2008hsc biology

8/9/2019 2008HSC Biology

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2008H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C A T E

E X A M I N A T I O N

Biology

GeneralInstructions

•Readingtime–5minutes

•Workingtime–3hours

•Writeusingblackorbluepen

•Drawdiagramsusingpencil

•Board-approvedcalculatorsmay

beused

•WriteyourCentreNumberand

StudentNumberatthetopof

pages9,13,17and21

Totalmarks–100

SectionI Pages2–24

75marks

Thissectionhastwoparts,PartAandPartB

PartA–15marks•AttemptQuestions1–15

•Allowabout30minutesforthispart

PartB–60marks

•AttemptQuestions16–28

•Allowabout1hourand45minutesforthispart

SectionII Pages25–30

25marks•AttemptONEquestionfromQuestions29–33

•Allowabout45minutesforthissection

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SectionI75marks

PartA–15marks

AttemptQuestions1–15

Allowabout30minutesforthispart

Usethemultiple-choiceanswersheetforQuestions1–15.

1 Whichbloodvesselsinhumanscontainstructuresthatallowbloodtoflowinonlyone

direction?

(A) Arteries

(B) Capillaries

(C) Lymphvessels

(D) Veins

2 Which of the following pathogen types cause diseases that can be treated with

antibiotics?

(A) Bacteria

(B) Macro-parasites

(C) Prions

(D) Viruses

3 To protect a farm animal from a plant toxin, a gene for resistance to the toxin was

transferredtothefarmanimal.

Whichtermbestdescribesthisprocess?

(A) Cloning

(B) Geneticengineering

(C) Artificialpollination

(D) Artificialinsemination

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4 Whichprocessinvolvesdetectingchangesfromastablestatethencounteractingthese

changes?

(A) Enantiostasis

(B) Homeostasis

(C) Osmosis

(D) Phagocytosis

5 Whyarepoliovaccinationseffective?

(A) Theycauseaninflammationresponseresultingintheproductionofantibodiesthat

engulfthepoliovirusifitentersthebody.

(B) Theycausean immune responseresultingin theproductionofcytotoxic(killer)

Tcellsthatremaininthebloodattackingallvirusesthatenterthebody.

(C) TheycauseanimmuneresponseresultingintheproductionofmemoryBcellsthat

providearapidresponseifinfectedbythepoliovirus.

(D) TheycauseaninflammationresponseresultingintheproductionofmemoryTcells

thatprovidealimitedresponseifinfectedbythepoliovirus.

6 Somestudentscarriedoutinvestigationstodeterminewhetheranewlydiscoveredanimal

wasanectothermoranendotherm.Eachstudentmadeoneobservationandconclusion.

Whichisthecorrectconclusionbasedontheobservation?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Observation Conclusion

Itwasnotamammal. Theanimalisanectotherm.

Itsbodytemperaturewas37°C. Theanimalisanendotherm.

Itstemperaturewaslessthanthe

temperatureofthecage.

Theanimalisanendotherm.

Itstemperatureandmetabolismincreased

whenthecagetemperatureincreased.

Theanimalisanectotherm.

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7 Whichprocessesresultingeneticvariationofoffspring?

(A) DNAmutationandgameteformation

(B) Celldifferentiationandgameteformation

(C) DNAmutationandpolypeptideproduction(D) Celldifferentiationandpolypeptideproduction

8 Somestudentswanttodetermineifthecolouroflightaffectsplantgrowth.

Whichofthefollowingisasuitablehypothesistobetestedbythestudents?

(A) Allplantswillgrowbetterinredlight.

(B) Allplantswillgrowbiggerflowersinsunlight.

(C) Peaplantswillgrowtallerinredlightthaninbluelight.

(D) Peaplantswillgrowfasterthanbeanplantsincolouredlight.

9 Whatistheroleofantigensinthebody’sdefenceagainstdisease?

(A) Theybindtoinvadingpathogens.

(B) Theytriggertheimmuneresponse.

(C) Theyinactivateinvadingantibodies.(D) Theysuppresstheinflammationresponse.

10 Whichscientistimprovedtheunderstandingoftheimmuneresponse?

(A) GeorgeBeadle

(B) FrankMacfarlaneBurnet

(C) RobertKoch

(D) WalterSutton

11 What finding from the study of comparative embryology supports the theory of

evolution?

(A) Embryosareeasilyfossilised.

(B) Theembryosoffishandmammalslookverysimilar.

(C) Thedominantchromosomesarepassedontoembryos.

(D) Mutationingametesiscommonandthisleadstodifferentembryos.

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12 After an infection was treated with a new drug, inflammation decreased. In a few

patients,inflammationreturnedafteroneweek.Inthesepatients,thepathogenscausing

theinfectionwereshowntoberesistanttothedrug.

Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheseobservations?

(A) Thesepatientsdevelopedresistancetothedrug.

(B) Thedecreaseininflammationallowedthepathogenstobecomeresistanttothedrug.

(C) The white blood cells were not functioning properly and therefore the

inflammationreturned.

(D) Afewpathogensresistanttothedrugswerepresentat thestartoftreatmentand

naturalselectionincreasedtheirnumbers.

13 Whatdoesmitosisproducetoassistinthemaintenanceofhealth?

(A) Gametestoensurereproduction

(B) Polypeptidestoensurecellgrowth

(C) Prionstoprotectcellsagainstcancer

(D) Cellstoreplacethosethataredamaged

14 Whatisthemostimportantdifferencebetweenactiveandpassivetransport?

(A) Activetransportrequiresenergyinput,passivetransportdoesnot.

(B) Activetransportoccursinanimals,passivetransportoccursonlyinplants.

(C) Active transport does not use membranes, passive transport always uses

membranes.

(D) Activetransportoccurswheneveranorganismmoves,passivetransportdoesnot

involvemovementoftheorganism.

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15 In a particular sex-linkeddisease, progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of

coordinationleadtodeathbeforetheageoffive.

1 2

3

Female

Male

Affectedfemale

Affectedmale

Usingthispedigree,whatisthegenotypeoftheindividualsnumbered1,2and3?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Individual 1 Individual 2 Individual 3

Normal Normal Normal

Carrier Normal Carrier

Normal Carrier Normal

Normal Carrier Carrier

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©BoardofStudiesNSW2008


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2008 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

BiologyCentreNumber

SectionI(continued)

PartB–60marks StudentNumberAttemptQuestions16–28

Allowabout1hourand45minutesforthispart

Answerthequestionsinthespacesprovided.

Marks

3

Question16(3marks)

Aplantspeciesmayhaveredorwhiteflowers.Twored-floweredplantswerecrossed.Mostoftheoffspringhadredflowers,butsomehadwhiteflowers.

Explainthepresenceofbothred-andwhite-floweredoffspring.

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Marks

1

3

Question17(4marks)

(a) LabeltheTWOcomponentsofphloemtissueindicatedinthediagram.

(b) Describe ONE theory about the processes responsible for the movement of

materialsthroughphloemtissue.

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whitebloodcell

platelet

redbloodcell

10mm

Marks

3

1

Question18(4marks)

Usingalightmicroscope,astudentlookedatapreparedslideofhumanblood,and

drewascaleddiagram.

Thediagramshownisarepresentationofthestudent’sscaleddiagram.

(a) Assesstheaccuracyofthediagram.

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(b) Whyisitsafertousepreparedslidesinsteadoffreshblood?

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Marks

4

Question19(4marks)

Anewproducthasbeendevelopedtokillpathogensindrinkingwater.

Designanexperimenttotesttheeffectivenessoftheproduct.

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BiologyCentreNumber

SectionI–PartB(continued)

StudentNumber

Marks

5

Question20(5marks)

Describe theoccurrence, symptoms, cause and treatment/management of a named

non-infectiousdisease.

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Question 21 (3 marks)

Both the Australian marsupial bilby and the North American placental jack rabbit are

found in hot, dry environments.

How would the Darwin/Wallace theory of evolution account for the similarity in ear

size?

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Awaiting copyright

© EPA, Queensland reproduced

by permission. Image supplied

courtesy of the Environmental

Protection Agency, Queensland

Bilby


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5

4

Question22(5marks)

Explainhowhormoneactivitymaintainswaterandsaltlevelsintheblood.

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Question23(4marks)

Comparethechangesinthechemicalcompositionofbloodasitpassesthroughthe

lungs,thesmallintestine,andthebrain.

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BiologyCentreNumber


StudentNumber

Question24(6marks)

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Question24(6marks)

Thedatainthetablearetheresultsfromaninvestigationmeasuringenzymeactivityusing

different substrate concentrations. The experiment was carried out at pH 9.3 and the

temperaturewaskeptconstantat37°C.

Tubenumber Substrateconcentration

(µ M)

Enzymeactivity

(µ M/sec/g)

1 0 0

2 5 0.7

3 10 1.7

4 15 2.5

5 20 3.1

6 25 3.4

7 30 3.9

8 35 4.1

9 40 4.2

10 45 4.3

Question24continuesonpage19

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Marks

4

2

Question24(continued)

Anappropriategraphistobedrawnandusedtopredicttheenzymeactivityforasubstrate

concentrationof75µ M.

(a) Usethedatatodrawanappropriategraph.

(b) Extrapolateyourgraphandpredictwhat the enzymeactivitywouldbeif the

substrateconcentrationwereincreasedto75µ M.

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EndofQuestion24

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Marks

3

2

Question25(5marks)

(a) HowcouldamutationinDNAaffectpolypeptideproduction?

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(b) Howcouldachangeinapolypeptideaffectcellactivity?

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BiologyCentreNumber


StudentNumber

Question26(3marks)

Marks

3TheTasmaniandevilisindangerofbecomingextinctduetoaninfectiousdisease

causingfacialtumours.Theanimalsslowlystarveandusuallydiewithinsixmonths

ofshowing tumours.Populationsin thewesternthirdofTasmaniacurrentlyremain

freeofthisdisease.

Justify the steps you would take to ensure that a population ofTasmanian devils

remainsdiseasefree.

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Marks

8

Question27(8marks)

Somerecentdevelopmentsinbloodbanking

Typesofdonation

• Plasma donation – during collection, plasma is separated by

centrifugationandtheotherbloodcomponentsarereturnedtothedonor

• Wholeblooddonation–aftercollection,wholebloodiscentrifugedto

separatebloodcomponentsandthecomponentsfromdifferentdonors

arepooled

Storageofbloodcomponents

• Somebloodcomponentscanbefrozenforstorage

• Somebloodcomponentscanberefrigeratedforuptoonemonth,but

thisrequiresadditives

– citrateisusedasananticoagulant

– glucoseisusedasasourceofnutrients

– mannitolisusedtomaintainosmolarityandpH

Safety

• Ensuringthatthedonordoesnotgetaninfectionduringdonation

• Ensuringthat thedonatedbloodisnotcontaminatedbytesting itfor

antibodiestoparticularmicrobesorforthepresenceofviralDNAor

RNA

• Ensuringthatthenumberofwhitebloodcells isdepletedbefore the

bloodisgiventopatientswhohaveaweakenedimmunesystem

• Bacterial contamination of platelets is still a problem because they

cannotbeeasilyseparatedbyfiltration

Withreferencetotheinformationabove,explainhowanunderstandingofbiologicalconcepts

has led to the development of specificmethods inbloodbankingand the implications for

society.

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Question27(continued)

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EndofQuestion27

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Question28(6marks)

(a) ExplainhowONEnamedprocessthatoccursduringmeiosisresultsingenetic

variation.

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(b) Whyisgeneticvariationimportantinthesurvivalofaspecies?

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Biology

SectionII

25marksAttemptONEquestionfromQuestions29–33

Allowabout45minutesforthissection

Answerthequestioninawritingbooklet.Extrawritingbookletsareavailable.

Pages

Question29 Communication ..........................................................................26

Question30 Biotechnology ............................................................................27

Question31 Genetics:TheCodeBroken? .....................................................28

Question32 TheHumanStory .......................................................................29

Question33 Biochemistry ..............................................................................30

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Marks

2

3

6

7

3

4

Question29—Communication (25marks)

(a) (i)

(ii)

NameTWOreceptorsusedforcommunicationinhumans.

ForONEreceptor,outlinethestepsintheresponsetoastimulus.

(b) Itwasobservedthatanewinsectspecieshadaflatdiskontheinnerkneeofeach

foreleg.

Howcouldyouusea first-handinvestigationandinformationfromsecondary

sourcestodetermineifthisstructurefunctionsasatympanicmembrane?

(c) People can have problemswithcommunicationbecauseofdifficulties in the

sending,receivingorinterpretationofsomesignals.

Howhasanincreasedunderstandingoftheprocessesofsightandhearingledto

improvedassistanceforpeoplewithdifficultiesincommunicating?

(d) Drawandlabeladiagramshowingthepathofsoundwavesthroughtheexternal,middleandinnerear.

(e) Describe possible future research to overcome ONE current limitation in

cochlearimplants.

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Marks

2

3

6

7

3

4

Question30—Biotechnology (25marks)

(a) NameTWOorganiccompoundsproducedbybiotransformationtechnologies.

(b) DescribeONEuseofbiotechnologybyanearlysociety.

(c) Thesourdoughprocessofbreadmaking involvesretainingsomeofthedough

eachtimeasa“starter”forthenextbreadmixture.

Howcouldyouusea first-handinvestigationandinformationfromsecondary

sources to develop methods to improve this process in order to ensure aconsistentbreadproduct?

(d) How have developments in the understanding of modern biotechnological

processesledtoimprovementsintreatingdisease?

(e) Draw and label adiagramshowing the sequence of events that resultin theformationofrecombinantDNA.

(f) Describe ONE possible area of future research based on a current use of

recombinantDNAtechnology.

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Marks

2

3

6

7

3

4

Question31—Genetics:TheCodeBroken? (25marks)

(a) (i)

(ii)

DescribeONE difference between gene cloning and whole organism

cloning.

Outlinethestepsthatcouldbetakentoverifythataparticularanimal

wasaclone.

(b) Ina studyofMendeliangenetics, small-wingedbutterflieswerecrossedwith

butterflieswithnormalsizewings.

Unexpectedly,oneoftheoffspringhadwingstwicethenormalsize.

Howcouldyouuseafirst-handinvestigationandinformationfromsecondary

sourcestodetermineifthisisageneticmutation?

(c) Howhaveknowledgeofgeneticsandgeneticmutationsaffectedunderstanding

ofhumanhealthanddisease?

(d) DrawandlabeladiagramofamethodusedtoproducerecombinantDNA.

(e) DescribeONEpossible area of future research arising from the limiteddata

obtainedfromtheHumanGenomeProject.

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Marks

2

3

6

7

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Question32—TheHumanStory (25marks)

(a) Name TWO characteristics of humans that allow them to be classified as

primates.

(b) OutlineONEmethodthatcouldbeusedtodeterminetheageoffossils.

(c) On a remote island, a whole Hominid skeleton was exposed by a recent

landslide.

Howcouldyouusea first-handinvestigationandinformationfromsecondarysourcestodetermineifthisisanew Homo species?

(d) How have knowledge of cultural development and polymorphism led to an

improved understanding of how the human species has adapted to the

environment?

(e) DrawandlabeladiagramtoshowtheprocessofDNA-DNAhybridisationthat

isusedtodeterminerelationshipsbetweengroupsofprimates.

(f) Describe possible implications of the Human Genome Project on our

understandingofhumanevolution.

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2

CN

C NO O O X HC

C CHN NO- P O P O P O CH2

O

O- O- O H H

Y H H

triphosphategroup OH OH

Marks

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3

6

7

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4

Question33—Biochemistry (25marks)

(a) ThestructureoftheATPmoleculeisshown.

NH

(i) NametheTWOcomponentsofATPthatarelabelled X andY .

(ii) Why are the phosphate groups considered to be the biologically

importantpartoftheATPmolecule?

(b) Arareplantwasdiscoveredonthesideofavolcano.Thisplantexcretedpure

sulfuratlevelsthatcouldbeusedcommercially.

More sulfur was produced when the volcano was active and when theatmospherewasdeepred.

Based onVan Niel’s findings it was thought that this was a photosynthetic

reaction.

Howcouldyouuseafirst-handinvestigationandinformationfromsecondary

sourcestodetermineifthisisaphotosyntheticreaction?

(c) How are developments in technologies and strategies for investigating plant

biochemistryrelatedtothedevelopmentofunderstandingofphotosynthesis?

(d) DrawandlabeladiagramtotracethemainstepsintheCalvincycle.

(e) DescribeONEpossibleareaoffutureresearchinphotosynthesistoaddressthe

continuingneedforenergysupplies.

Endofpaper

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2008hsc biology

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