20110311 sendai, japan earthquake and tsunami source: nasapage created by w. g. huang

20110311 Sendai, Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

Source: NASA Page created by W. G. Huang

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/49000/49621/japan_geb_2011071_lrg.jpg

Occurred at 14:46 JST 11 Mar 2011

Region name Sanriku Oki

Depth about 20km

Magnitude 8.8

Credit: JMA Page created by W. G. Huang

The depth of the Pacific Ocean floor

Credit: NOAA

Tsunami Wave Height Model Shows Pacific-Wide Impact

Credit: NOAA

How Shifting Plates Caused the Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan

Source: U.S. Geological Survey Page created by W. G. Huang

Credit: NOAA Page created by W. G. Huang

Source: NOAA Page created by W. G. Huang

Swirling waves on the coast at Oarai, Ibaraki prefecture Photograph:

AP

Page created by W. G. HuangCredit: Guardian Unlimited

A tsunami wave washes away buildings in Sendai, Miyagi prefecture Photograph: Keystone/Rex Features


An office building on fire in Tokyo Photograph: Kyodo/Reuters

People on top of a building at Sendai airport Miyagi prefecture as cars, planes and debris are swept past Photograph:

Kyodo/Reuters


Water surges through Iwaki, Fukushima prefecture Photograph: AP


Houses ablaze in Natori city, Miyagi prefecture Photograph: AFP/Getty Images


Water surges through part of Kesennuma city in Miyagi prefecture Photograph: AFP/Getty Images


The sea engulfs homes in Natori, Miyagi prefecture Photograph: Keystone/Rex Features


Natural gas storage tanks burn at the Cosmo oil refinery, Ichihara, Chiba prefecture Photograph: Reuters


The Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant

Aerial view of the plant

The Fukushima Nuclear Power

Plant

Page created by W. G. Huang

This is a satellite image of Japan showing damage after an Earthquake and Tsunami of the Kengaya bridge

Credit: DigitalGlobe Page created by W. G. Huang

This is a satellite image of Japan showing damage after an Earthquake and Tsunami at the Fukushima Dai-Ni Nuclear Power

plant.



This is a satellite image of Japan showing damage after an Earthquake and Tsunami at the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear

Power plant.

This is a satellite image of Japan showing damage after an Earthquake and Tsunami at the Sendai Port, Japan.


This is a satellite image of Japan showing damage after an Earthquake and Tsunami at the Kirin Plant, Sendai.


2004 年蘇門達臘地震所觸發之巨大海嘯

Page created by W. G. HuangMap credit: http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/

2004 年 12 月 26 日南亞地震海嘯可侵入內陸達四公里


Banda Aceh Shore 海嘯前 ( 攝於 2004 年 6 月 23 日 ) 與海嘯後 ( 攝於 2004 年 12 月 28 日 ) 之衛星影像

Image Credit: “DigitalGlobe” Page created by W. G. Huang

Banda Aceh Shore

海嘯前 ( 攝於 2004 年 6 月 23 日 ) 與海嘯後 ( 攝於 2004 年 12 月 28 日 ) 之衛星影像


Kalutara Water Detail ( 斯里蘭卡 )

海嘯前 ( 攝於 2004 年 1 月 1 日 ) 與海嘯入侵前之退潮 ( 攝於 2004 年 12 月 26日 ) 之衛星影像

150 公尺

Kalutara

首都可倫波


Map Credit: Guardian Unlimited

印度16,389

2004 年蘇門達臘地震的死亡人數： 298,055

東非 137

馬爾地夫82

斯里籣卡43,832

印尼228,948

泰國8,506

馬來西亞74

緬甸59

孟加拉灣阿拉伯海

孟加拉2


1900 年以來發生於世界各地的大地震

Source: USGS Page created by W. G. Huang

Location Date Mag. Coordinates

1. Chile 1960 05 22 9.5 38.24 S 73.05 W

2. Prince William Sound, Alaska 1964 03 28 9.2 61.02 N 147.65 W

3. Andreanof Islands, Alaska 1957 03 09 9.1 51.56 N 175.39 W

4. Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra 2004 12 26 9.1 3.30 N 95.78 E

5. Kamchatka 1952 11 04 9.0 52.76 N 160.06 E

6. Off the Coast of Ecuador 1906 01 31 8.8 1.00 N 81.50 W

7. Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 03 28 8.7 2.08 N 97.01 E

8. Rat Islands, Alaska 1965 02 04 8.7 51.21 N 178.50 E

9. Assam - Tibet 1950 08 15 8.6 28.5 N 96.50 E

10. Ningxia-Gansu, China 1920 12 16 8.6 36.60 N 105.32 E

11. Kuril Islands 1963 10 13 8.5 44.90 N 149.60 E

12. Banda Sea, Indonesia 1938 02 01 8.5 5.05 S 131.62 E

13. Kamchatka 1923 02 03 8.5 54.00 N 161.0 E

Maule, Chile 2010 02 27 Mw 8.8

Sandai, Japan20110311 Mw 8.8

海嘯 (Tsunami)

海嘯的英文通常被稱為 Tsunami ( 發音 : soo-NAH-mee) ，來自日語「津波」，” tsu” 指港口 (harbor) ，”nami” 指波浪 (waves) 。目前已愈來愈少人使用 tidalwave ，以便和潮汐作區別。海嘯是指海洋中綿延數百公里的波浪，在廣闊的深海大洋中其行進速度最快可高達每小時 1000 公里左右， 2004 年 12 月 26 日印尼蘇門答臘地震所引發的海嘯在 75 分鐘內便前進了 600 公里 ( 亦即時速 480 公里 / 小時 ) 。海嘯在靠近淺水區的速度則驟降，可疊加形成高度達數十公尺的水牆，這些水牆對海岸地區的衝擊往往能釀成巨大的傷亡。


Tsunami Generation:This animation by Prof. Miho Aoki from the University of Alaska Fairbanks Art Department provides a very nice look at how a tsunami can be generated by a subduction zone earthquake.

Earthquake-generated tsunamis

Seafloor deformed by earthquake

Wave initiated with small amplitude and high speed in deep water

Speed decreases and amplitude increases in shallow water


海嘯和一般的風所引起海浪兩者有許多的不同，主要的差異在於它們的來源，速度與尺度的大小

Tsunamis and normal waves are many differences between the two. The primary differences are size, speed and source.

典型的海嘯與典型的風浪之區別Typical Tsunami Wave versus Typical Wind-generated Wave

風所引其起的波浪Wind-generated Wave

海嘯Tsunami Wave

波速 (Wave Speed)8 – 100 公里 / 小時 (kp

h)500 – 1,000 公里 / 小時 (kph)

波的週期 (Wave Period)

5 – 20 秒 (seconds)10 分鐘 (minutes) – 2 小時 (hou

rs)

波長 (Wave Length)100 – 200 公尺 (meter

s)100 – 500 公里 (km)


Pacific Tsunami Warning CenterPTWC

Alaska Tsunami Warning Center ATWC

Hawaii

Alaska

Pacific Tsunami Warning Center PTWC

The PTWC was established in 1948, following the 1946 tsunami in Hawaii that left more than 150 people dead.

The ATWC was established in 1967 as a result of the 1964 9.2 earthquake in Alaska that left 132 dead—122 of those deaths have been attributed to the tsunami that was generated.

黃色表地震帶

DART station

Photo courtesy DART

Map Credit : U.S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program


20110311 sendai, japan earthquake and tsunami source: nasapage created by w. g. huang

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