ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

1

twGJ (1) trSwf(4)

Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD A[kdpnf;±k H;a&;aumfrwD. aºu;a=umfoH

2011 {+yDv

(1) etz csefxm;cJhwJh }uHh§zGH@ tpdk;&u rkcsajz&Sif;&r,fhudpP}uD; (2) ck &Sdonf? xdkudpP}uD;(2) ckrSm NLD udpPeJ@ +idrf;tzGJ@awGudpP jzpfonf? udpP}uD;awGjzpfvdk@/ olwdk@ ‘etz’tpdk;&oufwrf;rSm &Sif;EdkifrSmr[kwfvdk@/ ±_yfvnf;±_yf ywfouf&m ywfoufa=umif;awGvnf;&Sdvdk@ csefxm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? &Sif;wJhae&mrSmawmh olwdk@u t"dutcef;uygaerSmyg? }uHh§zGH@udkcsnf; v$JcJhwmawmh r[kwf? bmha=umifhvJqdkawmh ‘ppftm%m&Sifpepf’ t"Gef@&SnfwnfwHhaea&;eJ@qdkifwJhudpPawG jzpfvdk@yJ?

(2) NLD udpPu jynfvHk;qdkif&mjy\em jzpfonf? EdkifiHwumu pdwf0ifpm;onf?jynfolvlxkeJ@vnf; ywfoufonf? xdka=umifh jzpfuwwfqef; vkyfr&? weyfpm;}uHvdk@r&? tvGefodrfarG@onfhudpP jzpfonf?

+idrf;tzGJ@udpPuawmh wrsdK;? a'oE©&jy\em/ vlrsdK;pk wckcsif;&J@jy\emjzpfonf? (1989) wkef;uawmh ‘Auy’ tjrpfjywfa&;udk aZmif;ay;+yD; pOf;pm;&wmjzpfvdk@wa=umif;/ w±kwftpdk;&uvnf; ppfat;acwf 0efxkyf0efydk;udk cyfjrefjrefcgcscsifaevdk@wa=umif;/ jzpfuwwfqef; weyfpm;}uH+yD; ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhonf? ,cktajctaeu wrsdK;jzpfonf? Auyudk xnfhwGufp&m rvdkawmh? +idrf;tzGJ@awG wxD;weef;jzpfaewmudk tjrpfjzwfzdk@ pOf;pm;&wm jzpfonf? w±kwftpdk;&eJ@uvnf; [dkwkef;uvdkr[kwf? tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; ,SufEG,faeonf? EdkifiHwumhtajctae ajymif;aewmuvnf; &Sdonf? 'ga=umifh jzpfuwwfqef; &Sif;r&? weyfpm;}uHvdk@ r&? ppfwdkuf+yD;ajz&Sif;&v#ifvnf; olwdk@acwfusrS +idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufEdkifcJhwm[k t}udrf}udrfºum;xm;wmu vl&,fp&m jzpfawmhrnf? t&SufuGJrnf?

(3) jA[Rmhacgif;udpP}uD; (2) ckudk olwdk@ b,fvdkajz&Sif;=urvJqdkwm apmifh=unfhaeonf?(Auy) eJ@ wdkuf±kdufywfoufaomudpPrsm; r[kwfojzifh pum;OD;oef;+yD; rajymvdkao;?

(Auy) . +rJ+rHonfh&yfwnfcsufu ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifwmrSefor#udk axmufcHrnf? ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk taxmuftuljyKwmrSefor#udk qef@usifygrnf?

Auy(A[k d)

}uHh§zGH@ tpdk;& &Sif;&r,fhudpP}uD; (2) ck

zufqpfawmfvSefa&; (66) ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf

rsufESmzkH; aqmif;yg;

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

2

(1)

o}uFefa&mufawmhrSmrdk@ yHkrSeful;ajymif;r_wckudk cHpm;=u&awmhrSmyg?*syefu ivsif/ qlemrD/ "mwfaygif;zdkudpP/ t,feDndK/ vmeDnm*,uf/ obm0ywf0ef;usif rxdef;

odrf;Edkifr_/ jynfwGif;&moDOwk azmufjyefr_awGa=umifh aemifArmjynf[m obm0 yHkrSeful;ajymif;r_awG jzpfEdkifygawmhrvm;? pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmyg+yD?

(2)

EdkifiHa&;bufrSmawmh ajymif;vJr_awG &Sdvmaeygw,f? 'gu jyifyurBmrSmyg? ajrxJyifv,f awmifbufjcrf; rlqvifEdkifiHawGrSm vrf;ray:EdkifiHa&;rS vufeufeJ@ tm%modrf;zdk@txd v_yf&Sm;vm=u wmuawmhtav;xm;&r,fhudpP jzpfvmygw,f? vrf;a=umif;rSefvm;/ u|efawmfwdk@ apmifh=unfhcsifygao; w,f?

t&if;&SifurBmrSm pD;yGm;ysufuyf tusyftwnf;u vGwfvGwfuif;uif; ±kef;rxGufEdkifwm cktxdyJ?,dkifwJhEdkifiHu ,dkifaeyg+yD? ‘aq;csuf’ rawG@ao;yg? udk,fhEdkifiH touf±ªayguf&a&;twGuf udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&; vkyf&yfawG (wm;aewJh=um;u) yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ zswfceJ zswfceJ ay:vmaeygw,f? b,fudk OD;wnfoGm;rvJ pdk;&drfp&myg?

jynfwGif;rSmawmh ‘tpdk;&opf’ qdkwJhtajymif;tvJwck ay:cJhw,f? 'guawmh apmifh=unfhp&mrvdkwJhudpPyg? udk,fhjynfwGif;udpP udk,fyJ odygw,f?

vlawGu 'DvlawGyJ? rluvnf; 'DrlyJ? ppfbufppfxGufawGu quftkyfcsKyfr,f? jynfolawG pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ emcHr_&Sd&Sdae=u/ axmifxJu EdkifiHa&;orm;awG axmifxJrSmyJae=u/ bmajymif;vJr_rS r&Sd/ rawG@&ao;?

obm0ywf0ef;usifudk (vl@ya,m*eJ@) ajymif;vJypfEdkifw,f? tqdk;bufqdk&if ('DacwfrSm) jrefjrefajymif;ypfEdkifw,f? taumif;bufajymif;zdk@usawmh =umw,f?

tvm;wl pepfa[mif;udk vlr_awmfvSefa&;eJ@om ajymif;vJypfvdk@&w,f? ('gu taumif;buf) 'gayrJhta=umif;tcsuf rjynfhpHk&if olvnf; =umEdkifw,f? odk@aomf jynfolawGrSm 'Dvrf;yJ a&G;p&m&Sdygw,f?

(3)

'DESpf jrefrmESpfopful;rSm -- ,rf;eH@uif;wJh ydawmufyef;awG obm0twdkif; yGifhzl;Edkif=uygap?- jynfolawG rdrd=urRmrdrdzefwD;EdkifwJhb0 wufvSrf;Edkif=uygap?- tusOf;csxm;jcif;cH&wJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG jynfol@&ifcGifxJjyef0if+yD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf

v_yf&Sm; Edkif=u ygapvdk@ qENjyKvdkufygw,f? (7 - 4 - 2011)

trSmpmwnf;tzGJ@&J@

ul;ajymif;jcif;/ tajymif;tvJESifhESpfopfqEN

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

3

(1)tm%majymif; ppftkyfpk&J@tESpf 20 ausmf pDrHudef;cs/wGufcsufvkyfudkifjyifqifvmcJhwJh rdef@cGef;?

‘w&m;0ifr_’udpPudk jynfolawGqDu twif;t"rR tqifhqifh vk,l+yD;csdefrSm ajymwJhrdef@cGef;?

tajymrSm ‘a&$ref;’ uawmh yg;pyfydwfoGm;+yD?ck ‘orRwopf’ qdkol&J@tvSnfh?

(2)ol@rdef@cGef;rSm æ

-‘jynfolu a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvdkufwJh jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpf=uwJhtwGuf’qdkwmudk +rdefa&&Sufa&ajymaewmu ‘w&m;0if tpdk;&’ qdkwmudk vdkcsifvdk@yJ?

-‘2008 zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'udk av;pm;vdkufem umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&r,fh wm0ef &Sdw,f’ qdkwmu jynfolawGeJ@ udk,fpm;vS,fawmfawGudk wkyfaESmifxm;csufyJ? (pnf;urf;&Sdaom 'Drdkua&pD ‘abmif’xJrSmyJ (ae- ajym - vdkufem) qdkwJh awmif;qdkcsufyJ?)

- wdkif;jynf}uD; 'Dvdkjzpfae&wm[m ‘0g'pGJ/*dk%f;*%pGJ/ vlrsdK;pGJawGa=umifh’ vdk@ owWKcsw,f? Adkvfae0if;up+yD; ppftpdk;&tqufquf&J@ vufoHk;pum;yg? (olwdk@vkyfcJhwmawGarhaeykH &w,f?)

-‘wyfrawmfu wdkif;jynfudk 0ifa&muf u,fwifcJ h&wmvnf; t}udrf}udrfyJ’ (rsufESmajymifajymifeJ@ trSwfjynfh,lvdkufyg+yD?)

- aemufqHk;rSm ‘wdkif;jynfwnfaqmufzdk@tarGcHaumif;awG ay;xm;cJh+yD’ vdk@ csKyf

jyvdkufw,f? ('Dpum;uawmh Adkvfoef;a&$vufxuf tmaygufrwwf pum;awGyg?)

'Dvdkpum; ‘a=umif;wloHuGJ’awG rqv acwf 26 ESpfvHk;vHk; ajymcJh+yD; zGH@+zdK;r_tenf;qHk;EdkifiH (LDC) jzpfwmyJ tzwfwifcJhw,f? 'gudk olwdk@ trSwfrxm;cJh=ubl;?

(3)u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@

(1) tvkyform;awG &ykdifcGifh tjynfht0 &&Sda&;?(2) awmifolv,form;awGudk taESmiftzGJ@awG tm;

vHk;u vGwfajrmufatmifvkyfa&;?(3) trsdK;om;t&if;&SifawG ppftkyfpk/ ppfAsL±dku&uf

‘vuf0g;}uD;tkyf"e&Sifrsm;’ &J@ avmif;&dyfatmufrSvGwfajrmufa&;?

(4) pme,fZif;vGwfvyfcGifh/ tEkynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;. wDxGifzefwD;cGifh &&Sda&;?

(5) wwfodynm&SifawG&J@ t}uH m%frsm;/ pGrf;tm;rsm;udk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKa&;?

(6) vli,fvl&G,fwdk@&J@ ynma&;tqifhtwef;udk jr‡ifhwifa&;?

(7) jynfol@usef;rma&;udk tmrcHa&;?'D 7 csufudk rvkyf&if Avmpum;yJ? pum;}uD;pum;us,f ajymwmyJvdk@ ,lqw,f?

(4)tpdk;&opfuawmh zGJ@vdkuf+yD? rl0g'awGvnf; a=u

nmvdkuf+yD? 'gayrJh ododomom bm ‘ta&G@’rS &Sdrvm?EdkifiHtcsdK@u yHkrSeftwdkif;qufqH/ EdkifiHwcsdK@u qef@usif+rJqef@usifaewm awG@&w,f? jynfolawGbufu azmufrxGufEdkifbl;qdk&ifawmh 'DZmwf}uD; arsmaeOD;rSmyg?

(5 - 4 - 2011)

ydefromvdrfrom rdef@cGef;

v$wfawmfowif;udkawmif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfw,fppftpdk;&xkwfowif;pmawGrSm owif;"mwfyHkawGeJ@ a0a0qmqm azmfjyaew,f? wjcm;b,fyk*~vdu *sme,frSmrS azmfjyEdkifwmr[kwfbl;? owif;,lzdk@ v$wfawmfxJ r0ifEdkif? owif;"mwfyHkudk tjyifuyJ ±dkuf,l+yD; azmfjy=u&w,f? 'g[m pwkwr¾dKifvdk@ac:wJhu¾udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfwmyJ?

owif;pmxJrSm "mwfyHkygawmh - wjcm;b,frSmrS rygEdkifwJh"mwfyHkygawmh - wcsdK@u pdwf0ifpm;+yD; 0,f=uovm; rodygbl;?

owif;pmapmifa& ae@pOf oHk;odef;ausmf xkwf&w,fvdk@ qdkw,f? ta&mif;jr‡ifhwifa&;rsm; vkyfwmvm;vdk@ wGuf&w,f?tenf;qHk;awmh v$wfawmftrwf tdrfoltdrfom; aqGrsdK;om;csif;awGu v$wfawmfusif;yyHk "mwfyHkudk jrifcsifvdk@ 0,f=uvdrfhr,f?

jrifaeus ygaeus ‘yk*~dKvf}uD;awG’ &J@ "mwfyHkuawmh ±dk;aetDae=u+yDyJ? olwdk@uawmh b,folcGJcGJ wdk@ruGJ t+rJwwGJwGJyJqdkwmudk odapcsifvdk@yJ "mwfyHkt±dkufcHzdk@ vlpHk vlvHk;xGufjy=uwm jzpfvdrfhr,f?

acgif;}uD;yk dif;

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

4

(1)zufqpfpepfudk rdwfqufay;cJhol oifjyay;cJholu *syefyJ? tckawmh *syefjynfrSmu 'Drdkua&pDpepf tjrpfwG,fae+yD? ArmjynfrSmawmh jynfwGif;jzpf ‘a&S@ajy; zufqpfpepf’ (Proto-fascism)

tkwfjrpfcsaeonf?‘2008 tajccHOya'’ . ‘EdkifiHawmftajccHrlrsm;’ qdkwJh

tcef; (1)/ ‘EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJ’ tcef; (3)/ tcef; (7) wyfrawmf/ tcef; (11) ta&;ay:umvqdkif&m jyÏmef;csufrsm;wGif‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’twGuf b,fvdktkwfjrpfcsay;ovJ qdkwmudk awG@Edkifonf?

(2)‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’udk Armjynftajctaet& tm

%modrf;ppftkyfpku }uHqazmfxkwfwm jzpfonf? jynfwGif;jzpfppfppf jzpfonf?

‘1962’ ckESpfwkef;u rqv ppftkyfpku *smreD. ‘trsdK;om; qdk&S,fvpf’ yHkpHudk tm;uscJhyHk&onf? rqv ygwDudk ‘emZDygwD’qefqef zGJ@pnf;vnfywfcJhonf? odk@aomf tHr0if cGifruscJh?

rqv ygwD. eHygwf0rf;tyg xdyfoD;tm;vHk;rSm *syefzufqpfpepf. ‘ausmif;awmfom;’ awG jzpf=uonf? 'ga=umifh*syefzufqpfyHkpH/ *syefzufqpf[efudk ydk+yD;usifhoHk;=uonf?

• ‘*syefzufqpfpepf’ rSm v$wfawmf&Sdonf?rqv rSmvnf; ‘v$wfawmf’ &Sdonf?

• ta&;}uD;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ppftkyfpkuyJ csrSwfonf? xdk@twl rqv v$wfawmfuvnf; t'Dtwdkif; vkyfonf?

• *syefzufqpfpepfrSm *syef=unf;wyfu }uD;pdk;ovdk ArmjynfrSmvnf; =unf;wyfuyJ }uD;pdk;onf?

• *syefudk twk,lvdkayr,fh r,lEdkifwmu *syefrSmu *syefvlrsdK;csnf; &Sdonf? 99³ 4 &mckdifE_ef;&Sdonf? ArmjynfrSmu ArmvlrsdK;u 66 &mckdifE_ef;om &Sdonf? +yD;awmh *syefrSmu tm;vHk;&Sifwdk Ak'<bmom0ifawGcsnf; jzpfonf? c&pf,mef r&SdoavmufyJ? ArmjynfrSmawmh od=uwJhtwdkif; bmompHk&Sdonf? 'ga=umifh ‘ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'’ usifhoHk;onf?

• *syefrSmu {u&mZf&Sdonf? *syefppftkyfpku

ol@udk ±kyfjyxm;onf? ArmjynfrSmu r&Sd? ppf tkyfpkeHygwf0rf;u ±kyfjyrvkyf? tm%m&Sif vkyfonf?

(3)etz u rqv tawG@t}uKHeJ@ oifcef;pm ,lxm;onf?

+yD;awmh urBmrSmu ‘ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDav’ wdkufaeonf? 'ga=umifh ‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’ vkyfwm jzpfonf?

‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’ u yxrydkif;rSm tvkyfjzpfvdrfhrnf? trdef@tm%meJ@ vkyfEdkifwmrSefor# tvkyfjzpfvdrhfrnf?odk@aomf -

trdef@tm%meJ@ vkyfr&wmawG ay:vmvdrfhrnf? rqvwkef;uxuf ydk+yD; jrefjrefay:rnf? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh urBmhpD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&; tusyfqdkufaeonf? vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&; tusyftwnf;qDodk@ a&S;±_aeonf? ukefaps;E_ef;awG wufaeonf? 'gawG tm;vHk;udk ppftkyfpku trdef@tm%meJ@ ajz&Sif;vdk@ r&? ‘a&S@ajy; zufqpfpepf’ uae+yD; ‘ppftm%m&Sifpepf’qDodk@ul;vdrfhrnf? ‘2008 tajccH Oya'’ u ta&;ay:umv jyÏmef;csufrsm; csxm;onf? ‘tajccHOya'wGif;u tm%modrf;yGJ’ wckudk ar#mfrSef;Edkifonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdkwmuvnf; zufqpfpepfyJ jzpfonf? *syefu b,fwkef;urS zufqpfpepf usifhoHk;onf[k rajymcJhyg? zufqpfygwD/ emZDygwD rzGJ@yg? ‘ppftkyfpk’ zGJ@+yD; ‘ppftm%m&Sifpepf’ udkyJ usifhoHk;onf?

(4)

ed*Hk;csKyf&aomf -*syefzufqpfpepfu jynfyuvm+yD; jynfyjyefoGm;wm

jzpfonf? rdrdwdk@awmfvSefa&;uvnf; +ydKawmhr,fh *syefudk wwyfwtm; 0if+zdKwmom jzpfonf? rdrdwdk@ rwdkufvnf; *syef qkwf&rSmjzpfonf? odk@aomf =umvdrfhrnf? wdkif;jynfemvdrfhrnf?

tckay:wJh ‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’ u jynfyu vmwmr[kwf? jynfwGif;jzpfppfppf jzpfonf? ol@udk ‘jynfol@tiftm;’ eJ@om +zdKzsuf&vdrfhrnf? jynfol@tiftm;pkpnf;r_ jrefav ‘a&S@ajy;zufqpfpepf’ usqHk;r_jrefav jzpfvmvdrfhrnf?

zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; ‘66’ ESpf jynfh+yDjynfwGif;jzpfzufqpfpepf ay:aeonf?

pk d;at;

ta&;awmfyk H

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

5

(wpf)ppftm%m&Sifpepfu ykwfoifndKvdk ta&mifajymif;wwfonf?jynfwGif;jynfytajctaeeJ@ EdkifiHa&;&moDOwkudk =unfh+yD; ajymif;jcif; jzpfonf?

1962 ckESpfwkef;u ppfat;wdkufyGJjyif;xefaecsdef jzpfonf? Armjynf. teD;ywf0ef;usifwGifyif tajctae wif;rmaeonf?

• AD,uferfppf jzpfaeonf?• ,dk;',m;wGif ‘qD;wdk;’ ppfXmecsKyf &Sdonf?• tdENd, - ygupPwef &efapmifaeonf?

'ga=umifh ‘rqv ppftm%m&Sifpepf’u qdk&S,fvpfta&+cKH+yD; tar&duef/ *syefeJ@ yvl;cJhonf?

1988 ckESpfusawmh ppfat;wdkufyGJ+yD;+yD? 'Drdkua&pD av±l;wdkufaecsdefjzpfvdk@ 'Drdkua&pDta&+cKH+yD; qdk&S,fvpf w±kwfeJ@yvl;onf?

2011 rSm b,fvdkjynfwGif;jynfytajctae (&moDOwk) &SdrvJ? tJ'gudk wGufq=u&ygrnf?

(ESpf)21 &mpktzGifhu 9§11 jzpfonf? tar&duefu ppfaoG;ºu/ vuf,m;+yD; ppfyGJwcsdK@ wdkufonf? tmz*efepPwefppf r+yD;ao;? tD&wfppf +yD;+yD? quf'rf[lpdefudk }udK;ay;Edkifonf? 'gayrJh tjrwfxGufwmu tD&ef(quf'rf[lpdef&J@ urBmra=u&efol) jzpfoGm;onf?

21 &mpk&J@ 'kwd,q,fpkESpftzGifhrSmu ajrxJyifv,fawmifbufjcrf;rSm v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm; jzpfaeonf? ±_yfaxG;onf?tckawmh ukvvHk+cKHa&;aumifpD qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ ppfa&;t& tar&duef/ jyifopf/ t*Fvdyf 0ifpGufaeonf? rdrdwdk@tdrfeD;csif; w±kwfeJ@tdENd,u tJ'Dt±_yfxJryg? vufa&Smifonf? tar&duefuvnf; [dkwkef;uvdk rarmufrmawmh? ‘igacgif;aqmifr,f’ vdk@rvkyf0Hh? aewdk;ppftkyfpkuvnf; acgif;aqmifzdk@ tifwifwif jzpfaeonf? bmjzpfrvJ? apmifh=unfh&ygrnf? }uHh§zGH@ tpdk;&urD;pif=unfh+yD; uvdrfhrnf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;&mwGif etz tpdk;& ajymcJhyHkrsdK;awmh ajymawmhrnfr[kwf[k wGufqonf? tar&duef/tD;,lwdk@eJ@ &if=um;apha&;udk wdk;+yD;}udK;pm;vdrfhrnf? 'gu EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m wGufqcsufjzpfonf? ta&;}uD;wmu jynfwGif;a&;yJjzpfonf?

jynfwGif;a&;rSmawmh wrsdK;jzpfvdrfhrnf?wGufq&wmu etz tpdk;&&J@

§ NLD udk xdef;csKyfa&; qufvkyfrnf?§ +idrf;tzGJ@awGudk usHK;oGif;wJhtvkyf qufvkyfrnf?

(&JabmfndKrif;)

§ ‘v$wfawmfEdkifiHa&;’ vkyf&if; twdkuftcHawGudk ‘2008’tajccHabmiftwGif; oGif;+yD; +idrf0yfydjym;atmif vkyfrnf?

(oHk;)rdrdwdk@buftwGuf wGufqcsuf?rdrdwdk@bufqdkwm v$wfawmfjyify EdkifiHa&;tiftm;

pkrsm;bufudkyJ qdkvdkonf? aoe*FAsL[m ajymif;p&mrvdk? ay:vpDvnf; ajymif;p&mrvdk? enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOfeJ@ enf;emrsm;/ ajcvSrf;rsm;udkawmh ajymif;zdk@vdkrnf[k xifonf?

Auy . }uHqcsufudk av;pm;pGm wifjyygrnf?§ y%mr }uHqcsufom jzpfonf? !‡dEd_if;+yD; jyKjyif

p&m&Sdu jyKjyifygrnf?§ rdrdwdk@bufrSm ‘taetxm;rsdK;pHk’ jzpfonf? 'g

a=umifh udk,fhtaetxm;t& enf;emeJ@ajcvSrf;rsm;udk oifhovdk usifhoHk;&rnf?

§ Oya'wGif;enf;/ Oya'yenf; aygif;pyf&rnf? Oya'ya&mufaeonfh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; ‘Oya'wGif;’ &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;Edkifrnfh vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wnf&Sdv_yf&Sm;Edkifatmif yHhydk;axmufuloifhygonf?

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tck tm%m+ydKifppfwyfu owif;pmxkwfvmawmhrnf? [dkwkef;uvdkyJ *g;'D;,ef;vdk wm0efxrf;aqmifrSmvdk@ wGufonf?

§ Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfwifazwdk@nD!Gwfaewkef;u jy\emrjzpfayr,fh tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; yËdyuQjzpfvmawmh oJ}uD;rJ}uD; tm%mvk=uovdk/ tckvnf;rkcsjzpfvmvdrfhrnf?

§ tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;pwJh tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk zGJ@zdk@ }uHh§zGH@ tpdk;& pDpOfvdrfhrnf? b,fyHkpHeJ@ay:vmrvJ apmifh=unfhrnf? olwdk@vnf; ‘vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;’awG zGJ@=urSm jzpfonf?

rdrdwdk@u b,fvdk toHk;csrvJqdkwmawmhudk,fpDtaetxm;/ tajctaeeJ@ pGrf;tm;ay:rSmyJwnfygvdrfhrnf?

aocsmwmuawmh tcsdeftawmf=um=um jyifqifwm vkyf=u&ygrnf? yHkpHa[mif;eJawmhvkyfr&wm aocsmygonf?

}uHh§zGH@ tpdk;&vufxufrSmbmtajymif;tvJ &SdrvJ?rdrdwdk@ bmvkyfrvJ?

ta&;awmfykH

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6

(1) aEGOD;aygufprSmyJ {&m0wDjrpfa=umif;rSm oJaomifawG xGef;+yD; jrpfa=umif;usOf;vmw,fvdk@ od&w,f? 'g[m {&m0wDrusef;rmawmhbl;qdkwJh vuQ%myg?

(2) {&m0wD[m Armjynf&J@ toufaoG;a=umjzpfw,f? Armjynf&J@ ordkif;u {&m0wDudk trSDjyK+yD; jzpfay:cJhwmyJ? {&m0wDay:rSmyJ Armjynf&J@ordkif; a&;cJh=uwmyJ? {&m0wD wdrfaum&if wdkif;jynfwdrfaumrSmyJ?

(3) {&m0wD rusef;rrm p+yD;jzpfwm e0w§etz acwfrSmusrSjzpfwmyg? [dkwkef;uqdk&if {&m0wD usef;usef;rmrm &SdcJhw,f? a&pD;a&vmaumif;cJhw,f? e0w§etz acwfusrSp+yD;rusef;rrmjzpfwmyJ? jzpfpOfudk=unfh&if -

v awmjyKef;wmu pw,f?- Auy +zdKcJGa&;twGuf e0w u +idrf;tzGJ@awGudk EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&if+yD;a&m usefwmtukefvkyfcGifhay;cJhw,f? Auy‘101’ a'o(ucsifjynfe,ftxl;a'o 1) cGJxGufawGuopfyifawG&Sdor#ckwf+yD;a&mif;w,f? 101 a'orSm opfawGukefawmhjrpfzsm;a'o&Sd wdkif;rSL;/ AsL[mrSL;/wyf&if;

rSL;up+yD; ppfwyftm%mydkifawGu opfawGudk ajymifatmif ckwfcGifh/ o,faqmifcGifhawGudk ay;cJh=uw,f? w±kwfukef onfu 'DvdkudpPrSm u|rf;usifw,f? tJ'DvdkeJ@ {&m0wDjrpfzsm;rSm awmawG tukefjyKef;w,f? tJ'DtcgusrS jrpfzsm;{&mrSm awmvHk;ajymif awmifvHk;&Sif;awmhw,f?

- 1978 ckESpftxd (2 ygwDoabmwlnDcsuft&) pyg;waphopfwprS Armjynfu w±kwfjynfudk xkwfcGifh ray;cJhbl;?(89) usawmh awmifuwHk;jzpfatmifckwf+yD; xkwfa&mif;w,f? a&S;ya0o%Duwnf;u &SdcJhwJh obm0awm}uD;awG ajymifukefatmif ckwf+yD; a&mif;w,f?

- w±kwfjynfuvnf; wHcg;zGifhay:vpDusifhoHk;p/‘a&mif;Edkifwm tukefa&mif;r,f - 0,fEdkifwmtukef0,fr,f’ qdkwJhay:vpD vkyfumpqdkawmh awmjyKef; awmifuwHk;jzpfwmrqef;bl;?

- {&m0wD&J@tpu arc/ arvdcyg? ol@a&t&if;tjrpfurdk;wGif;rSm rdk;a&/ aEGcgrSm t&nfaysmfuswJh a&cJa&yJ &Sdwmjzpfw,f? odyfrsm;wm r[kwfbl;? atmufydkif;u jrpfvufwufawGuyJ a&t&if;tjrpf azmazmoDoD&wm jzpfw,f? wmydefjrpf/ a&$vDjrpf/ jrpfi,f ('kÏm0wD)/ csif;wGif;wdk@jzpfw,f? wmydefeJ@a&$vDu w±kwfjynfrSm jrpfzsm;cHwmyJ?w±kwfjynfxJrSm qnfawGaqmuf/ v#yfppfxkwf vkyf=uawmh a&oGm; a&vmawG wef@w,f? cgwdkif;vdk azmazm

{&m0wDudk u,fwifyg

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7

oDoD r&Edkifawmhbl;? 'kÏm0wD (jrpfi,f)/ csif;wGif;uawmhjynfwGif;rSm tajccHwmygyJ? 'gayrJh tckawmh &J (&ref;)a&umwm}uD; wnfaqmufxm;vdk@/ a&$usif ausmufwl;=uvdk@ cgwdkif;vdk a&oGm;a&vm raumif;awmhbl;?jrpfi,fjrpfa&u {&m0wDxJ pD;0ifwm tif;0 (ppfudkif;)wHwm;atmufrSm jzpfw,f? wHwm;aqmuf+yD;uwnf;u wHwm;atmufrSm aomifxGef;wm udkvdkeDacwfuwnf;uyJ? 'gayrJh rdk;wGif;rSm jrpfi,f ('kÏm0wD) a&t[kefu wdkufpm;ypfay;vdk@ a&vrf;a=umif;u wnf+idrfcJhw,f?tckawmh wHwm;u (2) pif;? 'kÏm0wD (jrpfi,f) u a&t[kef raumif;awmhbl;? 'ga=umifh aomifxGef;wmu =umav us,fjyef@av jzpfvmw,f? txufydkif;rSm awmjyKef;vdk@ wdkufpm;vmwJh oJawGuvnf; ydk+yD; rsm;vmw,f?=um&if {&m0wDjrpfu aumrSmyJ? jrpfaumvm&if jrpftwGif;rSm a&pD;a&vm &yfoGm;r,f? tydkif;ydkif; tjywfjywfa&aoa=umif;awG jzpfoGm;r,f? 'grjzpfEdkifwm r[kwfbl;? wjcm;EdkifiHawGrSm jzpfwmudk awG@ae&wmyJ?

v urBmh&moDOwk azmufjyefwm?'guvnf; wa=umif;yJ? 'DudpPu rdrdwdk@csnf;

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v vlOD;a& wdk;vmwm?Armjynf&J@ vlOD;a& b,favmuf&SdovJqdkwm

twdtus w&m;0ifxkwfjyefwm rawG@&bl;? rsm;vmwmuawmh aocsmw,f? oef; (60) vm;/ b,favmufvJrodbl;? 'gayrJh etz uawmh a&S;bk&ifacwfu pyg;txGufE_ef;udkawmif odaeovdkyJ? r=umcifu xkwfjyefwJhpyg;txGuf pm&if;tif;rSm azmfjyxm;wm awG@vdkufw,f?olwdk@vufxufrSm pyg;awG AHk;aygvatm xGufa=umif;ºum;csifvdk@ a&S;bk&ifacwf pyg;xGufE_ef;awGeJ@ Ed_if;,SOfazmfjyxm;wmyg?

vlOD;a& rsm;vm&if pm;oHk;olrsm;r,f? pm;zdk@ pyg;pdkuf=ur,f? {&m0wDjrpfa&wif+yD; pdkufwm &Sdr,f? acsmif;ajrmif;awGydwf+yD; a&,lr,f? pdkufr,f? tJ'Dawmh {&m0wD&J@a&t&if;tjrpf =umav ukefcef;av jzpfrSmyJ?

(4) tcsdefraESmif;ao;bl;?{&m0wDudk u,fwifr,fhtpdk;&?{&m0wDudk ukpm;r,fhynm&Sif?{&m0wDudk cspfjrwfEdk;wJhjynfol?tJ'D(3) OD;aygif;+yD;vkyf&if {&m0wD&SifoefEdkifw,f?tcsdefraESmif;ao;bl;? ukpm;vdk@ &ao;w,f?Auy u {&m0wDudk cspfw,f? ta=umif;trsdK;

rsdK;a=umifh wdkif;jcm;jynfjcm;rSm uG,fvGefwJh Auy rsm;[molwdk@&J@ t±dk;jymudk {&m0wDtxd pD;0ifoGm;atmif ar#may;ygvdk@yJ rSmcJh=uolcsnf;yJ? usef&pfol rdom;pkuvnf; wul;wu ar#may;cJh=uw,f?

{&m0wDudku,fwifwJh vkyfief;rSm Auy wufwufºuºu yg0ifygr,f? u|rf;usifwJh ynm&Sifrsm;&J@ acgif;aqmifr_aemufrSm/ wm0efodtpkd;&&J@aemufrSm t+rJ&SdaerSmyg? {&m0wDudk tcsdefrD u,fwif=uygpdk@?

opfvGifrif;

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

8

(1) etz u ‘bwf*suf’ xkwfjyefw,f? ‘}uHh§zGH@ v$wfawmf’ udkab;csdwf+yD; vkyfvdkufwmyJ? bmt"dym,fvJ? jzpfEdkifwmawGudkpOf;pm;awG;q=unfh=uzdk@ vdkygw,f? Auy pOf;pm;rdwmawG wifjyygr,f?

(u) bwf*sufrSm etz ±Hk;twGuf usyfaiGukaË (2000)owfrSwfxm;w,f? v$wfawmfxJusrS ‘bwf*suf’wif&if etztwGuf ‘ukaËESpfaxmif’ vdk@ acgif;pOfcGJwif&if vl&,fp&mjzpfr,f? twdkif;wdkif;tjynfjynf=um;vdk@vnf; rawmfbl;? rqvwkef;ueJ@ twlwl ygyJvdk@ tm;vHk;u 0dkif;ajym=uvdrfhr,f? rqvwkef;uvnf; bwf*sufcGJwrf;csay;cJh&wmyJ r[kwfvm;?'gu ol@tajccHOya'eJ@tnD vkyfwmjzpfvdk@ vl&,fp&mrjzpfbl;?

tck ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ rSm tJ'Dyk'frrsdK;rygbl;? etz±Hk;twGuf bwf*sufcGJwrf; csay;&r,fvdk@a&;rxm;bl;? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfygvdk@ ajymxm;w,f?(c) tckb¾mESpftwGufyJ cGJwrf;csay;wmyJ? aemufESpfawGrSmaum ‘etz’ twGuf cJGwrf;csay;rSmvm;/'gr&Sif;bl;?

jzpfEdkifwmu 'DwESpfyJay;wm jzpfvdrfhr,f?'gayrJh pOfpm;p&mu

• apmfbGm;awG tm%mpGef@wkef;uvdk etzudk avsmfa=u;ay;wmvm;? 'grjzpfEdkifbl;?

• Adkvfoef;a&$wdk@u aemufESpfrSm ao=urSmvm;? 'gvnf; rajymEdkifbl;? aorif; ac:csifwJhtcsdefac:rSm?

•etz xdyfoD;}uD;awGu um§csKyf &J@txl;&efyHkaiGxJu cGJwrf; ‘qufa=u;’ ,lwmyJ jzpf

Edkifw,f? um§csKyfu txl;&efyHkaiGudkoloHk;csifovdk oHk;Edkifw,fr[kwfvm;?b,fudkrS wifjyaep&m rvdkbl;? orRwuvnf; aiGcsay;+yD;&if ppfaq;ydkifcGifh r&Sdbl;? orRweJ@ um§csKyfu tm%m+ydKifjzpfaeawmh 'D (2) zuf&J@ txufrSm‘etz’ eHygwf0rf;&Sdae&rSmyJ? etz w&m;0if ysufrysuf raocsmbl;? ‘EdkifiHOD;ao#miftzGJ@’ &Sdrvdkvdkvnf; =um;&w,f?jzpfEdkifwmyJ?

•owif;pmrSm owif; azmfjyyHkukd =unfh+yD; pOf;pm;p&m ay:w,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;u 0ef}uD;&J@ txufrSm azmfjyw,f?‘etz’ tzGJ@0ifudkawmh ppfwdkif;rSL;txufrSm azmfjyw,f? ppfwyfxJrSm &Sd=uwkef;u 0ef}uD;qdkolawGu tJ'Dppfwdkif;rSL;uav;awGxuf &mxl;}uD;=uolawGjzpfw,f?

pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if pOf;pm;p&mawG odyfrsm;w,f? ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ rSmudku r&Sif; r&Sif;a&;xm;wmyJ? wcsdK@yk'frqdk&if orRweJ@ um§csKyf&efwdkufay;xm;ovdkvdkyJ?

(2) ‘ppfaumifpD’ rSm eHygwf0rf; &Sd&+rJ jzpfw,f? ppfaumifpD0iftcsif;csif; yËdyuQjzpf&ifjzpfap/ 0ef}uD;tcsif;csif; yËdyuQjzpf&if jzpfap ‘eHygwf0rf;’ u tqHk;tjzwfay;&+rJ jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh etz &Sdonfjzpfap etz zsuf+yD; ‘tuv aumifpD’ udk v$Jonfjzpfap eHygwf0rf;uawmh &Sdae&rSmyg?

aemifvmr,fh ‘bwf*suf’ awGrSm txl;&efyHkaiGudk *±kwpdkuf apmifh=unfhzdk@ vdkygvdrfhr,f?

(10 - 3 - 2011)

‘etz bwf*suf’ &J@ t"dym,fEkdifiHa&;

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ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

9

1? vGefcJhwJh ESpf 50 u ppftm%m&Sifpepf tajccscJhw,f?tJ'gukd jyefajym&wmu tck etz Akdvfoef;a&$wkd@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd 'Drkdua&pD rsufESmzHk; pGyfay;aewmrSm tcufawG@aeyHkukd ajymcsifvdk@yg? bmawGu b,fvkd tcufawG@aeovJqkdwm ukd apma=umavhvmzkd@yJ?2? ppftm%m&Sifpepf tajccspOfu qkd&S,fvpfrsufESmzHk;oHk;cJhw,f? tJ'Dumvu ‘qkd&S,fvpf0g'’ qkd&S,fvpfprf;oyfr_ukd vGwfvyfcgp EkdifiHwkdif;avmufu vkyfae=ucsdefjzpfw,f? a&yef;pm;aew,f? ArmjynfrSmvnf; a&yef;pm;w,f? Auy u vGJ&if tm;vHk;avmufu ArmjynfrSm'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;tqifh +yD;qHk;+yDvkd@ ,lq+yD; qkd&S,fvpfprf;oyfr_ukd vkyfae=ucsdefjzpfw,f? tm%m& qkd&S,fvpfygwDuvnf; qkd&S,fvpfa&; aºu;a=umf+yD; t&yfbufAsL±kdu&uf t&if;&Sif}uD;pepfukd xlaxmifaevkd@ =umavemrnfysufav jzpfaew,f?

tJ'DtajctaerSm Akdvfae0if;ppftkyfpku ‘rqv’vrf;pOfeJ@ wpifaxmifvmwm jzpfw,f? aqG+idrf; qdk&S,fvpfeJ@ jywfjywfcGJ+yD; xGufvmwmqkdawmh ol@ukd vlawGu tawmfav;ar#mfvifh=uw,f? oluvnf; tJ'Dvkdar#mfvifhatmif vkyfxm;w,f? ‘ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ’yHkpHeJ@ vlawGukd ajymqkdcGifhawG ay;xm;w,f? ajymvnf; ajym=uw,f? EkdifiHa&;t& t}uHay;qkd+yD; ‘t}uHay;tzGJ@’ qkdwmawmif zGJ@vkdufao;w,f?

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tJ'D12 ESpftwGif;rSm Akdvfae0if;u ol@=oZmrukdufwJh Akdvfatmif}uD;udka&m/ ol@=oZm rukdufbl; xifolawGukdyg tm;vHk;ukd wyfxJu &Sif;ypf+yD;+yD?

‘ar#mfwkdif;a0;’ol wa,mufu Akdvfae0if;ajymwJh Akdvfatmif}uD; ta=umif;a&;aewm awG@w,f? rjynfhpHkygbl;? Akdvfae0if;u Akdvfatmif}uD;ukd &Sif;ypf&wJh t"duta=umif;u Akdvfatmif}uD;u aqG+idrf;qkd&S,fvpfukd tm%mjyeftyfcsifvdk@ &Sif;ypfwmyJ? (*syefjynfrSm *syef0ef}uD;csKyfukd Akdvfatmif}uD; tmacsmif+yD; ajymcJhwmawGukd twl

ppftm%m&Sifpepf tajccspOfu ta=umif;(etz Akdvfoef;a&$ bmtcuftcJawG@aewmvJ)

ygoGm;wJh Akdvfausmfpkd;u ae0if;ukd oHawmfOD;wifvkd@ jrefjref&Sif;ypfwmjzpfw,f?

(Akdvfae0if;u tm%modrf;zkd@ wkdifyifcJhol 2 OD;xJrSm Akdvfausmfpkd;u t"du usw,f? 7 &ufZlvdkifrSmvnf;jynfxJ a&; ukdifwJh Akdvfausmfpkd;[m t"duvlyJ?)3? Akdvfoef;a&$&J@ tcufu ol@ ‘'Drkdua&pD’ukd vlawGut,Hkt=unf r&SdwmyJ? olvkyfcJhor#uvnf; t&m&meJ@ta=umif;a=umif;csnf;yJ? NLD vkd 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk}uD;uvnf; ol@ukd bmrS ar#mfvifhrxm;bl;? ‘ESD;aESmyGJ’ qkdwmawGvnf; Adkvfae0if;vdk ol rvkyf0Hhbl;? vkyf&if ‘awmufwJh vSnf;eif;’ jzpfr,f?

ol@=oZmrukdufwJh AkdvfawGukd &Sif;ypfzdk@usawmhykd+yD;cufao;w,f? Akdvfcif!Gef@ukd &Sif;ypfwmrSmawmif Akdvfcif!Gef@u ‘vnfvGef;wJhbD; acs;oifh’atmif vkyfrdvdk@yJ?('DudpPawmh aemufusrS tcsdefoifhrS a&;ygr,f?)

Akdvfae0if;uawmh &Sif;&r,fh AkdvfawGukd t&if&Sif;ypfEkdifcJhvdk@ tm;vHk;tqifajyw,f?

Akdvfoef;a&$uawmh awmfvSefa&;ae@ukd trnfajymif;xm;wJh ‘wyfrawmfae@’qdkwmukdawmif rvkyf0Hhbl;?‘65’ ESpf ajrmufwkef;uawmh tawmfukd }uD;}uD;us,fus,f vkyfcJhw,f?

tck ‘66’ ESpfajrmufusrS rvkyf0Hhbl;?aocsmwmuawmh tul;tajymif;u racsmarG@

bl;? 'Drkdua&pD rsufESmzHk;pGyfyGJrSm tcuf&Sdaew,f? OD;eif;yhJaxmif jzpfaew,f?

Akdvfae0if; tul;tajymif;vkyf&pOfuol@toufu Akdvfoef;a&$ tcktoufxuf i,fw,f? v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm; oGm;oGm;vmvm vkyfEkdifw,f? EkdifiHwumh tajctaeuvnf; Akdvfae0if;wkef;ueJ@ rwlbl;? Armjynftay:EkdifiHwumh tokdif;t0ef;&J@ oabmxm;u aumif;vSwm r[kwfbl;?

'ga=umifh Akdvfoef;a&$ r0Hhr&Jjzpfaew,f? ajcvSrf;us,fus,f rvSrf;0Hhbl;/ aoG;wkd;prf;+yD; vkyfae&wmyJ? ?

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acwfysufolaX;vdkjzpfaewJh etzppftkyfpk&J@ &rf;um;csufawGxJrSm tapmqHk;cHvdkuf&wJh a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfwckuawmh rE Wav;eef;awmfygyJ? bmrqdk ajymifvufaerS wefzkd;&Sdw,fvdk@,lqwJh ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG[m ol}uD;bk&m; &Gmom;aumif;r_ vkyf+yD; rE Wav;eef;awmfudk jyef

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20

aqmufw,f&,fvdk@ vkyfcJh=uygw,f? tdrfaxmifr_bk&m;wnf/ aq;rif&nfpkwfxdk; qdkwmvdk aemif ArmjynfrSm ppftm%m&SifawG r&SdawmhwJhtcsdefus&if 'Dtwkta,mif taqmufttHk}uD;awG[m jyefzsufypf&vnf;tcuf qufxdef;odrf;oGm;&ifvnf; vl&,fcH&eJ@ tawmf 0efxkyf0efydk; jzpfr,fh ypPnf;awGygAsm?

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21

rif;vwf&Jacgifta=umif; tusOf;csKyf

oleJ@ r&if;ESD;yg? ol@tEkynm pmawGvnf; rzwfzl;yg?'gayrJh 1969 uae oluG,fvGefwJh(1976 vkd@xifw,f) txdumvykdif;rSmawmh awmfawmfuav; ywfoufcJhzl;w,f?

oleJ@ yDuif;rSm twlaecJhzl;wJh &Srf;&Jabmf vifr,m;qDu ol@ta=umif;ukd =um;xm;w,f? &Srf;pum;ukd olwkd@oifay;wm vykdif;twGif; u|rf;u|rf;usifusif wwfoGm;a=umif;/ &Srf;pmvnf; wwfoGm;a=umif;/ olwkd@eJ@twl &Srf;pmukd vufwiftuQ&meJ@ jyKjyifzkd@ vkyf=ua=umif; pwmawG odxm;&w,f?

wjcm;&JabmfawGqDuvnf; ol Armjynf&J@ ajray:eif;rdwJhtcg yxrqkH;vkyfwm[m av;bufaxmuf+yD; ajr}uD;ukdt=um}uD; ukef;erf;wJhta=umif;/ rsuf&nfawGvnf; usaea=umif; od&w,f?

aemufawmh vlcsif; c%wjzKwf }uKHw,f? olu ol@ukd,fol rdwfqufw,f? pmynm&Sifjzpfa=umif;/ ‘pmay’r[kwfa=umif;/ ‘ay’qkdwmu a&S;acwfu pm jzpfvkd@ olupdwfr0ifpm;a=umif;/ ‘pm’ukdyJ pdwf0ifpm;a=umif;/ wqifhjr‡ifhzkd@}uKd;pm;wJhta=umif;awG trsm;}uD; ajymygw,f? em;axmifwmyJ vkyfvkduf+yD; bmrS rSwfcsufray;vkdufyg?

olu ucsifpum; aumif;aumif;wwfae+yD; ucsifpmjr‡ifhwifa&;ukd vkyfaea=umif; aemufawmh =um;&w,f?

bmompum;wckukd oif,lwmrSmawmh tvGefxl;c|efwm aocsmygw,f?

aemufykdif;rSm oleJ@ r}uKHawmhyg? wcgrSmawmh ol@ukdE_wfcrf;arG;/ rkwfqdwfarG;awGeJ@ cyfvSrf;vSrf;u awG@vkduf&vkd@rkwfqdwf&dwf *sKwfeJ@ "m;awG 0,foGm;+yD; wul;wu oGm;ay;rdw,f?

tJ'DusawmhrS olu ol[m tck ‘pmynm&Sif’ rvkyf

awmhbl;? ‘oabmw&m;a&; ynm&Sif’ vkyfaea=umif; ajymygw,f? ‘vDeif0g'’ukd wkd;csJ@+yD; ‘rif;vwf&Jacgif0g'’ukd a&;aea=umif; trsm;}uD; ajymygw,f? oabmw&m; ynm&Sifjzpfvkd@rkwfqdwfarG; E_wfcrf;arG; yg;rkef;arG;awG wrifarG;xm;wm jzpfa=umif; ajymygw,f?

waeukef ol &Sif;jywmawGudk csKyfvkduf&if-š olu armfpukd/ yDuif;rSm oabmw&m;a&; avhvm

cJholr[kwfvkd@ [kdu ±kdufoGif;wJh oabmw&m;awG ol@rSm r&Sdbl;?š olu vDeifvkdyJ ta&S@Oa&mywcGif vSnfhvnf+yD;

avhvmcJh&ol jzpfw,f? vDeifav#mufcJhwJhvrf;/ vDeif eif;cJhwJhausmufwkH;awGukd eif;av#muf&if; vDeif0g'ukd wkd;csJ@wJh ‘rif;vwf&Jacgif0g'’ukd ol &&SdcJhwm jzpfw,f?

š cifAsm;wkd@u awmxJawmifxJrSm ae&awmh b,fvkdrSoabmw&m;ukd }uHqcsdef r&Sdbl;? awmxJawmifxJrSm rmhufpf0g'-vDeif0g' wkd;csJ@zkd@ tcGifhtvrf; r&Sdbl;?

š ol@&J@ ‘rif;vwf&Jacgif0g'’usrf;pmtkyf}uD; a&;+yD;&ifygwDA[kdokd@ ykd@vkdufr,f-qkdwmawGyJ?

ol@a&m*g rao;bl;qkdwm od&+yD;aemufrSm ol@pmtkyf}uD; a&mufvmw,f? awmfawmf xlw,f? pmrsufESm &mcsD &Sdw,f? ‘ol@0g'’ukd csKyfvkduf&if wurBmvkH;&Sd vlrsKd;wkdif; cGJxGuf=u?ArmjynfrSmvnf; cGJxGuf=u? vlOD;a&tenf;trsm;/ e,fajrtus,ft0ef; bmrS uef@owfrxm;eJ@? wurBmvkH;rSm wkdif;jynfaygif; axmifaomif;csD+yD; &Sdayap? tJovkdyJ ArmjynfrSmvnf;wkdif;jynfav;awG ay:vmayhap/ +yD;rS qENtavsmuf aygif;pnf;=uzkd@ ‘rif;vwf&Jacgif0g'’eJ@ pnf;±kH;&r,f? pnf;±kH;vkd@ &olawGukdpkaygif;+yD; “{&mvGif”({&m0wDšoHvGif) jynfaxmifpk’ wnfaxmifzkd@yJ?

'gukd olu usrf;wapmifvkd a&;xm;wmyg?ygwDA[kdu vSnfhzwfw,f? ac:+yD; aqG;aEG;zkd@ pDpOfw,f?

tJ'DumvrSmyJ olu w±kwfjynfrSm ‘vifajymifa0zefa&;/ uGefjzL;&Syf a0zefa&;’vkyfovkd ‘Aodef;wif a0zefa&;’‘Auy a0zefa&;’ykdpwmawG a&;+yD; aps;xJrSm vkdufuyfw,f?

'ga=umifh A[kdu tjrefyJ ac:+yD; aqG;aEG;&w,f? ol ajymwm&J@ tcsKyfu -

š ‘rif;vwf&Jacgif0g'’ukd ygwDu vufcH&if ‘Aodef;wif0g'’ qkd+yD; xkwfjyefzkd@ olvufcHEkdifw,f? ol@emrnfrygvnf;&w,f?

š vufrcH&if olu ygwDxJu xGuf+yD; ol@0g'ukdus,fus,f jyef@jyef@ jzef@rSmyJ? ykdpwmawG uyfrSmyJ?

BIA ukd tm;us+yD; SSIA, KIA vkyfaeolawGukd tm;ay;rSmyJ? (ArmeD/ ArmjzLwkdufaewJh ‘Armhtcuf’ukd ‘&Srf;/ ucsiftcsuf’ qkd+yD; SSIA, KIA u vkyfae=ucsdef jzpfw,f? &Srf;eJ@rwkduf&ayr,fh ucsifeJ@ wkdufae&csdef jzpfw,f?)

ol@awmif;qkdcsufukd (A[kd)u b,fvkdrS vufrcHEkdifbl;?'ga=umif h ol@ukd “umvwck tem;,l+yD; wurBmvkH;utajctaeukd avhvmyg? tmz&du/ vufwiftar&du/ tm&SutajctaeawG avhvmzkd@ pDpOfay;r,f”vkd@ A[kdu ajymawmh

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22

olu yGJ=urf;vmw,f?ocifAodef;wifukd vufn‡Kd;xkd;+yD; “cifAsm;u xm;0,fvlrkduf/

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aemufqkH;awmh ykdpwmwkdufyGJqifvnf; b,folrS ArmpmrwwfwJh/ ucsifpmrwwfwJh ‘0’ajrmufukd ykd@xm;&w,f? tusOf;csKyfvnf; r[kwf/ tus,fcsKyfvnf; r[kwf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf xm;wmyJ/

'gukd csufaumif;,l+yD; olu tusOf;csxm;wJh ucsifokH@yef;wa,mufukd pnf;±kH;+yD; axmifazmufajy;zkd@ pDpOfw,f? ajy;=uw,f?'gayrJh olu 'Dwcgawmh ‘0’pum; oifrxm;rdvdk@/ 0e,fxJu vGwfatmif rajy;EkdifbJ w0Jvnfvnf jzpfaevkd@ axmifapmifhawGuvkdufvHypfcwfzrf;qD;wma=umifh aooGm;wmyJ?

b,f&uf/ b,fv/ b,fESpfqkdwmukd rSwfrxm;vkd@ twdtus ra&;Ekdifygbl;?

ol@ta=umif;ukd bmha=umifh a&;&ovJ?

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tck a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;awmh &JabmfaX;wkd@ta=umif; ra&;awmhbl;? ta&S@ajrmufu ta=umif;ukd vSnfhvmw,f? ‘xkd@a=umifhTokd@’tpkukd yGJxkwfzkd@ jyifvmw,f?

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&meJ@ vJay;&if &v'faumif; xGufvmrSm r[kwfbl; xifw,fvkd@ ajymzl;w,f? olu ZGwfwkd;+yD; vkyfwm rawG@&bl;?olu ‘pmynm&Sif’uae ‘oabmw&m; ynm&Sif’tjzpful;zkd@ pdwful;&SdoGm;vkd@vnf; jzpfEkdifyg w,f?

olom tckxd touf&Sifaeao;&if ta&S@ Oa&my/ tmz&dueJ@ tm&Stv,fykdif;rSm wkdif;jynfopfawG ay:vmwm/ vlrsKd;vkduf rsKd;jzKwf=uwmukd awG@&if/ ArmjynfrSmcGJxGufolawGukd ppftpkd;&u zJhxkwfpnf;±kH;oGm;wm awG@&ifol@‘{&m-vGif pDrHudef;’ukd wrsKd;jyKjyifzkd@ pOf;pm;vdrfhr,f xifygw,f?

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ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

23

(1)

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24

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(4)

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ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

25

Armjynf[m ppfzdeyfoHcGmatmuf usa&mufcJhwm ESpf 40 ausmf/ 50 eD;yg; &Sdvm+yD?jynfolvlxk}uD;[m 'DpepfatmufrSm qif;&JwGif; eufoxuf eufvmcJh&w,f? vufwqkyfpm ppftkyfpkxdyfoD;rsm;uawmh wkdif;jynfukd ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ qufvuf pkd;rdk;jc,fvS,foGm;Ek difa&;twGuf twkta,mif a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y+yD;/ [efjyv$wfawmfuae abmif;bDc|wf t&yfom; ±kyfao;tpkd;&w&yf pDrHpkdif;jyif; zGJ@pnf;vkduf=uyg+yD?

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wqifhwuf}udK;yrf; tm;xkwfoGm;=uygpkd@

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Ek difiHa&;

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

26

tygt0if EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk;twGuf tcktcg axmif0ifpmudpP ulnDa&;ukd 'DcsKyfu OD;aqmif+yD; wzufwvrf;u ajz&Sif;ay;aeygw,f?

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ukdzkd;armif 15-3-2008

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ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

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vJaozkd@ aumif;aernf? ,cifumv jynfolvlxkb0 qif;&Jusyfwnf;onf? ,ckumv jynfolvlxk aexkdifr_b0onfvnf; ykdIqif;&Jusyfwnf;onf? tcsdefumv uGmjcm;aomfvnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepfu r+yKdysufEkdif/ tcsdef=umav jynfolvlxkb0 epfrGef;av jzpfaeonf? {&m0wDwkdif; 26 +rKd@e,fwGif;&Sd awmifolrsm; rwfyJtxGufE_ef; ododomom usqif;aeI qkH;¶_H;r_rsm;ESifh &ifqkdifae=u&a=umif; 2011 azazmf0g&D 28 {&m0wD owif;pmrsufESmygazmfjycsufukd awGh&onf/ wqufxnf; azmfjyxm;csufu rwfyJomru tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;yg wESpfxufwESpf txGufE_ef; usqif;&jcif;onf "mwkajrqDrsm;ESifh ykd;owfaq;rsKd;pkHwkd@ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmokH;pGJcJhjcif;a=umifh ,majrrsm; tcsOfaygufum ysufpD; &jcif;jzpfa=umif; pkdufysKd;a&;okawoDrsm;u okH;oyf=uonf [k qkdonf?

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tcsKd@ukr`%DawGu ajr,m wefa=u;ra&mufonfhwkdiftxkduftavsmuf avsmfa=u;ay;=uaomfvnf;/ xkdavsmfa=u;aiGrsm;ukdyif tm%mykdifrsm;u jzwf,l=uao;onf[k ausmufjzL a&eufqdyfurf;pDrHudef;teD; u|ef;ay:&Sd &Gmom;rsm;u ajyma=umif; od&onf? ppfwyfykdiftjzpf todrf;cH&onfh v,f,majrrsm;twGuf bmavsmfa=u;rS ray;ay;yg? ajrtodrf;cH&onfh v,form;rsm; tvkyfvufrJh jzpf=u&efom&Sdonf? ajr,modrf;ykdufcH&jcif;/ vGwfvyfpGm pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfcGifhr&Sdjcif;/ ponfh rw&m; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; ppftm%m&Sif tqufqufvufatmuf awmifolv,form;rsm; cg;pnf;cHcJh=u&onf?orkdif;tpOftvm}uD;cJhonfh Armjynf awmifolv,form; jynfolrsm;taejzifh ppftm%m&Sifrsm; jyKor# Ekae=uolrsm;r[kwf/ rdrdwkd@b0&yfwnfa&;twGuf twWm[dtwWaememaxm rdrdtm; rdrdukd;Ienf;o¿mef rsKd;pkHjzifh &ifqkdifwkdufyGJ0ifvsuf&Sd=uonf?

2011 rwfv 2&ufae@rSm jrefrmjynf tESH@tjym;rS awmifolv,form; 200 ausmfavmufu &efukefwkdif; c&rf;+rKd@e,frSmawG@qkH+yD; tpkd;&ajr&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;ESifh aemuftpkd;&opfuvkyfaqmifay;&rnfh tcsuf (6) csufukdawmif;qkdvkduf=uonf?v,fvkyfolv,fykdifcGifhjzpfonfh v,form;awG vkyfukdifaeonfhv,fajrrsm;ukd ukd,fykdifa&mif;csaygifEHScGifh&&Sda&;/ todrf;cH&wJhv,fajrrsm;twGuf epfema=u;&&Sda&;/ tm%mykdifawGESifh v,f,mokH;ypPnf;xkwfvkyfonfhukr%DawG aygif;+yD; v,form;awGukd tusyfukdif a&mif;csaer_ wm;jrpfay;a&;/ "mwfajr=oZm/ ykd;owfaq;ESifh rsKd;aumif;rsKd;oef@&¶Sda&;/ ypPnf;twkty rvkyfEkdifatmif Oya' w&yfjyÏmef;ay;a&;/ acwfrDpkdufysKd;a&; enf;ynmawGukd tpkd;&u zefwD;ay;a&; ponfhtcsufrsm; aqmif&GufEkdif&ef v,form;uGef&ufawGus,fus,fjyef@jyef@ zGJ@pn;fzkd@vkda=umif; awG@qkHyGJukd pDpOfolvnf;jzpfawmifolv,form;ta&; aqmif&Gufolvnf;jzpfaom a&S@aewOD;u ajyma=umif; owif;=um;&onf?

'g[m ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&; wkdufyGJrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfvmonfh v,form;ta&; v_yf&Sm;r_wckygyJ? 'DvkdeJ@ v,form;xktygt0if vl@tv$maygif;pHku ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifa&; wkdufyGJrsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDa&;wkdufyGJrsm;wpnf;wvkH;wnf; aygif;pnf;+yD; jynfol@tiftm;/ jynfol@wkdufyGJrsm;tm;}uD;vmrSom ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd zkwf=unf;o+*õK[fypfa&;atmifjrifEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqrdygonf?

armifpdefaomf 14- 3 - 2011

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

3 6

jynfaxmifpktpkd;&tzGJ@ Oya' (etz Oya' trSwf 15§2010) yk'fr6(u)wGif “jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&tzGJ@”ukd atmufyg yk*~dKvfrsm;jzifhzGJ@pnf;&rnf -

(1) EkdifiHawmforRw(2) 'kwd,orRwrsm;(3) jynfaxmifpk 0ef}uD;rsm;(4) jynfaxmifpk a&S@aecsKyf æ [k azmfjyxm;onf?yk'fr (9) wGif EkdifiHawmforRwonf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'

t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'ESifhtnD oD;jcm;jyÏmef;xm;onfhOya'rsm;t&aomfvnf;aumif; atmufygwkd@ukd zGJ@pnf;&rnf?

u? trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;ESifh vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD c? b¾ma&;aumfr&Sif *? jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfC? EkdifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'qkdif&m cHk±Hk; i? jynfaxmifpk a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif p? jynfaxmifpk &mxl;0eftzGJ@ æ [k azmfjyonf?xkd@jyif ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wkdif; okd@r[kwf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyf

cGifh& a'o OD;pD;tzGJ@ Oya' (etz Oya' trSwf 17§ 2010) yk'fr (5)wGif oufqkdif&m ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&wkdif; okd@r[kwf ukd,fykdif tkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o taxGaxG tkyfcsKyfa&; OD;pD;Xme t}uD;trSL;onf&mxl;tavsmuf OD;pD;tzGJ@. twGif;a&;rSL;ESif h tvkyftr_aqmif aumfrwD. twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfonf? ,if;onf qENrJay;ykdifcGifh r&Sdap&?

yk'fr 9 (c) wGif EkdifiHawmforRw onf yk'frcGJ (u) t&wifoGif;vmonfh trnfpm&if;yg yk*~dKvftm; oufqkdif&m OD;pD;tzGJ@OuUÏtjzpf cef@tyfwm0ef ay;&rnf? yk'fr 11 wGif wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfonf OD;pD;tzGJ@wGif OD;pD;tzGJ@0if pkpkaygif;.av;yHkwyHkjzpfonfh OD;pD;tzGJ@0if OD;a&ukd wyfrawmfom;rsm;jzifhvkdtyfovkd jznfhpGufwm0efay;Ekdifonf æ[k azmfjyxm;onf?

Tazmfjycsufrsm;udk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifxdyfwef;acgif;aqmif. tm%m/ vkyfykdifcGifh/ trdef@/ wm0efcef@tyfr_wkd@jzifh tajcjyKwnfaqmufxm;aom/ vnfywfv_yf&Sm;aom ppfAsL±kdu&uft&m&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzpfa=umif; txift&Sm; awG@jrifEkdifygonf?

jynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifa&; Oya' (etz Oya' trSwf20§2010) yk'fr 8 wGif “jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfonfppfbufqkdif&m w&m;±Hk;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'qkdif&m cHk±Hk;. pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%mrsm;ukd rxdckdufapbJ EkdifiH awmf.tjrifhqHk; w&m;±Hk;jzpfonf”? yk'fr 30 (C) wGif jynfaxmifpk w&m;ol}uD;csKyfESifh jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf atmufygt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh jynfpHk&rnf?

(1) wkdif;a'o}uD; okd@r[kwf jynfe,fw&m;v$wfawmfw&m;ol}uD;tjzpf tenf;qHk; ig;ESpfaqmif&GufcJhol(odk@r[kwf)

(2) wkdif;a'o}uD; okd@r[kwf jynfe,ftqifhxufredrhfaom w&m;a&; t&m&Sd okd@r[kwf Oya' t&m&Sd &mxl;wGif tenf;qHk; 10 ESpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhol (okd@r[kwf)

(3) w&m;v$wfawmfa&S@aetjzpf tenf;qHk; 20 ESpftr_vkdufyg aqmif&GufcJhol (odk@r[kwf)

(4) xifay:ausmf=um;onfh *k%fowif;&Sdaom Oya'ynm&Siftjzpf EkdifiHawmforRwu ,lqol æ[kazmfjyyg&Sd ygonf?

xkd@txl yk'fr 48 (C) wGifvnf; wkdif;a'o}uD; okd@r[kwfjynfe,f w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;. t&nftcsif;rsm; azmfjyyg&Sdygonf?Tjynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifa&; Oya' yk'fr 64 wGif

“jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfonf ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh &wkdif;w&m;±Hk;rsm;/ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o w&m;±Hk;rsm;/ c±kdifw&m;±Hk;rsm;/ +rdK@e,fw&m;±Hk;rsm;ESifh Oya't& wnfaxmifaom tjcm;w&m;±Hk;rsm;wGif w&m;ol}uD;tjzpf aqmif&Guf&ef w&m;a&;t&m&Sdrsm;tm; pD&ifyk difcGif htm%m t&yf&yfukd tyfESif;jcif;/ wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; owfrSwfay;jcif; jyKvkyf&rnf æ[k azmfjyyg&Sdygonf?

txufrS tjrifhqkH;tm%mykdif. tm%m/ vkyfykdifcGifh/trdef@wkd@jzifh w&m;a&;t&m&Sdwkd@tm; cef@tyfwm0efay;+yD; w&m;a&; t&m&Sdrsm;vufokd@ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mukd xyfqifhtyfESif;

ppfAsL±kdu&uft&m&SdtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh

t&m&Sd w&m;pD&ifa&;

armifat;Ekdif

Oya'a&;&m

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

37

xm;onfukd txift&Sm; awG@&Sd&aoma=umifh t&m&Sd w&m;pD&ifa&;[k rkcs owfrSwf&ygrnf?

txufyg jynfaxmifpk tpkd;& Oya'ESifh jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&; Oya'wdk@ukd ±_jrifawG@&Sd&onfhtwkdif; ppfAsL±kdua&pD t&m&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh t&m&Sd w&m;pD&ifa&;[kom wwftyfaocsm ajymprSwfjyK=u&ygrnf? tb,fa=umifhenf;?

jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif t&m&SdtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh t&m&Sdw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf &SdcJhaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? b,facwfb,ftcsdef umvuygvJ? +Adwdo# ukdvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh *syef zufqpftkyfcsKyfa&;atmufu jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;ukd vSef=unfh&efvkdvmygonf?

jrefrmEkdifiHukd ukdvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;oufwrf;. ESpfaygif;121 ESpf 10 vESifh 8 &uftwGif;wGif 1825 ckESpfrS 1897 ckESpf txd 71 ESpfonf tajccHtm;jzifh ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvykdif; jzpfonf?1897 ckESpfrS 1923 ckESpftxdumvonf tajccHtm;jzifh t&m&SdtkyfcsKyfa&; umvykdif;rsm;jzpfonf? 1897 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHtm; 'kwd, bk&ifcHtkyfcsKyfjcif;jyK&aom jynfe,f}uD; we,ftjzpf xlaxmifvkdufaomtcg jrefrmEkdifiHtm; “jynfrESifh awmifwef;a'orsm;”[lI tkyfcsKyfa&;a'oESpfckukd +Adwdo# ukdvkdeD0g'orm;rsm;u ‚wkd@oabmtwkdif; cGJjcm;ypfvkduf=uonf? aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfxm;jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH wkdif;&if;om;rsm;. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ukd [ef@wm;xm;+yD; ‚. u|efjyKr_ukd ouf qkd;&SnfapcJh&ef }uH&G,fcJhonf? +Adwdo# t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh jrefrm wdkdif;&if;om;rsm;yl;wGJtkyfcsKyfjcif; jyKonfqkdaom 'kdiftmcD tkyf csKyfa&;pepfukd 1923 ckESpfwGif pwifprf;oyfcJhonf? 1923 rS 1937 ckESpftxd14 ESpfwmr# oufqkd;&SnfcJhonf?

ukdvkdeDacwfwav#mufvHk;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHukd tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'rsm;jzifh v$rf;rkd;tkyfcsKyfxm;onf? ‚tkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGifom w&m;pD&ifa&;onf wav#mufvHk; &SdaecJhonf?tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%matmufu w&m;pD&ifa&;rsm; vGwfvyfr_r&SdcJhyHkukd t"duaxmufjy&efvkdayonf? vufawG@oufaojyEkdifonfrSm 1912 ckESpfupI ppfukdif;wGif aecJhzl;+yD; 1929-30 ckESpfwGif&efukef'dp}wdwfw&m;ol}uD; vkyfoGm;cJhzl;aom rpPwmarm&pfaumvpf. “jrefrmjynfwGif ppfaq;cJhaom tr_tcif;rsm;”(Trails in Burma) (vlxka':trm jrefrmbmomjyef) wGifukdvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;atmufu w&m;pD&ifpepf. rESpf+rdK@zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;ukd txift&Sm; awG@&Sd&ygonf?

“w&m;ol}uD;awG[m rSefuefwJh pD&ifcsufukd csrSwf&rSmjzpfayr,fvkd@ tr_aqmiftzGJ@u rauseyfzl;qkd&if rcsrSwf&wJhtjyif tjypfay;wmukd cH&OD;r,faygh”? “jrefrmjynf&Sdor#w&m;ol}uD;tm;vHk;[m ukd,fhvdyfjymukd riJhbJ/ tr_aqmiftzGJ@&J@rsufESmukd=unfh+yD; pD&ifcsufcs&r,fvkd@ wkdufwGef;&ma&mufygw,f”[k (jrefrmjynfwGif ppfaq;cJhaom tr_tcif;rsm;/ vlxka':trm jrefrmbmomjyef/ pmrsufESm-239) wGif azmfjyxm;onfukdynmowd &SdpGm ±_jrifoHk;oyf&ygrnf? t&m&SdtkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif&Sdaom t&m&Sdw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf. vGwfvyfr_ r&SdcJhyHkukdoifcef;pm,loifhygonf? trsdK;oDv ESpfXmeukd vGwfvyfaom

w&m;r#wonfh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfjzifh apmifhxdef;=u&ef vkdygonf?

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ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

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ukdausmfv_dif}uD;eJ@ u|efawmf awmfawmfukd &if;&if;ESD;ESD; odu|rf;cJh=ucsdefrSmawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;[m pdwf+idrfaq;awG/ pdwfa&m*geJ@ywfoufwJhaq;awGukd ykHrSefrysuf pm;okH;aeqJ jzpfayr,fh EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufeJ@ ywfouf&ifawmh b,fawmhrS c|wf,Gif;,kdifeJ@cJhwmr&Sdyg? wcgwcg pdwfa&m*g jyefjyefxvmwwfr_awG &Sdayr,fh EkdifiHa&;&yf wnfr_eJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmh b,fawmhrS rSm;,Gif;cJhzl;wm r&Sdyg?iSufzsm;ykd;a=umifh OD;aESmufysufcJh&ol jzpfcJhayr,fh &yfwnfcsufawmhb,fawmhrS ysufcJhol wa,muf r[kwf-vkd@yJ qkd&ygvdrfhr,f? wcgwcg a&m*gu jyefjyefxvmwwfavh&SdwJh tcsdefrsKd;awGrSmawmh ol@rsufvkH;awG[m &Da0qkdif;wGJ@aewwf+yD; E_wfcrf;pGef;awGrSmvnf; oGm;&nfpawG pD;ayaewwfum tJ'D oGm;&nfpD;a=umif; ajcmufajcmufjzLjzLawG[m uGrf; tvGeftu|H pm;avh&Sdolwa,muf yg;pyfzsm;rSmxkH;pawG aya&aeovkdrsKd; &Sdaewwfygw,f? ae@wkdif;vkdvkd +rKd@xJukdvm&if u|efawmfeJ@ q&m&m*seftvmukd ol xkdif+yD; apmifhaeavh&Sd&mae&mu pmtkyfwef;u OD;oef;aqG}uD;&J@ vrf;ab;pmtkyfqkdifav;ab;rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf rsufpd raumif;&SmwJh OD;oef;aqG}uD;ursuf&nfawG wawGawG rsufESmeJ@/ ukd ausmfv_dif}uD;u oGm;&nfawGwayay rsufESmeJ@/ ESpfOD;om; ilil}uD;awG &Sdaewwfygw,f? oleJ@cifrif&if;ESD;olawGukd vSrf;awG@vkduf&ifawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;[m tm;yg;w& vSrf;ac:wwf/ pum;pjrnf ajymwwfavh&Sd+yD; ol@rsufESm}uD;[m+yKH;±$ifaewwfygw,f?

ukdausmfv_dif}uD;[m EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsuft&awmh b,fawmhrS rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; r&SdcJhayr,fh ol pdwfvGwfaecsdefrsKd;rSm/ vlykHtv,f ae&mrsKd;rSm oleJ@ yufyif;oGm;wkd;rdrSmrsKd;ukd vef@=uolawGawmh &Sdygw,f?

tjzpfu 'Dvkdyg-? wcgawmh &Jabmfwa,muf[m bwfpfum;eJ@ pD;vmwkef; um;ay:rSm ukdausmfv_dif}uD; pdwfvGwfaecsdefeJ@ yufyif; oGm;wkd;w,fqkdygw,f? um;wpD;xJ oGm;+yD;qkH&ayr,fh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u um;a&S@bufjcrf;u/ tJ'D&Jabmfu aemufjcrf;u jzpfae+yD;um;ay:rSm &efukefbwfpfum;awG&J@ xkH;pHtwkdif; c&D;onfawGuvnf; jynfhodyf usyfnyfaew,fqkdygw,f? t&yf&Snf&Snf axmifaxmif armif;armif;}uD;jzpfwJh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u tJ'D&Jabmfukdt&ifvSrf;jrifoGm;+yD; um;a&S@jcrf;uae um;aemufjcrf;qDtxdvnf;wkd;oGm;vkd@r& awmh ta0;uae atmfE_wfqufw,fqkdygw,f?

tJ'D&Jabmfuvnf; tvkdufoifh tvsm;oifh acgif;ndwf+yKH;jy jyefE_wfqufvkdufwkef;rSmyJ ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u “rif; rae@nu jynfol@ toHu wkdufyGJowif;awG em;axmifvkdufrdao;ovm;uG-”vkd@

tm;yg;w&}uD; atmfar;vkdufwma=umifh vlykHtv,frSm bmajym&rSef;rodatmif jzpfoGm;&+yD; eD;&mrSwfwkdifrSm um;xkd; qkdufqkdufcsif; qif;ajy;cJh&w,f qkdygw,f?

“oluawmh vkdifpif&}uD;vkd jzpfaewmAs/ u|efawmfhrSmbmjyef ajym&rSef;rodatmif jzpfoGm;&+yD;-wcgwnf;ukd eD;&mrSwfwkdifrSm qif;ajy;cJh&awmhwmygyJAsm-”vkd@ wjcm;olawGukd jyefajymjywJhtwGuf 'DvkdZmwfvrf;rsKd;awGukd odxm;/ }uKH}uKdufxm;&zl;olawGuawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD; pdwfvGwfaecsdefrsKd;eJ@ vlykHtv,fyufyif;}uKH&rSmrsKd;awGukd enf;enf;awmh vef@=uavh&Sdygw,f?

wcgw&H tJ'Dvkd ‘vGwf’oGm;wwfavh&SdwmrsKd;u vGJ&if-usefwmawGuawmh tm;vkH;taumif;/ b,fawmhrS rrSm;/ oluawmif u|efawmfwkd@ukd vkyfwmukdifwmawG owdxm;zkd@ jyefowday;aevkdufao;w,f?

(2)bmyJajymajym u|efawmfuawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;ukd cif

ygw,f? ukdausmfv_dif}uD;eJ@twl wuo/ AuorSm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uzl;ol;awG/ &Jabmfa[mif;}uD;awGuvnf; ukdausmfv_dif}uD;tay:cif=urif=u/ wefzkd;xm;=uwmawG&Sdovkd ukdausmfv_dif}uD; ta=umif;ukd olwkd@jrif&m axmifhawGuae qGwfqGwfusifusif ajym=uqkd=u/ todtrSwfjyK=uwmawGukdvnf; }udrfzefrsm;pGm =um;emodjrifaecJh &ygw,f?

q&m=uL;(q&m rif;vSnGef@=uL;) u qkd&if-“ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u or*~ukd odyfoHa,mZOf}uD;wm/ or*~uay;wJh wm0efawGudk xrf;csifvGef;vkd@ or*~acgif;aqmifawGqDukd pdwfxm;ESdfrfhESdrfhcscseJ@ukd a&muf-a&mufvm+yD; u|efawmfhukdvnf; ay;csifwJhwm0efay;=uyg-vkd@ ajym&SmwmAs? tJ'Dwkef;u wkd;wufwJh vuf0Jorm;wa,mufvnf; odyfukd jzpfcsifvGef;+yD; u|efawmfwkd@tpkem;ukd teH@cH+yD; &pfoD&pfoDeJ@ vm&Smw,fAs? wu,fu ol@nD ausmfomxGef;u u|efawmfwkd@=um; t&ifa&mufaewm? olu ol@nDxuf enf;enf; aemufusw,f? ol@nD&J@ aemufrSmrS u|efawmfwkd@=um; a&mufvmwm? 'gayrJh olu ykd+yD; pdwfxm;ESdrfhcsw,f? or*~rSm w&m;0iftr_aqmif jzpf=uawmhvnf; ol@nD&J@aemufrSmrS ol@crsm jzpfvmwmAs”vkd@ ta=umif;qkHvkd@ ajymjywm rSwfom;&zl;ygw,f?

q&m=uL;&J@ ZeD;jzpfol a':&D&DaX;uvnf;“ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u odyf±kd;om;wm”vkd@ ajymzl;ovkd ausmif;om;or*~orkdif;rSma&S@wef;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhwJh q&maumif;}uD;(OD;baumif;) &J@E_wfzsm;uaevnf; ukdausmfv_dif}uD;&J@ ±kd;om;ykHawGukd ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm =um;em&zl;w,f? wcgawmh q&m=uL;(rif;vS nGef@=uL;) uyJ ukdausmfv_dif}uD;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; cyf+yKH;+yKH;eJ@ b,fvkd ajymjyzl;ao;ovJ-qkdawmh “b,folawGu b,fvkdawGajymajym-ukdausmfv_dif}uD;ta=umif;ukd ol@c,fr *syefrav;u Armpum;rwwfwwwfeJ@ ajymwmavmuf ray:vGifbl;? *syefrav;u ‘±l;w,f’‘t±l;’qkdwJh a0g[m&u odyfukd &ifhoD;vGef;w,fqkdwm ukdvnf; odykH&+yD; tJ'Dtpm; u|efawmfwkd@ Arm vl}uD;olrawGwcsKd@ajym avh&SdwJh‘pdwfrESH@ jzpfaew,f’‘pdwfraumif; jzpfae&Smw,f’qkdwJh pum;rsKd;ukdyJ a±G;okH;+yD;rS tJ'D*syefrav;u ol@tjrif ol@oabmxm;ukd b,fvkdrsm; xkwfazmfajymqkdvkdufw,frSwfovJ

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

4 1

As/ ‘tpfukd}uD;aemf- pdwfraumif;bl;-'gayrJh odyfpdwfaumif;w,f? wjcm;olawGaemf-pdwfaumif;w,f-'gayrJh pdwfraumif;=ubl;’wJhAs? 'g*syefrav;u ajymwmaemf? *syefrav;u olajymwwfovkd Armpum;eJ@ukdausmfv_dif}uD;ta=umif; wjcm;olawGukd ajymjyoGm;wm As-”wJh?

wuoacgif;aqmifwa,muf jzpfcJhzl;wJh tpfukd}uD; bkduav;ukdvSa&$uawmh-“ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u wuUokdvf a&mufwmvnf; 'kd@xufpDeD,musovkd or*~rSmvnf; 'kd@xuf pDeD,muswmayghuGm? 'gayrJh 'kd@uol@ukd p=u aemuf=u/ o±kyfzsuf [movkyf=u&ifvnf; oluawmh odyfonf;cHwwfw,fuG? ol@rSm &nf;pm;oem r&Sd/ vlysKd}uD;jzpfaewmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; udkausmfv_dif}uD;rSm b,f &nf;pm;&SdrvJ-olu ol}uKdufwJh ausmif;olwa,mufukd yef;oGm;ay;wmrSm- rdwfqkHnpmpm;yGJ}uD;rSm yef; oGm;ay;wmrSm- olrsm;vkd ae&ma&G;vnf; ray;wwf/ olrsm;awG odrSmvnf; pkd;awmh xrif;pm;yGJatmufuae vufv#Kd+yD;/ wzufu trsKd;orD;ukd vufukwf+yD; yef;pnf;ukd twif;xkd;ay;owJh? tJ'Dawmh [kduvnf; tJ'DrSmwifvef@zsyf+yD; vefoGm;wmaygh? tJ'Duwnf;u rpGHawmhwmvkd@ o±kyfzsuf ajym=u aemuf=u p=uw,f? wa,mufuawmh -ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u trsKd;orD;wa,mufukd ‘cifAsm;-u|efawmfh }uKdufaewm u|efawmf odygw,f?cifAsm; "mwfykHvnf; u|efawmfhukd ay;/ u|efawmfh "mwfykHvnf; ,lxm; -a&mh-’qkd+yD; ay;&mrSm tJ'D "mwfykH =unfh+yD; trsKd;orD;ukd wcgwnf;ukdvefoGm; qkdyJ? bmvkd@vJqkdawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD; ay;vkdufrdwJhykHu oli,fi,fu a&$yef;aigufawmufeJ@ ykHukdrS rSm;+yD; ay;vkdufrdvkd@qkdyJ-qkd+yD; [movkyfajym=u o±kyfzsuf ajym=u&ifvnf; ukdausmfv_dif}uD;uawmh a[haumifawG rif;wkd@ r[kwfwmawG rajym=ueJ@uGm-qkd+yD; odyfukd onf;cHwwf&Smw,fuG”vkd@ ajymjyzl;ovkd/ ukdvSa&$&J@ZeD;-tpfr}uD; rcifrmat;uvnf; “ukd ausmfv_dif}uD;u i,fwkef;u ±kyfuvnf; rqkd;bl;? 0ef}uD;uvnf; 0ef}uD;om;-qkdawmh ausmif;ukd vmwmawmif uwWDygzdeyfpD;+yD;ukd,fykdifum;eJ@ vmwwfwm? ol@ukd oabmus=uwJh ausmif;olawGvnf;&Sdwmaygh? 'D=um;xJuae or*~xJukd wkd;wufwJh ausmif;om;wa,muftjzpfeJ@ ol@ukd,fol cH,lajymif;vJ+yD; tyifyef;tqif;&JcH+yD;ukd yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vmcJhwm/ awmfawmfwefwef ykdif;jzwfcsufeJ@ b,f[kwfrvJ-”vkd@wefzkd;xm; ajymqkdwmukdvnf; u|efawmf =um;em od&SdaecJh&zl;ygw,f?

ukdausmfv_dif}uD;wa,muf vufeufukdif awmcdkcJh&mu OD;aESmufxJ iSufzsm;ykd;0ifcJh&+yD; t±l;wykdif;b0eJ@ +rKd@ay: jyefa&mufvm&+yD; aemufykdif;awGrSmawmh vlysKd}uD;b0eJ@yJ jzwfoef;vmcJh&w,fqkdayr,fh ol@ESvkH;om;ukd v_yfcwfvl;vGef@apcJhwmawGawmh- &SdcJhao;[ef wlygw,f? toufuvnf; av;q,fausmf ig;q,fwGif;avmuf a&mufaecsdefrSm/‘ukdausmfv_dif}uD;&J@ arwWmpm’ta=umif; u|efawmfwkd@avmutwGif; cspfpEkd;eJ@ ajym=u qkd=u aemufajymif=uwmawG ay:cJhzl;ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u w&ufrSm- u|ef;jyef&Jabmfa[mif;}uD;wa,mufu u|efawmfhukd -“a[haumif rif;u uAsmq&mom qkdw,f? uAsmawG pmawGom a&;aew,f? arwWmpm ta&;rSmawmh w,fav#mfwJhaumifyJ? arwWmpmta&;-&nf;pm;pmta&;rSmawmh pHjyKxm;&rSmu 'kd@ ukdausmfv_dif}uD;uG-”wJh?

“uJ-vkyfprf;ygOD;Asm? ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u b,fol@ukd b,fvkdarwWmpm a&;vkdufvkd@vJ”vkd@ jyefar;rdawmh olu [JueJ wcsuf &,fvkdufao;w,f? +yD;rS “b,folqkdwmawmh rar;eJ@uGm/ &nf;pm;pmuawmhwu,fhukd tysHpm;uG? ol oabmusaewJh tJ'DtrsKd;orD;ukd b,fvkd pma&;vkdufovJqkdawmh-“nDrav;-nDrav;ukd ukd,fu rmhufpf&J@ *sifeDtjzpf jrifcsifw,f? atmufu -ausmfv_dif”wJhuG? awmuf-b,f avmuf

ykdifvkdufovJ? wkdwkd&Sif;&Sif;eJ@ukd &nf;pm;pum; ajym+yD;om;vnf;jzpf/ wzufukd rmhufpf&J@ *sifeDtjzpfeJ@ wifpm;azmfjy+yD;om;vnf; jzpfoGm; apovkd ol@ukd,folvnf; wcgwnf;rmhufpfukd jzpfoGm;a&muGm” wJh? olu oabmusvGef;pGmw[m;[m; &,f&if; ajymjyawmh u|efawmfwkd@rSmvnf; r+yKH;bJ raeEkdifatmifukd jzpfcJh&zl;ygw,f? wu,f [kwfr[kwfqkdwmawmh u|efawmfwkd@awGvnf; wdwdusus rajymwwfayr,fh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;&J@ ‘arwWmpm’ qkdwmuawmh ajymprSwfjyK usefcJh&ygw,f?

aemufxyf ajymprSwfjyK=u&wmuawmh - ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;awGu ol@ukd ac:ppfwJhtcg ol@&J@ &yfwnfajymqkdr_eJ@ ywfoufwJh ta=umif;ygyJ? 1976 ckESpfxJrSm AkdvfcsKyfausmfaZmwkd@ om;tzawG awmckdoGm;=uwJh udpPeJ@ ywfouf+yD; ukdatmifausmfaZm/ ukdausmfaZmOD;wkd@eJ@vnf; &if;&if;ESD;ESD; tquftqH&SdwJhtwGuf udkausmfv_dif}uD;ukd axmufvSrf;a&;u ac:ppfowJh? axmufvSrf;a&;u “cifAsm;-AkdvfrSL;csKyf ausmfaZmukd odovm;”vkd@ p+yD;ar;awmh ukdausmfv_difu“odom;yJ”vkd@ ajzowJh? “tck awmckdoGm;wmaum odovm;”vkd@ ar;jyefawmh “odwmaygh” vkd@ ajzowJh? “b,fvkdawmckdoGm;ovJqkdwmukdaum odovm;”vkd@ xyfar;jyefawmhvnf; “odwmaygh”vkd@yJ xyfajzowJh? “'gjzifh-b,fvkdawmckdoGm;ovJqkdwm ajymprf;”vkd@ xyfar;jyefawmh-“odom;yJ-bmvkd@ajym&rwkH;”vkd@ ajzvkdufw,fqkdyJ?

tJ'DvkdyJ “ausmfaZmOD;/ atmifausmfaZmeJ@ odovm;/ &if;ESD;ovm;”vkd@ ar;awmhvnf; “odwmaygh”vkd@ ajzcJh+yD; “olwkd@ b,fvkd awmckdoGm;ovJ-odor#ajymprf;”vkd@xyfrHar;jref;wJhtcgrSmawmh-“odwmaygh-odvnf; bmvkd@ajym&rwkH;”vkd@yJ tajzay; wkH@jyefcJhw,f qkdygw,f? OD;nKdxGef;&J@ om;uvnf; jzpfjyef/ pdwfa&m*gtwGuf r=umc% qkdovkda&Smh±kduf+yD; ukoae&ol tppftrSefvnf; jzpfaejyefqkdawmhaxmufvSrf;a&;awGrSm aqG@aqG@om ckefoGm;&+yD;/ aemufqkH;rSm onftwkdif;yJ jyefv$wfay;vkduf&w,fqkdyJ? ukdausmfv_dif}uD;qkdwm tJ'Dvkd ajymprSwfjyK&wJh ajymprSwfjyKp&mawGtajrmuftjrm;eJ@ yk*~Kdvf}uD;ygyJ?

olu u|efawmf wuUokdvf rwufawmhbl;vkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmhvnf;-“at;yguGm-'DukdvkdeDwykdif; ya'o&mZfwykdif; ynma&;ukd odyftxif}uD;raewm iguawmh axmufcHw,f? igvnf;uGm wuUokdvfrSm &SpfESpfausmfom aevmcJhwm ESpfwef;yJ &w,fuG-”vkd@ajym&if; w[J[JeJ@ &,farmcJhzl;ygw,f?

ol pdwfaxGaxG aewkdif; r=umc%qkdovkd ajymavh&Sdwm wckuawmh ol@ESvkH;tdrfxJ/ ol@rodpdwfxJokd@wkdif pGJaecJhwJh ocifoef;xGef;ta=umif; waphwapmif; tjzpftysufuav;awGygyJ? “a[haumif-igu ightawG@t}uKHukd ajymwmuG? OuUÏrSm rSm;wmawG rSefwmawG &SdrSmyJuG? 'gayrJh aocsmwmuawmh OuUÏu ZGJ vkH@vt&mrSmawmh pHyJuGm-wu,fhukd ightwGufuawmh pHyJ? awmxJrSm OuUÏeJ@ ae&zl;pOfwav#mufvkH;- oluyJ 'kd@ukd reufwkdif;vkdvkd a&aEG;=urf;

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

42

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tcsdef awmfawmf=um=umav; ae+yD;wJhaemuf u|efawmfwkd@jyefzkd@ E_wfqufvkduf=ucsdefrSmawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD;u u|efawmfhrsufESmukd pkduf=unfh&if;“rif;-ighukd vm vm =unfhygOD;uGm”wJh? u|efawmfhrSmawmfawmfukd pdwfraumif;jcif; }uD;pGm cHpm;vkduf&ygw,f? acgif;ukdjznf;av;pGm ndwfjycJhrdygw,f? vrf;a&mufawmhvnf; q&mpGrf;u“r=umr=umawmh oGm;=unfhvkdufygOD;”vkd@ cHpm;csuftjynfhavoHeJ@ u|efawmfhukd xyf+yD; owday;ovkd ajymygw,f?

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awmxJrSm b,fvkdrS aq;ukovkd@ rjzpfEkdifawmh vkd@omol@ukd jyef ykd@vkduf=u&wm? pcef;uae avSeJ@wif+yD; wm0efusolawGu ac:oGm;=uawmh olu ol@ukd b,fykd@=urvkd@wkH;-vkd@vrf;rSm jAKef;ceJ ar;ao;qkdyJ? tJ'Dawmh +rKd@ay:ukd jyefykd@vkduf&rSmukd

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ukdwifOD;}uD;u iSufzsm;ykd; OD;aESmufxJtxd a&mufoGm;vkd@ - tJ'Dvkd pdwf ua,mufu,ufom jzpfoGm;&ayr,fh- aemufqkH; jyefykd@&csdeftxd tJ'Dvkd tJ'Dvkd vkyfoGm;wm-wJh?&,fvnf; &,fp&m-pdwfraumif;vnf; pdwfraumif;p&mygyJ”vkd@ a':=um OD;jzLu vGrf;vGrf;ajr@ajr@ ajymjywmukd =um;vkduf&ygao;w,f?

u|efawmfuawmh ukdausmfv_dif}uD; ta=umif;awGukdta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm owdw& jzpf&avwkdif; ukdausmfv_dif}uD;ukd qGwfqGwfusifusif owd&rd&if; “a=omfæOD;aESmufysufcJh&ayr,fh-&yfwnfcsufawmh b,fawmhrS rysufcJhavol”tjzpf &ifxJrSm av;av;eufeuf rSwfwrf;wifxm;rdcJhygw,f?

(0if;wifhxGef;)23-3-2011

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tckawmh ,l±kdaiGa=u;u EkdifiHwcsdK@ukd tvGef}uD;av;vSwJh wefzkd;awG ay;qyfckdif;aeyg+yD? 'DaiGa=u;+ydKusvmr_u tem*wftwGuf ykdrkda=umufp&maumif;wJh qdk;usdK;awGukd aqmif=uOf;vmygvdrfhOD;r,f?

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wurBmvHk;qufpyfodkif;jcKHr_ (Globalization) ay:aygufvmwJh tpDtrHeJ@ywfoufjyD; b,fenf;b,fykH onfpcef; qdkufvmw,fqdkwmav; azmufonfcsvdkygw,f? tcsdefumvtm;jzifh 35 ESpf tenf;qkH;&SdcJh+yDjzpfayr,fh vlrsm;pkrodwJhudpPyg?

onfoHk;yGif@qdkifaumfr&Sifvdk@ac:wJh pdwfwloabmwl vlwpkudk aphaqmfwGef;ydk@cJhwmuawmh 1/ avmb 2/ tm%mwyfrufr_eJ@ 3/ ynm&Sifrsm;tzdk@uawmh twWt&Sdeftapmf&mxl; XmeE©&om jzpfygw,f? olwdk@wawGcsDwufvmwmrSmppfa=umif; 3 a=umif;&Sd+yD; 1/ aumfydka&;&Sif; 2/ ynm&SifokawoD3/ EdkifiHa&; avmursm;rS jzpfygw,f?

a,bk,stm;jzifhawmh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;udkaumfydka&;&Sif;u csrSwfygw,f? okawoDrsm;&J@tvkyfu ppfwrf;pmwrf;rsm;jyKpk+yD; EdkifiHa&;orm;awGwm0efuawmhvlxkudkwifjy Oya'jyKwJhtvkyfyJ jzpfygw,f?

olwdk@udktaxmuftuljyKolawGuawmh owif;rD'D,myg/ a=u;rHkjyifvdk xif[yfay;zdk@u ol@u¾aygh? owif; rD'D,mrSmvnf; “aumfokEdkif”0dkif;xJuvlawGyJ xdyfydkif;rSm }uD;pdk;aewmyg/

olawmfcsid;csif; owif;avG@avG@qdkwJ@twdkif; pdwfwloabmwl&nfrSef;csufwlolrsm; jzpf=uwmrdk@/ toif;tyif;awGzJG@=u/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf=u/ tjyeftvSef }udK;yrf;ulnDr_awGtpOfrjywfvkyfaeolrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? 1973 ckESpfusawm@olwd k @xJu b%folaX; a';Apfa&m@uzJvm; (David

Rockefeller) eJ@ okcrdef ZbpfnJhb&,fZif;puD; (Zbigniew

Brzezinski) wdk@&J@ vkH;yef;csufa=umifh okH;yGifhqdkifaumfr&Siftaumiftxnf ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;yJjzpfygw,f?

EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;pHepfopfudk a&S;±_wnfaxmifzdk@tm;pdkufcGefpdkuf}uHqaqmif=uOf;cJh=uolawGyg? onfpHepfopf&J@toGif[m aemifawm@ wurBmvkH;qufpyfodkif;+cK Hr_(globalization) vdk@ emronm yDjyifvmcJ@ygw,f? onfht&iftar&duefjynfaxmifpkrSm ta&;ygwJh tzGJ@tpnf;uawmh“EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;aumifpD” (Council on Foreign

Relations/CFR) yg? “equ” &J@ 1959 ckESpfu a=unm

csufwckrSm qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;tygt0if wurBmvkH;rSm ukvor*~&J@=oZm wnfwHha&;}uD;xGm;a&;twGuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpktaeeJ@ }udK;yrf;tm; xkwfoGm;&efvdk@ a&;cJ@ygw,f?

e,l;a,muf+rdK@u ukvtaqmuftOD;}uD;udk a&m@uzJvm;rdom;pkuyJ vSLcJ@wmyg? tar&duefta&S@ydkif;u xdyfxdyf}uJawG yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJ@ equ vl}uD;awG ESpfumvtawmf=um }udK;yrf;=uayr,fh c&D;rwGifjzpfae&wJ@ ta=umif;uawm@ 1/ vlrsm;+yD; yGJrpnfjzpfvmwmu wa=umif;/ 2/tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; rygwmuwa=umif;a=umif@yg? equ ta&;ygt&ma&mufqJ qdkwm olwdk@txJuyJ &Sm+yD; tar&dueftpdk;&xdyfydkif;&mxl;awGrSm cef@qJqdkwm&,f/ tpdk;&ay:vpDa&; qJG&mrSmvnf; olwdk@tmabmf ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m’ *sme,f (Foreign

Affairs) uae+yD; rif;wdkifyiftcgay; vkyfae=uqJ qdkwm=unfh&if jrifomygw,f? vltiftm;taeeJ@ A[dkcsufuswJh tzJG@tpnf;awmhvnf; r[kwfyg?

okH;yGif@qdkifaumfr&Sif (Trilateral Commission)

CFR &J@tm;enf;csufudk oabmaygufwJh a';Apfa&m@uzJvm; (aumfydka&;&Sif;) [m 1973 rSm b&,fZif;puD;(ynm&Sif)eJ@ oHk;yGifhqdkifaumfr&Sifudk arG;xkwfvdkufwJhtcgrSmawmhajrmuftar&du/ Oa&myeJ@*syefEdkifiHrsm;rS tzGJ@0ifOD;a& 300 cef@eJ@pEdkifcJ@w,fqdkwmrdk@ olwdk@=oZm b,favmufwm oGm;w,fqdkwm cef@rSef;rd=urSmyg? c&pf,mefodyHrSwfwrf; (Christian

Science Monitor) *sme,fu *s,f&rdkif,mEdkAuf (Jeremiah

Novak) u azazmf0g&D 7/ 1977 ae@xkwfrSm b,fvdka&;xm;vJqdkawm@/“,ae@acwfopf abm*aA'ynm&Sifwpk[m b,fol b,f0gqdkwm ray:vGifaomfvnf;yJ ppf}uD;twGif;wkef;utvm;wlynm&Sif}uD;awGvdkyJ tpdk;&xdyfydkif;u tckorRw*sifrDumwmwdk@vdk yk*d~Kvfrsm;eJ@yl;aygif;+yD; okH;yGif@qdkifaumfr&Sifvdk@ac:wJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;xJrSm EdkifiHwum pD;yGm;a&;pHepfopf wckay:aygufa&;twGuf vkH;yef;ae=uw,f? tar&duefeJ@ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rSm vkyfief;udkifief;awG/ ukefaps;E_ef;awG/ vlwOD;csif;eJ@

,aehurBm.oHk;yGif@qdkif yJhudkifaumfr&Sif(Trilateral Commission)

armifa&GStdk;

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ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

52

aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;/ EdkifiHrsm;taeeJ@ vGwfvGwf vyfvyf wurBmvHk;rSm wu,fvufawG@yg0ifv_yf&Sm;Edkifa&;udk tusdKK;jyK xda&mufr,fh pHepfopfjzpfvdk@ umwmtpdk;&opfudk av@vmolrsm;u wacwfqef;r,fh okH;yGif@qdkiftpdk;&vdk@ orkwf =uygw,f?”

*sifrDumwm (Jimmy Carter) a&G;aumufyGJtEdkif&zdk@rJ&atmifaqmif=uOf;ay;bdk@ tvkyform;or*~acgif;aqmif 3OD;udkvnf; aumfr&SifxJudk odrf;oGif;cJ@w,f? orRwjzpfvmawm@aemufxyf 3 OD; wdk;vmygw,f? ,lEdkufwufatmfwdk (armf awmfum;vkyfief;) or*~acgif;aqmif vif;ewf 0wfaum@uf (Leonard

Woodcock) [m w±kwfjynfeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&; vrf;yGif@atmifvkyfwJ@ txl;oH tjzpf vkH;yef;&mrSmyg0ifcJ@olyg?

0g&Sifwefyd k@pf (Washington Post)owif;pmrSmb,fvdka&;cJ@ovJqdkawm@/ “okH;yGif@qdkiftzGJ@om;rsm;[m okH;yefvSawm@ r[kwfyg/ tar&duef/ taemufOa&myeJ@ *syefwdk@t=um;rSm qufqHa&;wdk;wufzdk@ ruG,fr0Suf xlaxmifxm;wJ@b%folaX; a&m@uzJvm; udk,fydkif tzGJ@tpnf;wck jzpfygw,f?odk@ayrJh b0ifrusp&mudpPu u|efawmfwdk@tpdk;&&J@orRwopf/ 'korRwopf/ EdkifiHjcm;a&; umuG,fa&; b¾ma&; 0ef=uD;opfrsm;/vHk+cKHa&;t}uHay;t&m&Sdtm;vHk; onftzGJ@xJucsnf; jzpfaewJ@udpPyg?” wJh?

rlvaumfr&SifrSmygwJ@ tar&duef 54 OD;xJu wOD; +zpfol *sifrDumwm 1976 rSm orRw+zpfvmwmeJ@ aumfr&Sif tzGJ@0if1* OD;awmif ol@tpdk;&tzGJ@eJ@ at*sifpDrsm;rSm &mxl;ay; cef@xm;cJ@w,f? wdkufqdkifr_vdk@ ajym&tcufom;vm;? onfvdkvlpm;awGtzdk@u pD;yGm;a&; eJ@EdkifiHa&;avmuqdkwm tdrfOD;eJ@=urf;jyifudkrSefvnfwHcg;=uD;eJ@ 0ifxGuful;vl;aeolawGyg? tar&dueftjyifoHk;ykHwpfykHu Oa&myeJ@/ aemufwpfykH *syefu yg0ifxm;wJ@ tzGJ@tpnf;yg? Oa&myeJ@ *syefu tzGJ@0ifawGvnf; tvm;wl todkif;t0dkif;xJu vlawGcsnf;yg?

okH;yGif@qdkifaumfr&Sif tpnf;ta0; wESpfwcg ac:,lusif;y&mrSm owif;pmq&mrsm;udk t0ifrcHbJ wHcg;ydwf pnf;a0;ygw,f? tar&duefu okH;ykHwpfykHyJygwmrdk@ tar&duefeJ@ urBmha&S@a&;pOf;pm;qkH;jzwfwJ@ae&mrSm b,folurS a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufxm;wmr[kwfwJ@vlwpfpku tvm;wl toGifwl EdkifiHjcm;om;wpfpkeJ@ cyfajymifajymifyJ pGufzuf}udK;yrf;=uwJhtkyfpk jzpfygw,f? olwdk@&J@ay:vpDrsm;udk “oHk;bufEDS;aESm” (Trialogue)

qdkwJh*sme,frSmawmh azmfjywwfygw,f?urBm}uD;wckvkH; onfaumfr&SifeJ@ tar&dueftpdk;&&J@

ya,m*pufuGif;u ,ae@xdatmif ±kef;xGufvdk@r&Edkifao;wJ@b0jzpfygw,f? orRwa&mfe,fa&*if (Ronald Reagan) [maumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifwa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; 'korRwa*smhbk&Sf(George Bush Sr.) u [kwfygw,f?

1988 rSm a*smhbk&Sf orRwjzpfvmawm@ aumfr&Sif&J@=oZm ydkvdk@}uD;xGm;vmygw,f?

1999 rSm aumfr&SiftzGJ@om;xJu bDvfuvifwef(Bill Clinton) orRwvufxufusawmh wurBmvHk; qufpyfodkif;+cKHr_ t&Sdeft[kef wufvmaeyg+yD?

2000 ckESpf a*smh'bvsLbk&Sf (George W Bush)

acwfrSmvnf; oludk,fwdkiftzGJ@om;wOD;r[kwfayr,fh 'korRw'pfacseD (Dick Cheney) u [kwfaeygw,f?

orRwtdkbm;rm; (Obama) &J@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpDt}uHay;wJ@ rif;wdkifyif[m wjcm;vlr[kwf Z,fZif;puD; yg?tdkbm;rm;uawm@ aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifxJu tm&Sypdzdwfa&;&m'k0ef}uD; um@wfuifb,f (Kurt Campbell) tygt0if 11OD;awmif ol@tpdk;&xJrSm cef@vdkufygw,f/ ta&;ygwJ@ ae&mawGcsnf; - b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;/ vkH+cKHa&;/axmufvSrf;a&;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;/ ukv/ txl;oH - wrdk;vkH;azsmufqdyf qdk&ravmufyg?

pm&if;t&,ae@aumfr&SiftzGJ@0if tar&duef 87 OD;/tjcm;EdkifiH 337 OD;jzpfygw,f? urBm@b%fOuUÏ 8 OD;&dScJ@&mrSmvuf&Sd OuUÏ a&mbwfZdk;vpf(Robert B Zoellick) yg 6OD;?b%fvkyfief;&Sif=uD;rsm;/ e,l;pf0dcf (Newsweek)/ a0gpx&d*sme,f (The Wall Street Journal)/ ,ltufpfe,l;pftif0g;vf&Dykd@ (US News & World Report) owif;pmwdk@rS wdkufydkifolaX;eJ@t,f'DwmcsKyfrsm;tygt0if wufnDvufnDeJ@ urBm}uD;udk olwdk@ajc olwdk@vuf rjzpfjzpfatmif rem;rae usm;ukwfusm;cJ vkH;yef;ae=uolawGyg?

'gwGifru oleJ@ tifrwefo[ZmwjzpfwJ@ 1954 ckESpfup+yD; ESpfpOf pka0;cJ@wJ@ bDvf'gbmh*f tkyfpk (Bilderberg

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tar&duefjynfaxmifpke@J tpOfxm0& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udk pdkufvdkufrwfwwfvkH;yef;zdk@ Oa&myrSmxlaxmifcJ@wm jzpfw,f? onfvrf;pOfvdkufolrsm;udkawm@twWvefwdwf0g'D (Atlanticist) awGvdk@ ac:=uygw,f? Oa&mywcGifvkH;u taoG;ta&mifpHk EdkifiHa&;ygwDwumrSm olwdk@csnf;ygyJ?

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tifwmeuf0ufbfqdkufrsm;udk rDSjirf;ygw,f?

armifa&GStdk;

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3? w±kwf-tar&duef qufqHr_rSm }uHKawG@vm&r,fh jy\emopfrsm;? (1) 2 EkdifiHpvHk;u ta&S@tm&SrSm OD;aqmifcGifhukd vk,ufae&jcif; (2) tem*wf w±kwfppfa&; acwfrDwkd;wufvmjcif;a=umifh tar&duefu vHk+cHKa&;twGuf pkd;&drfa=umifh=ur_ jzpfvmjcif; (3) pufr_vkyfief; tqifhtwef; wkd;wufvmjcif;eJ@ w±kwfaiGa=u; (RMB) EkdifiHwumaiGa=u; jzpfvmjcif;u w±kwf-tar&duef +ydKifqkdifr_ wkd;yGm;vmapjcif; (4) taxGaxGtiftm; ododomom jrifhwufvmjcif;/ w±kwfyHkpH[m wae@xufwae@ todtrSwfjyKr_ us,fjyef@vmjcif;a=umifh tar&duefyHkpH wefzkd;oabmw&m;rsm; +cdrf;ajcmufcHvm&jcif;?

csKyfvkduf&if 2 EkdifiHqufqHa&;&J@ tem*wf jzpfxGef;wkd;wufvmr_ tajctae[m “tusdK;jzpfxGef;wJh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; rdwfzuf”wrsdK;jzpfw,f? tjyeftvSeftm;ukd; wnf&SdaewJh/ tjyeftvSef yl;aygif;aqmif&GufwJh qufqHr_wrsdK; jzpfr,f?'DvkdtajctaersdK;[m EkdifiHwumywf0ef;usif +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&;twGuf tusdK;&Sdygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm wnf+idrfwJh 2 EkdifiHqufqHa&;ukd w±kwfjynftaeeJ@ aoe*FAsL[m tcGifhtcgaumif; uGif;qufumvtjzpf trdt&qkyfukdifEkdifr,fqkd&ifacwfrDa&;eJ@ trsdK;om;jyefvnfzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&; taumiftxnf azmfa&;rSm tusdK;&Sdygw,f?

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wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; tar&duef[m “urBmhae&mtoD;oD;rSm tar&duef&J@ acgif;aqmiftqifhae&m jyefvnf &Sifoefvma&;eJ@ tm;jznfhoGm;a&;”jzpfw,fqkdwJh ol@&J@avmb&rRufukd twdtvif; a=unmcJhw,f? tar&duef&J@ acgif;aqmifr_ tqifhae&mtwGuf }uHKaw@Gae&wJh wu,fha&&Snf+cdrf;ajcmufr_[m tD&wf/ tmz*efeJ@ ygupPwefwkd@ r[kwfbl;?wjcm;tzGJ@tpnf; r[kwfovkd tD&efvnf; r[kwfbl;? w&kwfjzpfw,fvkd@ tdkbm;rm;u t}udrf}udrftav;xm; ajymqkdcJhw,f”? “tar&duef[m w±kwfeJ@ ol@tdrfeD;em;csif; EkdifiHrsm;t=um; jzpfEkdifwJh yËdyuQtrsdK;rsdK;ukd tvGeftav;xm;ygw,f?e,fpyf t"du±kef; tygt0if w±kwfjynf pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;ukdtjypfwif ajymqkdavh&Sdygw,f? &nf&G,fcsufuawmh w±kwfjynftxD;usef jzpfapzkd@ygyJ”? tar&duef&J@ 'D&nfrSef;csufukdvnf;rjywfESvHk;oGif;EkdifrS 2 EkdifiHqufqHa&;ukd rSefrSefuefuef xdef;n‡doGm;Ekdifvdrfhr,f xifygw,f?

u|efawmfwdk@tzkd@uawmh urBmwck/ pepf ESpfck (t&if;&SifpepfeJ@ qkd&S,fvpfpepf) qkdwJh tajctae}uD;atmufrSm rdrdEkdifiH/ rdrdtrsdK;om;tusdK;twGuf rSefrSefuefuef toHk;csoGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf urBmhtajctaersm;ukd rsufajcrjywf apmifh=unfhtuJcwfoGm;zkd@ygyJ? ?

pdrf;jrjr0kdif; 2011 rwfv 27 &uf?

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uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;eJ@ tvkyform;ygwDrsm;&J@ 12 }udrfajrmuf EkdifiHwum nDvmcHukd awmiftmz&duEkdifiH &S0gem (TSHWANA)

rSm 2010 'DZifbm 3 rS 5 &ufae@txd usif;ycJhw,f? nDvmcHokd@EkdifiH 43 EkdifiHrS uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwD 51 ygwDrS ukd,fpm;vS,f 102 a,muf wufa&mufygw,f? nDvmcHrSm “tqufrjywf euf±_dif;vmaewJh t&if;&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;eJ@ uGefjrL epfygwDrsm;&J@ wm0ef”qdkwJh acgif;pD;atmufrSmEkdifiHtcsKyftjcm tm%mukd xdef;odrf;a&;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;r[mrdwfrsm; euf±_dif;pGm jzpfxGef;vma&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wkd;wufr_&&Sda&;eJ@ qkd&S,fvpfpepf&J@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; enf;y&d,m,fukdtm;jznfhvkyfaqmifoGm;a&;”ukd wufwufºuºuaqG;aEG;cJh=uw,f? nDvmcH u‘&Sm0gema=unmpmwrf;’(TSHWANA

DECLARATION) ukd xkwfjyefcJhw,f? nDvmcH&J@ aqG;aEG;&&Sdcsufrsm;ukd atmufygtwkdif; tykdif; 4 ykdif;cGJ wifjyoGm;ygr,f?

1? t&if;&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;[mqufvuf euf±_dif;vmae+yD; jynfolvlxk&J@ ckcHqef@usifr_uvnf; qufvufjyif;xefvmaejcif; ('Dtyk dif;eJ@ywfoufwJh oHk;oyfcsuf tenf;tusOf;ukd a&G;xkwfwifjyygr,f?)

2008 t&if;&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; pwifvkdufuwnf;u uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDawG&J@ EkdifiHwumnDvmcHrSm 'Djy\emukd tav;xm;&r,fhtcsuf tjzpfpwif aqG;aEG;cJh=uw,f? 2008 aqmfykdvkd nDvmcH (b&mZD;) eJ@2009 e,l;a'vD nDvmcH (tdEdN,) wkd@rSm aqG;aEG;cJhovkd ,ckt}udrf nDvmcHrSmvnf; tav;xm; aqG;aEG;cJhw,f?

“rsufarSmuftusyftwnf;[m qENykdif;t& rSm;,Gif;r_eJ@ b%fawG 'grSr[kwf tacsmifvkduf tjrwf&SmvkdolawG&J@ avmb&rRufa=umifh jzpfvmcJh&wmjzpfovkd/ t&if;&Sifpepfyifukd,f&J@ tusyftwnf;ay:rSmvnf; jrpfzsm;cHw,f”?'ga=umifh “'DwcsD tusyftwnf;[m pepfoabmaqmifwJhtusyftwnf;jzpfw,f” vdk@ wufa&mufvmwJh ukd,fpm;vS,fawGu tav;xm; axmufjycJh wmukd ‘&S0gem a=unmpmwrf;’rSm azmfjycJhw,f?

t&if;&Siftpdk;&rsm;&J@ jynfolqef@usifa&; ay:vpDrsm;[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm;eJ@ jynfolvlxk&J@ wae@wjcm;jyif; xefvmaewJh ckcHqef@usifr_awGukd a&Smifv$Jvkd@ r&Ekdifbl;?“rESpfu tvkyform;tcGifhta&;/ vlr_tmrcHtcGifhta&;eJ@vkyfctwGuf usifhoHk;wJh jynfolqef@usifa&;xkd;ppfrsm;u vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; jrifhwufvmapygw,f? txl;ojzifh Oa&myrSmjzpfw,f”vkd@ ‘&S0gema=unm pmwrf;’ u !efjyvkdufw,f?Oyrm-*&drSm tvkyform;oydwf 13 }udrf jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; tpkd;&taqmufttHk rsm;ukd t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm odrf;ykdufcJhw,f?jyifopfrSmvnf; tvkyform;oydwf 7 }udrf jzpfyGm;cJhw,f?wjcm;EkdifiHawGrSmvnf; taxGaxG tvkyform;oydwfeJ@ vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; jzpf ay:cJhw,f? Oyrm - +Adwdef/ tkduf,mvef/ pydef/ay:wl*DpwJh EkdifiHrsm;? ukd,fpm;vS,fawGu “Oa&my tvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_awG tHkºuvmjcif;[m tvkyform;vlwef;pm;&J@ tpOftvm wkdufyGJpdwf"mwfukd azmfxkwfvmjcif;jzpfa=umif;azmfjy vkdufwm jzpfw,f? *&deJ@ ay:wl*Du tvkyform;

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vlwef;pm; wkdufyGJawG[m 'Dtcsufukd xkwfazmfjyvkdufwm” vkd@,lq=uygowJh?

'ga=umifh ‘&Sm0gema=unmpmwrf;’rSm EkdifiHtoD;oD;uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDawG[m “'DwkdufyGJ jzpfpOfrsm;udkwGef;aqmf”ay;&r,f? “'Dae@vufawG@tajctaet& u|efawmfwkd@uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDawG[m avmavmq,fq,fvkyfaqmif&r,fh vkyfief;rsm;tjzpf 'Dt}udrf jynfolawG&J@ ckcHr_wkdufyGJrsm;twGif; yg0if tm;jznfhoGm;&r,f? 'DckcHumuG,fa&;wkdufyGJrsm;ukd xkd;ppfqifwJh wkdufyGJrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypf+yD; ydkrkdus,fjyef@wJh tvkyform;eJ@ jynfolvlxk tusdK;ukd &&SdapumaemufqHk;rSm t&if;&Sifpepf ukd zsufodrf;ypf&r,f”vkd@ awmif;qkdxm;ygw,f?

2? tar&duefpwJh zG H@+zdK;+yD;Ek difiHawG&J@ EkdifiHawmftiftm; qkwf,kwfysufjym;vmjcif;/ w±kwfpwJ h xGef;opfpEk difiHawG&J@ Ek difiHawmftiftm; w[kefxkd; zG H@+zdK;vmjcif;? ('DoHk;oyfcsufukdvnf; tenf;tusOf; xkwfEkwfwifjyvkdygw,f?)

2008 aEG&moDrSm ay:xGufcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;u rsufarSmufurBmhpepfukd euf±_dif;pGm &kdufcwfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhEkdifiHwum tiftm;pkrsm;twGif; tcsdK;tpm;eJ@ qufpyfr_awGrSmajymif;vJr_opfawG jzpfay:apcJhw,f? 'g[m 'DwcsD nDvmcH&J@tav;xm;csuf aemufwck jzpfw,f?

a=unmpmwrf;rSm tusyftwnf; qufvufjzpfyGm;vmwmeJ@tr# EkdifiHwum tiftm;csdefcGifv#m[m t}uD;tus,f ajymif;vJoGm;cJhw,f? txl;ojzifh tar&duef&J@ urBmvHk;qkdif&m pD;yGm;a&; Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;r_tm%m[m E_dfif;,SOfjcif; tm;jzifhajym&&if qufvuf qkwf,kwfysufjym;aew,f? zGH@+zdK;+yD; t&if;&SifEkdifiH tajrmuftjrm;rSm ukefxkwfvkyfa&; bufpHk &yfwef@aewJhtjcif;t&mawG ay:xGufvm+yD; urBmvHk;qkdif&m pD;yGm;a&;EkdifiH}uD;awG ay:xGufvmw,f? txl;ojzifh w±kwfjynfjzpfw,f” vkd@wufa&mufvmwJh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDrsm;u azmfjy=uw,f?

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z&durSm usif;ycJhwmrkd@ jzpfw,f? tmz&durSm 'Dae@txd ukdvkdeDa'o tenf;tusOf; &Sdaeao;w,f? (Oyrm-qm[m& taemufykdif;)? 'ghtjyif wcsdK@ ukdvkdeD tkyfpkd;r_rS vGwfajrmufvmcJhayr,fh pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;t& trSDcdkuif;r_ vHk;0+yD;jynfhpHkr_ r&Sdao;bl;? EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%m t&,la&;/ xdef;odrf;a&;wm0efrsm;eJ@}uHKawG@ae&qJ jzpfw,f? a=unmpmwrf;rSm “EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%mumuG,fa&;/ ckdifrma&;eJ@ a&S@wufvSrf;Ekdifa&;[mtmz&dueJ@ wjcm; ESpfq,ftcsdK@omru &mpkESpf 3˜4 ck ukdvkdeDokd@r[kwf ukdvkdeDwykdif;tjzpf tzdESdyfcHcJh&wJh trsdK;om;awGtzkd@ajym&&if txl; ta&;}uD; vSygw,f? ukdvkdeDb0u vGwfajrmufvmwm ESpf 50 =umapumrl e,fcsJ@pepfu urBmhae&mtESH@ 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ tqufrjywf wkd;yGm;vmw,f? vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&J@ csKyfukdifr_ tqifhae&m[m EdkifiHtoD;oD;&Sd jynfwGif;t&if;tESD;&J@ ulyHhay;r_atmufrSm wqifhwuf ckdifrmvm w,f”vkd@axmufjyxm;w,f?

nDvmcHrSm EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd tav;xm; *±kjyKrdwJh wjcm;ta=umif;&if;wcku pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; qufvufeuf±_dif;vmwJh tajctaeatmufrSm wcsdK@ zGH@+zdK;+yD; Oa&myEkdifiHawGrSm tcsKyftjcmtm%m tusyftwnf; qkdufvmaer_awGa=umifhygyJ? Oa&my or*~/ Oa&myA[kdb%feJ@ EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@wkd@u EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcm tm%mukdvkyf}uHvk,lvmaew,f? 'gukd a=unmpmwrf;rSm “e,fcsJ@ t&if;tESD;awGu tylwjyif; xkd;ppfqifvmwJh tajctaeatmufrSme,fcsJ@pepfu tcsKyftjcmtm%m usL;ausmfvmr_ukd qef@usifa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ EkdifiHa&;t& trSDckdruif;r_ukd qef@usifa&;/ EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m xdef;odrf;a&;wkdufyGJ awG wae@wjcm;ay:vGifvmw,f” vkd@ !efjyxm;w,f?

pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;&J@ tE©&m,f jyif;xefwJh tkduf,mvef uGefjrLepfygwDukd,fpm;vS,fu EdkifiHawmftm%m vk,ufcH&r_eJ@ ywfoufwJh ezl;awG@'l;awG@ cHpm;&csufukd “tpkd;&&J@ olawmfaumif;a,mifaqmifr_eJ@ pGrf;&nfr&Sdr_awG tqufrjywf yGifhusvmwmeJ@tr# tpkd;&[m +ydKusawmhr,fh tajctae a&mufvm+yD;Oa&myor*~/ Oa&myA[kdb%feJ@ EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@wkd@u uef@vef@umaemufuG,frS vufrnf;}uD;ukd rv$Jomra&Smifom uef@vef@uma&S@ xkwf+yD; tkduf,mvef&J@ trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;ukd twdtvif; csKyfukdifvkduf=uawmhw,f? 'DtaqmufttHkawG[m u|efawmfwkd@ EkdifiH&J@ pD;yGm;a&; tao;t}uD; rcGJjcm;awmhbJpDrHtkyfcsKyfr_awG aqmif&Gufvmaew,f? u|efawmfwkd@EkdifiH&J@pD;yGm;a&; pDrHaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd wv+yD;wv ppfaq;aew,f?'gawG[m tkduf,mvef EkdifiHom;awGtaeeJ@ajym&&if {&mr xkd;ESuf wkdufckdufcH&r_ygyJ? u|efawmfwkd@ cufcufcJcJ &,lcJh&wJh EkdifiHawmfvGwfvyfa&;eJ@ trSDckduif;pGm qHk;jzwfcGifh tcGifhta&;awG[m±kwfw&uf tvk t,uf cHvkduf&wmyJ”vkd@ axmuf jyvkdufw,f?'ghtjyif olu “tD;,ltwGif;ykdif;eJ@ t&if;&Sifpepf&J@ A[kdcsufr EkdifiHawG[m ukdvkdeD0g'opf yHkpHwrsdK;jzifh jyifyEkdifiHawGtay: pkd;rkd;jc,fvS,fr_eJ@ aoG;pkyfr_awG vkyfvmaew,f”vkd@vnf; axmufjyygao;w,f?

pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;udk qkd;0g;pGm cHae&wJh aemuf

wae&mjzpfwJh ay:wl*DEkdifiH&J@ tcsKyftjcm tm%mjy\emukday:wl*DuGefjrLepfygwDukd,fpm;vS,fuvnf; tckdiftrm aqG;aEG; wifjyoGm;ygw,f?

'Duae awG@Ekdifwmuawmh EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%mxdef;odrf;a&;[m zGH@+zdK;qJ EkdifiHawGeJ@ wcsdK@zGH@+zdK;+yD; EkdifiHawG twlwuG }uHKawG@ae&wJh ta&;w}uD;jy\em jzpfvmaew,f? 'ga=umifh ‘a=unmpmwrf;’rSm “trsdK;om;EkdifiHawG&J@tcsKyftjcmtm%m umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;/ ckdifrma&;eJ@zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;”ukd uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform; ygwDrsm;&J@rsufarSmuftqifh ta&;}uD;wJh wkdufyGJwm0efw&yftjzpfxnfhoGif;vkdufygw,f? “'DwcsDwkdufyGJtwGif; ta&;}uD;wmuawmh uGefjrLepfawGu EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m umuG,f xdef;odrf;a&;wkdufyGJukd vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vGwfajrmufr_&&Sda&;eJ@ vl wef;pm; vGwfajrmufr_&&Sda&; wkdufyGJwkd@eJ@ aygif;pyfoGm;a&; jzpfw,f ”vkd@ tav;xm; azmfjyxm;ygw,f?

EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wkd;wufr_&&Sda&;/ ZD00ef;usif qufvuf zGH@+zdK;Ekdifa&;eJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g' wkdufyGJukd wGef;aqmfay;&eftwGufwufa&mufvmwJh uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDwkd@u vl@tzGJ@tpnf; r[mrdwfay:vpD/ us,fjyef@wJh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wyfOD; ckdifrma&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;ukd tm;jznfhaqmif&GufoGm;&ef awmif;qkdvkdufw,f? ‘a=unmpmwrf;’rSm rsufarSmufumv e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wyfOD; xlaxmifa&;twGuf tusdK;&SdwJhta=umif;tcsufawGukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; “e,fcsJ@pepf tusyftwnf;eJ@ wefjyefxkd;ppf[m yuwdbm0t& jynfcspf&yfwnfcsufeJ@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; &yfwnfcsufukd qkyfukdifxm;wJhjynfol@tiftm;pkawGukd trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk us,fjyef@vmapw,f”vkd@ axmufjyxm;w,f? 'ghtjyif “wae@wjcm; ykdrkdeuf±_dif;vmaewJh t&if;&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;eJ@ t&if;&Sifpepf&J@ vlom;,Ofaus;r_ukd uajymif;ujyefjzpfapwJh wpDwwef;}uD;aom azmufjyefwJh pDrHaqmif&GufcsufawG[m us,fjyef@wJh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfqef@usifa&; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; r[mrdwf xlaxmifzkd@ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ukd zefwD;ay;aew,f” vkd@vnf; !efjyxm;w,f?

'ga=umifh ‘a=unmcsufpmwrf;’rSm “urBmhae&mtoD;oD;rS uGefjrLepfygwD0ifawG[m rwlwJh EkdifiHtajctaersm;t& e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; EkdifiHa&;wyfOD;eJ@ vlr_a&;wyfOD; us,fjyef@a&;/ tiftm;awmifha&;eJ@wuG +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sda&;/ ywf0ef;usif qufvuf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;eJ@ wkd;wufr_&&Sda&; wkdufyGJwkd@ukd qkd&S,fvpfpepf taumiftxnfazmfaqmifa&;eJ@ csDwufa&; wkdufyGJtwGif; rSefuefpGm aygif;pyfoGm;a&; wm0ef &Sdw,f”vkd@ v_H@aqmfxm;ygw,f?

‘a=unmcsufpmwrf;’rSm e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wyfOD;ckdifrma&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;&J@ ta&;}uD;wJh EkdifiHa&;t"dym,fukdtav;xm;+yD;/ 'Dvkd wyfOD;(okd@r[kwf r[mrdwf)rsm;u“EkdifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m t&,lEkdifa&;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; euf±_dif;pGmjzpfay:aewJh/ wkd;wufwJh/ t&if;cHuswJhawmfvSefwJh tajymif;tvJawGukd wGef;aqmfay;&r,f”vkd@!efjyxm;ygao;w,f?

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

58

'DrSm axmufjyoifhwmu e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;eJ@ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfqef@usifa&; jynfcspf'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; xlaxmifa&;[m t&if;&SifEkdifiH&Sd uGefjrLepfygwDtoD;oD;&J@ oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@twGif;rSm apmpGmuwnf;u &SdcJh +yD;jzpfw,f?'gayrJh EkdifiHtoD;oD;rS uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwD toD;oD;&J@ bHkwkdufyGJenf;y&d,m,ftjzpf wifjyvkdufjcif;[m t&ifu uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDwkd@&J@ EkdifiHwumnDvmcH11 }udrf usif;ycJh+yD; jzpfayr,fh 'grsdK; r&SdcJhzl;ao;ygbl;? 'ga=umifh'DnDvmcH[m t}uD;tus,f xl;jcm;+yD; ta&;}uD;wJh t"dym,faqmifygw,f?

4? +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sda&;/ wkd;wufa&;eJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g'&J@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wyfOD;twGif;u tcef; u¾ukduGefjrLepfrsm;u tm;jznfhaqmif&Gufa&;?('Dtyk dif;uk dvnf; wpHkw&m tao;pdwf wifjyvkdygw,f?)

uGefjrLepfygwD[m e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wyfOD; ckdifrma&;eJ@ jzpfxGef;wkd;wufa&;&J@ uGif;quf? nDvmcHrSm e,fcsJ@ qef@usifa&;wyfOD;twGif; uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ tcef;u¾ukd aqG;aEG;cJ h=uw,f? ‘a=unmpmwrf;’rSm uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDtoD;oD;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;&J@ tjrifrsm;ukd pkpnf;azmfjycJhw,f?

‘a=unmpmwrf;’rSm aemufqHk;taeeJ@ uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDtoD;oD;tm; buf 5 bufrSm twlwuG v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf+yD; EkdifiHtoD;oD;&J@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;wyfOD; ckdifrma&;eJ@ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;ukd awmif;qkdxm;ygw,f?

1? tvkyform;eJ@ vkyfom;jynfolawG&J@ vkyfom;tcGifhta&;eJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; &&Sda&;wkdufyGJrsm; wGef;aqmfoGm;&ef? tvkyf orm;or*~ v_yf&Sm;r_eJ@ ‚&J@ vlwef;pm;OD;wnf!efjyr_ukd tiftm;awmifhwif;vma&;? v,form;eJ@ wjcm;vlr_tv$m toD;oD;&J@ r[mrdwfrsm; tiftm;awmifh wif;vma&;? trsdK;orD;xk&J@jy\emeJ@ vli,fxk&J@jy\emukd txl;*±kpkdufa&;ukd wGef;aqmfoGm;&ef?

2? +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sda&;/ e,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_ qef@usifa&;eJ@e,fcsJ@ppfyGJqef@usifa&;/ aewkd;u a&;qGJcsrSwfwJh ykdrkdtE© &m,f&SdwJhaoe*FAsL[mopf qef@usifa&;/ jynfyrSm ppfpcef;rsm; aqmufvkyfjcif;ukd qef@usifa&;/ EsLuvD;,m; vufeufzsufodrf;a&; awmif;qkdr_eJ@ e,fcsJ@qef@usifwJh EkdifiHtm;vHk;u jynfolawGeJ@ v_yf&Sm;r_awGodyfodyfonf;onf; nDnD!Gwf!Gwf &Sdvma&;ukd tm;jznfhaqmif&GufoGm;&ef?

3? uGefjrLepf0g' qef@usifwJh w&m;Oya'awG/ pDrH aqmif&Gufr_awGeJ@ zsufqD;a&;vkyfaqmifcsufawGukd jywfjywfom;om;wkdufyGJqifoGm;&ef? Oya'ya&mufaewJh uGefjrLepfygwDawG&J@ Oya'wGif;tcGifhta&;rsm; jyefvnf&Sifoefvma&;ukd awmif;qdkoGm;&ef?EkdifiHwum uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_&J@ orkdif;eJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g'&J@ vlom;,Ofaus;r_twGuf acszsufr&EkdifwJh tusdK;jyKcsufrsm;ukd jywfjywfom;om; umuG,fxdef;odrf;oGm;&ef?

4? qkd&S,fvpfpepf wnfaqmufa&;ukd aqmif&Gufjcif;eJ@qkd&S,fvpfpepftwGuf vHk;yef;wkdufckdufaewJh EkdifiHeJ@ jynfol awGukdtm;ay;axmufcHoGm;&ef? usL;bm;qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;ukdaxmufcHa=umif; tav;teuf azmfjyvkduf+yD;/ usL;bm;tm; qufvufydwfqkd@xm;r_ukd jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifoGm;&ef?

5? e,fcsJ@qef@usifwJh EkdifiHwum vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpfwJh urBmhtvkyform;tzGJcsKyf/ urBm+idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD/ urBmh'Drkdu&ufwpfvli,fr[mrdwfeJ@ EkdifiHwumh 'Drkdu&ufwpf trsdK;orD;or*~wkd@ tiftm;awmifhwif;vma&;ukd tm;xkwf vkHk;yef;oGm;&ef?

csKyf=unfhvkduf&if t&if;&Sifpepf&J@ pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;jzpfxGef;vmr_tajctaeopfukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD; wkdufyGJopf&J@ wm0efrsm;eJ@ bHkwkdufyGJenf;y&d,m,fwkd@ukd csrSwfEkdifcJhjcif;[m uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ tvkyform;ygwDwkd@&J@ 12 }udrfajrmuf EkdifiHwum nDvmcH&J@ t"du atmifjrifcsufjzpfw,f?

*&dvlxkwkdufyGJrsm;

ukd;um;? ? rsufarSmufurBmeJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g' *sme,f (2011 - trSwf 1)

cifat;=unfjr

ta&;awmfykH*sme,f

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(1) ocifwifjru ‘bHkb0 ar#mfwdkif;a0;’ a&;aejyef+yD? *sme,fwckrSm tcef;qufa&;w,f? r+yD;ao;bl;? vHk;csif;pmtkyfxkwfr,fvdk@ qdkw,f? [dkwkef;uvdkyJ ‘bHkb0rSmjzifh’ pmtkyfvdk vlawGpdwf0ifpm;r,fvdk@ xifae[ef&Sdw,f?

[dkwkef;u ‘Auy’ ta=umif; a&;&wmyJ? Auyu awmxJa&mufaewm =um+yD? v#dK@v#dK@0Suf0Suf v_yf&Sm;ae&wmyJ? 'ga=umifh vlawGu ol@owif; odcsif=uw,f?twGif;a&;owif;awG rSefwma&m/ rSm;wmyg aumvm[vtjzpfawmh =um;ae&w,f?

vufeufcs bufajymif;vmwJh ocifwifjrutwGif;a&;awGudk a&;vmawmh jynfwGif;ua&m/ jynfyuygpdwf0ifpm;olawGu zwf=uwm rqef;bl;? wcsdK@uqdk&if ‘udk;um;’p&mtjzpf oabmxm;+yD; udk;um;=uw,f? (bmwD;vifhemvdkvlu ‘yefqef;’ udk c%wjzKwfa&muf+yD; a&;wmudkawmif wcsdK@u usrf;}uD;usrf;cdkifvdk oabmxm;=uw,fr[kwfvm;?)

ocifwifjru twGif;vlyJ? olu ‘eHygwf0rf;’udktuyft&yf u|rf;usifw,f? tvHeD vkyfwkef;u ocifpdk;&J@vl,Hk/ Auy (c%wjzKwf) vkyfawmh ocifoef;xGef;&J@ vl,kHjzpfatmif vkyfcJhwmyJ? rqv vkyfawmhvnf; Adkvfae0if;udkuyfjyefw,f? NLD (c%wjzKwf wrGef;wnfh) vkyfawmhvnf;DASSK udk uyfcJhw,f r[kwfvm;?

(2) ‘bHkb0 ar#mfwdkif;a0;’udk zwf=unfhawmh bmwckrS topftqef;rawG@&bl;? vlawG od+yD;om;udpPcsnf; jzpfaew,f?Adkvfarmifarmif ta=umif;/ Adkvfatmif}uD;ta=umif; pwmawGu vlwum (pdwf0ifpm;olwdkif;) od+yD;om;csnf;yJ? topftqef;r[kwfygbl;?

topftqef;vdk@ ajymcsifajymEdkifwmu Adkvfae0if;u ocifwifjrudk ‘ppftm%m&Sifpepf’ tajccs&mrSm b,fvdktcef;u toHk;cscJhovJ qdkwmudk od&wmjzpfw,f?

§ ‘yrnw’ (a[mif;) awG/ jynfol@&Jabmf(a[mif;) awGeJ@ wjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;(a[mif;) awG&J@ tajctaeudk ocifwifjrudkv$wf+yD; ‘penf;emcJhyHk’udk od&w,f? pHkprf;axmufvSrf;cJhyHk od&w,f?

§ b,foluawmh ‘rqv’vl jzpfEd kifw,f? b,foluawmh ‘=um;ae’/ b,foluawmh ‘rqv udk qef@usifw,f’qdkwmudk od&atmif ocifwifjrudk‘owif;ay; vkyfcdkif;cJhyHk’ od&w,f?

§ csKyf+yD;ajym&if Adkvfae0if;u ocifwifjrudk ‘ppftkyfpku|efb0’ oGwfoGif;cJhyHkudkod&w,f?

(3) Adkvfae0if;u ‘Auy [m *dk%f;*%}uD;w,f’ vdk@ ajymwm[m topftqef;r[kwfygbl;? ‘w±kwfuGefjrLepfudk trsufajzpum;’ ajymwJhtcgwdkif; 'Dpum; ajymcJhwmyJ? ol[m

‘Auy A[dkaumfrwD’ wcgu jzpfcJha=umif;/ aemufawmhbmta=umif;rSrjybJ jzKwfypfa=umif;/ Auy [m *dk%f;*% pdwf}uD;a=umif;/ 'ga=umifh jynfwGif;ppfjzpfwm jzpfa=umif; ajymavh&Sdw,f? Adkvfae0if;wdk@ w+yKH}uD;udk A[dkaumfrwDcef@wm ocifwifjr twGif;odyJ? ‘A[dkaumfrwD’cef@wma&m/ jzKwfwma&m ocifpdk; vkyfcJhwm jzpfw,f?tJ'Dvdkvkyfzdk@ ocifwifjru ocifpdk;udk bmawG oHawmfOD;wifcJhovJqdkwmudk a&;zdk@aumif;w,f?

A[dkaumfrwDcef@wmrSm Adkvfae0if;wa,mufwnf; r[kwfbl;? trsm;}uD;yJ? aemifrSm ‘qdk&S,fvpfygwD’axmifcJh=uolawG[m olwdk@csnf;yJ? tJ'DudpP tjzpfrSefudkocifwifjr bma=umifhra&;ovJ? a&;&if pdwf0ifpm;olawG rsm;Edkifw,f?

ocifpdk;urS raocifrSm Adkvfae0if;udka&m/ udkausmf+idrf;/ Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@udkyg awmfawmfuav; ol@trSm; 0efcHoGm;cJhao;w,f? ocifpdk;udk uyf+yD; wGef;cJhwJhocifwifjru bma=umifh ra&;ovJ? a&;oifhw,f?

‘'kwd,uGef*&uf’ udk Adkvfatmifqef; rwufEdkifatmif vkyfwmrSmvnf; b,folawGvJqdkwmudk a&;oifhw,f?

ocifpdk;&J@ ‘v,fwJuGef*&uf’ udk b,folawGwufw,fqdkwmudk a&;wmzwf&w,f? tJ'DuGef*&ufudkbma=umifh uref;uwef;x+yD; vkyfovJ/ uGef*&ufrSmbmawGbmawG ajymcJh=uovJ/ A[dkaumfrwD b,fESa,muf a&G;ovJ/ 'gudk a&;oifhw,f?

(4) ‘rqv’ &J@ ‘bHkb0’ uawmh vlwdkif;od+yD;om;yg?‘rqv’ u awmwGif;ygwD r[kwfbl;? +rdK@ay:rSm tm%m &ygwD vkyfaewmyJ? xGufvdkufwJh pmapmifpmwrf;awG vnf; renf;bl;?

ocifwifjra&;apcsifwmu§ rqv ygwD[m ‘qdk&S,fvpfygwD’vm;? ‘ppf

tkyfpk ygwD’vm;?§ wcsdK@ jynfol@&Jabmf(a[mif;) awG ajymovdk

‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ ‘rqv ygwD [m "e&SifaygufpawG&J@ ‘vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;’ awGvm;?ppfAsL±dku&ufawG&J@ ppftm%m&SifawGvm;?

§ (7)&ufZlvdkif tjzpfrSefu bmvJ? b,foleHygwfwpfw&m;cHvJ?

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