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IFRS Introduction

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IFRS 9 Financial Instruments

for Accounting Professionals

IFRS Introduction www.bankir.ru/technology/vestnik/uchebnye-posobiya-po-msfoeng

2013 IFRS WORKBOOKS

(1 million downloaded)

Welcome to the EU Tacis IFRS Workbooks sixth (2013) edition! This is the tenth anniversary of the first edition in 2003. The changes from the 2012 edition are minimal, with no new standard issued in the past year. Major changes are anticipated to IFRS 9, IFRS 4, IAS 17 and IAS 18. Exposure drafts (proposals) have been issued, but have not yet been incorporated into the standards. To the books, we have added an article: IFRS- grabbing the tiger by the tail which has been published by bankir.ru in Russian. This article covers IFRS teaching issues for each standard and a number of opinions and discussion points.

The set of books provides a book for every standard, plus three books on consolidation. Financial instrument bookkeeping is covered in IAS 32/39 (book 3) and in IFRS 9. IFRS 7 is complemented by FINREP, which illustrates practical use and presentation formats. An introduction to IFRS and transformation models from Russian accounting to IFRS complete the set.

Each workbook is a combination of Information, Examples, Self-Test Questions and Answers.Thanks are due to those who made these publications possible and to you, our readers, for your continued support. I would like to express my gratitude to: Igor Sykharev and Tatiana Trifonova of the Ministry of Finance who provided a link from the Ministrys site. Gulnara Makhmutova and Adel Valeev provided the updated Russian texts and editing. Marina Korf and Yulia Ykhanova of bankir.ru provided help, advice and space on its website. Sergey Dorozhkov and Elina Buzina of Association of Russian Bankers Institute of Banking http://www.ibdarb.ru/msfo.php ran excellent IFRS courses on all standards which enabled us to test this material and learn new insights from them and the participants. Please join us there for the best consolidation course in Russia.

World Bank courses for the Bank of Tanzania (BOT) provided new IFRS and banking insights: thanks to Albert Mkenda BOT and my colleague Benson Mahenya among many others. IFRS assistance to the Bank of Mongolia (BOM) with PricewaterhouseCoopers (thanks to Ekaterina Nekrasova, Jelena Pesic and Vladislav Kononenko) provided exposure to Mongolian commercial bank reporting and blending IFRS with bank prudential ratios. Oyungerel Gonchig, Project Manager at World Bank, Mongolia, and our counterparts at BOM: Oyuntsatsral Banid, Bunchinsuren Dagva, Borkhuu Gotovsuren, Batmaa Ochirbat and Gantsetseg Myagmarjay contributed to a memorable project.

On the back page are notes covering copyright details and the history of the series.

Please tell your friends and colleagues where to find our books. We hope that you find them useful.

Robin Joyce

Professor of the Chair of International Banking and Finance,

Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation

Professor, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian FederationVisiting Professor of the Siberian Academy of Finance and Banking Moscow, Russia 2013Contents

3An Introduction to IFRS

31.1Scope

4Grouping of IFRS

41.2Introductory Standards

41.3Foundation Standards

51.4Property, Plant and Equipment Standards

51.5Special Case 1 Standards

51.6Remuneration Standards

51.7Listed Company Standards

51.8Special Case 2 Standards

51.9Disclosure Standards

51.10Banking Standards

51.11Industry Specific Standards

51.12Consolidation Standards

51.13 Additional Publications

62Overview of the Standards

62.1Introductory Group

72.2Foundation Group

82.3Property, Plant and Equipment Group

113Special Case 1 Group

114Remuneration Group

125Listed Company Group

136Special Case 2 Group

147Disclosure Group

148Banks Group

159Industry Specific Group

1610Consolidation Standards

1711Additional Publications

1711.1Transformation

An Introduction to IFRS

1.1 Scope

These notes are an unofficial guide to IFRS and introduce the series, IFRS Workbooks for Accounting Professionals. The main objective is to help you navigate the IFRS standards by grouping them by theme.

The secondary purpose is to highlight how our publications can assist in learning IFRS. For each Standard there is a workbook to download comprising text, examples, multiple-choice questions and answers on our website www.bankir.ru/technology/vestnik/uchebnye-posobiya-po-msfoeng.

The architecture of IFRS must be taken as a whole. Financial statements prepared under IFRS must use all of the required applicable standards to be IFRS compliant.

IFRS can be grouped by theme rather than date of publication as published by IASB.

The themes chosen recognise that some standards, such as Impairment interact with a range of other standards.

Financial reporting standards have two main aims:

-disclosure

-timing of profit

All standards identify the disclosure of information required according to those aims. IAS 24 Related Parties, IAS 32 Financial Instruments and IFRS 8 Operating Segments are only about disclosure.

Most other standards prescribe the timing of recognition of revenue, costs or both, and therefore the timing of the recognition of profit. They may prescribe that revenue, costs or both (and therefore, profit) are recognised in a single specific period, or are spread over more than one period.

Note: IFRS 9-13 have an effective date of 2013. The standards they replace are listed here and supported by our books as the older standards can be used until 2013.PRINCIPLE, STANDARD, POLICY, PROCEDURE RELATIONSHIPS

PRINCIPLES are guiding concepts.

STANDARDS are written guidelines for the treatment of various types of functions and activities. They apply to all commercial banks. Standards include acceptable alternatives for appropriate accounting under international financial reporting standards.

POLICIES discuss specific accounting for certain types of assets and activities. They apply to all commercial banks. Policies indicate, where applicable, which method of accounting is required when alternatives exist.

PROCEDURES give detailed instruction on the handling of specific transactions arising from activities or in accounting for assets or liabilities. They are written by individual banks for internal use. A number of separate procedures are typically necessary to cover all the various activities associated with accounting for one type of function.

Grouping of IFRS

The standards are grouped into eleven themes as follows:

1.2 Introductory Standards

The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting Main Financial Statements and Accounting Policies:

IAS 1: Presentation of Financial StatementsIAS 7: Statements of Cash FlowsIAS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors1.3 Foundation Standards

IAS 18: RevenueIAS 2: InventoriesIAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent AssetsIAS 12: Income Taxes1.4 Property, Plant and Equipment Standards

IAS 16: Property, Plant and EquipmentIAS 36: Impairment of AssetsIAS 40: Investment PropertyIAS 17: LeasesIAS 38: Intangible AssetsIAS 11: Construction ContractsIAS 23: Borrowing CostsIAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government AssistanceIFRS 5: Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations1.5 Special Case 1 Standards

IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates1.6 Remuneration Standards

IAS 19: Employee BenefitsIAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit PlansIFRS 2: Share-based Payment1.7 Listed Company Standards

IFRS 8: Operating Segments IAS 34: Interim Financial ReportingIAS 33: Earnings per Share1.8 Special Case 2 Standards

IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary EconomiesIFRS 1: First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards1.9 Disclosure Standards

IAS 24: Related Party Disclosure. IAS 10: Events after the Reporting Date1.10 Banking Standards

IAS 32: Financial Instruments: Disclosure and PresentationIAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement

IFRS 7: Disclosure in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions

IFRS 9: Financial Instruments

IFRS 13: Fair Value Measurement1.11 Industry Specific Standards

IAS 41: AgricultureIFRS 4: Insurance ContractsIFRS 6. Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resourses1.12 Consolidation Standards

IAS 27: Separate Financial StatementsIAS 28: Investments in AssociatesIAS 31: Interests in Joint Ventures

IFRS 3: Business Combinations

IFRS 10: Consolidated Financial Statements

IFRS 11: Joint Arrangements

IFRS 12: Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities

1.13 Additional Publications

RAS to IFRS Transformation

2 Overview of the Standards

2.1 Introductory Group

The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

This framework document deals with:

(i) the objective of financial statements;

(ii) the qualitative characteristics that determine the usefulness of information in financial statements;

(iii) the definition, recognition and measurement of the elements from which financial statements are constructed; and

(iv) concepts of capital and capital maintenance.

It specifies that IFRS accounts are prepared using the accrual concept and that financial statements are normally prepared on the assumption that an undertaking is a going concern, and will continue in operation for the foreseeable future.The Framework document is a comprehensive overview of the foundations of IFRS, and is referred to by the IASB in its deliberations on new standards and amendments to existing standards.

Main Financial Statements and Accounting Policies

IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements+

IAS 7: Statements of Cash FlowsAs well as financial performance, financial statements also show the results of managements stewardship of resources and must provide information on:

(i) assets;

(ii) liabilities;

(iii) equity;

(iv) income and expenses, including gains and losses;

(v) other changes in equity; and

(vi) cash flows.

A complete set of financial statements comprises:

(i) a balance sheet (Statement of Financial Performance);

(ii) an income statement;

(iii) a statement of changes in equity showing either:

(iv) all changes in equity, or

(v) changes in equity (not normal buying and selling);

(vi) a statement of cash flows; and

(vii) notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies, and other explanatory notes.

IAS 1 and IAS 7 cover the primary presentation issues of IFRS financial statements and specify the information that needs to be included in those statements.

IAS 7 requires the disclosure of information on changes in cash and cash equivalents by means of a cash flow statement.

IAS 7 classifies cash flows into:

(i) operating,

(ii) investing and

(iii) financing activities.

Foreign currency cash flows are covered, as are Acquisitions and Disposals of Subsidiaries and Other Business Units.

IAS 8: Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and ErrorsAn undertaking shall disclose in the summary of significant policies:

(i) the measurement bases used in the financial statements; and

(ii) the other policies used that are relevant to an understanding of the financial statements.

IAS 8 prescribes the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, and disclosing the effects of estimates and errors.

Accounting policies are rules and practices applied in presenting financial statements.

A change in accounting estimate is an adjustment of the carrying amount of an asset or a liability or the consumption of an asset.

Changes in estimates result from new information, or new developments and are not corrections of errors.

Prior-period errors are omissions or misstatements in the financial statements of prior-periods.Information that was available, and should have been taken into account, is classified as an error.

Errors include

(i) calculation error;

(ii) incorrect application of accounting policies;

(iii) oversights or misinterpretations; and

(iv) fraud.

Retrospective application is applying a new policy as if that policy had always been applied.

Retrospective restatement is restating financial statements as if a prior-period error had never occurred.

Retrospective application and restatement may be new to some of our readers. Our workbook on IAS 8 provides guidance and examples.

2.2 Foundation Group

IAS 18: Revenue

Revenue is income that is derived from ordinary activities of the firm. (See also IAS 17, 28, 39 & 41+ IFRS 9 which complement IAS 18 in respect of revenue.)

Income comprises revenue and gains.

The timing of recognition of revenue is a key issue of the standard.

Revenue will be recognised when it is probable that future economic benefits will be secured, and the benefits can be measured.

IAS 2: InventoriesInventories are:

(i) assets that are held for sale, or being prepared for sale,

(ii) materials to be used in the production process or provision of services.

In the case of the provision of services, inventories include the cost of unbilled services (similar to work in progress).

Valuation of inventory at cost, fair value and net realisable value are all discussed in the workbook.

IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

IAS 37 sets out recognition criteria and measurement bases for provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and specify the information to be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

Provisions are used to provide for future liabilities that are uncertain.

Contingent assets are uncertain cash inflows that may be received.

Contingent liabilities (e.g. guarantees and warranties) do not appear on balance sheets, but need to be disclosed in financial statements to enable users to have a complete picture of the undertakings financial position.IAS 12: Income TaxesIAS 12 prescribes the accounting treatment for income taxes, and the tax consequences of:

(i) transactions of the current period; and

(ii) the future liquidation of assets and liabilities.

If liquidation of those assets and liabilities will make future tax payments larger or smaller, IAS 12 generally requires recording of a deferred tax liability (or deferred tax asset).

IAS 12 also covers:

(i) recognition of deferred tax assets arising from unused tax losses or unused tax credits,

(ii) presentation of income taxes, and

(iii) disclosure of information relating to income taxes.

2.3 Property, Plant and Equipment Group

IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment

The main issues in accounting for property, plant and equipment are:

(i) the recognition of the assets;

(ii) the determination of their carrying amounts;

(iii) the depreciation charges; and

(iv) impairment losses to be recognised.

IAS 36: Impairment of Assets

The objective of IAS 36 is to prescribe the procedures to ensure that assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount and the disclosures that must be made.

An asset is described as impaired when its carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount (amount to be recovered through use or sale).

IAS 36 requires the recording of an impairment loss.

IAS 40: Investment Property

Investment property can be:

(i) land, or

(i) a building, or

(ii) part of a building, or

(iii) both land and building.

It is held by the owner (or by the lessee, under a finance lease) to earn rent, or for capital appreciation, or both.

It does not include property:

(i) for use in the production, supply of goods, services; or

(ii) for administrative purposes; or

(iii) for sale in the ordinary course of business.

IAS 17: Leases

Leases involve the owner of an asset renting it to others for payment.

Long-term rentals (finance leases) have seen dramatic growth over the last 50 years.

IAS 17 addresses this issue by accounting for finance leases in a similar manner as the purchase of an asset, matched by a loan for the same amount.

The asset appears on the balance sheet even though the lessee does not own it.

Short-term rental agreements are mostly accounted for as operating leases in the same way as rental payments are booked.

Operating leases are treated as expense items in the income statement.

IAS 38: Intangible AssetsIAS 38 requires an undertaking to record an intangible asset only if:

(i) future benefits of the asset will flow to the undertaking; and

(ii) the cost of the asset can be measured.

This requirement applies whether an intangible asset is acquired externally or generated internally.

IAS 38 includes additional recognition criteria for internally-generated intangible assets.

After initial recognition, IAS 38 requires an intangible asset to be measured at:

(i) cost, less any accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses; or

(ii) revalued amount, less any accumulated amortisation, and any accumulated impairment losses.

IAS 11: Construction ContractsThe start and finish of construction contracts often falls into different accounting periods. Thus, the timing of recognition of contract revenue and contract costs are key issues of the standard.

An effective internal financial budgeting and reporting system, which is kept up-to-date at all times, is required to control construction contracts.

Regular reviews of costs and revisions of estimates are necessary throughout the contract.

Construction contracts include:

(i) services related to the construction, such as project managers and architects;

(ii) contracts for demolition, or restoration, of assets and the restoration of the environment.

IAS 23: Borrowing CostsBorrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset form part of the cost of that asset.

Other borrowing costs are recognised as an expense.

A qualifying asset is one that takes a long time to prepare for its intended sale or use.

Examples of Qualifying Assets:

1. Inventories that require a long time to bring them to a saleable condition.

2. Manufacturing plants.

3. Power-generation facilities

4. Investment properties.

5. Intangible assets

IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government AssistanceIAS 20 covers accounting and disclosure of government grants and similar assistance that transfers resources to qualifying firms. The firms qualify by past or future compliance with the grant conditions.

Grants exclude assistance that cannot be reasonably valued, and transactions with government which are in the normal course of trade.

Incentives such as free technical assistance, marketing advice and the provision of guarantees are excluded form accounting unless there is a direct cost.

IFRS 5: Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued OperationsIFRS 5 sets out requirements for the classification, measurement and presentation of non-current assets held for sale.

IFRS 5 arises from the IASBs consideration of the U.S. based FASB Statement No. 144 and addresses two areas:

(i) the classification, measurement and presentation of assets held for sale;

(ii) the classification and presentation of discontinued operations.

3 Special Case 1 Group

IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

Transactions in foreign currencies, investments and liabilities in foreign currencies are covered, as are financial statements of foreign operations.

The standard sets out how to recognise and record income, expenditure, assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and how gains and losses are recognised.

4 Remuneration Group

Providing guidance on remuneration, these standards are of specific interest to those involved in private pension schemes and the use of shares and share options to pay staff and others.

IAS 19: Staff BenefitsIAS 19 identifies, and provides guidance on the accounting for, five categories of staff benefits:

(i) short-term staff benefits, such as salaries and social security contributions, paid annual leave and paid sick leave, profit-sharing and bonuses payable within twelve months and non-cash benefits such as medical care, housing, cars and free or subsidised goods or services for current staff;

(ii) post-employment benefits such as pensions, other retirement benefits, post-employment life insurance and post-employment medical care;

(iii) other long-term staff benefits, including long-service or sabbatical leave, jubilee or other long-service benefits, long-term disability benefits and, if they are payable twelve months or more after the end of the period, profit-sharing, bonuses and deferred compensation;

(iv) termination benefits;

(v) equity compensation benefits.

IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans

IAS 26 should be applied in the reports of private retirement benefit (pension) plans where such reports are prepared.

IFRS 2: Share-based Payment

IFRS 2 covers settlements made in an entitys own equity instruments or in cash, if the amount payable depends on the price of the entitys shares (or other equity instruments, such as options).

Estimates are required of the number of options, or other instruments, expected to be exercised.

Such estimates are complex to calculate where performance criteria, such as earnings targets, are involved. Specialist valuation skills are likely to be required in order to determine the amounts to be reported in the financial statements.

5 Listed Company Group

These three standards are compulsory only for companies listed on stock exchanges, or mandatory under national accounting regulations. For other companies these standards are recommended.

IFRS 8: Operating Segments

As undertakings become larger, understanding how they operate:

- in different markets,

- with different products and services and

- providing to a growing range of clients

becomes more difficult, unless additional detail is provided.

Information about components of an undertaking, the products and services that it offers, its foreign operations, and its major clients is useful for understanding and making decisions about the undertaking as a whole. Users observe that the evaluation of the prospects for future cash flows is the central element of investment and lending decisions.

The evaluation of prospects requires assessment of the uncertainty that surrounds both the timing and the amount of the expected cash flows to the undertaking, which in turn affect potential cash flows to the investor or creditor.

Users also observe that uncertainty results in part from factors related to the products and services an undertaking offers and the geographic areas in which it operates.

Different segments will generate dissimilar streams of cash flows to which are attached disparate risks and which bring about unique values. Thus, without disaggregation, there is no sensible way to predict the overall amounts, timing, or risks of a complete undertakings future cash flows.

The additional detail should:

(1) increase the number of reported segments and provide more information;

(2) enable users to see an undertaking through the eyes of management;

(3) enable an undertaking to provide timely segment information for external interim reporting with relatively low incremental cost;

(4) enhance consistency with the management discussion and analysis or other annual report disclosures; and

(5) provide various measures of segment performance.

Knowledge of the structure of an undertakings internal organisation is valuable in itself because it highlights the risks and opportunities that management believes are important.

Segments based on the structure of an undertakings internal organisation have at least three other significant advantages:

1. An ability to see an undertaking through the eyes of management enhances a users ability to predict actions or reactions of management that can significantly affect the undertakings prospects for future cash flows.

2. As information about those segments is generated for managements use, the incremental cost of providing information for external reporting should be relatively low.

3. Practice has demonstrated that the term industry is subjective. Segments based on an existing internal structure should be less subjective.

IAS 34: Interim Financial ReportingIAS 34:

(i) defines the minimum content of an interim financial report; and

(ii) identifies the recognition and measurement principles that should be applied in an interim financial report.

The notes to interim financial reports include primarily an explanation of the events, and changes, that are significant to an understanding of the changes in financial position, and performance, since the last annual reporting date.

Virtually none of the notes to the annual financial statements are repeated, or updated in the interim report.

IAS 33: Earnings per ShareThe objective of IAS 33 is to prescribe principles for the calculation and presentation of earnings per share. This is to improve comparisons between different undertakings in the same reporting period, and between different reporting periods for the same undertaking.

Earnings per share (earnings / number of shares) as a measure of performance has its limitations, as accounting policies for determining earnings may differ.

The focus of IAS 33 is on determining the number of shares used in the EPS calculation, which may not be immediately clear (for example where options exist).

6 Special Case 2 Group

IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary EconomiesIAS 29 is based on current purchasing power principles and requires that financial statements, prepared in the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, be stated in terms of the value of money at the reporting balance sheet date.

This straightforward requirement needs an understanding of complex economic concepts, a thorough knowledge of the enterprises financial and operating patterns and a detailed series of procedures to implement. IFRS 1: First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards

IFRS 1 sets out the requirements for first time adopters of IFRS. The standard allows companies to avoid some of the need for reconstructing old records by providing exemptions from other standards.

7 Disclosure Group

IAS 24: Related Party Disclosure.

The standard will be applied in:

(i) identifying related party relationships and transactions;

(ii) identifying outstanding balances between an undertaking and related parties;

(iii) identifying when the disclosures should be made; and

(iv) determining what disclosures should be made.

Related party relationships are a normal feature of business throughout the world. The related party relationships can have an impact on the profit, or loss, of an undertaking.

Transactions with related parties may be made on different terms or prices than would have been made with unrelated parties.

IAS 10: Events after the Reporting Period

IFRS 10 details the post-balance-sheet events, when they should be recognised and how they should be recorded and disclosed.

Post-balance-sheet events happen in the period starting immediately after the balance sheet date and ending at the date of approval of the financial statements by the shareholders.

There are 4 main types of material post-balance-sheet event in this period:

(i) dividends declared in the period should be noted, but not shown as a liability, at the balance sheet date.

(ii) if the company can no longer be considered a going-concern during this period, the financial statements should not be prepared on a going-concern basis.

(iii) events that were unknown or unclear at the balance sheet date, will cause the financial statements to be adjusted.

(iv) conditions that arose after the balance sheet date should not adjust the financial statements, but should be suitably noted.

8 Banks Group

IFRS 7, IFRS 9,, IFRS 13, IAS 32 and IAS 39 must be applied to financial instruments in any company reporting under IFRS.

Financial instruments are used extensively in banking but only to a limited extent in enterprises.

IFRS 7: Disclosure in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial InstitutionsIFRS 7 requires banks to provide disclosures in their financial statements that enable users to evaluate:

(i) the significance of financial instruments for the banks financial position and performance;

(ii) the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments to which the bank is exposed during the period and at the reporting date; and

(iii) how the entity manages those risks.

There are specified minimum disclosures on credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk.

IAS 32: Financial Instruments: Disclosure and PresentationIAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and MeasurementThese two standards are primarily used by financial institutions and specify disclosure, presentation, recognition and measurement of financial instruments.

Our approach to these 2 complex, comprehensive standards is to provide

4 detailed workbooks on different stages of accounting for financial instruments:

Initial Recognition.

De-recognition.

Subsequent Recognition.

Hedge Accounting.

We are also producing an Explanations of Terminology to provide more detail.

IFRS 9 is superseding IAS 39. IFRS 13 comprehensively covers Fair Value.

9 Industry Specific Group

IAS 41: Agriculture

IAS 41 should be applied to the following agricultural activities:

(i) biological assets;

(ii) agricultural produce at the point of harvest; and

(iii) certain government grants.

Agricultural activity includes:

(i) livestock,

(ii) forestry,

(iii) cropping,

(iv) cultivation, and

(v) aquaculture (including fish farming).

In each case, living animals and plants perform a biological transformation that takes place in a managed environment. Management is the key issue that differentiates agricultural activity from other activities such as sea fishing or harvesting virgin forest neither of which are classified as agricultural activities.

The extent of change in the biological asset can be measured in a wide variety of ways, ripeness, dimensions, fat content, etc.

Biological transformation results in:

(i) Change in the asset through an increase or decrease in quantity, or quality.

(ii) Additional assets may result from procreation or agricultural produce (cereals, legumes, beef, milk).

IFRS 4: Insurance ContractsIFRS 4 specifies the financial reporting for insurance contracts for issuers of such contracts.

In particular, IFRS 4 requires:

(i) certain improvements to accounting, and

(ii) disclosure that identifies and explains the amounts in an insurers financial statements, particularly in relation to:

a. amounts arising from insurance contracts and timing; and

b. uncertainty of cash flows.

IFRS 6. Exploration for and evaluation of mineral resourcesIFRS 6 is an interim solution, pending development of a comprehensive solution, to help companies deal with the IAS 16 and IAS 38 scope exclusions.

10 Consolidation Standards

These consolidation standards are for business groups and specify the techniques for combining the financial statements of the members of the group into a single consolidated set of financial statements, and list the required disclosures.

IFRS 3: Business CombinationsIFRS 3 is the latest standard relating to consolidated accounts.

It includes a number of important changes to previous practice, outlined below, but must be read in conjunction with IAS 27, 28 and 31.

Accounting

Business combinations within the scope of IFRS 3 are accounted for using the purchase method.

The acquirer records the acquirees identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at their fair values at the acquisition date and also records goodwill, which is subsequently tested for impairment.

Assets acquired and assumed:

Recognition

If there is an existing restructuring liability per IAS 37, it is included in the goodwill calculation.

If fair values can be measured reliably, the acquirer must record separately the acquirees contingent liabilities, at the acquisition date, as part of allocating the cost of a business combination.

If the contingent liabilities cannot be measured, they are not included in the allocation of cost.

Measurement

IFRS 3 requires the acquirees identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities to be measured initially at their fair values, at the acquisition date.

Any minority interest in the acquiree is the minoritys proportion of the net fair values.

Goodwill

IFRS 3 requires goodwill to be measured after initial recognition at cost, less any accumulated impairment losses.

Goodwill is not amortised, but must be tested for impairment annually, or more frequently.

Negative goodwill

IFRS 3 requires that negative goodwill must be credited to income by the acquirer immediately.

IAS 27: Consolidated and Separate Financial StatementsIAS 28: Investments in AssociatesIAS 31: Interests in Joint Ventures

We have produced workbooks Consolidation 1+2+3 to cover these standards, focussed on the practical techniques required to consolidate financial statements.

IAS 27 still covers Separate Financial Statements, while the consolidation has moved to IFRS 10. IFRS 11 covers joint arrangements.

11 Additional Publications

11.1 Transformation

RAS to IFRS Transformation

The purpose of this workbook is to examine the process and adjustments necessary to transform a trial balance based on Russian Accounting Standards (RAS) into a set of IFRS financial statements comprising Income Statement and Balance Sheet.

The workbook has been designed around a series of the most common adjustments covering the main aspects of transformation.

These are presented in the form of 17 separate companies each of which requires 2/5 adjustments. Each company uses the same opening, unadjusted, RAS based trial balance which is then adjusted in accordance with the 2/5 entries required.

Adjustments from all of the seventeen companies are brought together in a summary that reflects all of the adjustment made in the individual companies.IFRS WORKBOOKS (History and Copyright)(1 million downloaded)

This is the latest version of the legendary workbooks in Russian and English produced by 3 TACIS projects, sponsored by the European Union (2003-2009) and led by PricewaterhouseCoopers. They have also appeared on the website of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The workbooks cover all standards of IFRS based accounting. They are intended to be practical self-instruction aids that professional accountants can use to upgrade their knowledge, understanding and skills.

Each workbook is a self-standing short course designed for approximately three hours of study. Although the workbooks are part of a series, each one is independent of the others. Each workbook is a combination of Information, Examples, Self-Test Questions and Answers. A basic knowledge of accounting is assumed, but if any additional knowledge is required this is mentioned at the beginning of the section. Having written the first three editions, we continue to update them and provide them to you free to download. Please tell your friends and colleagues. Relating to the first three editions and updated texts, the copyright of the material contained in each workbook belongs to the European Union and according to its policy may be used free of charge for any non-commercial purpose. The copyright and responsibility of later books and the updates are ours. Our copyright policy is the same as that of the European Union.

We wish to especially thank Elizabeth Appraxine (European Union) who administered these TACIS projects, Richard J. Gregson (Partner, PricewaterhouseCoopers) who led the projects and all friends at bankir.ru for hosting the books.

TACIS project partners included Rosexpertiza (Russia), ACCA (UK), Agriconsulting (Italy), FBK (Russia), and European Savings Bank Group (Brussels).

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