8/2/2019 2011 Science Olympiad Try Out Terms

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Jeffrey Wang Science Olympiad 10/26/11 Grade 8

2011 Science Olympiad Try Out Terms

Azimuth- 1. The horizontal angular distance from a reference direction, usually the northern point of the horizon, to the point where a vertical

circle through a celestial body intersects the horizon, usually measured clockwise. Sometimes the southern point is used as the reference

direction, and the measurement is made clockwise through 360°. 2. The horizontal angle of the observer's bearing in surveying, measuredclockwise from a referent direction, as from the north, or from a referent celestial body, usually Polaris. 3. The lateral deviation of a projectile or

bomb.

Braided Channel -A river channel in which have been deposited bars and islands around which the river flows. It has been shown that, for a

given discharge, braided channels slope more steeply than meandering channels. Braiding occurs when the discharge fluctuates frequently, whenthe river cannot carry its full load, where the river is wide and shallow, where banks are easily eroded, and where there is a copious bedload, as is

common in periglacial environments. The position of the bars is changeable; sediment may be entrained by scour at channel junctions and then beredeposited down-channel, as flows diverge again, and new channels are cut by overbank flooding. Braiding differs from anastomosis in that the

islands are less permanent.

Chromatography- Any of various techniques for the separation of complex mixtures that rely on the differential affinities of substances for a gasor liquid mobile medium and for a stationary adsorbing medium (An intervening substance through which something else is transmitted or carried

on) through which they pass, such as paper, gelatin, or magnesia.

Climograph- A climograph is a graphical representation of the basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, 

at a certain location. It is used for a quick-view of the climate of a location.

Globular Cluster-A globular cluster is a spherical collection of  stars that orbits a galactic core as a satellite. Globular clusters are very tightly

bound by gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes and relatively high stellar densities toward their centers.Independent Variable-a variable (often denoted by x) whose variation does nto depend on that of another. A.k.a. the control

Lactose Intolerance-Lactose intolerance, also called lactase deficiency[1] or hypolactasia , is the inability to digest and metabolize lactose, 

a sugar found in milk. It is caused by a lack of  lactase, the enzyme required to break down lactose in the digestive system, and results in

symptoms including abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, nausea and acid reflux. 

Lipid-Any of a group of organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in

nonpolar organic solvents, are oily to the touch, and together with carbohydrates and proteins constitute the principal structural material of livingcells.

Macro-invertebrate- An invertebrate (An animal without vertebrae, i.e. backbone.) that is large enough to be seen without the use of a  microscope 

Moh Scale-A scale for classifying minerals based on relative hardness, determined by the ability of harder minerals to scratch softer ones. Thescale includes the following minerals, in order from softest to hardest: 1. talc; 2. gypsum; 3. calcite; 4. fluorite; 5. apatite; 6. orthoclase; 7. quartz;

8. topaz; 9. corundum; 10. diamond.

Pandemic-is an epidemic of  infectious disease that is spreading through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. A widespread endemic disease that is stable in terms of how many people are getting sick from it is not a pandemic.

Further, flu pandemics exclude seasonal flu, unless the flu of the season is a pandemic. Throughout history there have been a number of 

pandemics, such as smallpox and tuberculosis. More recent pandemics include the HIV pandemic and the H1n1 pandemic. PETE-Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate), commonly abbreviated PETE, is

a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming

applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. The term 'polyethylene terephthalate' is a source of confusion becausethis substance, PET, does not contain polyethylene. Thus, the alternate form, 'poly(ethylene terephthalate)' is often used in scholarly journals for

the sake of accuracy and clarity.

Porosity- or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total

volume, between 0 – 

1, or as a percentage between 0 – 

100%. The term is used in multiple fieldsincludingpharmaceutics, ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, earth sciences and construction. 

Rack and Pinion Gearing- A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an infinitely large radius of curvature. Torque

can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack with a pinion: the pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight line. Such a mechanism is used in

automobiles to convert the rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of the tie rod(s). Racks also feature in the theory of gear

geometry, where, for instance, the tooth shape of an interchangeable set of gears may be specified for the rack (infinite radius), and the toothshapes for gears of particular actual radii then derived from that. The rack and pinion gear type is employed in a rack railway. 

Sleep Apnea- is a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing, during sleep. Each

pause in breathing, called an apnea, can last from a few seconds to minutes, and may occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour.[1] Similarly, eachabnormally low breathing event is called a hypopnea. Sleep apnea is diagnosed with an overnight sleep test called a polysomnogram, or "sleep

study"

Thermal Conductivity-is the property of a material's ability to conduct heat Viscosity- is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear or tensile stress. In everyday terms (and for fluids

only), viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higherviscosity. Put simply, the less viscous the fluid is, the greater its ease of movement (fluidity).