2015 local judicial authorities in umayy

8/19/2019 2015 Local Judicial Authorities in Umayy

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Local Judicial Authorities in Umayyad Egypt

(41-132/661-750)

Lucian REINFANDT

Abstract: Te rt tw ceturie Mulim rule ver Egpt rm a ke perid r wat weret becme Ilamic curt uder te Abbaid. Ti era witeed te gradual develpmet a pecialied judiciar tat became icreaigl idepedet Umaad admiitratr adlcal elite. Recet tudie ave dealt wit uc lcal rm juridicti ad te emergece Ilamic curt a itituti. Te llwig article build ti pat wrk, but ctiue ia dieret directi a it aim t clari metd cict reluti. Tee icluded cvertprcee tat wet bed cial rule ad itituti. Arabic ad Greek papri abud idcumet tat were prduced beal , r were addreed t, ead ditrict i teiructi a admiitratr jutice. Te arrative part tee dcumet reveal a adlig grievace tat wa eavil reliat elabrate mde cmmuicati. Te dcumet

imilarl w a ig degree acceptace amg te ppulati — bt literate cial adilliterate ubject — te rle writte dcumet i te ettlemet legal cict.

Kewrd: Egpt, Paletie, legal itituti, earl Ilam, lcal elite, bureaucraticcetraliati, paprlg.

Réumé : Le deux premier iècle de la dmiati muulmae ur l’Égpte ctituetue péride cle pur cmpredre l’rigie de tribuaux ilamique u le Abbaide.Cette épque vit la trarmati d’ue juridicti eetiellemet placée u l’autritéd’admiitrateur meade et d’élite lcale e u tème judiciaire pécialié. De étuderécete t traité de ce rme de juridicti lcale et de l’émergece de tribuaux

ilamique du pit de vue ititutiel. Le préet article prlge ce réultat da uedirecti diérete : il e prpe de clarier le pratique réelle de réluti de cit,qui icluaiet de prceu plu uterrai que ce que préciet le règle cielleet le itituti. De mbreux papru arabe et grec uret prduit par de ce deditrict agiat e tat que repable de la jutice, u leur uret adreé. Le élémetarrati de ce dcumet mtret que le traitemet de plaite repait ur de mdede cmmuicati élabré. Le papru uggèret par ailleur que la ppulati — tat lectiaire lettré que le ujet aalpabète — acceptait largemet le rôle de dcumetécrit da le cadre de la réluti de cit par la vie légale.


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128 LUCIAn REInfAnDT

Mt-clé : Égpte, Paletie, itituti judiciaire, début de l’Ilam, élite lcale,cetraliati bureaucratique, paprlgie.

كال و ل ةساس رتف رصم ف مس ل م نال انرل ش : ل

سة م يد ةاضل ال و رتل ذه دش إ ،سابل لصر ف سمة

قد متصصة. قضاة سة إلى لة ل موية لدلة ساسة وص ض

تل ةمس كال م ل ءاضل م ديدج اش وظ ع ةيدح اس ثد

ءاتي إ ،تم ا ا ل اسدل ذل اتس ال ذه ي . سؤم تد نام

.اسؤل ةسرل دعول خ ئبت ة وم ر اعزل ح قول ىع تي اك ك

م تص ،ةنانولا ة رلا ،ربل ىع اثول اسرل م رل اطال ءاس دأف

،وتم لدلة. ر لار لرية ف هذ لوثا مالة لتا كان تد طرق

كبر

نو

عى

وبتي

وناك

م

لامة

لتا ة

ءرل

وفري

يذل

مال

سوء

ال

لوثا لتو ة لتوية لزعا قانونا.

لة ،ركز لبة ،س فر ،ةاضل اسؤل ،ف ،رصم : ة ول ال

.اير ،ةطرقربل


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129LoCAL JUDICIAL AUThoRITIEs In UMAyyAD EGyPT

Te rt tw ceturie Mulim rule ver Egpt rm a ke perid i te develpmet wat were t becme te Ilamic curt uder te Abbaid. Tee ceturie witeed

te gradual emacipati a pecialied judiciar rm a judicial tem tat ad allemre r le uder te repibilit Umaad admiitratr, amg tem middle-rakig ead ditrict (pagarc, gr. pagarchós, ar. ṣāḥib al‑kūra). I ti tud it iargued tat mid- ad eve lw-level admiitratr exercied jutice mre idepedetlrm te prvicial cetre ta a itert bee aumed, a cclui baed a careulre-readig dcumetar urce papru. Reearc r ti article wa cducteduder te aupice te prject “Te Laguage Pwer II: ocial Epitlgrap iIlamic Egpt (642-969)” uded b te fWf Autria sciece fud. Te prject i part tenatial Reearc netwrk (nfn) “Imperium ad ocium: Cmparative studie i AcietBureaucrac ad ocialdm” ttp://imperiumcium.uivie.ac.at. Te qutati

papru editi llw te cveti te Checklist of Arabic Documentsttp://www.aer-te.ui-muece.de/iap/iap_cecklit/idex.tml ad te Arabic PapyrologyBibliography of Editions and Research ttp://www.aer-te.lmu.de/apb [acceed 15 Ma2013]. Mrever, a cmpari te Egptia material wit ctemprar papri rmUmaad Paletie reveal a develpmet tat tarted i sria ad, wit me dela, preadt Egpt ad perap ter part te empire. It wa caracteried b te gradual delegati judicial cmpetece rm iger t lwer level te admiitrative ierarc, wici Egpt reulted i te emacipati, begiig i te earl 2d/8t cetur, teMulim mid- ad eve lw-level admiitrati rm te calipal cetre. Ti develpmetcame t a alt l ater te ccerted ert at cetraliati b te Abbaid at te cle te 2d/8t cetur. Te judicial emacipati apparetl accmpaied icreaed Arab

ettlemet utide te garri tw ad te etablimet Arab Mulim cial ite prvicial periperie ater Umaad admiitrative rerm begiig uder ʿAbdal-Malik (r. 65-86/685-705).1 our papru urce idicate te imprtat rle writtedcumet i admiitrative practice, ad te geeral acceptace at a earl tage Ilamic civiliati b te geeral ppulati writte dcumet a a mea r teettlemet legal cict.

1. fr te admiitrative rerm b ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwā ad i uccer tat ubtituted Arabic r Greeka te laguage admiitrati ad cial dcumet, te iuig a ew ciage, ad te carrig ut cadatral urve, ee SIJPESTEIJN 2007, p. 449-450.


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Sources

Émile Ta’ Histoire de l’organisation judiciaire (1960) i till a tadard reerece rte earl judicial admiitrati Ilamic lad. hwever, tat autr’ retricti tliterar urce a prduced a depicti tat i tatic ad eve aitrical i caracter.2 Ti wa, wever, uavidable, give tat i Ta’ da ma te dcumetar text papru tat are available i gd editi tda ad t et bee publied. he drew wat wa available t im, epeciall te crrepdece te Umaad gverrQurra b. Šarīk (r. 90-96/709-714) ad te material rm te Cair cllecti.3 he al madeue Magrebia dcumet rm te 6t/12t cetur ad culted te Arabic legaldeed papru available t im.4 Mrever e icluded te cpie dcumet citedi Arabic cacer maual like Qalqašadī’ ad tk it accut Arabic mumetalicripti.5 Apparetl e wa well aware te eetial rle dcumet i te

tud earl Ilamic admiitrati. hwever, at tat time Arabic dcumetar tudiewere iucietl develped r reearc te earl Mulim judiciar. Perap Taal lacked acce t text editi r eve a gd card le. Tu e made me irritatigremark, uc a i caracteriati Abū yūu ’ Kitāb al‑Ḫarāǧ a a itrical ‘dcumet’.hwever, tee d t cmprmie te value i bk r reearc earl Ilamic

judicial itituti.6

Te llwig tud ctrat Ta’ ceari wit te dcumetar, epeciallpaprlgical, evidece rm recet editi. frm ti I pe t preet a balacedad accurate picture judicial itituti ad teir practice i a emergig Ilamicciet. Ti tud cmplemet Matieu Tillier’ reearc te Abbaid judiciar wit

regard t crlg ad ubject matter. Wile Tillier ccetrate mail te peridater 132/750 ad te rmati te qāḍī prper, te llwig dicui will addrete pre-Abbaid perid ad judicial practice bere ad jut ater te emergece apecicall qāḍī juridicti.7 Mrever, it i baed paprlgical urce rater ta literar urce prblematic itricit ccerig te Umaad perid. Te preettud cue tree queti: Wat autrit wa carged wit te judiciar i te

2. I act, Ta wa mre itereted i te itituti te magitrate itel ta i itrical develpmet adperatig prcedure. “Ta’ bk, altug a idipeable guide r te rule ad regulati regardigthe maẓālim curt tem, lack a trug itrical urve tee curt” (VAN BERKEL 2011, p. 714 . 8).

I a review a earlier editi te bk Gutav v Gruebaum pit ut tat Ta verempaied terelativel ew cae tat ave bee preerved i literar urce t te diadvatage te ma mre miigwit te lt dcumetar urce (i: Journal of the American Oriental Society 59, 1939, p. 520).

3. P.Heid.Arab. I; P.Cair.Arab.

4. LÉVI-PROVENÇAL 1928; GROHMANN 1934.

5. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-Qalqašadī, Ṣubḥ al‑aʿšā.

6. TYAN 1960, p. 95. TILLIER 2011b, p. 213 . 1 cite TYAN 1960 ad HALLAQ 2005 a udametal reerece wrk rte itr Ilamic magitrate, but e certail w a t add TILLIER 2009.

7. TILLIER 2009; TILLIER 2011a; TILLIER 2011b. But ee i dicui te pre-Abbaid judiciar i TILLIER 2009,p. 63-95; ad i remark abut a Umaad ‘juriprudece caliee’ i i ctributi t ti vlume.


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pre-Abbaid perid? hw wa te judicial macier et i mti? Ad wat de teevidece reveal abut te caracter Umaad rule i te prvice?

Competences

Idepedet qāḍī -, r Ilamic magitrate, were a belated acievemet i te cietie Ilam ad came it beig earlier ta te earl ʿ Abbāid perid — tat i, te ecdal te 2d/8t cetur. Arabic literar urce rm te 3rd/9t cetur date temt te Umaad ad eve pre-Umaad era, but ti eem t be a retr-prjectirm well-etablied ʿAbbāid itituti.8 Ilamic traditi claim tat te prpetMuḥammad imel et qāḍī - t cquered lad. Te ame urce, wever, make itclear tat tee qāḍī - were i act impl prvicial admiitratr.9 Dcumetar urce

ever meti qāḍī - earlier ta te middle te 2d/8t cetur ad crm tat uderUmaad rule judicial tak ad practical legal matter were dealt wit b tate autritiead cial te public executive, uc a prvicial gverr, ead ditrict, advillage eadme. Tee matter icluded dipute amg private partie a well a crimialece. It i clear tat te literar urce, wit gd rea perap, preet a mrer le aitrical perpective. Al apparet i te arbitrar apprtimet judicialcmpetece i te earl perid.10

8. DONNER 2012, p. xxix. Te evluti te qāḍī ’ ce ad te cmpetece earl qāḍī - i dicued iTYAN 1978, p. 373; HALLAQ 2005, p. 34-39. C. al COULSON 1964, p. 21-35 ad epeciall TILLIER 2009, p. 63-95.TILLIER 2013, p. 34 take te 3rd-4t/9t-10t ceturie a a tartig pit r te appearace qāḍī - bedte prvicial capital. I am grateul t Matieu Tiller r givig me iigt it i article bere al prit.

9. HALLAQ 2005, p. 34 reerrig t Muḥammad b. Ḫala Wakīʿ (d. 306/918), Kitāb Aḫbār al‑quḍāt . C. al TILLIER 2009,p. 83-84.

10. TILLIER 2009, p. 63; 75-78; 84. Te tatemet i REINFANDT 2010, p. 663 wit reerece t DONNER 1986, p. 288,uggetig tat qāḍī - are t metied i Egptia papri rm bere te 4t/10t cetur, a t becrrected. Te earliet dated explicit meti a qāḍī i te Arabic papri i i te letter P.HindsSakkoutNubia rm 141/758 wic wa et b te gverr Egpt, Mūā b. Kaʿb, t te Kig nubia (l. 46 fa‑ʾamartu Ġawṯabna Sulaymāna qāḍī ʾahli Miṣra an yanẓura fī ʾamri‑him “I te itructed Ġawṯ b. sulamā, qāḍī te peple Miṣr, t lk it teir aair”). Te ext datable papru metiig a qāḍī i a ieritace deed rm te ear 195/811: P.Cair.Arab. 51 (l. 12 qadār al‑qāḍī ʿ Amri [bni Abī Bakrin] “te decii te Qāḍī ʿAmr b. Abī Bakr”).Te ext earliet datable reerece i i a upublied letter rm te Viea cllecti, P.Vind.inv. A.P. 2090

(212-215/827-830): it meti a certai Ḥaa b. yaʿqūb ḫalīfat yaḥā b. saʿīd ḫalīfat al‑qāḍī ʿĪā b. al-Mukadiri te faūm. Ater papru reerrig t te ce qāḍī , CPR XVI 3 (2d/8t cetur r later, accrdigt te editr) eem lder but cat be dated wit certait. P.David‑WeillLouvre 25 (2d/8t cetur), a letterabut a lawuit ccerig a lave girl, de t meti a qāḍī but idicate tat te gverr Alexadrialed te uit (l. 2-4 fa‑l‑yaktub ilā Saʿīdin amīri l‑iskandariyyati bi‑qaḍā‑hu fa‑yaqḍī bayn‑ī wa‑bayna Šaddādi bniSaʿīdin fī ḏālika “tat e ma write t saʿīd te gverr Alexadria ccerig i judicial decii. he willdecide betwee mel ad Šaddād b. saʿīd i ti matter”). Eve P.Utah iv. 341 (254-272/868-885), curretlbeig prepared r publicati b Amad nabil (Miua Uiverit, Egpt) ad ctaiig te miute cae tat ad bee brugt bere a earl maẓālim curt, de t explicitl meti te ce a qāḍī .Later example papri tat d ideed meti qāḍī - are P.David‑WeillLouvre 22 (3rd/9t cetur) ad Chrest.Khoury I 81 (4t/10t cetur).


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“I te rt Ilamic cetur te prvicial gverr wa judge”.11 Cae were diped b member te executive te bai pre-Ilamic cutmar law tgeter

wit peral dicreti ad brrwig rm Qur’aic dicta. Te crpu legal textdevelped r a pecicall Ilamic rm law ad ued a te ucleu wat wa latert becme te šarīʿa wa t elabrated bere te ecd ad tird ceturie te hiǧra.But te practical eed a grwig Mulim cmmuit iide garri tw led tte appearace a cial, te qāḍī , w pecialied i judicial matter. Accrdig ttraditi, te rt qāḍī appited i Egpt wa ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ. I te llwig decade,qāḍī - ctiued t be appited mtl b te gverr i fuṭāṭ r te calip iMedia ad later Damacu.12 Umaad qāḍī - were te gverr’ deputie appited btem ad a uc were member te tate bureaucrac. Petra sijpeteij tate tatthe qāḍī a a deput te gverr i legal matter dealt wit legal iue a public

ature werea queti ccerig religiu law were dealt wit b religiu clar.13

It wa t bere te Abbaid tat public qāḍī - caleced wit acet šarīʿa circle amre private ature i a alliace tat wa t becme a rgaized ad pecicall Ilamic

judicial tem.14

Earl qāḍī - were etruted wit itra-Mulim cict witi te Arab arm te garri tw, wic te adled ver muc i te pre-Ilamic Arab traditi arbitrati (taḥkīm).15 sice te reig Muʿāwia I (r. 41-60/661-680) te were alcarged wit crimial juridicti,16 mt wic were cvered b Qur’aic rm (ḥudūd,g. ḥadd).17 Earl qāḍī - were al repible r uc ter tak a te uperitedece te plice ad ctrl te treaur.18 Umaad gverr were till repible r te

judiciar a well a t te cllecti taxe ad care r te lcal, epeciall agricultural,

11. NIELSEN 1985, p. 3 wit reerece t TYAN 1960, p. 95. similarl SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 204: “Legal decii adte luti legal cict tu ell uder te repibilit Umaad admiitratr”. Jep scactcaracteried earl qāḍī - a “a rt legal ecretarie”; c. TILLIER 2009, p. 84. Accrdig t COULSON 1964, p. 28te Umaad Mulim market ipectr (ʿāmil as‑sūq), imel a ubrdiate te gverr, “peed limitedpwer juridicti ccerig uc tig a weigt ad meaure ued i te market ad pett ececmmitted tere” ad tu exercied a “market-place juridicti”.

12. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 86; TILLIER 2009, p. 83-84.

13. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 204 . 467, citig Patricia Cre, God’s Rule. Government and Islam, new yrk, 2004, p. 43-44.

14. NIELSEN 1985, p. 3 wit reerece t TYAN 1960, p. 120-134, ere epeciall p. 121.

15. TYAN 1960, p. 64. C. wever te ctributi steve JUDD i ti vlume.

16. HALLAQ 2005, p. 38.

17. TYAN 1978, p. 373. similarl HALLAQ 2005, p. 38: “But ice tee ldier iabited te garri tw tgeterwit teir amilie ad ellw tribeme, te prblem tat te ecutered wuld mt te ave related tamil tatu, ieritace ad crime — all wic area were airl well regulated eiter b Quraic legilatir tribal cutmar law” (wit reerece t Wakīʿ, Aḫbār al‑quḍāt ).

18. TYAN 1960, p. 123; TILLIER 2009, p. 84. Accrdig t HALLAQ 2005, p. 36 earl appitee t judicial ce weretate cial wit a wle rage admiitrative repibilitie uc a te plice ad ace. Ti iepeciall well tetied r Egpt, were everal qāḍī - appited i fuṭāṭ were carged t l wit te tak adjudicatig cict — te rigial meaig qaḍāʾ — but al wit eadig te plice. hallaq add tatte ituati eem t ave bee imilar i ter part te empire (wit te excepti sria). see al tectributi Maaike va Berkel i ti vlume.


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iratructure. Ta berved tat tere wa i act dierece betwee te qāḍī -ad te gverr i regard t teir cmpetece.19 A real dierece were rm te

gegrapical ad cial ettig te ce: te mre periperal te prvice ad temre -Mulim i it, te le te qāḍī - were ivlved. Util te time hārū al-Rašīd(r. 170-193/786-809), te eem t ave bee litar cial bud ad awerable t teimperial capital (Damacu, Bagdad) ad prvicial cetre (i Egpt: fuṭāṭ, Alexadria,Awa).20 It wa t util te fatimid calipate (358-567/969-1171) tat a ierarcicalapparatu qāḍī - wa etablied i Egpt, tu preadig teir preece trugutte cutr.21 A lg a te qāḍī - were ccetrated i te prvicial cetre, teradmiitratr (uc a gverr ad te ead ditrict) ctiued t be i carge te admiitrati jutice i teir ditrict ad territrie.22

hwever, arbitrar apprtimet judicial cmpetece i te earl perid uld

t be udertd a idierece. o te ctrar, Mulim autritie gave pririt t judicial matter earl . A fred Der berve, “te act tat te earliet deigatir te Ilamic era eem t ave bee qaḍāʾ al‑muʾminīn (‘juridicti te Believer’)trgl ugget tat te etablimet a verarcig tem jutice wa i act ake gal te ew Believer’ regime, a te traditial Ilamic urce ugget”.23 Wateem t be a lack pecialiati ad preializati tu tur ut t ave beegd ee ad pragmatim te part te ew Arab admiitrati.24 Te majrit te ppulati wa till -Mulim. Al, earl Mulim leader, a te ew ruler ladrmerl dmiated b te Bzatie ad te saaia, ierited lg traditi

jutice i wic -Mulim ubject were accutmed t appeal t ruler directl trugpetiti. It wa l atural t ctiue ti etablied juridical culture. Ad appeal t

Mulim ruler te were welcme alterative r -Mulim t te metime biaedad crrupt admiitrati teir w etablied magitrate. Mulim ruler tererebecame mre ad mre ivlved i appeal ad icreaigl ad t delegate cae t teir

19. TYAN 1960, p. 95: « La cui etre le cti admiitrative de guvereur et le cti judiciaire ».C. al ibid., p. 64 r arbitrar apprtimet alread i te da te prpet Muḥammad.

20. HALLAQ 2005, p. 37-38: “[Earl; L.R.] qaḍāʾ wa limited i ature … i term bt gegrap ad juridicti.Gegrapicall, it wa retricted t te garri tw ad teir iabitat, ad juridictiall, t diputead cict tat are amg tribal grup we mai ccupati wa ldierig”. Te remark FOSS 2010,p. 91 tat Egpt uder Muʿāwia’ ‘tate’ “ad a judiciar eaded b te qadis r Mulim, wile te Egptiadcumet make maiet te judicial pwer amir ad pagarc r te Critia ppulati” uld t

be udertd t impl a tematic divii cmpetece but rater be read a a decripti te pecicituati Mulim bud t garri tw i te rt decade te empire. Al, earl qāḍī - were tretricted t itra-Mulim matter but culd adjudicate cict amg -Mulim a well. C. mrever teremark b DONNER 2012, p. xxix: “Te adjudicati eem t ave bee carried ut b prvicial gverr rteir ubrdiate (village eadme, r example), t b idividual peciall appited a magitrate”.

21. TYAN 1978, p. 373.

22. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 88 wit reerece t cict amg te Critia ppulati Egpt i te History of thePatriarchs; TILLIER 2009, p. 76-77; 83-85.

23. DONNER 2012, p. xxix. fr a i-dept dicui te term qaḍāʾ ad ḥakam see TILLIER 2009, p. 79-82.

24. SIJPESTEIJN 2007, p. 455.


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judge, w teir part were becmig mre ad mre iueced b te develpigprivate šarīʿa circle. Gverr, ad later eve te calip, icreaigl drew back rm

peral adjudicati, leavig jutice i te ad appitee, a develpmet tatculmiated wit hārū al-Rašīd’ appitmet Abū yūu t te ew ce grad

judge (qāḍī al‑quḍāt ).25

Procedures

sclarl pii ccerig te emergece earl Mulim magitrate a aitituti i mre r le baed , ad till predmiatl llw, Ta’ wrk. Teituati i dieret wit admiitrative prcedure — tat i, te actual macier gvermet.26 Becaue te literar urce are ilet r ambiguu abut te actual

da-t-da wrkig gvermet, admiitrative dcumet preerved papru take a pecial value, prvidig u wit te prcedural detail ecear t upplemet,crrect, ad clari te bcure accut te Arab itria.

Te cial crrepdece related t legal prcedure dcumet tat teadmiitrative apparatu tarted wrkig requet, eiter b reprt rm iide teapparatu r b cmplait rm te cit r rural ppulati. Reprt ad cmplait wereubmitted i writte rm t iger autritie, ma tem ulllig te eature petiti. Mulim petitiig, altug rudimetar i te begiig, wa baed rmtat ad rigiated i Aciet near Eater Meptamia ad ad ctiued trughelleitic ad Rma time t Bzatie ad saaia rule ad ad bee re-etablied

uder te Abbaid at te latet. Te Egptia itria al-Kidī (d. 350/961) tatetat i 135/752 te gverr iterveed beal a impried ldier. Te exactcircumtace te iterveti are t clear, but it eem pible tat it appeed te bai a petiti r me ter iterveti b tird partie.27 Te earliet kwArabic petiti preerved papru i act date back t te Umaad perid; adumeru admiitrative writig tat decribe te prceedig Umaad autritiei repe t petiti ave bee preerved a well.28

25. TYAN 1960, p. 120-129; COULSON 1964, p. 28; NIELSEN 1985, p. 3; TILLIER 2009, p. 75.

26. C. te remark TILLIER 2011b, p. 213 tat bt TYAN 1960 ad HALLAQ 2005 keep te reader i igrace abutte actual practice te itituti. Ccerig te queti weter r t Mulim judicature, ad evete ce te qāḍī prper, ad bee impl take ver rm precedig Bzatie ad saaia mdel, a abee uggeted b Jep scact, Émile Ta, ad nel Cul, ee te dicui ad egative cclui bTILLIER 2009, p. 68-73. Kaleel Mammed, “Reviitig Émile Ta te Iue te Earl Ilamic Judicature”,Islamic Studies 43 (2004), p. 447-455 came t m atteti t late r iclui i te preet tud.

27. TYAN 1960, p. 97 wit reerece t al-Kidī, Kitāb al‑Wulāt wa‑kitāb al‑quḍāt , ed. R. Guet, Leide, 1912, p. 356, 367.

28. Te earliet preerved Arabic petiti papru ad parcmet are P.Kratchkovski (100/718-719, CetralAia); P.Heid.Arab. II 1 (1t-2d/7t-8t cetur, Egpt); ad perap CPR XVI 3 (2d/8t cetur r later, Egpt).Well-kw repe t petiti are t be ud amg te Greek ad Arabic letter Qurra b. Šarīk (ee. 31 belw). Te claical urce irmati abut te petitiig tem uder te Abbaid i TYAN 1960,p. 433-521, wic uld w be read tgeter wit VAN BERKEL 2011 ad er ctributi t ti vlume.


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T judge rm te papri, it wa mre te ta t te gverr i fuṭāṭ twm cmplait were directed. Te gverr, witut lcal kwledge ad burdeed

wit a icreaig umber cae, delegated tem t te mid-level ead ditrict,i pagarc, a cie i te actual area repibilit.29 Pagarc, teir part,purued ivetigati, rmall wit te elp ubalter village eadme, ecuredte cmplaiat’ rigt, ad reprted te utcme back t te gverr. Te prcedurei decribed i arrative urce ad eem crmed b text i te tadard papruediti.30 But we ave t take it accut te uequal ditributi papru digad te till predmiat rle te Qurra-letter arcive Aprdit, wic migt avebee a mre exceptial cae but preerved t te aterwrld. Alread Ta pited ut tatcmplait were addreed t l t te Umaad gverr, but al t teir pagarc,w, e tate, up t te ed te rt cetur te hiǧra iitiated prceedig ad

exercied juridicti idepedetl te gverr we receivig cmplait. ol icae wit uatiactr utcme wuld te cmplaiat lauc ater cmplait (ta appeal!) t autritie uperir t te pagarc, i.e. te gverr.31 Ta’ tatemet icitet wit te legal itria Artur steiweter’ bervati, te bai Cpticdcumet rm earl Ilamic Egpt, tat pagarc were te addreee petiti rmte ppulati. Te iitiated prceedig ad exercied juridicti i teir w regialcurt udubtedl rutic lk ad eel. Appeal t upra-regial autritie (tegverr), te ter ad, were mre exceptial cae i wic te cmplaiat eltte regial autritie (pagarc) ad bee ujutiabl umpatetic t teir caue.32

Arabic papri rm te Umaad perid crm ti ceari. Te dier amid-2d/8t cetur Mulim cial i te faūm ditrict w a pagarc w wa t

l repible r implemetig te rder te gverr i fuṭāṭ te ditrict level,but w judged legal ad ter cict reprted t im b i w ubrdiate perel.33 Te reprt b ubrdiate cial, preumabl admiitratr te village level, impltat eve te latter culd ave bee, irmall at leat, addreee cmplait rm

29. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 204: “… ma cmplait ad cict were lved at te level te pagarc r eve lweri te admiitrative ierarc i te mid-eigt-cetur faūm” (wit reerece t DIEM 1983b, p. 108;DIEM 1989, p. 146-147).

30. GROHMANN 1963, p. 18; DIEM 1989, p. 149. Te dcumetar urce available t Ta cit mail letter(Arabic l) et b te Umaad gverr Qurra b. Šarīk t i pagarc Bailiu i Upper Egptia Aprditrm arud 91/710, uc a P.BeckerPAF 1; 2; P.Cair.Arab. I 154; 155; P.Heid.Arab. I 10; 11; P.Qurra 3; P.GrohmannQorra‑

Brief . Mre recet editi crmig ti view te prcedure are P.DiemGouverneur (65/684-685,al-Ušmūa?); P.Mird 19 (1t/7t cetur, suter Paletie); P.Mird 31 (1t-2d/7t-8t cetur, suterPaletie); P.RagibLettres 1 (133-136/750-753, faūm); P.DiemAmtliche Schreiben 1 (133-136/750-754, Egpt); allcited i DIEM 1989, p. 148. Tere i al te example te amīr Alexadria w wa aked t judge a matteri te 2d/8t cetur i P.David‑WeillLouvre 25 (2d/8t cetur, Egpt), cited i SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 445.

31. TYAN 1960, p. 124; TILLIER 2013, p. 24.

32. STEINWENTER 1920, p. 15; STEINWENTER 1955, p. 53. Apparetl Ta wa uaware steiweter’ reearc.

33. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 132: “Wile part nājid’ (i.e. te pagarc te faūm; L.R.) repibilit la i relaigrder rm te amīr (i.e. te gverr i fuṭāṭ; L.R.) ccerig taxe ad ter matter admiitrati, tepagarc al repded t queti ad prblem preeted t im b i ubrdiate ad clleague”.


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beal villager, tug mre te te were te caue cmplait. I e cae agrup villager, ater twice vail lig a cmplait wit te pagarc agait e i

lw-rakig cial, ubmitted te ame cmplait directl t te gverr i fuṭāṭ, wprmptl iitiated prceedig.34 It becme apparet tat admiitrative prceedig iti perid were t alwa tp dw but al i te revere directi ad te ccludedwit acti at te mid-level b a pagarc. Te latter wa muc cler ta te gverri fuṭāṭ t matter te grud, ad ucietl mre pwerul ta village eadmet eectivel implemet a decii. Direct cmplait t te gverr ctiued tbe made, but pagarc were te addreee cmplait a well.35 Ti ma ave evebee i te majrit cae, i we exclude te exceptial Qurra-letter arcive rmAprdit. I all bttm-up prceedig Umaad pagarc acted a prt-qāḍī - (t ueWael hallaq’ exprei).36 Ad ice it wa tem t wm cmplait were made, ad

w iitiated lawuit temelve witut ivlvemet rm te gverr, te culd actrater idepedetl. I te llwig, tree cae will be dicued tat eem t illutratete judicial reedm mid-level admiitrati i Egpt uder Umaad rule.

A peasants revolt in 1st/7th century Egypt

Te rt papru, P.Berl.Arab. II 23, i rm te Berli cllecti ad a bee publiedb Werer Diem i 1997. It i t dated but acribed b te editr t te 1t/7t cetur te grud it cript.37 Te cmplaiat are Mulim tax armer, preumabl rmte faūm. n-Mulim peaat ad reued t pa teir taxe,38 ad te cmplait adbee preeted t te writer te actual letter i te rm a writte petiti.39 Thewriter, a certai yaḥā b. al-Ḥaǧǧāǧ, wa a Mulim, a i evidet rm i ame ad teIlamic rmular ued i te letter. Le clear i weter r t e wa a lcal cial; butit eem , r e rwarded te cae t et ater Mulim cial w wa i carge uc aair. yaḥā b. al-Ḥaǧǧāǧ ubmitted te tax armer’ rigial petiti tgeterwit ti cial letter. Abut te addreee tig i kw except i ame, ʿAbd Allā

34. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 48-49; 226-227. Te relevat papri are te . 6 ad 12 i er editi. P.MuslimState 6; 12(bt ca. 730/750, faūm).

35. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 133: “Wile tee papri w tat te pagarc plaed a muc mre imprtat rle i lcalmaagemet ad judicature ta a previul bee aiged t im, ur crpu al ctai evidece tatclaim rm lcal culd be brugt bere te iget cetral autrit” (i.e. te gverr i fuṭāṭ; L.R.).

similarl TILLIER 2013, p. 24 wit reerece t ABBOTT 1938, 74.36. HALLAQ 2005, p. 34.

37. DIEM 1997, p. 7-11. C. r ti papru al te remark i SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 204 . 466.

38. P.Berl.Arab. II 23, r5-8: fa‑inna ahla [… qad šakaw] lī anna anbāṭan la‑hum sukkānun bi‑qaryati [… qad ankarū] llaḏīʿalay‑him mina l‑ǧi[ zyati] wa‑ʿam[ilū maʿāṣiya], “Leute … abe ic bei mir darüber beklagt, da ie geöredeEigebree, wat i dem Dr …, die ie bliegede Kpteuer verweigert ud ic auäigbemme ätte”. Abut a earl tax-paer’ revlt tat tk place i Upper Egpt i 697 AD ad ma avebee cected wit te evet at ad, c. SIJPESTEIJN 2007, p. 450 (reerrig t te Greek P.Apoll papri).

39. P.Berl.Arab. II 23, r6-7: [qad ḏukirat asmāʾu‑hum fī ] l‑ki[t ]ā[bi lla]ḏī fī [kitābī hāḏā ʾ ilay‑ka], “dere name i dem Briegeat id, der dieem meiem a Dic gerictete Brie beiliegt”.


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b. Qa. Te ctext te letter ugget tat ʿAbd Allā b. Qa mut ave bee amid-level cial i carge cae like te preet e. Wa e te ead a ditrict, tat

i a pagarc? Te editr leave ti queti uawered.Te rmal eature te letter ugget it wa gig bttm-up i te ierarc.

fr e tig, te addre lie meti te addreee bere te eder. 40 Mrever, aelabrate bleig llw te traitial rmula (ammā baʿd).41 Bt idicate tat teaddreee wa iger i cial tadig ta te eder. Mrever, te te te letteri umble plite rater ta imperative r admitr.42 Al, tere are pible rm pluralis modestiae.43 fiall, a imprtat detail i give wit regard t te letter curier.Te latter wa rdered t wait i te prximit te addreee util te ecearivetigati ad bee purued ad te rigt te cmplaiig tax armer prcured.Te utcme te lawuit wa te t be writte dw i a reprt tat wuld be retured

t te eder b te ame curier.44

It eem rater ulikel tat a curier i te ervice a ig-rakig cial wuld ave awaited te utcme a lawuit, r ti ma avetake everal da. Ti wuld ave bee metig mre likel required te curier a lwer-rakig cial, agai uggetig tat te letter wa gig bttm-up i teierarc.

neiter eder r addreee are kw rm ter papri r rm te literar urce,wic i ater it tat ti cae ivlved te middle ad lwer level admiitrati.Perap te addreee wa a pagarc, ad te lawuit iitiated ad executed te ditrictlevel. But eve i te addreee wa t a civilia pagarc but a Arab-Mulim militarcmmader, wic i al pible give te allegedl earl date ti letter, it wabviul a ditrict aair. neiter te gverr r a ter ig-rakig cial rm

te cetral admiitrati i fuṭāṭ wa ivlved. Mt trikig i te act tat it wa aubalter cial, yaḥā b. al-Ḥaǧǧāǧ, w ad bee te recipiet a cmplait rmamg te ppulati ad w ad et te judicial apparatu i mti.

A case of tax evasion from 2nd/8th century Fayyūm

Te ecd papru, P.RagibLettres 2a, i rm te Pari cllecti ad a beepublied b yūu Rāġib i 1978. It i abut tax evader: a grup mercat ad ge

40. P.Berl.Arab. II 23, r2 ad v1: li‑ʿAbdi llāhi bni qaysin min Yaḥyā bni l‑Ḥaǧǧāǧi, “A ʿAbd Allā b. Qa v yaḥā b.al-Ḥaǧǧāǧ”.

41. P.Berl.Arab. II 23, r4-5: ammā baʿdu aṣlaḥa‑nā llāhu wa‑iyyā‑ka ṣa[lāḥa l‑dunyā wa‑l‑āḫirati wa‑waaqa‑nā li‑mā naksibu] bi‑hi riḍwāna‑hu wa‑l‑ǧannata, “Aber daac - Gtt ceke u ud Dir Gedeie im Dieeit ud Jeeit udermöglice u ei Veralte, durc da wir ei Wlgealle ud da Paradie erwerbe”.

42. P.Berl.Arab. II 23, r9: fa‑in rayta, “sei al reudlic (ud vercae ie ir Rect)”.

43. P.Berl.Arab. II 23, r4: aṣlaḥa‑nā llāhu wa‑iyyā‑ka, “Gtt ceke u ud Dir Gedeie”; r9: yarḥamu‑nā llāhuwa‑i[ yyā‑ka] “Gtt erbarme ic uer ud Deier”; r11: waaqa‑nā llāhu wa‑iyyā‑ka “Gtt ermöglice e u udDir”.

44. P.Berl.Arab. II 23, r9-10: fa‑in rayta … [an tastaḫriǧa la‑hum ḥaqqa‑hum wa‑taktuba] ki[tāb]an ʾ ila[ y‑n]ā maʿa l‑rasūli in šāʾa llāhu, “sei al reudlic…, ie ir Rect zu vercae ud u durc de Bte critlic Beceidzu gebe, Gtt will!”.


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it idig i te faūm ad ad take wit tem ve lcal peaat.45 Autritiewere ccered tat ti wuld weake teir ctrl ver tax-paer ad dimii te

reveue te tate treaur. Te writer te letter ma ave bee a iger tax cial.he ad bee et b te cetral admiitrati i fuṭāṭ t te faūm t cduct a-ite ivetigati, durig te cure wic e ad becme aware te tax evader’grievace ad prmptl iitiated admiitrative meaure46 b reprtig te matter t afaūm cial — tug, curiul, t t te cetral autritie i fuṭāṭ — ad rderiga cultati te lcal arcive i Madīat al-faūm t determie te juticati te cmplait.47

W were te cial ivlved? Apparetl te addreee wa a lcal ditrictcial, preumabl te pagarc te faūm, becaue e wa empwered t tart aivetigati a ditrict level ad at te ame time wa i carge te lcal arcive i

te ditrict capital. But w wa te ivetigatig cial ad eder te preet letter?Te editr implicitl aume tat te eder wa uperir t te addreee, but ti i tevidet rm te text itel: i act te plitee rmula ater te traitial rmula(ammā baʿd) make te revere mre likel.48 Ti eem crmed b te act tat teaddreee i lited bere te eder i te addre lie.49 Mt trikig i te act tat teeder pel admit tat e ma be wrg i i accuati, a mdet ucmm i auperir.50 o te ter ad, te trg imperative te te eder’ requet eem amaietati i uperir rak;51 ad te preial cacer cript ad te laut te writig rect markedl ctrat wit te clum writig ver. Wile teletter rect i deitel te wrk a killed cribe rm te cetre te prvice, teatati te back i ierir qualit ad apparetl writte b me pagarcial

ce te periper te faūm, were te Arabizati te cribe ad tepreializati dcumetar practice wuld ave bee till i teir earl tage.52

Te letter rect wa deitel a prduct a iger level te ierarc ta tat ver. But wat appear t be a letter rm te gverr’ cacer i fuṭāṭ tur ut,up cler examiati it eature rmal plitee, t be a prduct mid-leveladmiitrati. Crrbratig ti i te act tat eiter te cial metied b

45. Rāġib 1978-1980, p. 18-22.

46. P.RagibLettres 2a, 4-5: fa‑innī qadimtu l‑qaryata fa‑waǧadtu ḫaraǧa ʿalay‑him ḫamsatu anbāṭin ilā dumūšata wa‑tuǧǧārun,“Je ui veu au village, et j’ai truvé qu’il e était rti ciq paa pur Dumūša, et de marcad”.

47. P.RagibLettres 2a, 8-10: fa‑‑nẓur fī l‑kutubi ʿinda‑‑ka fa‑inna‑hu yaʿizzu ʿalay‑‑ya ʾan ʾaktuba ʾilay‑ka bi‑ġayri ḥaqqin,“Culte dc le dcumet cez ti. Il m’et péible de t’écrire a vérité”.

48. P.RagibLettres 2a, 4: ʾammā baʿd ʿ āfāka llāhu, “Pui : — que Dieu te de la até !”.

49. IP.RagibLettres 2a, 2 ad v1: li‑Ḫālidi bni Yazīda min Sawādata bni l‑Ḥāriṯi, “À Ḫālid b. yazīd, de la part de sawāda b.al-Ḥāriṯ”.

50. P.RagibLettres 2a, 9-10: fa‑inna‑‑hu yaʿizzu ʿalay‑‑ya ʾan aktuba ilay‑‑ka bi‑ġayri ḥaqqin, “Il m’et péible de t’écrirea vérité”.

51. P.RagibLettres 2a, 8-9: fa‑nẓur fī l‑kutubi ʿinda‑ka, “Culte dc le dcumet cez ti”.

52. see plate VII A-B accmpaig te text.


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ame ca be idetied i ter papri r i te arrative urce. Te were t ig-rakig admiitratr but member mid- t lw-rakig ce. It lk ver muc a i

te eder te letter wa a travellig ipectr ad tax cial te cetral autritiew ad i i eturage e te killed cribe rm te cacer i fuṭāṭ, wile telcal pagarc wa te addreee te letter. Te travellig ipectr ma ideed avebee uperir i rak, but e wa a trager i te faūm ad i eed te pagarc’cmpliace: terere i i letter e ad t be plite. Bt cial ad de act becmeequal i rak. Wat i particular iteret ere i te act tat te ipectr et terder t ivetigate te cae directl t te lcal pagarc rater ta idirectl trugte cetral admiitrati i fuṭāṭ.

Marital strife in 1st/7th century Palestine

Te tird papru, P.Mird 18, i w i Jerualem ad a bee publied b AdlGrma i 1963. It wa ud i te rui te ettlemet Ḫirbat al-Mird i suterPaletie ear te Dead sea.53 It ccer a dipute betwee private partie rm tatplace: a Mulim ubad ad ulawull deprived i Mulim wie er prpert ader marital maiteace.54 Te autritie ad iitiated a ivetigati i repe tte wma’ cmplait. Te writer te preet letter, w ad bee i carge teivetigati ad te ettlemet te cict, reprt te utcme te lawuit, wicwa tat te wma’ claim wa valid ad te ubad ad t ad i wie’ prpert backt er. But w did te writer reprt t? Te editr iterpreted te letter a tp-dw.55 I i view, te wma ad et er cmplait t te iget cial available, i ti caete ub-gverr Gaza ad ead te ditrict, ʿUmar b. ʿUbad Allā. Te latter adcarged te ivetigati te cae t te eadma te wma’ village, a certaiDirʿ b. ʿAbd Allā. Te village eadma ad eard te wma’ cmplait ad perapculted additial lcal witee. Tereup e reprted back t i uperir, ʿUmarb. ʿUbad Allā, wit te requet tat te diputat (wma ad ubad) be brugtace t ace. Te ead te ditrict ubequetl armed te rigt t te wma, aterwic e et a reprt te utcme, wic i te letter at ad, back t te villageeadma, tgeter wit te wma ad er ubad.

Te prcedure eem dd, wever, wit te matter gig back ad rt like a teiball. Mrever, it eem ulikel tat a uperir cial wuld ave ad t reprt back t iw ubrdiate. Apparetl te editr a cued ame r act. Te eder itead

53. GROHMANN 1963, p. 15-18.

54. P.Mird 18, r5-7: fa‑inna‑ka katabta ilay‑ya maʿa ummi Iyāsa bnati Muʿārikin fī‑mā ḏakarat la‑ka min aḫḏi [ za]wǧi‑hāmatāʿa‑hā wa‑nafaqata‑hā wa‑innī ǧamaʿtu bayna‑humā fa‑saltu‑hu ʿani llaḏī ḏakarta fa‑ʿtarafa bi‑matāʿi‑hā fa‑radadtu‑hu ʿalay‑hā, “Veril, u ave writte t me wit Umm Iā, daugter Muʿārik, abut tat wice a metied ut u ccerig er ubad’ takig awa er prpert ad er maiteace. Ad Iave crted tem bt. I, te, aked im abut tat wic u ad metied. s e ackwledged erprpert. Terere I aded it back t er” (wit emedati b DIEM 2012, p. 33).

55. GROHMANN 1963, p. 17: “ʿUmar b. ʿUbaidallā eem t be te uperir Dirʿ”.


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mut ave bee ubalter t te addreee, i wic cae te letter wa bttm-up.56 suca ceari i citet wit te letter’ rmal tructure: te addreee i amed bere

te eder i te addre lie.57 Mrever, tere i a plite prae ciderable legtllwig te traitial rmula (ammā baʿd).58 Ad all, te eder ad received arder rm te addreee bere iitiatig prceedig.59 Tu Dirʿ b. ʿAbd Allā mutave bee te ead ditrict ad ʿUmar b. ʿUbad Allā te ubalter village eadma.Te aggrieved wma ad terere iitiall cmplaied t te ead ditrict, w addelegated te cae r urter ivetigati t te eadma er village. Te villageeadma crted te cictig partie ad judged i avur te wma, tereprtig back t i uperir abut te utcme — wic i te preet letter. But tecict ad t et cme t a ed, r it eem tat te ubad ad give back l tewma’ prpert (matāʿ) but reued t pa er maiteace (nafaqa).60 At te wma’

requet, te village eadma aded te cae back t i uperir, w ad mre judicialkwledge ad autrit, r at leat ad better mea r ercig judgemet.

Conclusion: administrative structures and the character of Umayyad rule

Te prgre i Arabic paprlg i te rm editi ew text ad crrecti lder readig allw r a better udertadig Umaad admiitrative prceedigta a itert bee pible. Te ituati i till trick, tug, becaue ma textare bcure abut te ititutial backgrud te per ivlved, ad eve abutuc baic matter a te ucti te text ad teir ierarcical directi. Te

beguile it diagreemet ad debate. Te tree cae decribed abve ugget a Mulimadmiitrati tat te periperal middle t lw level rutiel ad idepedetladjudicated cict amg Mulim ad -Mulim alike ccerig bt crimialad civil matter. Arabic papri empaie te dieretial prvicial cetre ad teperiperie a well a te iuece te degree Arabizati amg te ppulati.Émile Ta’ aerti tat up t te ed te rt cetur te hiǧra it wa t lte gverr’ ce but al te mid-rakig pagarc w exercied juridicti

56. DIEM 1983a, p. 254; 1989, p. 161; 2012, p. 33 wit regard t te arragemet te addre lie ad te imperativeued i lie 9.

57. P.Mird 18, r2 ad v1: li‑Dirʿi bni ʿAbdi llāhi min ʿUmara bni ʿUbaydi llāhi, “T Dirʿ b. ʿAbd Allā rm ʿUmar b. ʿUbadAllā”.

58. P.Mird 18, r4: ammā baʿdu atamma llāhu ʿalay‑ka afḍala ʿāyati‑hi fī l‑dunyā wa‑l‑āḫirati, “Wat llw – ma Gdull i u hi bet itegrit i ti wrld ad te wrld t cme”.

59. P.Mird 18, r9: wa‑katabta tmuru‑nī an uqīma, “yu ave writte rderig me tat I ma execute”.

60. P.Mird 18, r7-8: fa‑ʿtarafa bi‑matāʿi‑hā fa‑radadtu‑hu ʿalay‑hā wa‑ankara nafaqata‑hā fa‑salat‑nī l‑marʾatu an aǧlibailay‑ka maʿa‑hā fa‑faʿaltu amartu‑humā ǧamīʿan ʾ an yalḥaqiyā‑ka (ic), “s e ackwledged er prpert. TerereI aded it back t er, wile e diputed er maiteace. s te wie aked me tat I migt brig im witer ut u. s I did it. I rdered tem bt tgeter tat te bt uld reac u”. Grma tralatewa‑ankara nafaqata‑hā perap a little bit vaguel a “wile e diwed er maiteace”.


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eem crmed b te Arabic papri.61 Te evidece, tetative a it i at te mmet,i igicat r a better udertadig te caracter Mulim admiitrati i te

large territrie Umaad ad earl Abbaid rule.Tere a bee muc debate abut te degree cetraliati ad ctrl i

te prvicial admiitrati te Umaad calipate. Egpt i geerall ee a acetralied prvice wit te gverr i fuṭāṭ tigtl ctrllig te prvicialditrict.62 But dcumetar urce itead impl a mre a decetralied tem tatetruted a igicat prti cmpetece t te lwer rak admiitratr.63 Te tree dcumet dicued i ti tud d ideed upprt te latter view, r tew a rater autmu mid- t lw-rakig admiitrati tat, ce Mulim, actedairl idepedetl i judicial matter a well.64 Umaad prvicial gverr actedmre autmul ta teir Abbaid uccer, ad appited lcal cial a teir

peral delegate idepedetl te calip i Damacu.65

But te autm tecial belw te gverr wa a caracteritic Umaad prvicial admiitrati awell. Ti caged ater 132/750 wit Abbaid rule ad te calip’ icreaig attempt tcetralie ctrl ver prvicial cial.66

Tere a al bee debate abut exactl we tate tructure were etablieduder te Umaad ad weter r t te suaid ad a bureaucratic rater taa tribal rulig tructure.67 Ccluive pr r eiter piti a t et bee ud;but te emergece a judiciar, ad te ulderig judicial repibilit, uder teUmaad eem t be tig le ta a determiati t create a tate tructure.68 Ite Arabic recript P.DiemGouverneur t a pagarc ca ideed be acribed t te gverrʿAbd al-Raḥmā b. ʿUtba r ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Marwā ad tu be dated a earl a 65/685,

it wuld be a trg argumet r a earl preece te Mulim ig tate i mid-leveltructure Critia backgrud.69 Ti i citet wit te repeated ert b teUmaad calip durig te rt al te 2d/8t cetur t aert direct ctrl verprvicial plitic.70

61. see . 32 abve.

62. BELL 1910; BECKER 1924; BELL 1928, ABBOTT 1938; BANAJI 2001.

63. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 200-201.

64. I te prtli lcal admiitratr cal repibilitie ad bee augmeted wit legal cmpetece awell, a a bee berved b SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 204.

65. TYAN 1960, p. 97-98; HALLAQ 2005, p. 37.

66. TYAN 1960, p. 124; TILLIER 2013, p. 33.

67. Te variu piti te debate are ummaried i FOSS 2010, p. 75-76.

68. TILLIER 2009, p. 75.

69. C. DIEM 1983b, p. 107. I llw ere te editr’ aumpti abut te ettig ad datig te letter. C.wever te bjecti b SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 48, were e expree er dubt abut a gverr ad apagarc a pible crrepdece parter te letter ad apparetl, et t exprel, call it quetia earl datig ad eem t be iclied tward a datig it te 2d/8t cetur itead.

70. TILLIER 2009, p. 85 wit reerece t Rai Gerge Kur ad Baber Jae.


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Te tree dcumet dicued earlier al prvide a diacric view te itituti.Te papru rm Paletie w a admiitrative prcedure tat crmed t te

Egptia e, but wit dierig title ad cmpetece cial. I Upper EgptiaAprdit te Greek title dioikētēs wa ued r te mid-rakig pagarc, wereate ame title wa ued i Paletie i te earl 2d/8t cetur r te lw-rakigvillage eadma. But bt ad te ame dutie ad cmpetece: te cllecti taxe,maiteace te lcal iratructure, ad admiitrati jutice. oe level up teituati wa imilar: te Egptia prvicial gverr (gr. sýmboulos) ad i cuterparti te Paletiia ditrict ead reidig i Gaza. Bt received petiti ad bt iitiated

judicial prcedure. Adl Grma metied ti i i cmmetar t i editi te papru ad a ge it me detail.71 Te evidece ca be iterpreted a a geeraltedec i Umaad admiitrati t ad dw judicial autrit t mid- ad eve

lw-rakig admiitratr. Ti bega i te Umaad cre prvice sria ad quicklreaced Paletie, were Arabizati ad tarted earl ad were cial wit Arabicbackgrud were available i larger umber. frm tere it pread t Egpt wit medela, leavig it mark te admiitrative tructure te Delta ad ubequetlwrkig it wa up te nile t mre remte area. Te adig dw cmpetece wetalg wit a gradual replacemet lcal perel wit Arabic-peakig Mulim. A lga lcal perel cited excluivel r predmiatl -Mulim, a ad beete cae bere te rerm attributed t ʿAbd al-Malik, cmplait ad bee addreedt autritie te gverr’ level.72 But ater Mulim cial appeared te ditrictad village level, te became te addreee cmplait itead.73

fiall, te tree dcumet dicued i ti tud attet t te ke rle te writte

wrd i admiitrative prcedure at a earl tage.74 I te rt cae, tax armer adubmitted teir cmplait i te rm a writte petiti. Ti writte petiti wa ettgeter wit te admiitrative letter t te ext iger autrit, wile te utcme wareprted back b mea et ater writte letter. I te ecd cae, a lcal arcivewit lit tax-paer erved r reerece, wile te admiitrative letter wa rwardedt a tird per r urter ivetigati, a i evidet rm te edremet te

71. GROHMANN 1963, p. 18. Grma reer t title metied i te text P.Ness. III rm abut te ame time.Ti eem reaable, r eve i neaa (‘Awǧāʾ al-Ḥaīr) wa ut Ḫirbat al-Mird ad tig were ligtldieret tere, bt were i te prvice Gaza.

72. DIEM 1983b, p. 108 wit te remark tat appeal t te gverr ad te gverr’ ubequet rder tpagarc appear l i papri rm te earlier perid, i.e. we pagarc were t et Mulim. fr ʿAbdal-Malik’ admiitrative rerm, wic te ‘Arabizati’ admiitrative perel rmed a part , eeSIJPESTEIJN 2007, p. 449-450.

73. SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 203, berve tat tward te ed Umaad rule (ca. 112-132/730-750, faūm)Mulim pagarc ad gaied mre cal ad legal pwer ta ad bee te cae bere. Ater tat timeeve admiitratr belw te pagarc eem t ave bee delegated wit uprecedeted cal ad legalrepibilitie.

74. fr te rle writte dcumet i cict reluti i Bzatie ad Ilamic Egpt c. VAN BERKEL 2007;SIJPESTEIJN 2013, p. 247-255; 248 . 151.


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ver. I te tird cae, bt mid- ad lw-rakig cial relied writte dcumet.I all tree cae, letter were ke device r acilitatig te admiitrative prce.

Arcive were culted r te reluti cict. Mrever, te ppulati clearltruted i te writte wrd at a earl tage Mulim rule b preetig teir cmplaiti te rm writte petiti t te autritie. All ti w tat writte dcumetwere i ue at ever level ciet i Umaad Egpt. Te repreeted Mulim rulei te periperal part te empire ad tu erved bt admiitrative ad pliticalpurpe.75 Te papri demtrate tat te adig dw cmpetece wet algwit te ue writte dcumet ad a icreae i literac i te middle ad lwerlevel admiitrati. Judicial practice plaed a imprtat part i ti prce.

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