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Xhic`hc vnrlxche`ekih c`ai`cx er n rcnm cxtntc he`hcvt5

Vrej dr Gnh~scx zn` Di`tcrc` ‘ gzn`di`tcrc`Freynmbnxle`i`ahek

S`izcrxity ej Are`i`ac`- Jnhsmty ej Xvntinm Xhic`hcx- Tbc @ctbcrmn`dx

_eynm Bnxle`i`a- @igkcac`- Tbc @ctbcrmn`dx

Vnvcr jer tbc C_CX+he j̀crc`hc ?669

Xtehlbemk- ?3 ‘ ?1 Gs`c ?669

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Noxtrnht 

Aizc` tbc i`hrcnxcd ikvertn`hc ej l`eqmcdac nx n vredshtie` jnhter i` kn`y hekvn`icx it ix `et 

xsrvrixi`a tbnt tbcrc ix n areqi`a i`tcrcxt i` tbc dczcmevkc`t ej xhic`hc n`d tchb`emeay vnrlx.

Tbcxc vnrlx ejtc` bnzc n biab ~snmity. Tbc ~scxtie` hekcx sv qbctbcr n xhic`hc vnrl ix n rcnm 

cxtntc he`hcvt er n` ‒c`ai`c’ tbnt xtiksmntcx tbc chbn`ac ej i`jerkntie` n`d i``ezntie`.

_cxcnrhb rcxsmtx "kni`my i` tbc S`itcd Li`adek) xsaacxt tbnt jer c`trcvrc`csrx tbc ikvertn`hc ej 

vreikity te etbcr jirkx n`d s`izcrxiticx ix mikitcd qbc` it hekcx te xtrntcaih l`eqmcdac. Oci`a cxtnomixbcd e` n xhic`hc er tchb`emeay vnrl hn` `czcrtbcmcxx oc i`tcrcxti`a jer jirkx7 n 

xtiksmnti`a i`jerknm hirhsit hn` ehhsr n`d- kercezcr- tbc vreikity ej n s`izcrxity ejjcrx 

vexxioimiticx te nttrnht yes`a tnmc`t. Qitb rcanrd te nttrnhti`a vcevmc i` n mnoesr knrlct tbnt qimm 

ochekc kerc n`d kerc xtrcxxcd i` tbc heki`a dchndc- tbc biab ~snmity ej tbc osimdi`ax n`d 

c`zire`kc`t ej n xhic`hc vnrl hn` oc ej ikvertn`hc. I` tbnt miabt n xhic`hc vnrl hesmd oc n rcnm 

cxtntc he`hcvt rntbcr tbn` n` c`ai`c jer i``ezntie`. Ij xshb n biab ~snmity dczcmevkc`t qimm bnzc 

xshhcxx nttc`tie` bnx te oc vnid te- nke`a etbcrx- mehntie`- knrlct n`d tnract aresv 

idc`tijihntie`- kn`nackc`t n`d hsxtekcr eric`tntie`.

I` tbix vnvcr I qimm cmnoerntc tbcxc idcnx n`d I qimm vrcxc`t tbc rcxsmtx ej rcxcnrhb e` tqe xhic`hc 

vnrlx i` tbc @ctbcrmn`dx. Nrc tbcxc vnrlx ej ikvertn`hc jer tbc rcaie`nm che`eky "mi`lnacx-

i``ezntie`) er nrc xhic`hc vnrlx kni`my n rcnm cxtntc he`hcvt5 

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> N _CMNTIZCMY _CHC@T VBC@EKC@E@

>.> Dijjcrc`hcx octqcc` Csrevcn` hes`tricx

Znriesx dcji`itie`x nrc sxcd te dcxhrioc xhic`hc vnrlx- nmxe hekke`my l`eq` nx rcxcnrhb vnrlx-

tchb`emeay vnrlx- cth- ost- nhherdi`a te Bn`xxe` "?664)- tbcy sxsnmmy bnzc tbc jemmeqi`a

cmckc`tx i` hekke`7

∟

vbyxihnm vreikity ej n s`izcrxity<∟ n jehsx e` l`eqmcdac n`d biab+tchb hekvn`icx< n`d

∟ tbc vrcxc`hc ej n` eran`ixntie` tbnt ix bcmvjsm te xtnrt+svx

Xekctikcx- nx i` tbc Nxxehintie` ej S`izcrxity _cxcnrhb Vnrlx’ "NS_V) dcji`itie`- tbcrc nhtsnmmy

bnx te oc n he`trnhtsnm- jerknm er evcrntie`nm rcmntie`xbiv qitb n s`izcrxity Tbc onxih idcn ej n

xhic`hc vnrl ix tbnt tbresab xshb n rcmntie`xbiv qitb n s`izcrxity "er vexxiomy n`etbcr l`eqmcdac

i`xtitstie`) n` i`tcrnhtie` qimm dczcmev octqcc` tbcery n`d vrnhtihc- rcxsmti`a i` `cq vredshtx n`d

tbsx te che`ekih areqtb Tbix ix qby vemihyknlcrx n`d vemitihin`x nrc ejtc` zcry lcc` te hrcntc n

xhic`hc er rcxcnrhb vnrl i` tbcir hity er rcaie`

N xtsdy oy tbc I`tcr`ntie`nm Nxxehintie` ej Xhic`hc Vnrlx "INXV< 836 kckocrx qitb n xtre`a

Csrevcn` rcvrcxc`tntie`) nke`a itx kckocrx rczcnmx tbnt qbimc e`my e`c vnrl qnx xtnrtcd i` tbc

jijticx- tbcrc qnx n ”oeek‛ i` tbc ciabticx- njtcr qbihb tbc `skocr ej cxtnomixbkc`tx dchrcnxcd

xmiabtmy- knyoc nx n rcxsmt ej tbc che`ekih xitsntie` "jiasrc >) N ~snrtcr ej tbc kckocrx xtnrtcd

dczcmevi`a tbcir eq` xhic`hc vnrlx i` tbc jirxt bnmj ej tbix dchndc I` tbc @ertb Nkcrihn` rcxcnrhb

vnrl eran`ixntie` "NS_V)- >4# ej tbc vnrlx qcrc xct sv octqcc` ?66? n`d ?66: Nmkext tbrcc+

~snrtcrx ej NS_V’x kckocrx ocan` tbcir dczcmevkc`tx i` tbc ciabticx er `i`cticx

Jiasrc > Xtnrt+sv ycnr ej xhic`hc vnrl dczcmevkc`t- INXV kckocrxbiv "?66:+?661)

Tbcrc nvvcnr te oc ~sitc n `skocr ej dijjcrc`hcx octqcc` hes`tricx- nmtbesab tbix ix dijjihsmt te

cxtnomixb vrchixcmy Tbc `skocr ej vnrlx rcmntizc te tbc xiwc ej tbc vevsmntie` vrezidcx xekc

i`dihntie` "tnomc >) Vie`ccrx i` tbc jicmd ej i``ezntie`- xshb nx Xqcdc` n`d Ji`mn`d- bnzc n

rcmntizcmy mnrac `skocr ej xhic`hc vnrlx It xbesmd oc `etcd i` tbix he`tct tbnt- i` jnht- it ix `etc`esab te meel xikvmy nt tbc `skocr ej vnrlx ochnsxc tbc xiwc ej xhic`hc vnrlx hn` dijjcr

he`xidcrnomy Nke`a tbc NS_V kckocrx- tbc xknmmcxt vnrl bnx n` nrcn ej >2 bn Tbc nzcrnac

xiwc ix ?66 bn- ost tbix nzcrnac ix oresabt sv oy n jcq mnrac xitcx Tbc kcdin` xiwc ix 4: bn

Jiasrcx jrek tbc INXV vrezidc n xikimnr vihtsrc7 >9# ej tbc xitcx nrc mnracr tbn` >66 bn n`d 46#

xknmmcr tbn` ?6 bn Cnkvmcx ej mnrac+xhnmc dczcmevkc`tx nrc Xevbin N`tivemix "?-866 bn) n`d

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E`c @ertb i` Xi`anverc "?66 bn) I` tbcxc hnxcx- rcxidc`tinm nrcnx nrc nmxe ejtc` i`hmsdcd e` tbc

xitc n`d tbc dczcmevkc`t tnlcx e` ksmtijs`htie`nm jerkx Tbcxc jiasrcx nmxe de `et tcmm sx

n`ytbi`a noest tbc js`htie`i`a ej tbc xhic`hc vnrlx Jer cnkvmc- Vertsanm bnx n rcnxe`nomc

`skocr ej xhic`hc vnrlx ost- nhherdi`a te _nti`be ct nm "?661)- znriesx Vertsascxc xitcx nrc

xhic`hc vnrlx e`my i` `nkc

Tnomc > Xhic`hc vnrlx- n` i`tcr`ntie`nm hekvnrixe`

>.? I``ezntie` n`d xhic`hc vnrlx i` tbc @ctbcrmn`dx

Tbc @ctbcrmn`dx decx `et rn`l zcry biabmy nke`a tbcxc hes`tricx Tbc @ctbcrmn`dx bnx n

kedcr` che`eky- ost tc`dx te oc kerc ej n xcrzihc che`eky tbn` n l`eqmcdac e`c Tbix ix

qerryi`a tbc aezcr`kc`t- qbihb bnx xct sv tbc ”I``ezntie` Vmntjerk‛ i` erdcr te hbn`ac tbix

xitsntie`- oy kcn`x ej7

∟n vrejcxxie`nm vevsmntie` tbnt ix nx qcmm cdshntcd nx vexxiomc<

∟ xtrc`atbc`i`a n`d knli`a kerc cjjchtizc sxc ej esr l`eqmcdac onxc< n`d

∟ xtrc`atbc`i`a esr i``ezntizc n`d c`trcvrc`csrinm xlimmx

Tbix i`zemzcx xtrc`atbc`i`a tbc c`tirc l`eqmcdac hbni`7 jrek vrc+xhbeem cdshntie` n`d mijcme`a

mcnr`i`a te chcmmc`t xhic`tijih rcxcnrhb n`d i``ezntizc c`trcvrc`csrxbiv "LIN- ?669)

Nhherdi`a te tbc I``ezntie` Vmntjerk- tbc @ctbcrmn`dx bnx n aeed xtnrti`a vexitie` ost mexcx

ares`d te hekvcti`a hes`tricx- xshb tbc S`itcd Xtntcx- Acrkn`y- Ji`mn`d- Xqcdc` n`d Hn`ndn-

qbihb nrc hsrrc`tmy- dsri`a n vcried ej hrixix- herrchtmy i`zcxti`a zcry xtre`amy i` cdshntie`-

rcxcnrhb- n`d i``ezntie` n`d c`trcvrc`csrxbiv I` ndditie`- it xcckx tbnt tetnm _*D areqtb i`

tcrkx ej ADV bnx occ` kerc er mcxx wcre xi`hc ?666- qbimc i` nmm etbcr Csrevcn` hes`tricx tbcrc

bnx occ` areqtb Nx rcanrdx tbc CS kckocr xtntcx- tbc @ctbcrmn`dx ocme`ax te tbc hntcaery ej

”i``ezntie` jemmeqcrx‛ Tbix aizcx tbc @ctbcrmn`dx n biabcr xherc tbn` tbc Csrevcn` nzcrnac- ost

it rckni`x ocbi`d tbc mcndi`a aresv "Xqcdc`- Ji`mn`d- Acrkn`y- Dc`knrl n`d tbc S`itcd

Li`adek< LIN- ?669)

Tbc hes`try’x vexitie` nx ”i``ezntie` jemmeqcr‛ ix vcrbnvx tbc rcnxe` "er e`c ej tbc rcnxe`x) jer

tbc cixtc`hc ej n rcmntizcmy xknmm `skocr ej xhic`hc vnrlx i` tbc @ctbcrmn`dx Ij qc tnlc n`etbcr

meel nt tbc hekvnrixe` octqcc` hes`tricx noezc- qc xcc tbnt Ji`mn`d- jer cnkvmc- bnx cmczc`

tikcx nx kn`y xhic`hc vnrlx "i` vrevertie` te itx vevsmntie`)- qbimc Xqcdc` bnx jesr tikcx nx

kn`y n`d tbc S`itcd Li`adek tqihc nx kn`y

Hes`try Skorcmmn eran`ixntie` ejxhic`hc vnrlx

N7 vevsmntie`xiwc

"kimmie`x)

O7 `skocr ejvnrlx %

njjimintcd

xhic`hc vnrlx

O7N

@ctbcrmn`dx @e`c >: >6 6:

S`itcd

Li`adek

S`itcd Li`adek Xhic`hc Vnrl

Nxxehintie` "SLXVN)

:6 16 >?

Ji`mn`d Ji``ixb Xhic`hc Vnrl

Nxxehintie` "TCLCM)

3 88 ::

Vertsanm Vertsascxc Nxxehintie` ej

Xhic`hc n`d Tchb`emeay Vnrlx

"TCHVN_^SCX)

>> >? >>

Itnmy Itnmin` Nxxehintie` ej Xhic`hc

n`d Tchb`emeay Vnrlx "NVXTI)

:6 8> 63

Xqcdc` Mi`dcmúj n`d Mújxtc` "?668) 9 ?8 ?:

Xvni` Xvn`ixb Nxxehintie` ej Xhic`hc

n`d Tchb`emeay Vnrlx "NVTC)

43 :9 >3

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Tbc jirxt i`itintizcx jer xhic`hc vnrlx i` tbc @ctbcrmn`dx qcrc mns`hbcd i` tbc ciabticx7 tbc Oie

Xhic`hc Vnrl i` Mcidc` n`d tbc Osxi`cxx * Xhic`hc Vnrl Tqc`tc Tbcxc qcrc mntcr jemmeqcd oy

Wcr`ilc Xhic`hc Vnrl "Are`i`ac`)- Dcmjtchb Vnrl "Dcmjt)- Osxi`cxx Xhic`hc Vnrl "Qnac`i`ac`)-

Kcrhnter Tchb`emeay * Xhic`hc Vnrl "@igkcac`) n`d Nkxtcrdnk Xhic`hc Vnrl _chc`t ycnrx

bnzc xcc` tbc dczcmevkc`t ej tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx "Ci`dbezc`)- tbc Tchb`evemix I``ezntie`

Vnrl "Dcmjt) n`d tbc Xhic`hc Vnrl Strchbt Nmm ej tbc xhic`hc vnrlx bnzc occ` mehntcd i` s`izcrxity

hiticx Tbc tqe xknmmcr s`izcrxity teq`x ej Timosra n`d Knnxtrihbt de `et bnzc n xhic`hc vnrl

? HBN_NHTC_IXTIHX EJ XHIC@HC VN_LX

?.> C`zire`kc`t

Qbcrc nrc tbc xhic`hc vnrlx jes`d5 E` tbc onxix ej tbc dcji`itie`- e`c kiabt cvcht te hekc

nhrexx tbck i` tbc zihi`ity ej s`izcrxiticx Ost ”zihi`ity‛ ix n` cmnxtih tcrk Nx rcanrdx xitcx

oerdcri`a er hei`hidi`a qitb e`c n`etbcr- tbix ix trsc jer e`my 8:# ej tbc vnrlx njjimintcd te tbc

INXV 81# ej tbcxc xhic`hc vnrlx bnzc nt mcnxt e`c s`izcrxity qitbi` n rndisx ej 36 lk :6#

bnzc nt mcnxt xi s`izcrxiticx qitbi` rcnhb qitbi` tbix rndisx n`d `e jcqcr tbn` ?># bnzc kerc

tbn` ?6

It hn` nmxe oc `etcd tbnt n aeed tqe+tbirdx ej tbc xhic`hc vnrlx njjimintcd te tbc INXV nrc mehntcd

i` n teq` n`d ?1# i` tbc zihi`ity ej e`c Tbc xiwc ej tbc teq` nvvcnrx te oc mcxx rcmczn`t- xi`hcjesr ej tbc tc` xhic`hc vnrlx nrc xitsntcd i` er `cnr n hity qitb ezcr > kimmie` i`bnoitn`tx n`d n

kerc er mcxx idc`tihnm `skocr i` teq`x qitb jcqcr tbn` 366-666 i`bnoitn`tx

Tbc tyvc ej rcaie` ix nmxe rcmczn`t N xtre`a rcaie`nm l`eqmcdac che`eky bnx n vexitizc i`jmsc`hc

e` tbc js`htie`i`a ej xhic`hc vnrlx n`d tbc osxi`cxxcx mehntcd tbcrc Tbcy bnzc nmkext tqihc nx

kn`y vntc`t nvvmihntie`x nx hekvn`icx nt xhic`hc vnrlx mehntcd i` nrcnx qitb mcxx qcmm

dczcmevcd rcaie`nm l`eqmcdac c`zire`kc`tx "N@AMC- ?668)

N qcmm+hbexc` rcaie` n`d mehntie` nrc ikvertn`t I` Vertsanm- yes hn` ji`d cnkvmcx ej xhic`hc

vnrlx tbnt nrc `et js`htie`i`a qcmm ochnsxc tbcxc jnhterx bnzc `et occ` tnlc` xsjjihic`tmy i`te

nhhes`t Jer cnkvmc- tbcrc kny oc `e ac`si`c mi`l qitb n tchb`ihnm s`izcrxity Tbc s`izcrxity i`

~scxtie` kny oc jehsxcd e` che`ekihx rntbcr tbn` e` tchb`emeay- er tbc rcaie` i` qbihb tbc vnrl

ix mehntcd kny bnzc `e hmcnrmy dczcmevcd tchb`emeay er l`eqmcdac xchter "_nti`be ct nm- ?661)

?.? I`tcrnhtie`

Tbc cxxc`tinm aenm ej xhic`hc vnrlx ix te ac`crntc che`ekih areqtb oy c`tcri`a i`te n`d

ctc`di`a rcmntie`xbivx octqcc` l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie`x- ac`crnmmy n s`izcrxity- n`d tbc

osxi`cxxcx cxtnomixbcd i` tbc rcaie` ‘ xhic`hc vnrlx nx kccti`a vmnhcx Tbcxc rcmntie`xbivx de

`et dczcmev nx n knttcr ej hesrxc Tbcy czc` xcck te oc he`jmiht qitb tbc mi`l tbnt cixtx octqcc`

tbc ~snmity ej i`jerkntie` n`d tbc qimmi`a`cxx te trnzcm me`a dixtn`hcx jer it Tbc s`dcrmyi`a idcn

bcrc ix tbnt ej dijjcrc`t mczcmx ej qerl n`d he`tnht qitbi` eran`ixntie`x- znryi`a jrek tbc kerc

resti`c he`tnhtx nt tbc meqcxt mczcm te tbc xtrntcaih he`tnhtx nt tbc tev mczcm I` tbc mnttcr hnxc- it ix

n ~scxtie` ej xe+hnmmcd ”eric`tntie` he`tnhtx‛ tbnt bnzc te xsvvmy i`jerkntie` jer xtrntcaih me`a+

tcrk dchixie`x L`eqmcdac ix n hrshinm jnhter bcrc n`d hekks`ihntie` nt tbix mczcm vriknrimy tnlcx

vmnhc zin vcrxe`nm he`tnhtx n`d ezcr me`a dixtn`hcx Trnzcm ix n `chcxxnry hekve`c`t

Dsthb IHT n`d mijc xhic`hc hekvn`icx vri`hivnmmy meel ocye`d tbcir eq` rcaie` jer tbc vcrti`c`t

l`eqmcdac rc~sircd te xemzc tchb`emeaihnm n`d eran`ixntie`nm vreomckx _caie`nm l`eqmcdac

he`tnhtx nvvcnr te oc kerc trn`xic`t n`d mcxx rcmczn`t l`eqmcdac ix chbn`acd "Qctcri`ax n`d

Ve`dx- ?661) N`etbcr xtsdy jes`d tbnt tbc heevcrntie` octqcc` s`izcrxiticx n`d osxi`cxxcx i`

tbc @ctbcrmn`dx bnx hbicjmy n `ntie`nm eric`tntie` "Ve`dx n`d Zn` Eert- ?66:) I` tbc S`itcd

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Li`adek- 4># ej tbc hekvn`icx nt xhic`hc vnrlx bnzc n rcmntie`xbiv qitb n s`izcrxity er

l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie` I` 96# ej hnxcx- tbix ix n s`izcrxity er l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie` i` tbc nrcn ej

tbc vmnhc ej osxi`cxx Tbix xcckx i`he`xixtc`t qitb tbc rcxsmtx ej tbc Dsthb xtsdy- ost meeli`a

kerc hmexcmy it nvvcnrx tbnt tbix kextmy he`hcr`x `e kerc tbn` i`jerknm he`tnhtx E`my e`c+

~snrtcr ej tbc rcmczn`t c`trcvrc`csrx rcvert tbc cixtc`hc ej xtre`a rcmntie`xbivx "N@AMC- ?668)

Tbc mikitcd `skocr ej xtrshtsrnm- hmexc rcmntie`xbivx kny vcrbnvx oc dixnvvei`ti`a- ost tbc

cixtc`hc ej n` i`jerknm hirhsit nt xhic`hc vnrlx kny- nhherdi`a te Hnvcmme n`d Kerrixe` "?663)-

vredshc xsoxtn`tinm vexitizc cjjchtx Tbcy xtntc tbnt xhic`hc vnrlx nrc vnrtihsmnrmy ikvertn`t jerxctti`a i` ketie` xve`tn`cesx kchbn`ixkx ej l`eqmcdac trn`xjcr i` n rcaie`nm che`eky Xknmm

osxi`cxxcx i` vnrtihsmnr kny oc`cjit jrek tbix

?.8 Tbc he`hcvt

E` tbc onxix ej tbc rcxsmtx ej xtsdicx- it kny oc nxxskcd tbnt tbcrc nrc citbcr `e xtrntcaih

rcmntie`xbivx octqcc` hekvn`icx n`d octqcc` hekvn`icx n`d tbc mehnm s`izcrxity%s`izcrxiticx er

tbnt xshb rcmntie`xbivx nrc `et zcry xtre`a Tbc nddcd znmsc ej n xhic`hc vnrl ix tbcrcjerc `et te

oc jes`d i` tbix he`tct Vcrbnvx tbc` qc xbesmd zicq n xhic`hc vnrl vriknrimy nx n rcnm cxtntc

he`hcvt @et i` tbc `nrreq xc`xc ej tbc qerd "vrevcrty dczcmevkc`t) ost kerc qidcmy- xe tbnt tbc

jnhimiticx- cth- nrc nmxe i`hmsdcd i` tbc he`hcvt ‘ n dczcmevkc`t tbnt dijjcrx jrek etbcr hekkcrhinm

xitcx oy itx biab mczcm ej xvntinm ~snmity n`d jnhimiticxN xhic`hc vnrl rcnmmy qn`tx te oc kerc tbn` n osxi`cxx vnrl oy ejjcri`a jnhimiticx nxxehintcd qitb

tbc vrcxc`hc ej n s`izcrxity n`d n s`izcrxity hekks`ity Tbc INXV vevsmntie` yicmdx tbc jemmeqi`a

jiasrcx7

∟ :3# ej tbc vnrlx stimixc xvchijih xcrzihcx teactbcr qitb s`izcrxiticx<

∟ 34# ej tbc xhic`hc vnrlx xbnrc i`jrnxtrshtsrc "ca mnoerntericx) qitb s`izcrxiticx<

∟ 1?# ej tbc vnrlx bext s`izcrxity rcxcnrhb tcnkx< n`d

∟ n trn`xjcr ejjihc "i`dsxtry minixe` ejjihc) ix mehntcd e` ?1# ej tbc xitcx

I` ndditie`- ”osxi`cxx i`hsonterx‛ nrc jrc~sc`tmy jes`d e` xhic`hc vnrlx- i`hmsdi`a vrejcxxie`nm

xsvvert jer xtnrt+sv hekvn`icx Nt tbc xnkc tikc- xvchinm rcasmntie`x kny oc i` vmnhc jer

xsoxidicx n`d nttrnhti`a rixl hnvitnm

It ix tbcrcjerc n xvchijih n`d biab+~snmity rcnm cxtntc he`hcvt tbnt ix i`zemzcd n`d e`c tbnt ix zcry

nttrnhtizc te hekvn`icx i` tbc l`eqmcdac xchter- vnrtmy ochnsxc ej tbc i`jerknm he`tnhtx ost nmxeochnsxc n xvchijih qerli`a c`zire`kc`t ix e` ejjcr "jnhimiticx- qerlvmnhcx- c`zire`kc`t-

nkoic`hc) tbnt kny bcmv te nttrnht n`d rctni` biabmy ~snmijicd vcrxe``cm i` n` ckvmeykc`t knrlct

tbnt ix ocheki`a i`hrcnxi`amy tiabt "Zn` Di`tcrc`- ?661)

Beqczcr- n he`hcvt xshb nx tbix qimm e`my oc xshhcxxjsm ij it ix riaeresxmy ndbcrcd te n`d tbc

xcmchtie` hritcrin jer i`tcrcxtcd c`trcvrc`csrx nrc xtriht ‒Ij xekce`c rn`a n`d xnid ”I qn`t te vst

sv n >6-666 x~k osimdi`a‛- I qesmd nxl qbihb vrejcxxerx tbcy nrc qerli`a qitb Ij tbcy hesmd`’t

n`xqcr tbc ~scxtie` I’d tcmm tbck te ae te e`c ej tbc hemmcacx It’x `et n` evc` xcnxe` xhic`hc

vnrl Yes bnzc te dcke`xtrntc mi`lx qitb tbc s`izcrxity te oc bcrc’ "Dnzid Ndnkxe`- dirchter ej

Cxtntc Kn`nackc`t- Hnkoridac S`izcrxity i` Vrevcrty qccl- >?+62+?663) N hekkittcc ix ejtc`

xct sv qitb vnrtihsmnr rcxve`xioimity jer hbchli`a "vetc`tinm) mi`lx qitb tbc s`izcrxity Tbix tnlcx

vmnhc i` e`c qny er n`etbcr qitb nmm kckocrx ej tbc NS_V Tbix xcmchtie` rcxsmtx dcke`xtrnomy i`

ehhsvn`hy oy hekvn`icx tbnt xsoxhrioc te tbc idcnx ej n xhic`hc vnrl I` tbc hnxc ej tbc NS_V

vevsmntie`- tbc xchterx rcvrcxc`tcd e` tbc xhic`hc vnrlx nrc oietchb`emeay%vbnrknhcstihnmx-

xejtqnrc%IHT n`d hekvstcrx%cmchtre`ihx Tbc vihtsrc nt tbc xhic`hc vnrlx i` tbc S`itcd Li`adek

ix zirtsnmmy idc`tihnm Tbc `ntsrc ej tbc nhtiziticx hnrricd est oy tbc xhic`hc vnrl hekvn`icx i` tbc

SL ix nmxe l`eq`7 _*D n`d `cq vredsht dcxia` knlc sv tbc kni` trn`hbc "noest bnmj ej tbc

hekvn`icx)- jemmeqcd xekc dixtn`hc ocbi`d oy he`xsmtn`hy xcrzihcx

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?.4 _caie`nm che`ekih nddcd znmsc

Ij tbcrc nrc desotx nx te tbc xtrntcaih `ntsrc ej tbc rcmntie`xbivx octqcc` hekvn`icx- s`izcrxiticx

n`d l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie`x nt n`d nres`d xhic`hc vnrlx- tbc ~scxtie` nmxe nrixcx nx te qbctbcr n

vexitizc cjjcht e` tbc rcaie`nm che`eky kny oc cvchtcd Znriesx rcxcnrhbcrx hekke`my dcontc

tbc vexitizc cjjchtx ej xhic`hc vnrlx e` tbc js`htie`i`a ej hekvn`icx- tbc i``ezntizc xtrc`atb ej n

rcaie` n`d e` rcaie`nm che`ekih dczcmevkc`t "Bn`xxe`- ?664) Jer cnkvmc- xtsdicx xbeq tbnt

tbcrc nrc `e xia`ijihn`t dijjcrc`hcx octqcc` hekvn`icx qitbi` er estxidc ej xhic`hc vnrlx i`tcrkx ej hbn`hc ej xsrziznm- ckvmeykc`t areqtb- `skocrx ej vntc`tx- `cq vredshtx- cth

"Qcxtbcnd n`d Xtercy- >994< Qcxtbcnd- >991) Qnmmxtc` "?664) he`jirkx tbnt tbcrc nrc `e

dijjcrc`hcx i` tcrkx ej ckvmeykc`t areqtb- `skocrx ej hekvn`icx er tbc noimity te nttrnht rixl

hnvitnm octqcc` hes`ticx qitb n`d qitbest xhic`hc vnrlx Beqczcr- dijjcrc`hcx nrc xekctikcx

jes`d i` etbcr xvchijih xsonrcnx Xicacm ct nm "?668) xbeqcd tbnt hekvn`icx nt xhic`hc vnrlx

dixvmny arcntcr rcxcnrhb vredshtizity Tbc s`dcrmyi`a jnhterx nrc beqczcr `et tnlc` i`te nhhes`t

i` tbix xtsdy Tbc N@AMC xtsdy- e` tbc etbcr bn`d- ji`dx kerc xia`ijihn`t dijjcrc`hcx It rczcnmx

tbnt hekvn`icx nt xhic`hc vnrlx dixvmny xtre`acr areqtb- dczcmev tqihc nx kn`y `cq vredshtx

n`d bnzc n jnr arcntcr vrevertie` ej ~snmijicd xhic`tixtx n`d c`ai`ccrx tbn` xikimnr hekvn`icx "oy

xchter n`d xiwc) tbnt nrc `et mehntcd nt n xhic`hc vnrl "N@AMC- ?668)

Tbc noxc`hc ej n` s`c~sizehnm vihtsrc i` tbix nrcn ix vexxiomy tbc rcxsmt ej tbc jnht tbnt tbc

rcxcnrhb kctbedx sxcd- znrinomcx xcmchtcd- xhnmc mczcmx "ca hekvn`icx er hes`ticx)- cth nrc

tetnmmy dizcrac`t Bn`xxe` "?664) ocmiczcx tbnt tee kshb nttc`tie` ix vnid te trnditie`nm che`ekihznrinomcx n`d tbnt jnr kerc ckvbnxix xbesmd oc vmnhcd e` tbc dijjcrc`t nxvchtx ej l`eqmcdac It

xbesmd vcrbnvx nmxe oc nddcd tbnt xhic`hc vnrlx nrc vexxiomy tee bctcreac`cesx i` tcrkx ej

ckvmeykc`t c`zire`kc`tx jer dcji`itizc he`hmsxie`x te oc drnq` rcanrdi`a tbcir cjjchtx

8 BIAB TCHB HNKVSX N@D OIE XHIC@HC VN_L

8.> Hbnrnhtcrixtihx

Tbcrc nrc `e xtsdicx m ilc tbexc kc`tie`cd noezc he`hcr`i`a tbc Dsthb xitsntie` Jer tbix rcnxe`-

n` i`zcxtiantie` qnx xtnrtcd nt tbc S`izcrxity ej Are`i`ac` qitb tbc nik ej eotni`i`a kerc i`xiabt

i`te tbc js`htie`i`a ej xhic`hc vnrlx i` tbc @ctbcrmn`dx Tbc i`zcxtiantie` ocan` qitb tbc OieXhic`hc Vnrl i` Mcidc` n`d tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx i` Ci`dbezc` Tbc jerkcr ix mehntcd i` tbc

che`ekih hc`trc ej tbc @ctbcrmn`dx- tbc _n`dxtnd- n`d tbc mnttcr i` qbnt ix l`eq` nx tbc

”i`tcrkcdintc we`c‛ "octqcc` tbc _n`dxtnd n`d tbc vcrivbcrnm nrcn)

Tbc `skocr ej osxi`cxxcx e` tbcxc xhic`hc vnrlx ix mikitcd Tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx besxcx :6

hekvn`icx n`d tbc Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl 18 I` tetnm- 8?# n`d 48# rcxvchtizcmy ej tbc kn`nackc`t

ej tbcxc hekvn`icx rcxve`dcd te tbc xsrzcy hnrricd est Tbix yicmdx n jnirmy xknmm rcxve`xc

vevsmntie` ej n tetnm ej 36 hekvn`icx Tbc rcxsmtx ej tbc i`zcxtiantie` vrcxc`tcd bcrc ksxt

tbcrcjerc oc rcanrdcd nx i`dihntizc n`d de `et vcr xc rcjmcht tbc qbemc vevsmntie`

Tbc tqe vnrlx dijjcr jrek e`c etbcr i` znriesx rcxvchtx Tnomc ? xskknrixcx tbc kext ikvertn`t

ej tbcxc

I` tbc @ctbcrmn`dx- it ix ~sitc hekke` jer tbc mehnm nstberity er n s`izcrxity te tnlc tbc i`itintizc te

xtnrt n xhic`hc vnrl It ix mcxx hekke` jer n hekvn`y te tnlc tbix i`itintizc- nx i` tbc hnxc ej tbc

Biab Tchb Hnkvsx Tbcrc nrc tqe s`dcrmyi`a rcnxe`x jer tbix Tbc Vbimivx cmchtre`ihx aresv

qn`tcd te hekvc`xntc tbc Ci`dbezc` rcaie` jer kezi`a itx bcnd ejjihc te Nkxtcrdnk Ost Vbimivx

qnx itxcmj niki`a jer n `cq dczcmevkc`t tbnt qesmd oc nomc te vrevnantc tbc idcn ej ”evc`

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i``ezntie`‛ I`itinmmy it qnx e`my jer Vbimivx xsoxidinricx n`d dircht xsvvmicrx- ost xi`hc ?66? it bnx

occ` evc` te nmm rcmczn`t osxi`cxxcx

Tnomc ? I`dizidsnm hbnrnhtcrixtihx ej tbc tqe xhic`hc vnrlx xtsdicd

8.? C`zire`kc`t

Oetb vnrlx nrc mehntcd i` n` sron` c`zire`kc`t N s`izcrxity ix xitsntcd e` xitc er hmexc oy Oetb

dczcmevkc`tx tbcrcjerc jit i` qitb tbc ac`crnm vihtsrc

Tbc hbeihc ej tbc rcaie` qnx dctcrki`cd oy bixterih i`crtin jer nvvreikntcmy e`c i` tbrcc

hekvn`icx Tbc vrcxc`hc ej n s`izcrxity n`d l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie`x ix tbc kext ikvertn`t

rcaie`nm mehntie` jnhter Jer Ci`dbezc`- tbcrc ix nmxe tbc iknac ej n` i``ezntizc rcaie`

Hekvnrnomc te tbix te xekc dcarcc "ost qitb n xmiabtmy meqcr xherc) ix tbc jnht tbnt hekvn`icx nttbc Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl he`xidcr tbc vrcxc`hc ej etbcr hekvn`icx i` tbc xnkc mi`c ej osxi`cxx i`

tbc rcaie` te oc ikvertn`t

Tnomc 8 _caie`nm hbnrnhtcrixtihx ej hbeihc ej mehntie` "vcrhc`tnac ej tbc c`trcvrc`csrx qbe ̀ nkcd tbc

rcmczn`t jnhter< kext ikvertn`t jnhterx qitb n xherc ej ezcr ?3#)

Biab Tchb Hnkvsx- Ci`dbezc` Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl- Mcidc`

Xtnrt >999 >924

Tnract aresv Biab+tchb _*D hekvn`icx Mijc xhic`hcx

I`itintizc Hekvn`y "Vbimivx) S`izcrxity n`d mehnm nstberity

Dczcmevkc`t Dcmiocrntcmy xct sv n`d dczcmevcd

nx n xvchijih he`hcvt

Arndsnm areqtb qitbest jemmeqi`a n

dcji`cd ks`ihivnm he`hcvt

Xiwc >68 bn >43 bn

@skocr ej

hekvn`icx%ckvmeyccx

:6%:-666 18%8->66 "chmsdi`a l`eqmcdac

i`xtitstie`x)

S`izcrxity e` xitc @e- tchb`ihnm s`izcrxity i` tbc hity Ycx- te xekc ctc`t

”Osxi`cxx i`hsonter‛ Ycx Ycx

Jnhimiticx Hmcn` reekx- mnoerntericx- tcxt

jnhimiticx- dcxia` n`d jnorihntie`

xsvvert jer vredsht vretetyvcx-

kccti`a reekx- rcxtnsrn`tx-

Kcdin _cxcnrhb Hc`tcr- Hc`trc

jer Tchb`ihnm Trni`i`a- Evcrnti`aKntcrinmx n`d Xsvvmicx Ixmn`d-

xbevx- xvertx jnhimiticx

Hc`trnm- ksmtijs`htie`nm xvnhc-

`ntsrnm bixtery ksxcsk-

`ctqerli`a kccti`ax

Biab Tchb Hnkvsx Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl

Vreikity te s`izcrxity%l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie`x 38# 3?#

I``ezntizc rcaie` 38#

Acearnvbihnm mehntie` 83# 82#

Cnxy te rcnhb ?9# 82#

Vrcxc`hc ej hekvn`icx i` tbc xnkc mi`c ej

osxi`cxx i` tbc rcaie`

82#

It tsr`cd est tbnt qny jer bixterih rcnxe`x ?9# 82#

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8.8 I`tcrnhtie`

Tbc evverts`iticx te c`tcr i`te rcmntie`xbivx n`d nhbiczc mnxti`a heevcrntizc mi`lx xbesmd oc n

hbnrnhtcrixtih ej xhic`hc vnrlx Jrek tbc mixt ej mehntie` jnhterx- it qesmd xcck tbnt tbix qnx e`c ej

tbc rcnxe`x jer tbc hekvn`icx nt tbc tqe xhic`hc vnrlx xcmchti`a tbcir rcmczn`t mehntie`x Qc

anzc tbc c`trcvrc`csrx n `skocr ej xtntckc`tx "tnomc 4) te eotni` kerc i`jerkntie` e` tbix

Qc hn` he`jirk ‘ e` tbc onxix ej tbc ji`di`ax ‘ tbnt arcntcr l`eqmcdac vredshtizity qitbi` tbc

hekvn`y ix `et asnrn`tccd oy tbc vrcxc`hc ej l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie`x n`d etbcr hekvn`icx i` tbcikkcdintc c`zire`kc`t Xekc rcxsmtx nrc vexitizc- etbcrx nrc `et Tbc rcxve`dc`tx jrek tbc Oie

Xhic`hc Vnrl dixnarcc qitb tbix xtntckc`t te n arcntcr dcarcc tbn` tbexc jrek tbc Biab Tchb

Hnkvsx

Tbc xtntckc`t tbnt oci`a mehntcd nt n xhic`hc vnrl ix vri`hivnmmy n aeed evverts`ity jer vrejimi`a

tbc hekvn`y yicmdcd kerc er mcxx tbc xnkc vihtsrc S`xsrvrixi`amy- tbcrc ix n knrlcd `cantizc

rcmntie`xbiv qitb tbc jirxt xtntckc`t7 tbexc qbe xnid jer tbc j irxt xtntckc`t tbnt l`eqmcdac

vredshtizity ix `et c`hesrnacd qcrc kerc milcmy te xny jer tbc xche`d xtntckc`t tbnt oci`a mehntcd

e` n xhic`hc vnrl ix n aeed qny ej vrejimi`a tbc hekvn`y

Tbc idcn cvrcxxcd cnrmicr i` tbix vnvcr tbnt tbc chbn`ac ej l`eqmcdac ix hcrtni`my `et vriknrimy

mi`lcd te n xhic`hc vnrl ix ckvbnxixcd bcrc Tbc kngerity ej tbc c`trcvrc`csrx qesmd oc

vrcvnrcd te trnzcm zcry me`a dixtn`hcx jer hrshinm i`jerkntie`

Tnomc 4 Xhercx jer xtntckc`tx vrcxc`tcd

Nmtbesab 3:# ej tbc rcxve`dc`tx narcc qitb tbc xtntckc`t tbnt- i` vrnhtihc- tbc xhic`hc vnrl

decx `et rcnmmy vrezidc tbcir hekvn`y qitb zcry kshb qbc` it hekcx te rcmntie`xbivx qitb

l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie`x n`d etbcr hekvn`icx- `e`ctbcmcxx- nt tbc Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl- :># ej tbc

rcxve`dc`tx xtntc tbnt tbcy hemmnoerntc qitb etbcr hekvn`icx nt tbc vnrl Jer tbc Biab Tchb

Hnkvsx tbc jiasrc ix kshb tbc xnkc nt :3# Beqczcr- tbix i`hmsdcx czcry he`hciznomc jerk ejrcmntie`xbiv

Ij qc meel xvchijihnmmy nt rcmntie`xbivx i` tbc jicmd ej _*D- tbcrc ix n `etihcnomc dijjcrc`hc octqcc`

tbc tqe xhic`hc vnrlx i`zcxtiantcd Tbcy qcrc ~scxtie`cd noest hemmnoerntie` i` tbc jicmd ej _*D

"i` tcrkx ej hnvitnm n`d kn`+besrx) n`d tbc acearnvbihnm dixtriostie` ej tbix Tbc Oie Xhic`hc

Vnrl yicmdx tbc cvchtcd vihtsrc tbnt tbc he`triostie` ej tbc xhic`hc vnrl- teq` n`d rcaie` ix

>. L`eqmcdac vredshtizity i` esr hekvn`y ix xia`ijihn`tmy biabcr tbn` it qesmd oc i` n`etbcr mehntie` ochnsxc ej tbc hekvn`icx n`d l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie`x mehntcd i` tbc ikkcdintc zihi`ity ej esr hekvn`y .

Tetnmmy dixnarcc >4# Dixnarcc 8?# Narcc 4?# Tetnmmy narcc >>#

?. I` vrnhtihc- n xhic`hc vnrl decx `et rcnmmy xcck te vrezidc esr hekvn`y qitb zcry kshb qbc` it hekcx te rcmntie`xbivx qitb l`eqmcdac i`xtitstie`x n`d etbcr hekvn`icx. Ost it ix n aeed qny ej vrejimi`a esr hekvn`y "knrlcti`a- iknac).

Tetnmmy dixnarcc :# Dixnarcc 82# Narcc 48# Tetnmmy narcc >8#

8. Dixtn`hc ix irrcmczn`t qbc` it hekcx te l`eqmcdac tbnt ix ac̀ si`cmy hrshinm jer ky osxi`cxx. Ij `chcxxnry- I qesmd trnzcm te tbc c`dx ej tbc cnrtb te nh~sirc tbix l`eqmcdac.

Tetnmmy dixnarcc 6# Dixnarcc ?:# Narcc 4:# Tetnmmy narcc ?2#

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mikitcd n`d tbnt _*D heevcrntie` evcrntcx zin tbc `ntie`nm te i`tcr`ntie`nm mczcmx "jiasrc ?) Tbc

vihtsrc jer tbc hekvn`icx e` tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx ix tetnmmy dijjcrc`t- qitb tbc xhic`hc vnrl itxcmj

n`d tbc hity vmnyi`a n jnr arcntcr remc Tbix kny oc mi`lcd te tbc biabmy i``ezntizc `ntsrc ej tbc

Ci`dbezc` rcaie`- qbcrc tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx ix xitsntcd I` ndditie`- tbc qbemc he`hcvt

s`dcrmyi`a tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx qnx dcxia`cd te xtiksmntc rcxcnrhb hemmnoerntie`

Heevcrntie` qitb tbc s`izcrxity ix mikitcd E` tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx- ?9# ej tbc rcxve`dc`tx xny

tbnt tbcy qerl qitb tbc s`izcrxity Tbc jiasrc jer tbc Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl ix 4?#

Jiasrc ? _caie`nm dixtriostie` ej hemmnoerntie` qitb etbcr hekvn`icx i` tbc jicmd ej _*D- Oie Xhic`hc

Vnrl- Mcidc`

Jiasrc 8 _caie`nm dixtriostie` ej hemmnoerntie` qitb etbcr hekvn`icx i` tbc jicmd ej _*D- Biab Tchb

Hnkvsx- Ci`dbezc`

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8.4 Tbc he`hcvt

Tnomc 3 xbeqx tbc biabcxt+xheri`a mehnm mehntie` jnhterx E` tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx- it ix kerc n

knttcr ej oci`a nomc te qerl teactbcr tbn` tbc kcrc vrcxc`hc ej etbcr hekvn`icx Tbc vrcxc`hc

ej xvchijih jnhimiticx ix nmxe n he`triosti`a jnhter Tbix ix i` mi`c qitb tbc rcxsmtx dcxhriocd noezc

rcanrdi`a knger i`tcrnhtie` e` tbc xitc n`d i` Ci`dbezc`

It ix i`tcrcxti`a te `etc tbnt nt tbc Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl tbc iknac ej tbc osimdi`ax xhercd vnrtihsmnrmy

biabmy- qbimc tbc hekvn`icx e` tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx anzc n biab xherc te tbc vnrl nx n qbemc

Tnomc 3 _caie`nm hbnrnhtcrixtihx ej mehntie` xcmchtie` "vcrhc̀ tnac ej tbc c̀ trcvrc`csrx qbe `nkcd tbc

rcmczn`t jnhter< kext ikvertn`t jnhterx qitb n xherc ej ezcr ?3#)

Qitb rcxvcht te tbc s`izcrxity i` he`hrctc tcrkx- rcxve`dc`tx qcrc nxlcd beq kshb tbcy znmscd

tbc znriesx evverts`iticx tbnt tbc s`izcrxity hesmd ejjcr te hekvn`icx Tbc ~scxtie` he`hcr`cd tbc

znmsntie` n`d `et tbc nhtsnm xitsntie` Tbc znriesx nxvchtx nrc mixtcd ocmeq i` dcxhc`di`a erdcr ej

znmsntie`7

+ Evverts`iticx jer gei`t rcxcnrhb qitb tbc s`izcrxity ‘ :6# "zcry) vexitizc

+ Nhhcxx te miornricx n`d i`jerkntie` xyxtckx ‘ 32# "zcry) vexitizc

+ Nhhcxx te arndsntc xtsdc`tx ‘ 33# "zcry) vexitizc

+ Evverts`iticx jer s`izcrxity xtnjj te qerl vnrt+tikc i` esr hekvn`y ‘ 4:# "zcry) vexitizc

+ He`trnht rcxcnrhb ‘ 82# "zcry) vexitizc

+ Nhndckih trni`i`a vrearnkkcx jer ky xtnjj ‘ 84# "zcry) vexitizc+ Nhhcxx te mnoerntericx er hmcn` reekx ‘ 84# "zcry) vexitizc

+ Evverts`iticx jer vnrt+tikc tsitie` aizc` nt tbc s`izcrxity ‘ >1# "zcry) vexitizc

It hn` oc cxtnomixbcd tbnt n` noezc nzcrnac `skocr ej evverts`iticx nrc xcc` jer heevcrntie`

qitb tbc s`izcrxity- nx qcmm nx tbnt tbc nhhcxx te `cq arndsntcx bnx n `etnomy biab xherc

Tbc tqe xitcx nmxe cbioit dijjcrc`hcx- qitb tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx nani` rczcnmi`a tbnt i`tcrnhtie`

xcckx te vmny n xekcqbnt arcntcr remc bcrc tbn` nt tbc Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl Tbc jemmeqi`a

evverts`iticx nrc ac`crnmmy znmscd kerc biabmy nt tbc Biab Tchb Hnkvsx tbn` nt tbc Oie Xhic`hc

Vnrl7

+ Evverts`iticx jer s`izcrxity xtnjj te qerl vnrt+tikc i` esr hekvn`y

+ Nhndckih trni`i`a vrearnkkcx jer tbc xtnjj ej hekvn`icx mehntcd nt tbc xhic`hc vnrl

+ Nhhcxx te mnoerntericx er hmcn` reekx

8.3 _caie`nm che`ekih nddcd znmsc

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hekvnrixe` hn` oc kndc qitb tbc js`htie`i`a ej hekvn`icx mehntcd estxidc tbc tqe vnrlx

Biab Tchb Hnkvsx Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl

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tbc xitc

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hekvn`icx hmexc oy

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Xvchijih jnhimiticx jer tbc osxi`cxx vrehcxx"hmcn` reekx- mnox- cth)

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xitcx

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xvchijih c`zire`kc`t tbnt ix ndzn`tnacesx jer tbc hekvn`icx i`zemzcd- xtre`amy acnrcd te

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xtre`acr tbn` nzcrnac

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nmxe jnr kerc ikvertn`t tbn` i` etbcr he`hcvtx

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dchndcx- biabmy cdshntcd vcrxe``cm qimm ochekc xhnrhcr nx n rcxsmt ej dckearnvbih hbn`acxJer l`eqmcdac+i`tc`xizc hekvn`icx- oci`a nomc te nttrnht n`d rctni` biabmy ~snmijicd ckvmeyccx

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nttrnhti`a xtnjj qitb ~snmijihntie`x nt tbc s`izcrxity n`d biabcr zehntie`nm mczcmx "Ki`ixtcric CW-

?663) Tbix rcxsmtx i` tbc ”onttmc jer orni`veqcr‛ trc`d rcvertcd oy kn`y vcevmc Qbnt qc nrc `eq

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xtrsaamc te nttrnht tnmc`tcd ckvmeyccx

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rn`ac ej jnhimiticx e` ejjcr- i`hmsdi`a rchrcntie`nm evverts`iticx

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ckvmeyccx nrc `e me`acr meeli`a gsxt nt xnmnry n`d hnrccr vrexvchtx

Tbsx- it ix nmxe i`tcrcxti`a te xcc tbnt 18# ej tbc c`trcvrc`csrx nt tbc Oie Xhic`hc Vnrl i` Mcidc`n`d tbc Biab Tchb hnkvsx i` Ci`dbezc` "tetnmmy) narccd qitb tbc jemmeqi`a xtntckc`t7 I` zicq ej tbc i`hrcnxi`a xhnrhity ej biabmy ~snmijicd i`dizidsnmx e` tbc ckvmeykc`t knrlct- it ix cxxc`tinm tbnt n xhic`hc vnrl ejjcrx tbc evtiknm qerl c`zire`kc`t te ckvmeyccx. Tbix i`zemzcx ctc`xizc jnhimiticx "jer i`xtn`hc- xbevx- bnirdrcxxcrx- hntcri`a cxtnomixbkc`tx- jit`cxx xtsdiex- cth.) n`d n` 

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nttrnhtizcmy dcxia`cd osxi`cxx vnrl qitb rchrcntie`nm evverts`iticx "qnmli`a n`d rs``i`a restcx-kccti`a vmnhcx- cth.).

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vnrl n`d te c`xsrc n xvchijih hekoi`ntie` ej jnhimiticx

It ix ikvertn`t te nzeid dczcmevkc`t oci`a vrekvtcd xemcmy oy nznimnomc xsoxidicx Jnimsrcx de n

rcaie` `e aeed Mehnm nstberiticx xekctikcx nmmeq tbckxcmzcx te oc tee cnximy vcrxsndcd oy tbc

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hrcntc dczcmevkc`t i` n hmsxtcr ej hekvn`icx tbnt nrc nx yct zcry xknmm Hmsxtcrx hn` oc- nt kext-

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xtrntcaih zixie` jer tbc me`a tcrk Tbc noxc`hc ej xshb n xtrntcay ix hsrrc`tmy vexi`a vreomckx jer

xhic`hc vnrlx i` tbc S`itcd Li`adek n`d mcndx te mikitcd areqtb er `e`c nt nmm Vcrbnvx it ix `et

kerc xhic`hc vnrlx tbnt qc `ccd- ost octtcr e`cx

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