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Environmental Economics: Development and Conservation Goals in World Bank Projects By Peter Kareiva, Michelle Marvier & Amy Chang

Yes, you can have your cake and eat it too — at least that may be the case for biodiversity protection and economic development. Peter Kareiva (Chief Scientist for The Nature Conservancy, TNC) and Michelle Marvier, both of Santa Clara University’s Environmental Studies Institute, worked in collaboration with TNC’s Amy Chang to study whether economic development and conservation were compatible activities in World Bank projects. For decades economic development and conservation have been painted as opposing interests, with the idea that conservation action is only possible after a vibrant economy has been developed. The argument has been that when people are poor, energy and investment must be directed first at people. And only after people are taken care of can we succeed at taking care of biodiversity. This storyline about a tradeoff between conservation and economic development has been based on case studies, anecdote, and personal experiences. Now for the first time researchers have conducted a statistical analysis that hones in on the question of environment and development in a precise way. Noting that the World Bank has conducted over 1000 projects, and that many of those projects are evaluated in a standard way, Kareiva, Chang, and Marvier identified a sample of World Bank projects that were matched by country and rough time period, but that differed in being either development-only or development-plus-biodiversity projects. By developing a large sample size and contrasting development to development plus conservation projects, it was possible to test the hypothesis that adding a conservation component lessened the ability of projects to succeed at economic development. The data were clear and compelling. Projects that included biodiversity goals were as successful as development-only projects in achieving poverty reduction, gender equity, and all other development objectives. This was the case even though biodiversity projects received less than half as much money, on average, compared to development-only projects. In fact, the only detectable difference between these two sets of projects was that biodiversity projects scored significantly higher in terms of environmental objectives. Thus, contrary to conventional wisdom, Kareiva and his team found that there was no significant cost in terms of

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reduced performance if biodiversity was included as a project goal, but a significant reduction in environmental outcomes if biodiversity was not an explicit project focus. The implication of this is clear — if there is no penalty to adding in biodiversity protection as a goal but there is a penalty to leaving biodiversity out of the projects goals, then shouldn’t all World Bank projects seek to advance both conservation and development? The paper describing these findings was published on September 19, 2008 in Science: Kareiva, P., A. Chang, and M. Marvier. 2008. Development and conservation goals in World Bank projects. Science 321:1638-1639.

ESI Students and Staff Assist Breathe California’s Clean Air Efforts

By Terry Trumbull In the past five years, about 10 ESI students have assisted Breathe California in its work to protect lung health. These activities have included energy conservation, air pollution control, limiting climate change emissions, and smoking reduction. English major, Patrick Flajole (‘09) assisted with the annual Bike for Breath event. He also helped put together Breathe California’s monthly newsletter. Patrick “feels good about helping an environmental non-profit with limited resources that relies so much on interns and volunteers.” ESI students have also helped with auditing public schools for toxics, educating people on the dangers of wood burning, and answering lung health questions. ESI climate change expert, Sean Watts, was a guest on Breathe California’s weekly television show. The program is available to 350,000 households on the Peninsula and in the South Bay. It is hosted by ESI’s environmental law lecturer, Terry Trumbull. Overall, Breathe California assists 150,000 people a year, and ESI’s faculty and students have been an important part of this effort.

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