÈ•Šr×còàèßÚbäçîÛÝí†iwßbãŠiµgê‰bÔnÏaLÕzÛaôìéÈßð†¯üë†ÈÛaÙÛ‡ÝràÏ
߆nÛaëN
êN òîܪòîÓaŠÇpbiaˆÇxbnãáçÝßb’Ûa‰b߆ÛaÞbu‰ægLbþa¿áçëë…‰ìnßòÜÓòîßýgòÏŠİnߊ•bäÇëïiŠÈÛaâýÇ⁄aåßwíŒßáèÔܱæN
ëN Þýnyaæg37´îäîİÜÐÛaÉÏ…òîiŠÌÛaòКÜÛÝîöaŠgÝjÓåßbßbÇòÜîÜÔÛapaìäÛaÞýòîib‚nãüaâbèàÜÛáèäß…a†ÇcÊìİnnÛæìävÜÛpbîÜàÈÛapc†ibàîÏa†yaëbßbdžÈníÖaŠÈÛaÞýnyaåØÛëLòî™b½a
nãüaòîØíŠßþapaìÔÛaÞì•ëåßòÜîÜÓŠè‘c†Èiòí‰bzN
‹N ¿áèäØßcbßaìÜnÔíæcæìÛëb°áèãgìçÖaŠÈÛa¿æìîibç‰⁄aéÜÈÐíbßlŠy¿ýa…ÖaŠÈÛa‰bèäíëéîÏñ†zn½apbíüìÛaÝ’ÐmónyÖaŠÈÛa
òîÜçcN
N ÉaëÖbİãóÜÇ“ÐnßæŁaéäØÛÖaŠÈÛa¿a…ìuìßåØílbç‰⁄a±´yëÑ–ãæaÉîİnãübäãhÏá‹bäßåßx늨aæìîÓaŠÈÛaó’
â†ÔméãdiÚbäçÝ•b§aN
ÂN æìîibç‰⁄aéÜÈÐíb¶aëŠØÏZÖaŠÈÛa¿áèäØßcbßaìÜnÔíæcæìÛëb°áèãgÖaŠÈÛa‰bèäíëLÖaŠÈÛa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaÝ’ÐmónyôŠcå×bßc¿ë
íæcåعüïÛbnÛbiëLòîÜçclŠy¿ýa…òîaŠÔ¹†ÜÛÝßc—î–id’äb×ßcÒbÈ™gåعˆö†äÇëïiŠÈÛabÈÛa¿N
– 169 –
ðN åߊßþaÉÓaë¿ÑÛdnmòîÓaŠÈÛaòŠ’Ûa…aŠÏcÝnÔmÛapaìÔÛaægòîäÛaòîÜÓþapa‹bînßaëáØyñ…bÈnaµgæìÈíåíˆÛaLòäÛa´àܽa
eðcÑãæìÛëb°´îܪëkãbuc´îßýgëcLsÈjÛalŒyëÖbÏÖaŠÈÛa¿òîãbàÜÈÛaëòí…†ÈnÛaëòqa†zÜÛN
ÚN óÜdžíŒmÛaÖaŠÈÛaŒ×aŠßæaÕqìnÛabääعÝç570æcåعLaŒ×ŠßæìßëbÔîåí…Šàn½aæcâcL´í‰bznãüaåíŠvнaåßòîàªëòäßeæìØm
_ÙÛ‡
brÛbqZÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaõa†ÈÛaŠ–yêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛab‚‘di´äîÈߘIõa†ÈÛaòä–‚‘HZ
òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ
cN sí†yÞëc‰bqc´yâa†–iòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòybgægïiŠÈÛabÈÛa¿ïbîÛaý•⁄aåÇïÔîÔyN
lN ò‰b¾óÜÇa‰…bÓæb×´yâa†•æüÞü‡⁄biïiŠÇÝ׊Ȓíæck¯òîq‰b×pbbîbÈÛa¿brjÇŠr×þaëŠÔÏþa†ÜjÛaµgÌÛaÖaŠÈÛaoÛìyN
xN ádžÛaâa†–Ûaì߆ÓáèîÐÔrßœÈiæüÞü‡⁄biïiŠÇÝ׊Ȓíæck¯bšícLáènßaŠ×åÇbÇbÏ…âa†–i|îİíåßáçlŠÈÛaóÜÇæb×´y¿N
…N bèÜà×diòÛë†ÛaŠß†ÏÞýnyüaõbuÉàna´yâa†•Šß…æc†ÈiN
êN ½aæg´yâa†•œÏ‰ëïë‰b–ÛaÊbφÛaâbÄãõa‹gòîØíŠßþaÒëb‚pbàvçÊìÓëÉäßåÇbänÜÌ‘†ÓýÛaåÇ“înÐnÛapbîÜàÈÛ11ànjN
– 170 –
ëN Š½aåßæbÔrjäíbàèäØÛë´ÐÜn«åí†í†èmæýØ’íâa†•ëñ†ÇbÔÛaægð…b–nÓüa…ì׊ÛaëÉaìÛaÉàÔÜÛéma‡N
‹N ·ÂìÔŠØjßoÓë¿æ‰bÓ”ìiÕíŠÏòyb¿´yâa†•Þbrò÷bòã‰bÔßêˆçëL´ÛŠi‰a†uÂìÔÉß…a†Ìjië…ŠÐÛaN´ÛŠi‰a†vÏ
æcbßëéãþLéÈàÔíðˆÛaÉànbiéÛòíìšÇòÜ•üëLbîÜ×ÉäݖߌubyïㆽaÉànaëñŠ§aÖìÛa|İÛaóÜÇê†ÈipŠèÄ·L‰a†¦aÙÛ‡Ýí‹c
Óoãb×ÛaLòîaŠÔ¹†Ûa†îÛbÔnÛaëòîÓŠ’Ûabîãb½cÝrßå×bßc¿Úbäçòàöbbí‰bÌäçëa†äÛìiëNÕíŠİÛaådžÈnjãæcìçéÜÈÏbäîÜÇ´ÈmbßÝ×ëN
N åÇëLïu‰b¨abÈÛaÉßÝ•aìnÛaåÇåíŒubÈÛalbj’ÛaåßrØÛaægaˆçâa†•Év‘ëLåí†Ûaµgaìè£aL†ÜjÛaÝa…ÑöbÃëóÜÇÞì–§a
bÔmhiò뉆ßwßaŠiÇéuìnÛaæb×ëLâý⁄aòÛbèiéÐãÕíìİniëLæòÜ×fn½aénîÇŠ‘áÇ…¿bšícÝßdíÙÛˆiN
bÈia‰ZÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dmêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛa
òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ
cN Óû߉ìn…òËbî•¿´îÓaŠÈÛañ†Çbß¿Š¹ŠiÞìi|¬†ÔÛoN
lN ïÛì•þaâý⁄a†™òÜíìæìØnlbç‰⁄a†™lŠ§aægLæaÉßëbîÏb×îÛéãaügð‰ëŠ™ñìÔÛaâa†‚naL´àܽaëlŠÈÛaòíìÔmáè½a
´ÏŠİn½aaìèuaìíæcåعåíˆÛaæë†îyìÛaáèãþ´Û†nȽaN
xN ènÇbİnbiæcóÜÇòäçÜÛa‰bjnaÖaŠÈÛa†ÈmòîØíŠßþaÊbφÛañ‰a‹ëbbîuìÛìäØnÛat†ydidjÈßÌ•“î lŠy¿aŠ–ãÕÔ¤æcN
– 171 –
…N òî×ßcïçÛaù…bj½aåÇòibîäÛbiòÜöbab×ßcñìÓ‰aŠànaå߆iübäma‡åß×aéma‡oÓìÛa¿ëNÖaŠÈÛa¿ò튧aòÈÓ‰ÉîìmóÜÇŠ–ãëN
êN ëòyìnÐßòîÜàÇÇïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûaµgñ…bîÛañ…bÇgóÜÇÝàÈãòÛ…bÇæìí†ÛaõbÐÇgåß×þa‰†ÔÛaóÜÇ…ýjÛaÞì–yæbà™ëN
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òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíZ
cN Šçbix‡ì¸cµgÖaŠÈÛaÝí줵gÒ†èmÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþaòbîÛaîÜÛëñŠ§añ‰bvnÜÛò–‚–¨aëòÜçbn½aòîj튚ÛapbbN
lN ‰bØÏþalŠyaì¡Šíï×ÖaŠÈÛa¿´Û†nȽañ†Çb߆íŠmñ†zn½apbíüìÛaïßý⁄aëïiŠÈÛabÈÛaÝa…
xN æë†ia†yìß“îÈÛaóÜÇïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûañ†zn½apbíüìÛa†Çbnò‘b’ÛaåßïãbrÛaõŒ¦aóÜÇŠèÄíðˆÛaÝuŠÜÛòí†í†§aòšjÔÛaN
…N nÖaŠÇþañ…†ÈnßòÜÔnßòîiŠÇòßìØyÖaŠÈÛa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛajòİÜÜÛïàÜÛaÞbÔnãüaëpbîÜÓþaÖìÔyÝjÔmòí‰ìn…ëN
êN õkÇÝ×ÝàznnëbÄçbiæb×bàèßåÝ×Éφnñ†zn½apbíüìÛaÖaŠÈÛa¿bÐîÄãbîaŠÔ¹…bßbÄãáîÔnÛýîÔqæb×bàèßN
ëN …bîñ…bÇgóÜÇÝàÈãáßþaòàÄäßìdžãL´îÓaŠÈÛaµg‰ŠaÖaŠÈÛañØÐnÜÛòÈÜÓÖaŠÈÛaÝÈu¿´îÓaŠÈÛañ†Çb½ïÛë†ÛaÉànaëñ†zn½a
Š§a…b–nÓüa늧aN
– 172 –
b…bZÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•êb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaZ
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cN µgéuìnÛaµg´îÓaŠÈÛaÉv‘ÖaŠÈÛaòíb»åÇÊbφÛañ‰a‹ëŒvÇægʉŒíë…ýjÛaõbäiòîÜàÇìÔíbßìçëåßþaÕîÔznÛòîÐöbİÛapbî’îܽa
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lN ÝibØíŠßcëïßý⁄aÒŠİnÛa´ibiŠyîÛÖaŠÈÛa¿âìîÛaðŠ¯bßæg Ûa´iâý⁄aÝa…lŠyéãaï߆Ômïãbãgéuìibßýgæë†íŠíåí
bÈÜÛböëbäßëüŒÈäßbßýgæë†íäíˆÛaÙ÷ÛëcëbÈÛaÉßxŒn¹æcåعN
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êN éîj‘bÐÓìßÕܱë‰bîèãüa¿ð…b–nÓüaëßþaÉ™ìÛaŠàníæcåعòîÛbßì–Ûaì’í…bÔ¶Lx늨aÝucåßÞbnÔÜÛæbØíŠßþaŠİ™asîyN
ëN åßòãŒaëñ‰bÛa‰bjþaægòîib‚nãüaòíbdžÛa¿”ìiìîvîmaaÞìÔíŠ×ˆmåÛsr¦biÝîrànÛa†çb’ßægæë†ÔnÈíáèÏîöŠÛa↥bèÜ×ÖaŠÈÛa
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‹N ‰aŠÔnüa¿áèàÜyÕîÔ¤ÝucåßòíìnÛaµgõìvÜÛa´îÓaŠÈÛaóÜÇ´ÈnîíïØÛkîmÛa¿Þëþaáèìib×aìjävnZæbîÌİÛaµgñ…ìÈÛaëcó™ìÐÛaN
bÈibZÖaŠÈÛa¿òí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•bèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaZ
òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ cN âbÇÞýoÇbİnaÑÛbznÛaòİÜæg2003òî׊àØÛaâìŠÛaœÐ¥æc
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lN Ý•ëðˆÛaŠßþabjíŠÔmõï‘Ý×o–‚–ÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþañ‰a…⁄abàç´n•b´n׊‘¿´ÐÃìß´îÈm†yµgIðeïéíaïHë
IæbîmbmHæìÜàÈíkíŠËìicåv¿´ÔÔªL´•b¨a´ÔÔaõüûçæaë´îÓaŠÈÛaõbävÛakíˆÈmÞìyñŠöa†ÛapbÔîÔznÛaáèÜà’mN
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òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ cN ÝnÓòãa…gbäîÜÇñ†ÇbÔÜÛåí†íû½a†íóÜÇòîÓaŠÈÛaòŠ’Ûa¿´Çìİn½a
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xN ´îrÈjÛa´ÏŠİn½akãbuåßÁÐäÛbiÌÛaÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇõýînüaægÑÓìß‹ŒÈîéãasîycìcæìØîñ†ÇbÔÛaÉßÝàÈÜÛåí†Èn½a
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– 174 –
bÈbmZòzÜcåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaÝßb’Ûa‰b߆ÛaZ
òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ cN þaòßìاa‰b߆ÛaòzÜdiòÔÜÈn½aòí‰bj‚nüapbßìÜȽaoÇaòîØíŠß
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xN òzÜcóÜljìrÈÛaæb’idİóÜÇæb×éãdiÒÈíæc”ìjÛæaëþaæelŠ§aŠínÛÖaŠÈÛa¿Ýßb’Ûa‰b߆ÛaÙÛ‡†î×dm¿ŠàníæcdݨaåßëN
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ëN âìípa‡ñŠbLía‰aŒîÛë†ãì×oÛbÓZò¹Š¦aÝîÛ…µgòub¡bäÛå−õbàÛa¿òíëìãòibz‹ëŠiïšnÔíÙÛ‡æb×a‡gN
aŠ‘bÇZêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aÈÛapbib‚nãüaòîÓaŠZ
òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ
cN áç‰aŠ‘cŠy…åßæìîÓaŠÈÛaåØ·a‡gLáèãbÏòßbÈÛapbib‚nãüaõaŠugåßëìÛaáèî™bßpbħcìcåßëbäßæ뉊znîN
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lN ÛbaâbÄãåÇóÜ‚níæaÖaŠÈÛa¿”ìiÕíŠÏóÜÇ´Èní†ÔȽaòîÜaæcË|ÜÐíåÛâbÄäÛaÙÛˆÏònÓûßòîÓaŠÇòßìØy‰bînü†ÇaðˆÛa
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bîãbqZ@´äîÈß@˜b‚‘di@ÖaŠÈÜÛ@ïØíŠßþa@õa†ÈÛa@Š–y@Iõa†ÈÛa@òä–‚‘HZ
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pbçb£üaÝà©NÞýåßÙÛ‡Ðmåعëæc´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaïØíŠßþaõa†ÈÛaa늖y†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÜÛâa†•—‚’i
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õb’íbßéäßïÔníLòÜ»ïİÈíëa†îuê‰ìèºÒŠÈíë|ubãòíbÇ…Ýu‰éãa
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4H æcæaszjÛaÑ’×Ú‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛapbib‚nãüab¬æc†×ûmÛaòîØíŠßþaòîbîÛañ†äuþaaëŠíb†ÓŒ¹bmaˆ´ßëbÔ½aÝ×Ý’ÏëÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþaÊ늒½ab¬ÈíòîÓaŠÈÛa
òîbîÛaáèÏa†çcÕîÔ¤åßÊ늒½aN
5H lbnØÛaæcŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛaáëbäniõa‰ŁaÛaâbÇÝßb‘‰bß…òzÜcÙÜn¹æb×ÕibÛaâbÄäÛaæcñŠØÏæbç‡ÿÛ†îÈm
– 187 –
1991ïîöŠÛakjÛaÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇòîØíŠßþalŠzÜÛLóÜÇæë†×ûíb¸gÛïÐäÛaæìãbÔÛaòîÇaìÛaòî–‚’ÛaæcôŠíðˆÛaçbàvÜÛòîÜÔÈÛañ†yìÜ
òèuì׉ìèàvÜÛòÜØ’½añŠÌ–½apa†yìÛa‰bØÏcëÑaìÇ|j–m…ŠÐÜÛòîÇbºë‰ÝØ’nmˆö†äÇëêb£üaÐã¿N
6H æcoàma†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûaêb£òîjÜÛbiáèmübÔßNòîbîÛapübÔ½albn׆àníë
åÇ´äÛapb÷ßÇoãìØmòîݸñ‰ì•åßÑÓì½aaˆç´îØíŠßþaòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaNò™ŠÇpbî–‚’ÛaŠr×cåßòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa†Èmë
ÊbànuüaõbàÜÇbç…†ybà×òîÔîÔ§abènàîӜШòÛëbªëéíì’nÜÛLîÜÇÕî™ëbèiÁîycòîßìÓòî–‚‘ÚbäçoîÜÏòÜ»ÞýåßÖbä¨abè
ÝrßbènàîÓœÐëòîöŠÛabè½bÈßéíì’nÛò뉆ßëòİİ«òîÏbÔqòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaLð‰bàÈnüaëŒÌÛaòÜyŠßˆäßbèîÜÇŒî×Ûa†ÔÏ
ónypŠàna늒ÇÉbnÛaæŠÔÛa¿pc†iÛaëïiŠÈÛabÈÜÛïiŠÌÛaå튒ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßïãbrÛaÑ–äÛaN
7H æcÛalbnØÛaêb£üáëbäm¿Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîòîöbÇ…´ßbšßæìÓìíaìãb×b¸cÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dm
ÝàÈÛaÞýåßLÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþaòbîÜÛ¿ò튧aòÈÓ‰ÉîìmóÜÇÖaŠÈÛaLòÛ…bÇëòyìnÐßòîÜàÇÇïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûaµgñ…bîÛañ…bÇgë
æìí†ÛaõbÐÇgåß×þa‰†ÔÛaóÜÇ…ýjÛaÞì–yæbà™ëN
8H æcszjÛaojqa†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaçb£ÜÖaŠÈÛaÊb™ëcÝr·ÛaòîÔîÔ§añ‰ì–Ûaâ†ÔmÛaõa‰Łaaì
– 188 –
ñ…bš½aõa‰ŁaåßÝîÜÔÛaòibn×Éßòí…b–nÓüaLlbnØÛaÙ÷ÛëcÝçb£ÙÛˆ×òí…b–nÓaëò튒it‰aì×åßÖaŠÈÛbôÜÇòîØíŠßþalŠ§aénjjb½NÙÛˆ×
¿ò÷îÛaòí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþaóÜÇlŠ§aêˆçpaqdmáèmübÔßoÜçb£ïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’ÛaóÜÇbèmbbØÈãaëÖaŠÈÛaN
9H æcaìu뉆ӌ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛa׊m¿òîÐbÇ´ßbšßæcóÜÇáçŒîÒ†èmÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþaòbîÛa
òîj튚ÛapbbîÜÛëñŠ§añ‰bvnÜÛŠçbix‡ì¸cµgÖaŠÈÛaÝí줵gò–‚–¨aëòÜçbn½aL†íŠmÙۈ׿´Û†nȽañ†Çbßñ†zn½apbíüìÛa
ßý⁄aëïiŠÈÛabÈÛaÝa…‰bØÏþalŠyaì¡Šíï×ÖaŠÈÛaÛaëïÝàÈ…bîñ…bÇgóÜÇL´îÓaŠÈÛaµg‰ŠaÖaŠÈÛaññìÇ…ëñ†zn½aáßþaòàÄäß
Š§aØÐnÜÛòÈÜÓÖaŠÈÛaÝÈu¿´îÓaŠÈÛañ†Çb½ïÛë†ÛaÉàna늧a…b–nÓüaëN´îØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×óbäm†ÔÛIæg
ónyt†¤òÔibÖaŠÈÛakÈ‘†™òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòbîýbŠÈmÛapbiìÔÈÛaëòîãbrÛaòî½bÈÛalŠ§a¿ÒëŠÄÛakÈ•cÞ
¿b׉ßýiëlìÈ’ÛaåßkÈ‘bŠÈníÖaŠÈÛakÈ‘HN
10H æc†äÇaëŒ×‰†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaÞýÌnaóÜÇsÈjÛalŒyëÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓìàÜÛáëbäm
†ÛaÉÏaëÑaìÈÛabèäîiåßëòíìÔÛaô†ÛÉîİÔÛañŒíŠËâa†‚naðc‰ìèà¦a¿âbÄäÛaÂìÔ†Èiò•b9O4O2004N
– 189 –
pbî•ìnÛa
aˆçòíbèã¿lbnØÛaíïmdíb¶ÑÛû½aï•ìZ
1N âbànçañ‰ëŠ™¿ïbîÛa‰aŠÔÛaÊbä•را ÖòîØíŠßþaÑz–Ûbipa‡العaoÛ…ÛaëqdnÛaë‡ìÐäÛaëòãbؽaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîä×bènîàçcóÜÇtìzjÛL
òîàçcåßéÔznmbßbè߆ÔmÛa´ßbš½aõbİÇgëLåß…ŠÛañ‰ëŠ™Éßñ‰ì•êì’mÛa´ßbš½aœÈióÜÇŠßþbi´îäȽaÝjÓÝöbë¿ÖaŠÈÛa
ïØíŠßþaâýÇ⁄aN
2N Þìyñ…†ªÂbÔãðì¤òîÓaŠÇòîßýÇgòîvîmaaÉ™ëæbضòîàçþaåßîÐî×ïØíŠßþaÝÔÈÛa¿ÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa´¤òL†–Ôãüë
äuþa—äÛaµgïiŠÈÛaæìàš½aòºŠm…Š©ïØíŠßþaÝÔÈÛaòjb‚¶LòîØíŠßþaòîÜÔÈÛaáèÏkÜİníÙÛ‡æcsîyaˆçåßÕàÇcŠßþaåØÛëáçØÐmòÔ튉aìËcåßÙÛ‡éjÜİníb¶òîØíŠßþaòî–‚’Ûa|îmbÐßë
ëáènjb«lìÜcNáöýníüòîiŠÈÛasí…byþa¿òØí†ÛaÊaŠ•æcÙÛ‡òîØíŠßþaØÐnÛaòÔíŠëLÝöü†Ûaëwv§aŠÇlìÜcæcbà×
áèí†ÛÑaìÈÛaõa†vnalìÜcóÜÇÕjc´çaÛaëN
3N ð‰ëŠšÛaåß¿Þb–mübiáöbÔÛaóÜÇpba‰…õaŠugâýÇ⁄aÝöbëŠÌÛaë˜bÝØ’iòîØíŠßþaåÇéí†ÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaòϊȽâbÇÝØ’il
ïßýÇ⁄a‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•ê‰bjnÇbiïÓaŠÈÛaÉànaLµgÝ•ìnÛaéÈßåعb¶òîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaÞìyò•b¨aáîçbнa|îz–mN
– 190 –
4N âbànçañ‰ëŠ™ÖaŠÈÛa¿ïbîÛa‰aŠÔÛaÊbä•ÝšÏc‰bînaóÜǘŠ§biÜîr·óÜÇñ‰…bÔÛaŠ•bäÈÛaéb¨a¿Šàn½aáîîÔnÜÛáèÜàÇÊbšgëx‰
òÏbÔqëñ‰bšyØÈmòjîñ‰ì•áí†ÔniõüûçâaŒnÛaåàšíÝØ’iìÜë†í†¦aïÓaŠÈÛaæbã⁄aÚN
5N âbànçüañ‰ëŠ™ïÓaŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÝí†jmëLòîßýÇ⁄apbbîÛaÝí†jniïÔÜnàÜÛòîÏbÔrÛapa‰bjnÇüañbÇaŠßñ‰ëŠ™ëLïßýÇ⁄aÝÔÈÛaëLòîßýÇ⁄a
bëòÔbäÛapýaëÑz–ÛaëòîöbšÐÛapaìäÔÛawßaŠiÞb©¿ò•òîãb½þaëòîãŠÐÛaëòíŒîÜØã⁄b×ïÛë†Ûa‰b’nãüapa‡pbÌÜÛbiN
6N âýÇ⁄aÝöbëâbànçañ‰ëŠ™õaìåí†ÜÛ|îz•‹aŠihiïÓaŠÈÛazî½aëcïßý⁄aLïpbî×ìÜÛaµgñ…ìÈÛaëÖýþaòß‹cò¦bÈßë
b’ßåßñ†îà§aïßìØyâýÇgÉßñ†í†¦aïㆽaÉànapbûßò׉òÔíŠİi‰bÌ–ÛaìÐã¿òîäìÛaëòîäí†ÛaëòîÇbànuüaáîÔÛaŠËóäjní
òzîz•N
7N âýÇ⁄aÝöbëbç……ŠmÛaòçì’½apbßìÜȽaë‰ì–Ûaåßr×oãb×b½åÇòîØíŠßþaÖaŠÈÛapŠÏìma‡gbð†–nÛaëbèšy…ÝèÛaåß
bßìÜȽa´iæëbÈmòÌî•…b¯gŠÐíaˆçæbÏòzîz–Ûaòîäí†ÛapñbäÓòîöbšÐÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaŒîè£Ò†èibäÈàn©¿ïßý⁄aåí†ÛaõbàÜÇ´ië
âýÇ⁄aÝöbëµgb蹆ÔmÝjÓbènÈuaŠßëòzîz–Ûaòîäí†ÛapbßìÜȽaN
– 191 –
ÉuaŠ½aë@‰…b–½a
üëcZ@@òîiŠÈÛa@knØÛa
1N ïÓìÓa†ÛaáîçaŠiaZñ‰ì•ÚaŠmüaô†ÛlŠÈÛaLpëiLpba‰…Œ×ŠßòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛaL2001N
2N †»aÝîÜáîçaŠigZÝ•ì½a¿òîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûañd’ãLÝ•ì½aLòÈßbuÝ•ì½aL1982N
3N âbßaáîçaŠiaZñŠçbÔÛaLïÐz–ÛaåÐÛa¿pba‰…L¬üaòjnØßìÜMLò튖½aIlNpHN
4N a‰ìÄäßåiZlŠÈÛaæbÛL†ÜaI1Ha…LLpëiL‰…b•‰IlNpNH
5N òÐîÜÞýugZïÐz–ÛaŠíŠznÛaåÏ¿òrí†ypbçb£aLÂ1LñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…Š’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛbäaL1972N
6N ‰†i†»aZòîàänÛaëòíbdžÛaëâýÇ⁄a´içbà¦biÞb–müaLoíìØÛaLpbÇìjݽaòÛb×ëL1981N
7N …ìàªkî¬ï׋ë´ßc†»aZbÈÛa¿l…þaò–ÓLx3LñŠçbÔÛaLòjnØßò튖½aòšèäÛaL1945N
8N ðë†iï׋†»aZaâìÜÈÛapbzÜİ–ßávÈß⁄pëiLòîÇbànuLòjnØßæbäjÛL1978N
– 192 –
9N Ñí†È‰ìq‰eZbäîåiaL…òºŠmNâìÜÕîÏìmLpëiLïia‰bÐÛa‰a…L1987N
10N ìçæŁaëí‰ìßÙí‰cZéîÜÇ…ŠÛaë†í†ènÛalbç‰⁄aL…òºŠmN†»cªð†»…ìàLñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îaL1991N
11N lŠyïÛaŒÌÛaòßbcIæëŠeëHZŠíŠznÛapýØ’ßëïÛë†Ûalbç‰⁄asÛbrÛabÈÛa¿LñŠçbÔÛaLpba‰†ÛaëtìzjÜÛlŠÈÛa´ßba…b¤aŒ×Šß
òîãìãbÔÛaL1986N
12N áîçaŠigÝîÇbgZÔîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaþa ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aåÏpbòîÜàÈÛaLÂ2LñŠçbÔÛaLÉí‹ìnÛa늒äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛŠvÐÛa‰a…L2003N
13N æìîÜËæbçŠiZòßþa†™òÛë†Ûa òîiŠÈÛaòäaLpëiLpba‰…Œ×ŠßòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛaL1994N
14N ñ…b»ïãìîiZòbîÛaëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLñŠçbÔÛaLÖŠ’ÛaòšèãòjnØßL1996N
15N òÓ‰b’ßîmZ¿ém‰ì•ëïiŠÈÛaoîããüaëpbîöbšÐÛaëò½ìÈÛaÝÃLòíìaëò½ìÈÛalbn׿‰ì’äßs¡L…ŠíŠ¤NÉj•gìicb•LæbàÇL
bîÐÛ…ýîÏòÈßbuL1999N
16N ‰ìЖNJibuZïËýjÛaëð†ÔäÛataÛa¿òîäÐÛañ‰ì–ÛaLñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…òÏbÔrÛaL1974N
17N ï–ßbà§aåí†ÛaÞýuZòîÛbr½aòÐîz–ÛaLñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…Š–¶Ò‰bȽaL1972N
– 193 –
18N †îÛa´yóÜîÛëðëbØß…bàÇåyZLñŠ•bȽaémbíŠÄãëÞb–müañŠçbÔÛaLòîãbäjÜÛaò튖½a‰a†ÛaL1998N
19N ð‰bŠšïàÜyZ×ñcŠ½aIŠeHïãbä¦aÁîàänÛaòäàîç¿òa‰…ïã…‰þaÉàna¿ñcŠ½aòãbØßóÜÇLlbn׿ZŠŁañ‰ì•ZÃbãïiŠÈÛaaŠ
éîÛga‰ìÄäßëLkîjÛŠçbİÛaŠíŠ¤LpëiLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßL1999N
20N åyð†»ZâýÇ⁄aÝöbìÛòí‰bj⁄aòÐîÃìÛaLÂ2LñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…ïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛaL1991N
21N áîñ†î»Z݆àâbÈÛaðcŠÛaòíŠÄãLòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L…a†ÌiLòßbÈÛa1992N
22N pbib•ÝîÜZÝöbëbç‰ìİmëbèmd’ãÞb–müaLÂ5LñŠçbÔÛaLòjnØßò튖½aìܬüaL1987N
23N æëŠeëŒmb×Ýîîãa…Z…òºŠmLâbÈÛaðcŠÛaëâýÇ⁄aNÝßb×…ìàªñŠçbÔÛaLïßbaLLŠ’äÛaëÉjİÜÛŠ–ßòšèã‰a…1982N
24N ŒÛ‰b’moía‰Zðçbà¦aÞb–mýÛïÇbànuüa‰ìÄä½aL†àªòºŠmïznÏLñŠçbÔÛaLalbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îL1983N
25N áîäˆàªæbàrÇëæbîÜÇóÐİ–ßZszjÛakîÛbcëwçbäßÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaïàÜÈÛaLæbàÇLÉí‹ìnÛa늒äÜÛõbЕ‰a…L2000N
26N Éîi‰ÕÛb¨a†jÇZòîmaˆÛaòÛbÔ½aåÏLïiŠÈÛal…þa¿ò퉆äØüaL‰a…LòîÈßb¦aòϊȽa1988N
– 194 –
27N õbu‰ð‰†íë…†îyëZémb‰b¾ëòíŠÄäÛaémbîbc ïàÜÈÛaszjÛaòîÜàÈÛaLÕ’ß…LŠØÐÛa‰a…L2000N
28N …‰b’ní‰iåIæëŠeëHZpbÔîjİnÛaëwèä½a âýÇ⁄aæìàšßÝîܤòîiŠÈÛaL…òºŠmN†i‰aLŠçì¦aïubã†àªLŠ’äÜÛòî†ÓL1992N
29N áÜßïßbZbîãb½còÏbz•¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•òí…b¤üaLpëiLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßL1985N
30N ‰bväÛakíŠÌÛa†îÈZòîàÓŠÛaòîäÔnÛaŠ–Ç¿òÏbz–ÛabîuìÛìäØmLñŠçbÔÛaLLòîãbäjÜÛaò튖½a‰a†Ûa2003N
31N ðŠ•bäÛalbİâýZ¿òa‰… òîØíŠßþaòîu‰b¨aòbîÛaëâýÇ⁄aåìÜÛïØíŠßþaïßýÇ⁄aÖaüaïiŠÈÛaL…a†ÌiLòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…
òßbÈÛaL2000N
32N ´y†àªZòîvèä½akãaì¦aëòíŠÄäÛaþaâbÈÛaðcŠÛaLñŠçbÔÛaLknØÛabÇL1988N
33N y†àªZLéma…†ªëéàîçbÐßëémbÐíŠÈm æìàš½aÝîܤÂ2LñŠçbÔÛaLknØÛabÇL1996N
34N y†àªZ¿pba‰…LâýÇüatì¡ïàÜÈÛaszjÛawçbäßÂ3LñŠçbÔÛaLknØÛabÇL1999N
35N …buèZïÇbäÓüaÞb–müaëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLñŠçbÔÛaLòßbÈÛaò÷îalbnØÜÛò튖½aL2003N
– 195 –
36N êìîÜdžîÛaZÛaëpbß‹þañ‰a…gØòîàÜÇÞìÜyt‰aìëLòîöbÓëkîÛbcñŠçbÔÛaLpa‰bàrnýÛñŠçbÔÛaŒ×ŠßL1997N
37N í†îÛaZŠŁaâìèÐßëpaˆÛañ‰ì•´iòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaLpëiLŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛŠíìänÛa‰a…L1981N
38N ÚbiØæ…‰ìÌîZå튣añ‰ì•M¿òi‡bØÛaëòîÔîÔ§aÒëb‚½aŠŁañ‰ì•lbn׿òîi‰ëþaòîiŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛaZa‰ìÄäßëaŠÃbãïiŠÈÛa
ÂLéîÛg1L…Œ×ŠßLpëiLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰1999N
39N æbjÜÛa“í뉅Ñ튑Zòr톧apbçb£üaïÐz–ÛaŠ’äÛabîuìÛìäØmLñŠçbÔÛaLòîãbäjÜÛaò튖½a‰a†ÛaL2001N
40N …놻a†îðŠØ‘Nð…bà§a†àªa†jÇZæìàš½aÝîܤòîvèäßLŠİÓòÈßbuL1987N
41N ïÜßbÈÛa†àªïÓì‘Z廊Ûa†jÇl…c¿ÞbÔ½aðŠØ‘LñŠçbÔÛaLòjnØßò튖½aòšèäÛaL1989N
42N Éj•gìicÝîÜb•ZñŠ•bȽapbÈàna¿âýÇ⁄aëÞb–müaLæbàÇLŠ’äÛaëpba‰†ÜÛâa‰e‰a…L1995N
43N ÞaìÐÛaý•ZñŠçbÔÛaLòîÇbànuüaâìÜÈÛa¿szjÛawçbäßLòjnØßkíŠËL1982N
44N †îjdžjÈÛaïÛ†ÇÑbÇZ¿áÜȽañ‰ì•âýÇ⁄aÝöbëLÂ2LñŠçbÔÛaLïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…L2001N
– 196 –
45N ïİȽa†jÇÁbjÛa†jÇZòí†Ôãòíú‰ì−òÛëbªïÇbànuüaszjÛaê…bÈiaëévèä½Lò퉆äØ⁄aLòîÈßb¦aòϊȽa‰a…L1984N
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47N ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòîÛb–müapa‰bš§a‰ìİmëòîßýÇ⁄abäuþaLñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îaL2003N
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50N ”b‰…bÔÛa†jÇZâýÇ⁄añeŠß¿lŠÈÛaëâýfiÛòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaïiŠÌÛaLbíŠÛaL…ë†aâýÇfiÛñŠöa†Ûaò׊‘L1989N
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52N ñŒ»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇZaŠíŠznÛaåϿ݆½aïÐz–ÛLÂ4LñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…ïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛaL1968N
53N ðŠØ‘†îa†jÇZpb톤ëÝjÔn½aÖbÏe òîàänÛaëïßýÇ⁄aÞb–müa†í†uæŠÓLñŠçbÔÛaLÉí‹ìnÛa늒äÜÛïiŠÈÛaL1995N
54N ЧaáÈä½a†jÇZïÐäÛaÝîÜznÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇòÇììßLïãbrÛaõŒ¦aLñŠçbÔÛaLïÛìi†ßòjnØßL1978N
– 197 –
55N íŠØnÛaÑ튑âb–ÇZåßòîØíŠßþaÕöbqìÛa¿ÖaŠÈÛa19521954L…a†ÌiLòßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L1995N
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62N ˆ»a†î†àªkíŠZïÇbànuüaszjÛaˆîÐämëáîà–mLò퉆äØ⁄aLòîÈßb¦aòϊȽa‰a…L1989N
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– 198 –
65N †í‹ìiaÖë‰bÏZÂLòîÐz–ÛaòibnØÛaåÏ4ñŠçbÔÛaLZLknØÛabÇ1990N
66N ÝßbØÛaxŠÏZa…bÈiþaÞb–müaÝöbëqdmòîÇbànuüaëòîÐäÛLñŠçbÔÛaLïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiN
67N Ðyð‰†ÓZÐäÛaáÜÇåßpbLñŠçbÔÛaLòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îalbnØÜÛL2000N
68N Ü‘âŠ×ZòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈßLñŠçbÔÛaLÖ늒Ûa‰a…L1989N
69N cpßüNpßüZïÇbànuüaÐäÛaáÜÇLñŠçbÔÛaLÛa‰a…Ö늒L1993N
70N lŠÈÛaæbÛZ‰ìÄäßåiüLx6ñŠçbÔÛaLLÑîÛdnÜÛòîiŠÈÛa‰a†ÛaòºÛaëLŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiLñ…bßZ‰ì•N
71N Š–ã´Û‰bßZòîãŠÐÛaòîa‰†Ûawçbä½a¿âý⁄aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•LpëiLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßL1995N
72N æì׉c†àªZâý⁄aóÜÇñˆÏbãLÂ2LòºŠmáîè¦abî•LpëiLòîİlja…L1997N
73N ïi뉆Ûa†àªZŠ•bȽaïÐz–ÛaëòÏbz–ÛaLpëiLòîiŠÈÛaòû½aŠ’äÛaëpba‰†ÜÛL1996N
74N ð‹aŠÛaŠØiïicåi†àªZbz–Ûa‰bn«LpëiLðŠ–½albnØÛa‰a…L1979N
75N ÝØîç´äy†àªZòbîÛaëòÏbz–Ûa´iLñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…LÖ늒Ûa2003N
– 199 –
76N ðŠib¦a†ibdžàªZïiŠÈÛaïbîÛaÝÔÈÛaLÂ3LpëiLŒ×ŠßòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…L1995N
77N ïua‰†ÛabjdžàªZÊa†igëƒí‰bm ÑväÛaòÏbz•L…a†ÌiL‰a…òßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’ÛaL1989N
78N †àªáîاa†jdžàªZÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛa´iÞbÔ½aæìäÏLñ‰ì–ä½aL‰a…âaŠÔÛapb߆‚ÜÛôòîàîÜÈnÛaL1999N
79N †îà§a†jdžàªZòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûa¿ïàÜÈÛaszjÛaLÂ5LñŠçbÔÛaLknØÛabÇL2015N
80N †îà§a†jdžàªZòÏbz–Ûatì¡Lñ†uLÖ늒Ûa‰a…L1990N
81N †îà§a†jdžàªZâýÇ⁄atì¡¿ôìnaÝîܤLñ†uLÖ늒Ûa‰a…L1983N
82N †îà§a†jdžàªZa‰…âýÇ⁄atì¡¿‰ìèà¦aòLñŠçbÔÛaLbÇknØÛaL1993N
83N †îà§a†jdžàªZqdnÛapbçb£aëâýÇ⁄apbíŠÄãLñŠçbÔÛaLbÇknØÛaL1997N
84N íìÈÛaïÜdžàªZÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛa´iïÛë†ÛaâýÇ⁄aLñŠçbÔÛaLbÇknØÛaL1987N
85N ðìãbènÛaïÓë‰bÐÛaïÜdžàªZyýİ•aÒb’×æìäÐÛapbLx2ÕîÔ¤L…NÉí†jÛa†jÇïÐİÛLñŠçbÔÛaLLïiŠÈÛalbnØÛa‰a…I…LpHN
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86N ïãëbènÛaïÓë‰bÐÛaïÜdžàªZæìäÐÛapbyýİ•aÒb’×Lx4LÕîÔ¤…Nåí†jÛa†jÇïÐİÛLñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îaL1977N
87N ìÈ߆àªZâýÇ⁄aÝöb뿨aLÂ1LñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…ïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛaL1994N
88N lbvyä߆àªZïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aLbİäLòÇbjİÜÛ†îÈòûßL1987N
89N lbvyä߆àªZ†ÜaLòîßýüaòÇìì½aI6HŠ’äÜÛŠvÐÛa‰a…LLñŠçbÔÛaLÉí‹ìnÛaë2003N
90N òíbÏcåí†Ûa‰ìã†àªZïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa¿ŠŁa‰ì•Ýî‚n½alŠÌÛaÁîìÛaïßý⁄aLïiŠÈÛa¿bÔrÛaŒ×Š½aLpëiL2000N
91N Ñ튑…ìàªZòîÐz–ÛaëòîÇì™ì½aëòîi…þaòÛbÔ½aåÏL‰a…LoíìØÛaòiëŠÈÛaLI…LpHN
92N ïàèÏ…ìàªZôØÛaÑz–ÛaŠíŠ¤åÏLñŠçbÔÛaLòßbÈÛaò튖½aò÷îalbnØÜÛL1982N
93N bz–Ûa‰bn«Zð‹aŠÛaâbß⁄aLpëiLïiŠÈÛalbnØÛa‰a…L1979Lñ…bßZ‰ì•N
94N Îbi†ÛaóÐİ–ßZwîܨalŠy¿Êa†¨aLæbàÇLòr톧aòÛbŠÛaòjnØßL1993N
95N aÁîìÛaávȽZx2LÂ3LòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÉà©LñŠçbÔÛaL1985N
96N ð† þa†vä½aZÂ5LpëiLÖŠ’½a‰a…L1986N
– 201 –
97N òîiŠÈÛaòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½aLñ…bí‹åÈߊ튤LpëiL¸⁄a†èÈßõbïiŠÈÛaL1986Lñ‰ì•ñ…bßN
98N ñŠ–n‚½aòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½aZÝßb×…aûÏòºŠmIæëŠeëHLpëiL‰a…´íýàÜÛáÜÈÛaLŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiLñ…bßZñ‰ì•N
99N îaæbàÈãð…bçZðçbà¦aÞb–müaòîÜàÇ¿òÌÜÛaL…a†ÌiL‰a…òÇbjİÜÛŠßbÛaL1997N
100N ïÛì¨aáîÛëZ¿ñŠ–n‚½aòÇìì½aïÜÔÈÛakİÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇLÂ1LñŠçbÔÛaLÒ‰bȽa‰a…L1979L燉ì–mëñ‰ì•bm…bßN
101N ïÜÜî’ØîßØîÛZòíìaL…òºŠmNòÐëïÜÇLÕ’ß…LáîìÛa‰a…L1993N
102N Öë‹ŠßÑìíZÞb–müaáÜǵg݆ßLò퉆äØ⁄aLòϊȽa‰a…òîÈßb¦aL1988N
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2N ð‰ìj¦aïça‰æa†í‹ñ…a‰gZáíbnÛaòÜ©¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì• òîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa1973LnubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHòîÜ×ßýÇ⁄aáÓµgo߆Ó
âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb la…Ła1996N
3N sî̽a†jÇÒŠ‘aZâýÇüa‰ë…òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’m¿âýÇüa‰ë…ðŠ–½albj’Ûaô†ÛsÛbrÛabÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿Lòa‰…
– 202 –
nubßòÛb‰òîãa†îßòîÜîܤI’äßËñ‰ìHòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µao߆ÓâbÇñŠçbÔÛa1993N
4N †àªéÞbà×ÞbßeZ¿òîiŠÌÛaëòîiŠÈÛaòîÐz–ÛaòîİÌnÛa¿ÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì•êa‰ìn×…òÛb‰Lòã‰bÔßòa‰…pbäîÈnÛaIñ‰ì’äßËHòîÜ×µao߆Ó
âbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüa2001N
5N a†ã‰ì–äßå¹aZŠÈÛaåìÛañ‰ì•¿òí‰bjüa…aì½abèØÈmbà×ïiòîi‰ëüaëòîiŠÈÛaòîöbšÐÛbmaìäÔÛaLòã‰bÔßòa‰…Lêa‰ìn×…òÛb‰IË
ñ‰ì’äßHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µao߆Ó2000N
6N ÑìíìiabäíaZòîØíŠßüaëò튖½aòÏbz–Ûa¿sÛbrÛabÈÛañ‰ì•ñÐÛaÞý1980–1989L×…òyëŠcêa‰ìnIñ‰ì’äßËHo߆Ó
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8N ‰†ibnÐÛa†jÇæbäyZòa‰…òîãb½üaòÏbz–Ûa¿´íŠ–½a늖ßñ‰ì•nubßòÛb‰LÞb–mübiáöbÔÛaëæìàšàÜÛIñ‰ì’äßËHLâýÇüaòîÜ×L
ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuL2005N 9N Ýí†äÓ†»còîua‰Z âaìÇaò튖½aòÏbz–ÛaóÏÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•1972ë
1974ë1978Lêa‰ìn×…òyëŠcIËñ‰ì’äßHòÏbz–ÛaáÓµao߆ÓâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇ⁄aòîÜ׿1981N
– 203 –
10N ïãa†à§a†»aæbİzÓbí‰ZLòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•nubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb la…ŁaòîÜ×µgo߆Ó
2001N
11N ïãa†à§a†»aæbİzÓbí‰ZÛaÁÌšÛapbÇbºÂb’ãîßýüaëòîiŠÈò¿îØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòåßñ†àÜÛ×òàÄäßÂb’äÛòîÜîܤòa‰…
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12N ñ‰bju‰ìØä•õbЕZòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•19451958LòyëŠcêa‰ìn×…Iñ‰ì’äßËHòîÜ×…a†ÌiòÈßbuµgo߆Ó
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13N ÁîìjÛa†Èò’öbÇZbèØÈmbà×ñ†zn½aòîiŠÈÛapa‰bßüañ‰ì•òîäìÛaòîöbšÐÛapaìäÔÛa¿òîÜaòîÏbÔrÛawßaÛaLnubßòÛb‰IË
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14N 廊Ûa†jÇð†»òàbÏZ´ibßòîØíŠßþaòîÓaŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛa19671987LnubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHòîÜ× …a†ÌiòÈßbuµao߆Ó
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15N †jÇbjÇŠqì×ZòîØíŠßþaòîÓaŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛa‰ìİm19451958LnubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHaµgo߆ӆèÈßò튖än½aòÈßb¦
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16N ðëaŠÛa‰†isîÛZêa‰ìn×…òÛb‰LòîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aIËñ‰ì’äßHµao߆ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× òÈßbâbÇ2006N
– 204 –
17N …ìjÇô†ãZnubßòÛb‰LòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aIËñ‰ì’äßHo߆ӵala…üaòîÜ× …a†ÌiòÈßbâbÇ1992N
18N ïãbÔÜ’ÛaÅÏby´äyôì’ãZñ‰ì•ÝîØ’m¿òîÛë†ÛaÝîäÛañbäӉ녴àîÔ½akãbuüaô†Û´íŠ–½a늖ßåÇòîäç‡Iòîzßòa‰…HòÛb‰
êa‰ìn×…Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µao߆Ó2000N
19N bíŠ×‹´ßãZñ‰ì•LðŠ–½a‰ìèà¦aô†ÛòîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛanubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µao߆Ó
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20N Ýí†äÓŠçbßÝöaëZÑz–ÛaïÜaŠ½ïÐz–Ûalbݨa¿Š–ßñ‰ì•åßñÐÛaÞýŠ–ß¿òÜßbÈÛaòîiŠÈÛaõbjãüapüb×ëë1990–1996L
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2N kíŠË†ãìß…aZLlŠÈÛaëïØíŠßüaâýÇüa¿‰ì’äßs¡ÝjÔn½aòÜ©pëiLïiŠÈÛaL…†ÈÛa260L10O2000N
3N a†ã‰ì–äßå¹aZòîbîÛapa‰aŠÔÛaëòîßýÇüa‰ì–ÛaLò튖½aòÜaìzjÛâbÈÛaðcŠÛatLâýÇüaòîÜ×LñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuLïãbrÛa…†ÈÛaLÝíŠiaìîãìí2001N
– 205 –
4N òßýïÜÇâbyëáî܆»aæbäyZâýÇ⁄abèØÈíbà×lŠÌÛañ‰ì•âýÇ⁄albn׿‰ì’äßs¡ñŠíŒ¦añbäÓóÜÇòîÔîjİmòa‰… ïiŠÈÛa
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5N òîbÓòíZbßñÐÛa¿ïiŠÈÛaåìÛaëòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛa iŠ§a´iLïiŠÈÛaÝjÔn½aòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡IpëiH…†ÈÛaI29H
‹ì·1986N
6N ïãa†è’½aæbà܆ÈZüaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaòîØíŠßoìiåİä‘aìÛaòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aðaŠÛapübÔ½òîÜîܤòa‰…
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‹ì·2008N
7N Ý™bÏbèZ½aòîßìîÛaÑz–Ûa¿òîiŠÈÛaÞë†Ûañ‰ì•òîØíŠßþaëò튖ta†yc†Èi11òã‰bÔßòîÜîܤòa‰…ànjLlbn׿‰ì’äßs¡
òîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àܽaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄añŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aLx1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002N
8N pb׊ièZòÈjİä½a‰ì–ÛañŠçbÃëâýÇ⁄aLòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡aâìÜÈÛaòîÇbànuüIoíìØÛaHÞëþa…†ÈÛaLòäßbrÛaòäÛaLæbîã1980N
9N †jÈÛaïÛ†ÇÑbÇZòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡LâýÇ⁄aÝöbë¿ñcŠ½añ‰ì•tìzjÛa…†ÈÛaI16HÞëþaæìãb×1985N
– 206 –
10N ïØzØÛaóÐİ–ßñŒÇZæbç‡c¿bØíŠßcñ‰ì•ÝîØ’m¿Ýöbë‰ë…ðŠ–½aïÈßb¦albj’ÛaLâýÇ⁄albn׿´àܽaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ë
ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓëLx1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002N
11N Ùí†ÛaæbyŠÏZòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa¿í†ÛabþaL¿‰ì’äßs¡ïiŠÈÛaÝjÔn½aòÜ©L…†ÈÛaI126Hle1989N
12N æbàîÜÝîöb‚îßZlŠÈÛaµg´îØíŠßþañŠÄãL½aòÜ©…†ÈÛaïiŠÈÛaÝjÔnI177HL1993N
13N bòí…bãZLòîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿´îÜîöaŠüaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•…†ÈÛaLòîÇbànuüaâìÜÈÛaòÜ©1L1980N
14N ЖÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jÇÞaìãZòîØíŠßþaòîÇìjþapýa¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•ta†yc†Èi11ànjLlbn׿‰ì’äßs¡ì•ëâýÇ⁄alŠÈÛañ‰
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15N ï™a‰Ý™bÏâbëZñ‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’m¿òí‰bj⁄aòîöbšÐÛapaìäÔÛa‰ë…ÈßbuòjÜóÜÇòîãa†îßòa‰…ÖaŠÈÛaåÇòîbîÛaëòîßýÇ⁄a
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16N †îà§a†jÇ…aûÏâbëZïÇìÛa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•ðŠ–½aÈ’ÛaLòîÛë†ÛaòbîÛaòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡L…†ÈÛaI134HL
1998N
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ƒí‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaòÐîz•29O10O2001N
2N Šväî×ðŠäçZlbç‰⁄a†™bØíŠßcòîvîmaa¿òbyòÜyŠßLÞbÔ߃í‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaòÐîz•¿‰ì’äß29O10O2001N
3N ŠíbÏbáîÛëZâa†•Éßlb§aòîЖnÛ”ìiò•ŠÏL¿‰ì’äßÞbÔßÐîz•ƒí‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaò23O11O2001N
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