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FACV No. 27 of 2008

IN THE COURT OF FINAL APPEAL OF THEHONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

FINAL APPEAL NO. 27 OF 2008 (CIVIL)(ON APPEAL FROM CACV NO. 194 OF 2008)

_______________________

Between

PCCW HKT TELEPHONE LIMITED 1stPlaintiff(1stAppllant!

PCCW SERVICES LIMITED "n#Plaintiff("n#Appllant!

$ an# $

DAVID MATTHEW MCDONALD AITKEN 1stDfn#ant(1stRsp%n#nt!

HONG KONG CSL LIMITED "n#Dfn#ant

("n#

Rsp%n#nt!_______________________

Co!"t M" #!$t%&e Bo'"* P#+ M" #!$t%&e Cn P#+M" #!$t%&e R%,e%"o P#+ M" #!$t%&e L%tton NP# n-Lo"- off/nn NP#

te$ of e"%n 2 Fe,"!"* 2009

te of #!-/ent 1 Fe,"!"* 2009&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

' U D G M E N T&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

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M" #!$t%&e Bo'"* P#

1. Fo" te "e$on$ $o &e"* $tte- ,* M" #!$t%&e R%,e%"o P# n-

Lo"- off/nn NP# w%t wo$e 5!-/ent$ I ent%"e* "ee+ I wo!- -%$/%$$

t%$ 66e+ n- I wo!- -e w%t &o$t$ %n te /nne" 6"o6o$e- ,* M" #!$t%&e

R%,e%"o P#. e e%-en&e %n t%$ &$e -oe$ not e$t,%$ "e "%$'+ et one

6"o,,%%t*+ tt te e/6o*ee &nnot 6"t%&%6te %n te &t%%t* &on&e"ne- on

,ef of %$ new e/6o*e" w%to!t /%$!$%n &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on

,eon%n to %$ fo"/e" e/6o*e". I -o not fee &e- !6on to $* wt %t /*

o" /* not ,e 6"o6e"* o6en to &o!"t to -o %n n* &$e %n w%& te e%-en&e+

o" %n-ee- n -/%$$%on+ e$t,%$e$ $!& /%$!$e $ "e "%$'+ 6"o,,%%t* o"een &e"t%nt*. A tt I w% $* %$ wo"- on te 6o$%t%on of n* on on

&o!"t $'e- to /'e n %n5!n&t%on e:&!-%n n e/6o*ee f"o/ 6"t%&%6t%on %n

n* %en &t%%t*. e &o!"t wo!- e to &on$%-e" not on* te &o//on w

6o%&* w%& o6e"te- %n Rakusen v Ellis ;1912< 1 C 81 ,!t $o te

=f"ee-o/ of &o%&e of o&&!6t%on> w%& ee"*one e"e $ ,* %"t!e of "t$

n- 41 of o!" &on$t%t!t%on te B$%& Lw.

M" #!$t%&e Cn P#

2. I "ee w%t te 5!-/ent$ of M" #!$t%&e R%,e%"o P# n- Lo"- off/nn

NP#+ n- w%t M" #!$t%&e Bo'"* P#?$ o,$e"t%on$.

M" #!$t%&e R%,e%"o P#

. e /%n @!e$t%on "%$%n on t%$ 66e /* ,e $tte- $ foow$ Cn n

e/6o*e" o,t%n n %n5!n&t%on %n$t fo"/e" e/6o*ee wo &@!%"e-

&onf%-ent% n- 6"%%ee- %nfo"/t%on -!"%n %$ e/6o*/ent+ to "e$t"%n %/

not /e"e* f"o/ /%$!$%n o" -%$&o$%n $!& %nfo"/t%on+ ,!t f"o/ ,e%n

e/6o*e- on /tte"$ to w%& $!& %nfo"/t%on /* ,e "eent %n %$ new 5o,

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Mo,%e P"t* Netwo"' P*$ (=MPNP>). %$ /en$ tt MNO$ "e "e@!%"e- to

6* %nte"&onne&t%on &"e$ fo" &$ 6$$%n ,etween MNO n- FNO

netwo"'$+ "e"-e$$ of we"e $!& &$ o"%%nte.

7. e A %$$!e- $tte/ent on 27 A6"% 2007 (=te 2007 Dtte/ent>)

nno!n&%n tt te MPNP 6o%&* wo!- &e$e w%t effe&t f"o/ A6"% 2009+

e%n FNO$ n- MNO$ to neot%te /on te/$ee$ te %nte"&onne&t%on

te"/$ n- &"e$ 66%&,e te"efte". At te $/e t%/e+ te 2007 Dtte/ent

6"o%-e- fo" &ont%n!t%on of te "e@!%"e/ent 'nown $ =An*toAn*

&onne&t%%t*> (o" =A2A>) we"e,* e& netwo"' o6e"to" %$ o,%e- to &onne&t

ote" netwo"'$? &$ to %t$ own netwo"'.

8. A$ te e:%$t%n MPNP "e%/e $ ,een *%e-%n to FNO$ n nn! "een!e

of $o/e HG00 /%%on+ of w%& PCC "e&e%e$ twot%"-$+ te %//%nent

-e"e!t%on 6o$e$ te t"et of $%n%f%&nt o$$ of %n&o/e to PCC.

Mo"eoe"+ %en te &ont%n!e- A2A o,%t%on+ PCC?$ &on&e"n $ ,een tt

MNO$ wo!- ,e %n no !""* to neot%te &&e6t,e "e6&e/ent FMIC te"/$.

In e%-en&e f%e- %n te /%--e of $t *e"+ %t w$ &o//on "o!n- tt te

2007 Dtte/ent "%$e$ te $%ne /o$t %/6o"tnt %$$!e f&%n MNO$ n- FNO$

%n on on =fo" t e$t te ne:t 12 /ont$ n- 6"o,,* fo" $o/e t%/e

te"efte">.

9. PCC?$ "e&t%on to te 2007 Dtte/ent w$ %//e-%te* to ,e%n e:6o"%n

e en!e$ fo" 6"ote&t%n %t$ %nte"e$t$+ ,ot %$%$ te A n- ote"

MNO$+ %n&!-%n CDL. e"e w$ f!""* of &t%%t* -!"%n te t"ee /ont$

o" $o foow%n %t$ %$$!e. e $o%&%to"$? f%"/+ e",e"t D/%t+ w$ %n$t"!&te-

n- Lon-on e-%n &o!n$e e:6e"%en&e- %n -/%n%$t"t%e n- &o/6et%t%on w

we"e ,"o!t %n to -%$e. e"e we"e /eet%n$ n- &o//!n%&t%on$ w%t

te$e e -%$e"$ %no%n &on$%-e"t%on of 6o$$%,e e o6t%on$+ %n&!-%n

66e$ to te ee&o//!n%&t%on (Co/6et%t%on P"o%$%on$) A66e Bo"-

(=te A66e Bo"->) n- 5!-%&% "e%ew 6"o&ee-%n$. PCC $*$ tt

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6!"$!nt to $!& -%&e+ &e"t%n &o//e"&% n- e $t"te%e$ we"e -o6te-

n- $6e&%f%& 6"o&ee-%n$ !n&e-. e %nfo"/t%on n- -%&e -%$&!$$e- %n

te$e /eet%n$ n- &o//!n%&t%on$ e ,een fo!n- to ,e t e$t t"%,*

&onf%-ent% n- 6"%%ee- (to te e:tent tt te* e not $!,$e@!ent*

ente"e- te 6!,%& -o/%n).

10.It %$ PCC?$ &$e tt M" A%t'en w$ %nt%/te* %noe- %n t%$ &t%%t*

n- te"efo"e 6"%* to te &onf%-ent% n- 6"%%ee- -%$&!$$%on$ w%& too'

6&e. M" A%t'en -%$6!te$ te e:tent of %$ %noe/ent n- $*$ tt e $

%tte "e&oe&t%on of wt ten t"n$6%"e-. owee"+ te #!-e fo!n- tt te"e

%$ t e$t t"%,e %$$!e $ to %$ %noe/ent %n te /nne" ee-.

C. PCCWs complaint

11.en te 6o$%t%on of e- of Re!to"* n- Co"6o"te Aff%"$ ,e&/e

&nt t CDL+ M" A%t'en 66%e- fo" n- w$ offe"e- te 5o,. On 2 #n!"*

2008+ e e t"ee /ont$? not%&e to te"/%nte %$ PCC e/6o*/ent+ $

"e@!%"e- !n-e" %$ &ont"&t of e/6o*/ent.

12.%$ &ont"&t $o &ont%ne- two "eent &oennt$. F%"$t+ te"e w$ n

!n-e"t'%n not to =/'e !$e of+ -%!e o" &o//!n%&te to n* 6e"$on ... n*

of te t"-e $e&"et$ o" ote" &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on of o" "et%n to ;PCC+

"e$t"%&t%on w%& wo!- &ont%n!e to 66* fte" te"/%nt%on w%to!t t%/e

%/%t. %$ &onf%-ent%%t* !n-e"t'%n 66%e- to /tte"$ %n&!-%n =

%nfo"/t%on not 6!,%&* %,e "et%n to ;PCC %n&!-%n %nfo"/t%on

"et%n to =,!$%ne$$ $t"te%e$>+ =PCC?$ F%:e- ee&o//!n%&t%on$ Netwo"'

De"%&e$ L%&en&e ... n- ;PCC?$< -e%n$ w%t OFA> n- %t$ =-e%n$ w%t

n* oe"n/ent o" @!$%oe"n/ent -e6"t/ent ...>

1.De&on-*+ te"e w$ "e$t"%&t%e &oennt we"e,* M" A%t'en !n-e"too'

tt+ e:&e6t w%t PCC?$ 6e"/%$$%on+ e wo!- "ef"%n f"o/ t'%n

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e/6o*/ent %n on on w%t n* of PCC?$ &o/6et%to"$ fo" 6e"%o- of

t"ee /ont$ fte" te"/%nt%on of %$ e/6o*/ent.

14.en %%n not%&e of te"/%nt%on+ M" A%t'en $'e- PCC to w%e te

"e$t"%&t%e &oennt $o tt e &o!- t'e !6 %$ 5o, w%t CDL w%to!t w%t%n

fo" t"ee /ont$. PCC "ee- to -o $o. M" Dt!"t J C%"on+ to wo/ M"

A%t'en ten "e6o"te-+ $tte$ tt te w%e" w$ "nte- $%n&e e -

!n-e"$too- f"o/ M" A%t'en tt FMIC %$$!e$ wo!- f o!t$%-e te /,%t of

te tte"?$ new "oe t CDL. M" A%t'en -en%e$ %%n tt %/6"e$$%on. In te

eent+ %$ e/6o*/ent w%t PCC &e$e- on 20 M"& 2008 n- ,en w%t

CDL on 2 M"& 2008.

1.In /%-A6"% 2008+ ,o!t *e" ,efo"e te MPNP 6o%&* w$ to en-+ PCC

66%e- to te A fo" 6e"/%$$%on to %n&"e$e %t$ FMIC t"%ff ,* 2K. A$ M"

C%"on te" e:6%ne-+ t%$ w$ to 6"o%-e PCC w%t ,"%n%n &%6 to

en&o!"e te $t"t of $e"%o!$ neot%t%on$ w%t MNO$ on -e"e!te- FMIC

te"/$ n- "te$. e A e %t$ 66"o n- te 2K %n&"e$e w$

nno!n&e- on 2 M* 2008. wo -*$ te"+ CDL e- 6"e$$ &onfe"en&e

tten-e- ,* M" A%t'en+ /on$t ote"$. It &"%t%&%e- PCC?$ !n%te"

%n&"e$e of te &onne&t%on t"%ff n- te A?$ 66"o %en w%to!t

&on$!tt%on. It 6"o/%$e- e &t%on %n "e$6on$e n- $tte- tt M" A%t'en

$o!- ,e &ont&te- fo" f!"te" %nfo"/t%on.

1G.M" C%"on $tte$ tt M" A%t'en?$ 6"t%&%6t%on %n te 6"e$$ &onfe"en&e &/e

$ $!"6"%$e $%n&e e - ,e%ee- tt te tte" wo!- not ,e %noe- %n

FMIC %$$!e$. Do%&%to"$? ette"$ we"e $ent to M" A%t'en n- CDL -e/n-%n n

!n-e"t'%n tt M" A%t'en wo!- not %noe %/$ef %n $!& wo"'. en

$!& !n-e"t'%n$ we"e not fo"t&o/%n+ PCC !n&e- te 6"e$ent &t%on

n- $o!t %nte"%/ %n5!n&t%e "e%ef "e$t"%n%n M" A%t'en f"o/ FMIC

%noe/ent.

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17.PCC $$e"t$ tt M" A%t'en $ ,een 6"%* not /e"e* to te &onf%-ent%

n- 6"%%ee- $t"te%& -%$&!$$%on$ /ent%one- ,oe+ ,!t $o to -%$&!$$%on$

"et%n $6e&%f%&* to (%) A66e 24 ,efo"e te A66e Bo"- n- te "ete-

5!-%&% "e%ew 6"o&ee-%n$ %n CAL G2007 %no%n PCC?$ &ene to

te A?$ -%"e&t%on$ on te"/$ of %nte"&onne&t%on ,etween PCC n- "f

Lt-+ note" FNO n- (%%) A66e 2 %n w%& PCC $o!t to &ene

te A?$ 6owe" to %$$!e te 2007 Dtte/ent. e &onf%-ent% n- 6"%%ee-

%nfo"/t%on e - &@!%"e- t PCC %$ $%- $o to ,e "eent to A66e 2G+

o-e- ,* CDL &en%n te A?$ 66"o of PCC?$ 2K t"%ff %n&"e$e.

18.A$ M" C%"on 6!t$ %t+ PCC ,e%ee$ tt %t %$

=... %/6o$$%,e fo" M" A%t'en 6"o6e"* to ,e %noe- %n FMIC /tte"$ fo" CDL"%$%n o!t of o" %n &onne&t%on w%t te 2007 Dtte/ent %en te nt!"e of %$ 6"%o"%noe/ent fo" PCC on te ote" $%-e of te $/e %$$!e$ n- te &onf%-ent%%nfo"/t%on of PCC to w%& e %$ 6"%* $ "e$!t. %$ 'nowe-e of te$e/tte"$ w% %ne%t,* %nf!en&e %$ &t%on$ n- %$ -%&e to CDL.>

19.e 6o$%t%on -o6te- ,* CDL n- M" A%t'en $ t"o!o!t ,een tt M"

A%t'en w% not !$e o" -%$&o$e to CDL n* &onf%-ent% o" 6"%%ee-%nfo"/t%on+ offe"%n n !n-e"t'%n n- $!,/%tt%n to te #!-e?$ o"-e" to tt

effe&t. owee"+ te* -%$6!te PCC?$ ent%te/ent to "e$t"%n %/ f"o/ ,e%n

%noe- fo" CDL %n FMIC %$$!e$ %n te &o!"$e of %$ e/6o*/ent. e

e%-en&e %$ tt $o/e 70K of M" A%t'en?$ t%/e t CDL %$ $6ent on $!& %$$!e$.

e 6"%n&%6 @!e$t%on %n t%$ 66e te"efo"e "ete$ to te %,%%t* of "e%ef

%/6o$%n "e$t"%&t%on on te "e$ of &t%%t* %n w%& M" A%t'en /* ,e

e/6o*e-.

20.In &o//en-,* /et%&!o!$ n- &o/6"een$%e 5!-/ent+2e6!t* %

Co!"t #!-e A! "ef!$e- te w%-e" "e%ef ,!t "nte- (w%to!t o66o$%t%on f"o/

te "e$6on-ent$) n %n5!n&t%on %n$t /%$!$e n- -%$&o$!"e %n te"/$ "e

2 CA 10892008+ 10 #!* 2008.

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f$%one- ,* %/ fo" "ete" 6"t%&!"%t*. B* /5o"%t* (Le P%&on #A

-%$$ent%n)+ te Co!"t of A66e!6e- te #!-e?$ -e&%$%on.

D. The leal principles

D.! "ormer emplo#ees and confidential information

21.e w -o6t$ 6o%&* %n fo!" of f"ee-o/ of e/6o*/ent n- %n$t

"e$t"%nt of t"-e. A$ Lo"- At'%n$on $tte- %n $er%ert&orris 'td v (axel%#+4

=no 6e"$on $ n ,$t"&t "%t to ,e 6"ote&te- %n$t &o/6et%t%on 6e" $e %n %$

t"-e o" ,!$%ne$$> n- n e/6o*e" /!$t te"efo"e ,e 6"e6"e- to en&o!nte"

&o/6et%t%on =een t te n-$ of fo"/e" e/6o*ee>.

22.It %$ "e&on%e-+ owee"+ tt n e/6o*e" $ e%t%/te %nte"e$t %n

6"ote&t%n %$ t"-e $e&"et$ n- &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on of n e@!%ent $tt!$

wen n e/6o*ee ee$. o @!ote Lo"- At'%n$on %n

=;An e/6o*e"< %$ !n-o!,te-* ent%te- to e %$ %nte"e$t %n %$ t"-e $e&"et$6"ote&te-+ $!& $ $e&"et 6"o&e$$e$ of /n!f&t!"e w%& /* ,e of $t !e. An-

tt 6"ote&t%on /* ,e $e&!"e- ,* "e$t"%n%n te e/6o*ee f"o/ -%!%n te$e$e&"et$ o" 6!tt%n te/ to %$ own !$e. e %$ $o ent%te- not to e %$ o-&!$to/e"$ ,* $o%&%tt%on o" $!& ote" /en$ ent%&e- w* f"o/ %/. B!t f"ee-o/f"o/ &o/6et%t%on 6e" $e 6"t f"o/ ,ot te$e t%n$+ owee" !&"t%e %t /%t

,e to %/+ e %$ not ent%te- to ,e 6"ote&te- %n$t.>

2.e %n5!n&t%e "e%ef o,t%n,e %n$t $!& fo"/e" e/6o*ee$ %$ te"efo"e

$!,5e&t to &e"t%n %/%t$. An e/6o*ee+ w%e e/6o*e-+ %$ $!,5e&t to n

%/6%e- -!t* of f%-e%t* w%& "e@!%"e$ %/ not to -%!e o" !$e+ $e fo" %$

e/6o*e"?$ ,enef%t+ n* &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on 66e"t%n%n to te e/6o*e"?$

,!$%ne$$. owee"+ 6o$tte"/%nt%on "e%ef %n$t n e/6o*ee %$ &onf%ne- to

"e$t"%n%n /%$!$e o" -%$&o$!"e on* of t"-e $e&"et$ n- &onf%-ent%

;2008< LR G7+ n VP+ Le P%&on #A n- Dtone #.

4 ;191G< 1 AC G88 t 700 n- 702. ;191G< 1 AC G88 t 702.

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%nfo"/t%on of n e@!%ent $tt!$. Conf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on of e$$e"

$%n%f%&n&e %$ not $!,5e&t to $!& 6"ote&t%on.G

24.e w &'nowe-e$ tt n e/6o*ee often ,"%n$ to 5o, %$ own $to&'

of $'%+ 'nowe-e n- e:6e"%en&e. In-ee-+ %$ 6o$$e$$%on of $!& $$et$ w%

often ,e te "e$on fo" %"%n %/. An- f"e@!ent*+ e/6o*ee$ w% -- to $!&

'nowe-e n- e:6e"%en&e %n te &o!"$e of te e/6o*/ent. e"e "e$t"%nt %$

$o!t+ %t %$ %/6o"tnt to -%$t%n!%$ ,etween te e/6o*e"?$ t"-e $e&"et$ n-

te e/6o*ee?$ own $'% n- 'nowe-e w%& e ne&e$$"%* &""%e$ w*

w%t %/ wen &n%n 5o,$. %e n e/6o*e" /* 6"o6e"* &%/

6"ote&t%on fo" %$ t"-e $e&"et$+ e %$ not ent%te- to "e$t"%n te fo"/e"

e/6o*ee f"o/ -e6o*%n %$ own $'% n- 'nowe-e fo" te ,enef%t of

%/$ef n- %$ new e/6o*e".7

2.!$+ we"e n e/6o*e" $ee'$ to "e$t"%n n e/6o*ee %n$t /%$!$e o"

-%$&o$!"e of %$ t"-e $e&"et$+ e $ te ,!"-en of %-ent%f*%n w%t 6"e&%$%on

wt t"-e $e&"et$ (o" &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on of e@!%ent $tt!$) e $ee'$ to

6"ote&t. A$ off/nn # ($ Lo"- off/nn ten w$) e:6%ne- %n 'ock v

Bes)ick8

=e e/6o*ee /* not+ fte" e%n %$ e/6o*/ent+ /'e !$e of+ %n te wo"-$ ofNe% L# ;%n "accenda Chicken 'td v "o)ler ;1987< 1 C 117 t 1G

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3 10 3

2G.A f!"te" %/%tt%on on 6o$tte"/%nt%on "e%ef "efe&t$ te 6o%&* of $e&!"%n

te f"ee-o/ of %n-%%-!$ to $ee' e/6o*/ent on te ,o!" /"'et. e w

%$ $t!te to 6"eent &%/$ fo" 6"ote&t%on of t"-e $e&"et$ o" &onf%-ent%

%nfo"/t%on f"o/ !n-e"/%n%n tt 6o%&*. It w% ene"* "ef!$e n

%n5!n&t%on to "e$t"%&t n e/6o*ee?$ f%e- of &t%%t* ($ o66o$e- to "e$t"%n%n

/%$!$e o" -%$&o$!"e) e:&e6t %n$of" $ $!& "e$t"%&t%on fow$ f"o/ n

enfo"&e,e "e$t"%&t%e &oennt. %$ w$ $!//"%$e- ,* D&ott # ($ e ten

w$) %nBalston 'td v $eadline "ilters 'td+9$ foow$

=e !$e of &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on "e$t"%&t%on$ %n o"-e" to fette" te ,%%t* of te$ee/6o*ee$ to !$e te%" $'%$ n- e:6e"%en&e fte" -ete"/%nt%on of te%" e/6o*/entto &o/6ete w%t te%" e:e/6o*e" %$+ %n /* %ew+ 6otent%* "/f!. It wo!- ,e&6,e of %/6o$%n new fo"/ of $e"%t!-e o" $e"f-o/+ to !$e C!//%nB"!&e L#$wo"-$ ;%n * D (earle + Co 'td v Celltech 'td ;1982< FDR 92

D., (olicitors and the confidential information of former clients

28.e &on$%-e"t%on$ ,e"%n on te "et%on$%6 of $o%&%to" n- &%ent "e

@!%te -%ffe"ent. It %$ f%-!&%"* "et%on$%6 %n w%& te &onf%-en&e$ "e

to$e of te &%ent. e &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on "e&e%e- ,* te $o%&%to" n-

te -%&e ten-e"e- ,* %/ "e "e&e%e- n- %en $oe* fo" te &%ent?$

6!"6o$e$. On* te &%ent+ n- not te $o%&%to"+ &n w%e $!& &onf%-ent%%t*

9 ;1987< FDR 0 t 1.10 ;19G< 1 LR 1 t G.

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3 11 3

(n-+ we"e te &o//!n%&t%on$ "e 6"%%ee-+ w%e $!& 6"%%ee). e

$o%&%to" $ no &%/ to !$e fo" %$ own 6!"6o$e$ n* of te &onf%-ent%

%nfo"/t%on %/6"te- w%t%n te f%-!&%"* "et%on$%6. !$+ te 6o%&%e$ of

6"ote&t%n n e/6o*ee?$ f"ee-o/ to -e6o* %$ 6e"$on $'% n- 'nowe-e

fo" %$ own ,enef%t n- of $e&!"%n te f"ee %,%%t* of e/6o*ee$ %n te

,o!" /"'et -o not e:ten- to $o%&%to" wo w%$e$ to &&e6t %n$t"!&t%on$

f"o/ new &%ent wo$e %nte"e$t$ "e -e"$e to to$e of te fo"/e" &%ent+ on

/tte" to w%& %$ fo"/e" &%ent?$ &onf%-en&e$ "e "eent.

29.e e ,!"-en ,o"ne ,* &%ent wo $ee'$ 6"ote&t%on of %$ &onf%-ent%

%nfo"/t%on %n te n-$ of %$ fo"/e" $o%&%to" %$ &&o"-%n* /!& %te".

e"e$ te e/6o*e" $ te on!$ of e$t,%$%n tt te e/6o*ee %$

6o$$e$$e- of 6"e&%$e* %-ent%f%,e t"-e $e&"et$ $o!t to ,e 6"ote&te-+ te

&o!"t "e-%* %nfe"$ tt te $o%&%to" %$ %n 6o$$e$$%on of %nfo"/t%on &onf%-ent%

to te fo"/e" &%ent n- w% &o//on* &on$%-e" %t$ "een&e to te /!t!*

-e"$e %nte"e$t$ of te two $et$ of &%ent$ to ,e o,%o!$.11

0.e"e te &o!"t %$ $t%$f%e- tt te $o%&%to" $ &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on of

tt nt!"e+ %$ -!t* to te fo"/e" &%ent %$ !n@!%f%e-. A$ Lo"- M%ett $tte-

%nPrince -efri Bolkiah v P&*12

=It %$ -!t* to 'ee6 te %nfo"/t%on &onf%-ent%+ not /e"e* to t'e "e$on,e$te6$ to -o $o. Mo"eoe"+ %t %$ not /e"e* -!t* not to &o//!n%&te te %nfo"/t%onto t%"- 6"t*. It %$ -!t* not to /%$!$e %t+ tt %$ to $*+ w%to!t te &on$ent of tefo"/e" &%ent to /'e n* !$e of %t o" to &!$e n* !$e to ,e /-e of %t ,* ote"$ote"w%$e tn fo" %$ ,enef%t. e fo"/e" &%ent &nnot ,e 6"ote&te- &o/6ete*f"o/ &&%-ent o" %n-e"tent -%$&o$!"e. B!t e %$ ent%te- to 6"eent %$ fo"/e"$o%&%to" f"o/ e:6o$%n %/ to n* o%-,e "%$' n- t%$ %n&!-e$ te %n&"e$e- "%$'of te !$e of te %nfo"/t%on to %$ 6"e5!-%&e "%$%n f"o/ te &&e6tn&e of%n$t"!&t%on$ to &t fo" note" &%ent w%t n -e"$e %nte"e$t %n /tte" to w%& te%nfo"/t%on %$ o" /* ,e "eent.>

11 Prince -efri Bolkiah v P&*;1999< 2 AC 222 t 2.12 /%id t 22G.

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1.%e te"e %$ no $!,$tnt%e "!e of w tt f%"/ of $o%&%to"$ &n nee"

&t fo" new &%ent w%t %nte"e$t$ -e"$e to to$e of %t$ fo"/e" &%ent+1 te

&o!"t w% "e-%* en5o%n te f%"/ f"o/ $o &t%n !ne$$ %t %$ $t%$f%e- (te f%"/

%n n e%-ent% ,!"-en %n t%$ "e$6e&t) tt no "%$' of /%$!$e o" -%$&o$!"e

of te fo"/e" &%ent?$ &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on+ wete" &on$&%o!$ o"

%n-e"tent+ tt&e$ to te f%"/ t'%n !6 te new &%ent?$ %n$t"!&t%on$. 14 %$

%$ %n /"'e- &ont"$t to te &o!"t?$ !nw%%nne$$ to "e$t"%&t n e:e/6o*ee?$

f%e- of &t%%t* %n te ,$en&e of n enfo"&e,e "e$t"%&t%e &oennt.

E. PCCWs claim

2.e o"-e"$ 6"e$ent* $o!t ,* PCC %n$t M" A%t'en "e twofo-.

() F%"$t+ %t $ee'$ n %n5!n&t%on "e$t"%n%n %/ =f"o/ %n n*

%noe/ent+ wete" -%"e&t o" %n-%"e&t+ %n f%:e-/o,%e

%nte"&onne&t%on %$$!e$ "ete- to o" "%$%n o!t of> te 2007

Dtte/ent =%n&!-%n ,!t not %/%te- to> neot%t%on of FMIC

te"/$ %n &t! o" &onte/6te- 6"o&ee-%n$ ,efo"e te A66e

Bo"- n- %n &o!"t %n 66%&t%on$ fo" -ete"/%nt%on$ f"o/ te

A n- %n %$$!e$ &on&e"n%n FMIC t"%ff$ (=te "e$t"%&t%e o"-e">).

(,) De&on-*+ %t $ee'$ to $!,$t%t!te fo" te %n5!n&t%on %n$t /%$!$e o"

-%$&o$!"e "nte- ,* te #!-e -te- 10 #!* 2008+ n o"-e"

w%& (%) &oe"$ e -%&e "e&e%e- %n "et%on to CAL G2007

n- A66e$ 24 n- 2 n- (%%) "e6&e$ te #!-e?$ o"-e"$ %n'e-to $6e&%f%& /eet%n$ n- &o//!n%&t%on$ %-ent%f%e- %n te

e%-en&e w%t o"-e"$ %n ,"o- te"/$+ $!& $ n o"-e" &oe"%n

&o//!n%&t%on$ =&on&e"n%n te $t"te%& %$$!e$ "%$%n %n "e$6e&t

of FMIC I$$!e$> (=te non-%$&o$!"e o"-e">).

1 Rakusen v Ellis0 &unda# + Clarke;1912< 1 C 81.14 Prince -efri Bolkiah v P&*;1999< 2 AC 222 t 2G27.

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E.! The restrictive order

.It %$ %//e-%te* e%-ent tt te 6"o6o$e- "e$t"%&t%e o"-e" $ee'$ to %/%t

te 6e"/%$$%,e "e of M" A%t'en?$ e/6o*/ent n- %$ '%n to o"-e"$ "nte-

%n$t $o%&%to"$ "e$t"%n%n te/ f"o/ &t%n fo" new &%ent$. It %$ of '%n-

w%& te &o!"t ene"* "ef!$e$ to /'e %n$t n e/6o*ee !ne$$ 5!$t%f%e-

$ /en$ of enfo"&%n %- "e$t"%&t%e &oennt.

4.e "e$t"%&t%e o"-e" $o!t &nnot ,e 5!$t%f%e- $ /en$ of enfo"&%n te

"e$t"%&t%e &oennt %n M" A%t'en?$ &ont"&t of e/6o*/ent. t &oennt

6"eente- %/ f"o/ t'%n !6 e/6o*/ent fo" &o/6et%to" fo" t"ee/ont

6o$tte"/%nt%on 6e"%o-+ ,!t %t w$ w%e-+ en,%n %/ to $t"t wo"' w%t

CDL $o"t* fte" te"/%nt%on. In n* eent+ te t"ee/ont 6e"%o- $ on

$%n&e e:6%"e-.

.M" C"e$ D!$$e: DC+ 66e"%n fo" PCC+ $o!t to "!e tt e

6"ofe$$%on 6"%%ee 6"o%-e$ f!"te" ,$%$ fo" /'%n $!& "e$t"%&t%e

o"-e". M" A%t'en "e&e%e- on PCC?$ ,ef not /e"e* &onf%-ent% ,!t

6"%%ee- -%&e on FMIC %$$!e$ f"o/ e",e"t D/%t n- &o!n$e+ we"e

PCC?$ %nte"e$t$ "e -%/et"%&* o66o$e- to to$e of CDL. Le

6"ofe$$%on 6"%%ee ,e%n %n-%$6!t,* of f!n-/ent %/6o"tn&e to te

-/%n%$t"t%on of 5!$t%&e+ en5o*%n &on$t%t!t%on 6"ote&t%on !n-e" A"t%&e of

te B$%& Lw n- "e&on%e- $ =6"e-o/%nnt 6!,%& %nte"e$t>+1 %t w$

"!e- tt te Co!"t o!t to 6"ote&t %n$t &on$&%o!$ o" %n-e"tent /%$!$e

o" -%$&o$!"e ,* "nt%nBolkiaht*6e "e%ef+ een %n$t n e/6o*ee. Le

6"ofe$$%on 6"%%ee w$ of $!& %/6o"tn&e+ e $!,/%tte-+ tt %t t"!/6$

ote" 6o%&%e$+ %n&!-%n to$e %n$t "e$t"%nt of t"-e n- %n fo!" of

f"ee-o/ of e/6o*/ent.

1 Pe" Lo"- Lo*- of Be"w%&' %nReina v Der%# &aistrates Court0 Ex parte B;199G< AC 487 t 09.

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G.M" D!$$e: w$ !n,e to &%te n* !to"%t* -%"e&t* %n $!66o"t of %$

$!e$te- 66"o&. e "!e-+ owee"+ tt on 6"o6e" n*$%$+ te &$e$

$ow%n te &o!"t$? "e-%ne$$ to en5o%n $o%&%to"$ f"o/ &t%n fo" new &%ent

w%t -e"$e %nte"e$t$ &n ,e $een to "e$t on te nee- to 6"ote&t fo"/e" &%ent?$

6"%%ee- &o//!n%&t%on$. e &&e6te- tt Bolkiah w$ not n !to"%t*

$!66o"t%n %$ "!/ent+ %t %n te"e ,een &on&e-e- tt te %t%t%on

$!66o"t "oe 6*e- ,* PM 5!$t%f%e- t"et%n te/ $ $o%&%to"$. B!t e

$o!t to "e* on wt e &e- -%&t!/ of Lo"- M%ett %n tt &$e we"e %$

Lo"-$%6 $tte-

=It %$ %n n* &$e -%ff%&!t to -%$&e"n n* 5!$t%f%&t%on %n 6"%n&%6e fo" "!e w%&e:6o$e$ fo"/e" &%ent w%to!t %$ &on$ent to n* o%-,e "%$'+ owee" $%t+tt %nfo"/t%on w%& e $ %/6"te- %n &onf%-en&e %n te &o!"$e of f%-!&%"*"et%on$%6 /* &o/e %nto te 6o$$e$$%on of t%"- 6"t* n- ,e !$e- to %$-%$-nte. e"e %n --%t%on te %nfo"/t%on %n @!e$t%on %$ not on* &onf%-ent%

,!t $o 6"%%ee-+ te &$e fo" $t"%&t 66"o& %$ !nn$we",e. An*t%n e$$ f%$to %e effe&t to te 6o%&* on w%& e 6"ofe$$%on 6"%%ee %$ ,$e-. It %$ ofoe""%-%n %/6o"tn&e fo" te 6"o6e" -/%n%$t"t%on of 5!$t%&e tt &%ent $o!- ,e,e to e &o/6ete &onf%-en&e tt wt e te$ %$ w*e" w% "e/%n $e&"et.%$ %$ /tte" of 6e"&e6t%on $ we $ $!,$tn&e. It %$ of te %e$t %/6o"tn&e tote -/%n%$t"t%on of 5!$t%&e tt $o%&%to" o" ote" 6e"$on %n 6o$$e$$%on of

&onf%-ent% n- 6"%%ee- %nfo"/t%on $o!- not &t %n n* w* tt /%t 66e"to 6!t tt %nfo"/t%on t "%$' of &o/%n %nto te n-$ of $o/eone w%t n -e"$e%nte"e$t.>1G

7.I / !n,e to &&e6t t%$ "!/ent. e &$e$ w%& &"&te"%$e e

6"ofe$$%on 6"%%ee $ ,$o!te n- $ 6"e-o/%nnt 6!,%& %nte"e$t "e

&on&e"ne- w%t /%nt%n%n te %n%o,%%t* of 6"%%ee- &o//!n%&t%on$

%n$t &o/6et%n 6o%&%e$ %n fo!" of &o/6!$o"* -%$&o$!"e of te "eent

%nfo"/t%on. D!& %$$!e$ "e not ene- %n te 6"e$ent &$e. No one %$

$!e$t%n tt M" A%t'en %$ ent%te- o" &n ,e &o/6ee- to -%!e o" !$e fo"

CDL?$ ,enef%t PCC?$ 6"%%ee- %nfo"/t%on to w%& e %$ 6"%*. e

"e$6on-ent$ &&e6t tt te* /!$t ,%-e ,* te #!-e?$ o"-e"$ %n$t n*

-%$&o$!"e o" /%$!$e. %$ 66e %$ &on&e"ne- w%t te nt!"e n- $&o6e of te

"e%ef %,e to PCC to /%nt%n te &onf%-ent%%t* of %nfo"/t%on

1G At 2G.

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&@!%"e- ,* M" A%t'en $ fo"/e" e/6o*ee+ n "e we"e te 6o%&* %n$t

"e$t"%nt of t"-e %$ of &ent" %/6o"tn&e. D%n&e %$$!e$ &on&e"n%n &o/6ee-

-%$&o$!"e of 6"%%ee- %nfo"/t%on -o not "%$e+ te"e %$ no &onf%&t w%t tt

6o%&* n- no @!e$t%on of %t ,e%n =t"!/6e-> ,* 6o%&%e$ $!$t%n%n te %

%/6o"tn&e of e 6"ofe$$%on 6"%%ee.

8.I -o not "ee w%t te $!e$t%on tt te &$e$ we"e $o%&%to"$ e ,een

en5o%ne- %n$t &t%n fo" new &%ent$ "e e$$ent%* ,$e- on 6"ote&t%n

6"%%ee. A$ %n-%&te- %n De&t%on of t%$ 5!-/ent+ $!& "e%ef %$+ %n /*

%ew+ fo!n-e- on 6"ote&t%on of &onf%-ent%%t* %n te &onte:t of te f%-!&%"*

"et%on$%6 ,etween $o%&%to" n- &%ent w%& -%ffe"$ $%n%f%&nt* f"o/ te

e/6o*e"e/6o*ee "et%on$%6.

9.e 6$$e f"o/ te $6ee& of Lo"- M%ett "e%e- !6on -oe$ not $$%$t

PCC?$ "!/ent. A$Bolkiah %$ &$e &on&e"ne- w%t "e%ef %n$t f%"/

w%&+ ,* &on&e$$%on+ w$ to ,e t"ete- fo" 6!"6o$e$ $ f%"/ of $o%&%to"$+17

te %,%%t* %n 6"%n&%6e of %n5!n&t%e "e%ef "e$t"%&t%n PM?$ f%e- of

&t%%t%e$ w$ !n&ont"oe"$%. It w$ on te 6"e/%$e of $!& %,%%t* tt

Lo"- M%ett went on to --"e$$ te ee of "%$' of /%$!$e o" -%$&o$!"e

"e@!%"e- to w""nt "e$t"%n%n te f%"/ f"o/ &t%n fo" te new &%ent. It -

,een "!e- tt =n 66"e&%,e "%$'> o" /o"e tn n =&&e6t,e "%$'> $o!-

,e $own ,!t %$ Lo"-$%6 -e&%-e- on $t"%&te" $tn-"- n %n5!n&t%on wo!-

%$$!e !ne$$ te"e w$ no"%$' of $!& -%$&o$!"e o" /%$!$e. e 6$$e "e%e-

!6on te"efo"e t"ow$ no %t on te %$$!e$ %n te 6"e$ent &$e.

40.M" D!$$e: $o $o!t to "!e+ %f $o/ewt f%nt*+ tt n te"nt%e ,$%$

fo" "nt%n te "e%ef $o!t %$ tt M" A%t'en $o!- ,e t"ete- $ &o/%n

w%t%nBolkiah %n tt+ w%e not $o%&%to"+ e o&&!6%e- n noo!$ 6o$%t%on

w%e t PCC. t "!/ent %$ !n$!$t%n,e. e"e %$ no no* n- M"

A%t'en f$ to ,e t"ete- $%/6* $ n e:e/6o*ee fo" 6"e$ent 6!"6o$e$.

17 Bolkiah t 24.

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3 1G 3

41.It %$ te"efo"e /* %ew tt te #!-e n- te /5o"%t* %n te Co!"t of

A66e we"e "%t to "ef!$e "e%ef %n te nt!"e of te "e$t"%&t%e o"-e" $o!t.

E., The non1disclosure order

42.e #!-e?$ o"-e" %$ $et o!t %n 6""6 12(4) of %$ Lo"-$%6?$ 5!-/ent

n- %n 6""6 G0 of te 5!-/ent of Dtone # %n te Co!"t of A66e. It

"e$t"%n$ M" A%t'en f"o/ -%$&o$%n o" !$%n fo" te ,enef%t of CDL o" n*one

e$e+ %nfo"/t%on %/6"te- to %/ %n $e"%e$ of $6e&%f%e- o" n- w"%tten

-%$&!$$%on$ n- &o//!n%&t%on$ w%t te e -%$e"$ on FMIC %$$!e$. In

"nt%n n o"-e" %n $!& te"/$ (n- "e5e&t%n te /!& e$$ $6e&%f%& o"-e"$

$o!t ,* PCC)+ te #!-e w$ en-eo!"%n to en$!"e tt te &onf%-ent%

%nfo"/t%on 6"ote&te- w$ 6"o6e"* -e%nete- f"o/ M" A%t'en?$ own $to"e of

'nowe-e n- e:6e"%en&e of "e!to"* /tte"$ %n te tee&o//!n%&t%on$

f%e-. e #!-e w$ $o 6"o6e"* &on&e"ne- to en$!"e tt te 6"t%e$

en5o%ne- 'new 6"e&%$e* wt te* we"e 6"o%,%te- f"o/ -o%n.

4.A $t"on ee/ent of -%$&"et%on %$ ene"* %noe- %n -e&%-%n ow ,e$t to

fo"/!te te o"-e" to ,e /-e. I &n $ee no "e$on to %nte"fe"e w%t te

#!-e?$ -%$&"et%on n- no $!& "e$on$ e ,een -n&e- ,* M" D!$$e:. e

#!-e w$ ent%te- to fo"/!te %$ o"-e"$ %n te te"/$ "nte- n- to "ef!$e

o"-e"$ of te t*6e now $o!t. F!"te"/o"e+ te tte/6t to e:ten- %n5!n&t%e

"e%ef to %nfo"/t%on to!&%n !6on A66e 24 n- CAL G2007 %$ %n n*

eent !nten,e. e "eent e %$$!e$ e ,een 6!,%&* -e,te- ,efo"ete A66e Bo"- n- te &o!"t %n te 5!-%&% "e%ew 6"o&ee-%n$. Mo"eoe"+

tt ent%"e -%$6!te w$ $ette- n- te 6en-%n 66e w%t-"wn %n #!ne 2008.

In &o//on w%t ee"* 5!-e %n te &o!"t$ ,eow+ I f%n- %t %/6o$$%,e to $ee

wt te"e %$ eft to 6"ote&t "e"-%n n* -%&e o" %nfo"/t%on &o//!n%&te-

to M" A%t'en %n te f%"$t f of 2007 &on&e"n%n to$e 6"o&ee-%n$.

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". Conclusion

44.Fo" te fo"eo%n "e$on$+ I wo!- -%$/%$$ te 66e n- /'e n o"-e"

n%$% tt PCC 6* te "e$6on-ent$? &o$t$. I wo!- -%"e&t tt te 6"t%e$ ,e t

%,e"t* to f%e n- $e"e n* "e6"e$entt%on$ $ to &o$t$ %n w"%t%n w%t%n 14 -*$

of te n-%n -own of t%$ 5!-/ent+ w%t n* w"%tten "e6"e$entt%on$ %n "e6*

to ,e f%e- n- $e"e- w%t%n 14 -*$ te"efte"+ te o"-e" n%$% to ,e&o/e

,$o!te w%to!t f!"te" o"-e" %n te ,$en&e of n* w"%tten "e6"e$entt%on$ $

fo"e$%-.

4.A$ 6o$t$&"%6t+ wt t%$ 5!-/ent -oe$ not-e&%-e $o!- ,e /ent%one-.

Q!e$t%on$ &on&e"n%n 6o$$%,e "e%ef %n$t n %no!$e w*e" wo &ne$

5o,$ to t'e !6 6o$%t%on on te ote" $%-e of &ontent%o!$ %$$!e o" %n$t

6e"$on wo /oe$ f"o/ e/6o*/ent $ n %no!$e w*e" to 6"%te 6"&t%&e

$ $o%&%to" (o" %&ee"$) to &t on te ote" $%-e of &ontent%o!$ /tte"+ -o

not "%$e on te 6"e$ent 66e. I w%$ e:6"e$$* to ee $!& @!e$t%on$ o6en.

M" #!$t%&e L%tton NP#

4G.I "ee w%t te 5!-/ent$ of M" #!$t%&e R%,e%"o P# n- Lo"- off/nn

NP#+ n- w%t M" #!$t%&e Bo'"* P#?$ o,$e"t%on$.

Lo"- off/nn NP#

47.In Rakusen v Ellis0 &unda# and Clarke ;1912< 1 C 81+ 89 Fet&e"

Mo!ton L# $%-

=In /o$t ,!$%ne$$e$ te"e /!$t ,e 6e"$on$ %n $!& &onf%-ent% "et%on to tee/6o*e"$tt te 'nowe-e w%& te* &@!%"e &on$%$t$ $!,$tnt%* of te$e&"et$ of te%" e/6o*e". D!& e/6o*/ent$ &o/e to n en- $o/et%/e$ t te &o%&eof te /$te"+ $o/et%/e$ t te &o%&e of te $e"nt+ n- te"e!6on -%ff%&!t%e$ne&e$$"%* "%$e+ ,e&!$e te 6e"$on wo %$ no one" %n e/6o*/ent $t% $ %n %$

,"e$t $e&"et$ w%& "e te 6"o6e"t* of %$ 6$t e/6o*e". e %ew tt te wt'e$ of te "%t$ of te 6"t%e$ %n tt 6o$%t%on %$ too &e" to ,e -%$6!te-. ee/6o*ee %$ @!%te f"ee to o %nto te $e"%&e of 6eo6e wo /* ,e te "%$ o" teo66onent$ of %$ fo"/e" /$te". e w -oe$ not $* tt te 6o$$e$$%on of to$e

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$e&"et$ $ &"%66e %$ wo"'+ o" $te"%%e %t. e /* o %nto e/6o*/ent @!%te%n&on$%$tent w%t te e/6o*/ent w%& e - %n te 6$t. A tt te w $*$ %$So! $ not -%$&o$e o" 6!t t te $e"%&e of *o!" new e/6o*e" te $e&"et$ tt

,eon to *o!" o- e/6o*e".>

48.Fet&e" Mo!ton L# went on to $* tt te e/6o*/ent of $o%&%to" ,*

&%ent w$ =$6e&% &$e> %n w%& te &o!"t wo!- not /e"e* o"-e" $o%&%to"

not to !$e o" -%$&o$e fo"/e" &%ent?$ &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on ,!t &t!*

"e$t"%n %/ f"o/ &t%n %n$t te &%ent %f te"e w$ $!,$tnt% "%$' tt e

wo!-+ &on$&%o!$* o" $!,&on$&%o!$*+ %ntent%on* o" &&%-ent*+ !$e o"

-%!e $!& %nfo"/t%on. InPrince -efri Bolkiah v P&*;1999< 2 AC 222 te

o!$e of Lo"-$ e:/%ne- t%$ $6e&% &$e n- e- tt te &o!"t %n Rakusens&$e - fo"/!te- te te$t too n""ow*. A $o%&%to" o!t to ,e "e$t"%ne-

f"o/ &t%n %n$t fo"/e" &%ent %f te"e w$ an#"%$'+ not /e"e* fn&%f!+

tt %$ &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on /%t ,e !$e- o" -%$&o$e-.Prince -efris&$e

w$ not &on&e"ne- w%t $o%&%to" ,!t w%t f%"/ w%& - ,een ene- to

6"o%-e =%t%t%on $!66o"t $e"%&e$> $ fo"en$%& &&o!ntnt$. It w$ owee"

&on&e-e- ,* te &&o!ntnt$ tt te 6"%n&%6e %nRakusens&$e $o 66%e- to

te/. e o!$e of Lo"-$ -%- not te"efo"e -%$&!$$ ow f" %t /%t e:ten-.

49.e @!e$t%on %n t%$ 66e %$ wete" te -%$t%n&t%on w%& Fet&e"

Mo!ton L# -"ew ,etween te 6o$%t%on of e/6o*ee$ n- tt of $o%&%to"$ (o"

ote"$ ene- to 6"o%-e %t%t%on $e"%&e$) %$ $t% $o!n-. e 5!-e n- te

Co!"t of A66e $%- tt %t "e/%n$ te w tt &o!"t w% not+ %n te wo"-$

of Fet&e" Mo!ton L#+ &"%66e o" $te"%%e te wo"' of fo"/e" e/6o*ee+

een %f e $ t'en !6 new e/6o*/ent %n&on$%$tent w%t %$ 6"e%o!$

e/6o*/ent. It w% on* en5o%n %/ f"o/ !$%n o" -%!%n te $e&"et$ of %$

fo"/e" e/6o*e". e 66ent$ $* tt n e/6o*ee wo $ &@!%"e-

&onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on w%& wo!- ,e te $!,5e&t of e 6"ofe$$%on

6"%%ee $o!- ,e t"ete- %n te $/e w* $ $o%&%to" ene- ,* te

e/6o*e". eRakusenn-Prince -efri6"%n&%6e $o!- 66*.

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0.e "eent f&t$ /* ,e $o"t* $tte-. e tee&o//!n%&t%on %n-!$t"* %n

on on %$ "e!te- ,* te ee&o//!n%&t%on$ A!to"%t* (A) w%&

%&en$e$ te o6e"to"$. One %&en$%n &on-%t%on !6on w%& te A $ %n$%$te-

%n te 6!,%& %nte"e$t %$ tt n* o6e"to" $o!- ,e ent%te-+ !6on $!%t,e

te"/$+ to &onne&t w%t te netwo"'$ of ote" o6e"to"$ $o tt %$ &!$to/e"$ "e

,e to &o//!n%&te w%t te $!,$&"%,e"$ to ote" netwo"'$. e A 6"o%-e$

!%-n&e $ to wt te te"/$ of %nte"&onne&t%on $o!- ,e+ n- !nt% "e&ent*

%t$ 6o%&* w$ tt /o,%e netwo"' o6e"to"$ (MNO$) $o!- 6* f%:e- netwo"'

(o" n-%ne) o6e"to"$ (FNO$) fo" t"ff%& &""%e- oe" te%" netwo"'$

,etween /o,%e n- f%:e- tee6one$+ w%&ee" &!$to/e" - /-e te &.

D!& 6*/ent$ "e &e- f%:e- /o,%e %nte"&onne&t%on &"e$ (FMIC$). e

6o%&* w$ -nteo!$ n- 6"of%t,e fo" FNO$ ,!t "e$ente- ,* MNO$+ wo

&%/e- tt %t w$ !nf%" n- e- ,&' te&noo%& -n&e.

1.M" A%t'en %$ n A!$t"%n w*e" wo ente"e- te tee&o//!n%&t%on$

%n-!$t"* %n A!$t"%. In 200 e &/e to on on to wo"' fo" on on

CDL Lt- (=CDL>)+ "e MNO. %$ t%te w$ Le A-%$e"+ Le n-Re!to"* Aff%"$. In M"& 2007 e too' !6 e/6o*/ent w%t te PCC

"o!6+ wo"'%n fo" PCC ee6one Lt- (=PCC>)+ w%& %$ ,* f" te

"e$t FNO. It $ ,o!t twot%"-$ of te /"'et. e"e e w$ $t*e- ene"

Mne"+ Re!to"* Co/6%n&e.

2.In A6"% 2007+ $oon fte" M" A%t'en - 5o%ne- PCC+ te A %$$!e-

$tte/ent $*%n tt %t 6"o6o$e- fte" two *e"$ to ,n-on te 6o%&* of"e@!%"%n MNO$ to 6* FMIC$. It w$ $t% to ,e &on-%t%on of %&en&e tt n

o6e"to" $o!- ow ote" o6e"to"$ to %nte"&onne&t+ ,!t te te"/$ !6on w%&

te* -%- $o we"e to ,e eft to neot%t%on "te" tn 6"e$&"%,e- ,* te A.

.e $tte/ent &!$e- &on$te"nt%on t PCC+ w%& w$ f&e- w%t te

6otent% o$$ of "e /o!nt of "een!e. It w$ 6"t%&!"* &on&e"ne- t

,e%n "e@!%"e- to neot%te te te"/$ w%to!t ,e%n owe- to "ef!$e

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%nte"&onne&t%on %f n MNO "ef!$e- to 6* wt PCC to!t "e$on,e. Do

%t went to $o%&%to"$ n- &o!n$e to o,t%n -%&e on ow ,e$t %t &o!- -efen- %t$

6o$%t%on. o&!/ent$ n- e/%$ we"e &%"&!te- n- /eet%n$ e-. Lon-on

&o!n$e e:6e"t %n -/%n%$t"t%e n- &o/6et%t%on w &/e to on on n-

e- &on$!tt%on$. V"%o!$ fo"/$ of %t%t%on+ ,* w* of 66e to te

ee&o//!n%&t%on$ A66e Bo"- o" 66%&t%on fo" 5!-%&% "e%ew+ we"e

%n%t%te- o" -%$&!$$e-. Fo" te f%"$t $%: /ont$ of M" A%t'en?$ e/6o*/ent w%t

PCC te"e w$ f!""* of $!& &t%%t*. e w$ on te e/% &%"&!t%on %$t+

$w $o/e of te -o&!/ent$ n- tten-e- $o/e of te /eet%n$ n-

&on$!tt%on$. en+ %n O&to,e" 2007+ te &t%%t* $!,$%-e-. At te en- of te

*e" e w$ offe"e- /o"e $en%o" 6o$t ,* %$ fo"/e" e/6o*e"+ CDL. e

"e$%ne- f"o/ PCC n- ,en wo"' w%t CDL %n %n M"& 2008+ w%t te

t%te of e- of Re!to"* n- Co"6o"te Aff%"$.

4.PCC $ee/ to e ,een f%"* "e:e- ,o!t te f&t tt M" A%t'en w$

o%n to wo"' fo" CDL+ -e$6%te te f&t tt+ $ te* now $*+ e w$ 6"%* to

te%" /o$t %nt%/te $e&"et$ ,o!t te%" 6"o6o$e- $t"te*+ $t"ent$ n-we'ne$$e$ on te %$$!e w%& %$ %//e-%te $!6e"%o" M" C%"on -e$&"%,e- $

=%* &ontent%o!$> n- =te $%ne /o$t %/6o"tnt %$$!e f&%n MNO$ n-

FNO$ %n on on fo" t e$t 12 /ont$>. In f&t PCC &o!"teo!$* "ee-

to $/oot %$ 6t ,* w%%n 6"t of t"ee /ont$ non&o/6et%t%on &!$e %n

%$ &ont"&t of e/6o*/ent. e* $* (to! %t %$ -%$6!te-) tt t%$ w$

,e&!$e te* - no %-e tt M" A%t'en+ -e$6%te %$ "e!to"* ,&'"o!n-+

wo!- ,e 6e"$on* %noe- %n /tte"$ &on&e"n%n FMIC$. P"e$!/,* te*

to!t tt $ on $ &oe!e %n te CDL off%&e w$ &t!* n-%n te

FMIC @!e$t%on+ M" A%t'en &o!- ,e t"!$te- to 'ee6 %$ !,e 'nowe-e to

%/$ef. %$ &ont"&t of e/6o*/ent - %n&!-e- ,"o- &onf%-ent%%t*

&!$e. At n* "te+ PCC $o!t no "e$$!"n&e on te 6o%nt.

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.t 66e"$ to e $t!n PCC %nto &t%on w$ CDL?$ o$t%e "e&t%on to

$t"te* te* -o6te- %n M* 2007 of /'%n $!,$tnt% %n&"e$e %n te

FMIC$ fo" te "e/%n-e" of te two *e" %nte"%/ 6e"%o- -!"%n w%& te o-

$*$te/ w$ to &ont%n!e. On 2 M* 2008 CDL %$$!e- 6"e$$ "ee$e %n w%&

te* -e$&"%,e- t%$ t"%ff %n&"e$e $ n e:e"&%$e of =$%n%f%&nt /"'et 6owe"

,* -o/%nnt 6*e" tt -%$to"t$ &o/6et%t%on>. e 6"e$$ "ee$e n/e- M"

A%t'en $ te &ont&t 6o%nt fo" CDL. PCC "e$6on-e- ,* w"%t%n to M" A%t'en

$'%n fo" n !n-e"t'%n tt e wo!- not ,e %noe- %n n*t%n to -o w%t

FMIC$. e o,5e&t%e+ $ we we"e to- ,* &o!n$e fo" PCC+ w$ to =t'e %/

o!t> of te neot%t%on$ n- -%$6!te$ on t%$ to6%&. M" A%t'en $%- tt e

wo!- o,$e"e %$ o,%t%on$ of &onf%-ent%%t* ,!t "ef!$e- to "e$t"%&t %$ "e

of wo"'.

G.PCC 66%e- fo" %nte"o&!to"* %n5!n&t%on$ %n$t M" A%t'en n- CDL.

e 6"%n&%6 "e%ef w%& te* &%/e- w$ n o"-e" "e$t"%n%n M" A%t'en

f"o/T

=%n n* %noe/ent+ wete" -%"e&t o" %n-%"e&t+ %n f%:e-/o,%e %nte"&onne&t%on%$$!e$ "ete- to o" "%$%n o!t of te Dtte/ent of te ee&o//!n%&t%on A!to"%t*-te- 27 A6"% 2007>

7.In --%t%on+ te* $'e- fo" n o"-e" "e$t"%n%n %/ f"o/ -%$&o$%n o" !$%n

=n* &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on of te 6%nt%ff$+ wete" %n "et%on to te FMIC

%$$!e$ o" ote"w%$e.> e6!t* #!-e A! "ef!$e- $ /tte" of 6"%n&%6e to "nt

te o"-e" "e$t"%n%n M" A%t'en?$ 6"t%&%6t%on %n FMIC %$$!e$. e -%- owee"

"nt "e%ef %n$t !$e o" -%$&o$!"e of &e"t%n $6e&%f%e- fo"/$ of &onf%-ent%

%nfo"/t%on. It 66e"$ tt &o!n$e fo" PCC 6"o-!&e- -"ft o"-e" %n

$o/ewt /o"e $6e&%f%& te"/$ tn tt $o!t %n te $!//on$+ ,!t te o"-e"

/-e ,* te 5!-e w$ $t% n""owe". PCC 66ee- %n$t te "ef!$ of te

o"-e"$ %t - $o!t ,!t te 5!-e?$ -e&%$%on w$ !6e- ,* te Co!"t of A66e

(n VP n- Dtone #+ Le P%&on #A -%$$ent%n). PCC 66e$ to t%$ Co!"t.

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8.M" D!$$e: DC+ wo 66e"e- fo" PCC+ &&e6te- tt te ene" "!e

"e/%n$ $ $tte- ,* Fet&e" Mo!ton L# %n Rakusens &$e+ n/e*+ tt

&o!"t w% "e$t"%n fo"/e" e/6o*ee f"o/ !$%n o" -%!%n %$ e/6o*e"?$

$e&"et$ ,!t w% not %nte"fe"e w%t %$ &t%%t%e$ %n %$ new e/6o*/ent. %$

"!e %$ ,$e- !6on te 6!,%& %nte"e$t %n ow%n 6eo6e to &ne 5o,$ n-

/'e f! !$e of te%" 'nowe-e n- $'%$. B!t e $!,/%tte- tt te"e %$ n

e:&e6t%on %n &$e$ %n w%& te e/6o*e"?$ &onf%-ent% %nfo"/t%on %$ $o te

$!,5e&t of e 6"ofe$$%on 6"%%ee (=LPP>). e 6o%&* w%& !n-e"%e$

LPP+ n/e* to en&o!"e f"ee &o//!n%&t%on w%t e -%$e"$ %n te

%nte"e$t$ of 5!$t%&e+ %$ $o %/6o"tnt tt %t t"!/6$ te 6!,%& %nte"e$t %n f"ee-o/

of /oe/ent fo" e/6o*ee$. M" D!$$e: "efe""e- to &$e$ $!& $ R v Der%#

&aistrates2 Court0 Ex p B;199G< AC 487+ w%& e/6$%$e te &on$t%t!t%on

%/6o"tn&e of LPP. It &nnot ,e oe""%--en %n te %nte"e$t of $o/e ote" $6e&t

of 6!,%& 6o%&* U not een+ $ teDer%# &$e $ow$+ te 6!,%& %nte"e$t %n not

&on%&t%n n %nno&ent 6e"$on. F!"te"/o"e+ ,ot LPP n- te 6"%n&%6e %n

Rakusens &$e+ w%& $fe!"-$ te &onf%-ent%%t* of &o//!n%&t%on$

,etween $o%&%to" n- &%ent+ "e ,$e- !6on te $/e 6!,%& 6o%&* $ee Lo"-

M%ett %nPrince -efri Bolkiah v P&* ;1999< 2 AC 222+ 2G. e"efo"e+

$%- M" D!$$e:+ %t %$ o%& to %e %nfo"/t%on $!,5e&t to LPP te $/e

6"ote&t%on w%& teRakusen6"%n&%6e %e$ to &o//!n%&t%on$ w%t $o%&%to"$

n- to 6"eent n*one %n 6o$$e$$%on of $!& %nfo"/t%on f"o/ &t%n %n

&6&%t* -e"$e to te &%ent !ne$$ te"e %$ no "%$' tt e /%t !$e o" -%!e

$!& %nfo"/t%on.

9.e "!/ent w$ $'%f!* 6"e$ente- ,!t %n /* o6%n%on %t &o/e$ 6"t

!n-e" e:/%nt%on n- te"e %$ no !to"%t* to $!66o"t %t. e Co!"t of A66e

w$ "%t to "e5e&t %t. F%"$t+ %t %$ ne&e$$"* to -%$t%n!%$ ,etween LPP n- "%t$

"%$%n f"o/ &onf%-ent%%t*. LPP %$ privilee+ tt %$ to $*+ e "%t+ ,*

w* of e:&e6t%on to $o/e ene" o,%t%on to n$we" @!e$t%on$ o" 6"o%-e

-o&!/ent$+ to w%to- %nfo"/t%on f%n w%t%n 6"t%&!" &teo"*+ $!& $

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%nfo"/t%on ten-%n to %n&"%/%nte o" &o//!n%&t%on$ fo" te 6!"6o$e of

o,t%n%n e -%&e. e @!e$t%on of 6"%%ee "%$e$ on* wen %nfo"/t%on

%$ $o!t !n-e" &o/6!$o"* 6owe"$. Conf%-ent%%t*+ on te ote" n-+ %e$

"%$e to "%t to 6"eent $o/eone e$e f"o/ !$%n o" -%!%n %nfo"/t%on. e

"%t %$ not &onf%ne-+ %'e 6"%%ee+ to 6"t%&!" &teo"%e$ of %nfo"/t%on ,!t

66%e$ to %nfo"/t%on %n w%& &onf%-ent%%t* &n $!,$%$t (%.e. w%& %$ not

%n te 6!,%& -o/%n) n- !$!* -e6en-$ !6on te %nfo"/t%on %n ,een

&o//!n%&te- %n &onf%-en&e $ee Coco v A 3 Clark 4Enineers5 'td ;19G9 $ 5!$t%f*%n "!e tt

n*one wo - %nfo"/t%on w%& w$ ,ot &onf%-ent% n- te $!,5e&t of

LPP w$ $!,5e&t to te $6e&% "e/e-* %,e %n$t $o%&%to"$. In /*

o6%n%on+ owee"+ Lo"- M%ett &o!- not e %nten-e- $o w%-e n e:ten$%on of

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teRakusen6"%n&%6e o" to &$t n* -o!,t !6on wt Fet&e" Mo!ton L# -

$%- ,o!t te 6o$%t%on of e/6o*ee$. e t*6e of "et%on$%6$ to w%& te

Rakusen 6"%n&%6e 66%e- w$ not n %$$!e %n Prince -efris &$e ,e&!$e

PM -/%tte- tt te* we"e %n $%t!t%on noo!$ to $o%&%to"$ ($ee

6.24) n- Lo"- o6e of C"%e- $%- (t 6.22G) tt %n %$ o6%n%on te*

we"e "%t to -o $o. It wo!- ,e $ton%$%n %f Lo"- M%ett+ %n $e&t%on of %$

$6ee& -e%n w%t te -e"ee of "%$' "e@!%"e- to t"%e" te 5!"%$-%&t%on+ -

%nten-e- to $* tt no no* w%t $o%&%to"$ w$ "e@!%"e-.

G.M" D!$$e: $!,/%tte- %n te te"nt%e tt M" A%t'en w$ %n 6o$%t%on

noo!$ to tt of $o%&%to". e w$ n %no!$e w*e" w%t te $/e

"e$6on$%,%%t%e$ $ n o!t$%-e w*e". e "efe""e- to Canadian Pacific Rail)a#

Co v Aikins0 &acAula# + Thorvaldson(1998) 17 LR (4t) 47+ %n w%& te

Mn%to, Co!"t of A66e e- tt te Cn-%n e@!%ent of te Rakusen

6"%n&%6e &o!- 66* to -%$@!%f* fo"/e" %no!$e w*e" of te Cn-%n

P&%f%& R%w* Co/6n*+ now %n 6"%te 6"&t%&e+ f"o/ &t%n %n$t %$

fo"/e" e/6o*e". In /* o6%n%on+ t%$ $!,/%$$%on f%$ on te f&t$. e &o!"t %nte Canadian Pacific Rail)a# &$e -%$t%n!%$e- (t 6.481) ,etween

%nfo"/t%on w%& te w*e" - o,t%ne- %n %$ &6&%t* $ &o!n$e n-

%nfo"/t%on w%& e o,t%ne- $ n -/%n%$t"to". If M" A%t'en &te- $ n

=%no!$e w*e"> t + w%& I "te" -o!,t+ e &e"t%n* -%- not -o $o %n

"et%on to FMIC. e offe"e- PCC no e -%&e wtee". A$ ene"

Mne"+ Re!to"* Co/6%n&e+ e -%- no /o"e tn tten- /eet%n$ n-

"e&e%e -o&!/ent$.

GG.F%n* te"e %$ $e6"te %$$!e ,o!t te $&o6e of te %n5!n&t%on to "e$t"%n

te !$e o" -%$&o$!"e of $6e&%f%& %nfo"/t%on+ %n$t w%& te"e %$ no 66e

,* M" A%t'en o" CDL. PCC $* tt %t %$ not w%-e eno! n- ee$ o!t

&teo"%e$ of %nfo"/t%on w%& o!t to e ,een %n&!-e-. e te"/$ of n

%nte"o&!to"* %n5!n&t%on "e e"* /!& /tte" fo" te 5!-e?$ -%$&"et%on $ee+

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3 2G 3

fo" e:/6e+Attorne# *eneral v Punch 'td;200< 1 AC 104G. e 5!-e w$

f&e- w%t te t$' of -e%$%n n %n5!n&t%on %n $!ff%&%ent* 6"e&%$e te"/$ to

en,e M" A%t'en to ,e &e" ,o!t wt e w$ not owe- to -o n- w%&

e PCC -e@!te 6"ote&t%on w%to!t ,e%n o66"e$$%e. I -o not t%n' e

w$ $$%$te- ,* te f&t tt PCC w$ not 6"t%&!"* fo"t&o/%n ,o!t te

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