20130711 records2 graphs_madrid
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co-funded by the European Union
From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries
Prof. Dr. Stefan Gradmann (KU Leuven)Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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From Records to Graphs: Linked Data and Libraries Stefan Gradmann, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 11/07/2013
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OverviewData about Data: Objects and Assertions
Object/Data Models, Assertion Models and Pragmatics
From Containers to Context, from Records to Graphs, from Catalogs to Research Data:
Container Content Context:→ → Libraries approaching the End of the Gutenberg Galaxis and the emerging Linked Data Web
The Europeana Data Model (EDM) in this context
EDM (and RDF) enabling Research with content based and context driven services
Required Cultural Changes: terms/thinking to get rid of
Hands on: Semantic Annotation using Pundit
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Metadata. Meta Data?What is this Talk About?
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Not about …
• … cataloguing practice• … manual vs. automated metadata generation• … named entity detection• … metadata licensing issues• … metadata quality issues• ...
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But rather about ...
• Data about data?• Statements on things in the world
– Like in http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/DR.html#DREMB
– Or in http://primocat.bl.uk/F?func=direct&local_base=PRIMO&doc_number=012233614&format=001&con_lng=prm
• Having– A subject: aboutness (far from being obvious!)– A grammar: a data / object model (mostly implicit)
• http://people.umass.edu/phil335-klement-2/tlp/tlp.html
– A Syntax: coding and serialisation– A pragmatic context: an implied audience
• → This talk is restricted to bibliographical metadata in libraries
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Container → Content → ContextLibraries approaching the end of the
Gutenberg Galaxis
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Long before the Parenthesis:Alexandria
Librarians: Zenodotus Callimachus Erathosthenes …Scholars and / or PoetsProducing πίνακες
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Before the Parenthesis: St. Gall
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The Gutenberg Parenthesis Opens …Dissociation of container and content
in the print paradigm
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Dissociation of Roles in the Gutenberg galaxy
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Catalogue Based Library Functional Axioms (1)
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Catalogue Based Library Functional Axioms (2)
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Catalogue Based Library Functional Axioms (3)
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Catalogue Based Library Functional Axioms (4)
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Library Functional Principles (2)Mediating access to information objects via cataloguesMediating links as pointers from metadata to objectsObjects are part of a library collection
An object to be used within a library typically is part of this library's collection
Internal processing logic: focus onobjects as information containers, not so much on the content of these containersand accordingly cataloguing is focussed on container attributes
Functional macro-primitives are ingestion, storage, description and retrieval of information containers
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… and examples: metadata records
• http://lccn.loc.gov/72083804• http://lccn.loc.gov/00711195• http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34605779c• http://d-nb.info/574200282
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… and closes again The end of the print paradigm
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Decreasing functional determination by traditional cultural techniques
Disintegration of the linear / circular functional paradigma
Erosion of the monolithic document notion in hypertext paradigms
Web Based Scholarly Working Continuum ...… a triple paradigm shift: Beyond Documents
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Ted Nelson's Xanadu: radicalised Hypertext ...
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The Web of Documents
InformationManagement:A Proposal (TBL, 1989)
... twiceextended:•in syntax•in scope
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Resources and Links in the Document Web
We have HTTP URIs to identify resources and links between them – but we are missing a few things!
What kinds of resources are 'Louvre.html' and 'LaJoconde.jpg'?A machine cannot tell.Humans can: we recognize implied context!
How exactly do they relate to each other?A machine cannot tell.Humans can: again we recognize implied context!
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Syntactically Extending the Document Web (1)
We add a syntax for making statements on resources: RDF triples
We add a schema language (RDFS) with elements such asclasses (chair' as instance of chairs), hierarchies of classes and properties (chairs are a subclass of furniture, 'teaches' is a sub-property of 'communicates')inheritance (communication based on language → teaching also is)support for basic inferencing, deterministic logical operations
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Syntactically Extending the Document Web: RDF (2)
And thus are able to establish structures in triple aggregations resulting in lightweight domain ontologies:
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Extending the Web in Scope: The Web of Things … (slightly Mistaken)
Taken from Ronald Carpentier'sBlog at http://carpentier.wordpress.com/2007/08/08/1-2-3/
What's wrong with this picture?
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… and the Way we extend the Web in scope to make it a 'Web of Things'
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And we get … Linked Data
Copyright © 2008 W3C (MIT, ERCIM, Keio)
http://www.w3.org/2008/Talks/0617-lod-tbl/#(4)
Standard Identifiers
Standard Pointers
Standards for Queries and Statements
Link to Context
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A few Bubbles: 5/2007
Over 500 million RDF triples Around 120,000 RDF links between data sources © Richard Cyganiak
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And a lot of Bubbles as of last Year
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Google entering the Floor
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Modelling Object Representations as RDF Aggregations generates new questions ...
Where do resource aggregations 'start'? Where do they 'end'?
And what constitutes document boundaries??
And which node was connected to which one at a given time???→ Provenance, Versioning, Authorisation: Named Graphs
A
B
C
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Aggregations and Context:Calculating Closeness
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… and new opportunities: Triple Sets and 'Reasoning'
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... based on 'Documents' asAggregations of RDF-Triples (1)
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'Documents' as Aggregations of RDF-Triples (2)
<assertion> <subject>NG_000007.3:g.70628G>A</subject> <predicate>has variant frequency</predicate> <object>0.25%</object> </assertion>
<condition>Sardinian</condition>
<provenance> <dateofcreation>March 24, 2011</dateofcreation> <lastedit>March 24, 2011</lastedit> <evidenceType>empirical</evidenceType> <authorID>Giardine et. al.</authorID> <curatorID>unresolved</curatorID> <registrantID>Mons et. al.</registrantID> <PMID>6695908</PMID> <PMID>1428944</PMID> <PMID>1610915</PMID> <DOI>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.785</DOI> <linkout>http://globin.bx.psu.edu/cgi-bin/hbvar/query_vars3?mode=output&display_format=page&i=239</linkout> <linkout>http://phencode.bx.psu.edu/cgi-bin/phencode/phencode?build=hg18&id=HbVar.239</linkout> </provenance>
<nanopublication id="0">
<nanopublication id="0">
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The use of Inferencesvan Haagen HHHBM, 't Hoen PAC, Botelho Bovo A, de Morrée A, van Mulligen EM, et al. (2009) Novel Protein-Protein Interactions Inferred from Literature Context. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7894. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007894 / Example provided by Jan Velterop
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Data = PublicationDistinction data vs. publication will get increasingly obsolete in semantic publishing environments …… at least in the STM sector.The move into semantic publication will be much slower in the SSH because of
fuzzy and unstable terminologyfuzzy linking semantics hard to formalise consistentlyclose relation between complex document formats and scholarly discourse
Current examples are mostly from the medical and bio-medical area as a consequenceWe are exploring potential of change in the SSH in
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→ Much more than catalogues: Visualise and Explore Cultural Context
Mapping the Republic of Letters:http://knot-dev.herokuapp.com/investigate.html Or again the graph of writers and thinkers and how they are connected:http://zoom.it/Vj6F (is this one really useful?)http://bgriffen.scripts.mit.edu/www/media/json/thinkers/http://mariandoerk.de/edgemaps/demo/http://www.visualdataweb.org/relfinder/relfinder.php Or again a Finnish example (Kultuurisampo):
http://www.kulttuurisampo.fi/kulsa/historiallisetKartat.shtml
Or finally Obama vs. Palin:http://truthy.indiana.edu/memedetail?id=324&resmin=45&theme_id=4 vs.http://truthy.indiana.edu/memedetail?id=783&resmin=45&theme_id=4
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The Europeana Data Model (EDM) in the LoD Context
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EDM – what is it? And what not?
• EDM is the metadata model replacing the ESE …• … a model for making statements about digital
representations of cultural heritage objects• … a model for contextualising such representations• EDM is not an object model (but might be combined
with object and process models)!• EDM is an RDF based graph model• EDM enables modeling of objects and context and
thus knowledge generation
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EDM: Classes
CIDOC CRM E5 hierarchycould be pruned here
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EDM: Properties
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Mona Lisa: French Ministry of Culture
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Metadata Record in EDM
Proxy
Aggregation
Digital Representations
Cultural Heritage Object
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Semantic Enrichment
ens:Agent: persons or organizations
ens:Place: spatial entities
ens:TimeSpan: time periods or datesskos:Concept: entities from KOS
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Event-Centric Modeling
Preserving and exploiting original data also means being compatible with descriptions beyond simple object level ( CIDOC CRM!)→
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Complex Objects
• Part-whole links for complex (hierarchical) objects
• Order among parts of objects• Derivation and versioning relations
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Les Fleurs du Mal: UNIMARC http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37367035f
000 nam 22 450001FRBNF373670350000003009http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37367035f039 $oGEA$a000288182100 $a19920409d1857 m y0frey50 ba1010 $afre102 $aFR105 $a||||z 00|||106 $ar2001 $aˆLes ‰fleurs du mal$bTexte imprimé$fpar Charles Baudelaire210 $aParis$cPoulet-Malassis et De Broise$d1857215 $a248 p.$d19 cm676 $a841.8$v22686 $a840$2Cadre de classement de la Bibliographie nationale française700 |$311890582$aBaudelaire$bCharles$4070801 0$aFR$bBNF$c19920409$gAFNOR$2intermrc
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Les Fleurs du Mal: Gallica http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k70861t
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Les Fleurs du Mal: Digitised http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k70861t.textePage.f1
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Les Fleurs du Mal: EDM
Cultural Heritage Object (CHO)
Proxy
Digital Representations
Aggregation
SemanticContext
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What can you use it for: De arte venandi cum avibus
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De Arte Venandi … (1)
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De Arte Venandi … (2)
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De Arte Venandi … (3)
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De Arte Venandi … Subgraph 1
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De Arte Venandi … (4)
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De Arte Venandi … (5)
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De Arte Venandi … Subgraphs 1+2
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De Arte Venandi … (6)
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De Arte Venandi … (6)
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De Arte Venandi … (6)
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De Arte Venandi … done 'right'
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De Arte Venandi … there's more!
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De Arte Venandi … there's more (2)!
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De Arte Venandi … there's more (3)!
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Contextualising Wittgenstein
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An Opportunity for the Library ...… and what it needs to do to be up to it
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“What do you do with a million books?” (Greg Crane)
Digitisation and semantic publishing result in growing quantityincreased complexity
Well beyond scholarly processing capacity (=reading faculty)Scientists and Scholars will badly need help in three areas:
Semantic abstracting, named entity recognition for “strategic reading” (Renear)Contextualisation of information objectsRobust reasoning and inferencing yielding digital heuristics
=> Opportunities for Research Libraries!
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Ceci n'est pas une bibliothèque
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Ceci n'est pas une bibliothèque
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Catalogue
The card catalog in the nave of Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University. Picture by Henry Trotter, 2005.
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Catalogue Entry: MARC Record
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'Library Collections'
Photo © Ralf Küpper
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Change Thinking, Change Terminology!
Libraries will serve research as part of the Linked Open Data web – or else risk becoming insignificant.
For operating this change we definitely need to change terminology and underlying thinking patterns:
Aggregation
Discovery
Navigation
Graph
LinkContext
KnowledgeInformation
Catalogue
Holdings
Library Search
Document
'Record'
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Sticking to empty metaphors ...
"What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet." (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2))
Why then do we stick to emptied metaphors?… because they constitute identity (a very bad reason!)… because they guarantee institutional persistency (a fallacy!)… because we are afraid of substantial changes and believe in things changing only once we use new terms (dangerously childish!)… or simply because we do not have new terms yet?
Let us then start looking for them!
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From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs': old terms – new terms (1)
ReverseProportional!
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From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs': old terms – new terms (2)
ReverseProportional!
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From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs': old terms – new terms (3)
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From 'Catalogues' to 'Graphs': old terms – new terms (4)
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There is a Life after MARC and AACR2 ...… reconceptualising the bibliographic
universe
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FRBR
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What is FRBR
• A conceptual model for bibliographic descriptions
• An Entity-Relationship-Model– Entities: Groups 1, 2 und 3– Relations– Attributes (metadata)
• Functional Scope– find, identify, select, preserve
• FRBR ≠– Data model, data format, rule set,
metadata schema, application
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Terms and Concepts
• “Book”– Physical Object
(item)– 'Publication' in
Bookstores (ISBN, any given item)(manifestation)
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• “Book”–Translator?
(expression)– Author? (work)
Terms and Concepts
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Group 1 – Relations between Entities
Work
Item
Intellectual / Artistic Content
Physical RecordingOf Contents
ExpressionIs realized through
Is exemplified by
ManifestationIs embodied in
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Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Person
Corporate Body
is owned by
is produced by
is realized by
is created by
Group 2: Relations to persons and corporate bodies
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Work
has as subject
PersonCorporate Body
Expression
ManifestationItem
Work
ConceptObjectEventPlace
has as subject
has as subject
Group 3: thematic relations of group 1 entities
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EQUIVALENT
Cataloging Rulescut-off point
Same work New work
DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE
Parody
Revision
Translation
Criticism
Variations or versions
Editions SummaryAbstractDigest
Annotated edition
Expurgatededition
DramatizationNovelization
Freetranslation
Imitations
Evaluation
Review
Casebook
Commentary
Abridgededition
Arrangement
ScreenplayLibrettoIllustrated
edition
Slightmodifications Adaptations
Change of genre
Original
Same style or thematic content
Microformreproduction
Copy
Exactreproduction
Facsimile
Reprint
Simultaneous“publication”
Same Expression New Expression
Family of Works
New Work B. TillettDec. 2001
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Attributes of Group 1 Entities
• Work– ID– Title– Date– etc.
• Expression– ID– Title– Form– Date– Language– etc.
• Manifestation– ID– Title– Statement of responsibility– Edition– Statement of Responsability – Carrier properties– Access conditions– Access modes– etc.
• Item– ID– Provenience– Location– etc.
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• FRBR is a conceptual model – No specific implementation is precribed
• Implementation examples:– OpenVlacc
www.bibliotheek.be
– OCLC FictionFinderhttp://fictionfinder.oclc.org
– VTLS Virtuahttp://bib.uclouvain.be/lib/item?id=chamo:1397047&theme=UCL
Anpplication of the FRBR Concept Model
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Potential and Problems of FRBR
• Better structuring of catalog presentations• Simplified cataloguing• Reduced cataloguing load
– Every work is represented only once for all of its Expressions
– Every expression is represented only once for all of its manifestations
– Likewise for manifestations: items just stay what they are.
• Clean layering enables opening of librarian applications to the WWW
• But: What is a work???
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Resource Description and Access (RDA)
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What is RDA?
• Cataloguing rules succeeding AACR2 (originally named AACR3)– Established by the AACR Joint Steering Committee
• Clearly going beyond cataloguing rules• Implements FRBR• Should be in use from 2013 onwards
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Why not just another Revision of AACR2?
• AACR2– 1978– 1988– 1998– 2002
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The Context of 'Cataloguing' has changed profoundly
• Increased range of information carriers …• … and increased depth and complexity of content structures• Generating metadata isn't a librarian professional privilege
anymore• Increased multitude of metadata formats (DC!)• Rapidly increasing impact of standards established by W3C
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Changing Terminology
AACR2 RDA
Heading Access PointAuthority Control Access Point Control
Authorized Heading Preferred Access Point
Main Entry Primary Access Point
Added Entry Secondary Access Point
Uniform Title Preferred Title
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Characteristics• Content vs. Presentation of Container Attributes
– RDA is basically about content, not container– RDA-Records can still be displayed in an ISBD compliant
way if required.
• Transcription– “Take what you see” – Error correction– Supports automated indexing
• Provides an open door towards the 'Semantic' Linked Open Data Web!
• Is saturated with backward oriented compromises
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BIBFRAME
• Fusion of “MARC must die” and Linked Data @ LOC.gov• cf. http://bibframe.org/• Bibliographic Framework as a Linked Data Model• Main Classes
– Creative Work - a resource reflecting a conceptual essence of the cataloging item.
– Instance - a resource reflecting an individual, material embodiment of the Work.
– Authority - a resource reflecting key authority concepts that have defined relationships reflected in the Work and Instance. Examples of Authority Resources include People,Places, Topics, Organizations, etc.
– Annotation - a resource that decorates other BIBFRAME resources with additional information. Examples of such annotations include Library Holdings information, cover art and reviews.
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BibExtend
• W3C, Schema.org• cf. http://www.w3.org/community/schemabibex/• Based on schema.org:CreativeWork
– “the most generic kind of creative work, including books, movies, photographs, software programs, etc.” (http://schema.org/CreativeWork)
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Ontologically Conceptualizing Bibliographic Entities
• PRISM– XML/RDF based industry standard, more at
http://www.idealliance.org/specifications/prism-metadata-initiative
• BIBO– Extends PRISM, more at http://bibliontology.com/
• SPAR / FaBIO– RDF based representation of FRBR, more at
http://sempublishing.sourceforge.net/ and http://www.essepuntato.it/lode/http://purl.org/spar/fabio
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Lessons learned in Europeana
We have learned some of these lessons in Europeana
we dropped the brand “EDL” very earlywe decided not to have a 'catalogue'We recently consolidated EDM and FRBRoo
We know that the current portal is not enough
we devised the RDF based Europeana Data Model (EDM)we are gradually migrating to EDM based operationswe make Europeana part of the Linked Open Data cloud
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An Aggregation ...
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… some context
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… more context
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… and the Big Picture: Object and Semantic Data Layer
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Context Data•DBpedia•GND•Geonames•LCSH•…
EDM and Linked Open Data
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A Triple Win
Europeana wins ...… as a prime resource for digital humanities scholars… with a new and clearly focused customer group
Digital humanists win… with a prime source of corpora on the WWW… with new research methods based on semantic technologies
Librarians win ...... a new profile, a new identity… back in content and knowledge generation … on a par with scholars againAll libraries? All librarians??
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Recap on Librarian Metadata
• Formats– πίνακες– Catalog cards– MARC Records– FRBR– RDF-Graphs
• Semantics– Cataloguing Rules (AACR)– RDA– Ontologies & Rulesets
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Semantic Annotation: [email protected]
http://www.thepund.it/visualization-demos/timeline-demo/
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Suggested Reading
Gregory Crane (2006): What Do you Do with a Million Books? In: Dlib Magazine, Vol. 12, March. (http://bit.ly/JhzF90)
Gutenberg Paranthesis Research Group / University of Southern Denmark: Position Paper (http://bit.ly/JjGKb6)
David Parry: Burn the Boats/Books. Presentation to Digital Writing and Research Lab, Austin. (http://bit.ly/JYLlJV)
David Shotton (2009a): Semantic Publishing. The coming revolution in scientific journal publishing. Learned Publishing Volume 22, No 2, 85–94, April 2009; doi:10.1087/2009202
David Shotton et al. (2009b): Adventures in Semantic Publishing: Exemplar Semantic Enhancements of a Research Article (http://bit.ly/IgT5Km)
Barend Mons, Jan Velterop: Nano-Publication in the e-science era (http://bit.ly/IISMGt)
Alan Renear, Carol Palmer (2009): Strategic Reading, Ontologies and the Future of scientific Publishing. In: Science, August 2009, p. 828 – 832.
Thank you for your patience and attention