2007. 4. rész

Gázok: a Boyle-Mariotte törvény

Az anyag makroszkopikus viselkedése

Az egyesített gáztörvény:

Gázok kinetikus elmélete

A Maxwell-Boltzmann eloszlási függvény

1. Folyadékok

Felületi feszültség

http://demo.physics.uiuc.edu/LectDemo/descript/37/cover.jpg

1) When a wire loop attached to a cork/hanging mass combo is placed in water, the apparatus floats with the wire loop well above the water line because of the low density of the cork. When the apparatus is pushed under water, there is a net force up because the buoyant force on the apparatus is greater than its weight. Here, however, this net force is shown opposed by an equal

force - the surface tension on the wire loop - which can keep the bulk of the apparatus under water. 2) Objects denser than water can be shown to float if the surface tension is large enough

figure 1. Capillary tubes in action.

http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scdiroff/lds/NewtonianMechanics/CapillaryAction/CapillaryAction002.gif

A felületi feszültséggel kapcsolatos jelenség:kapilláris hatás

Pressure Equalized Rain Screen Walls

Pressure Equalized Rain Screen Walls (PERS Walls) represent a technical advance in basic Rain Screen Wall construction. PERS Walls incorporate air chambers that are individually vented to equalize air pressure, thus eliminating the forces that drive water inward (gravity, surface tension, capillary action or wind).(kiemelés tőlem)

Véletlenül jött fel a surface tension-ra keresésnél, áttételesen érdekes

Folyadékok kompresszibilitása

Viszkozitás

Jelentőség, pl.: motorolajok

Barkácsoljunk viszkozimétert:

http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v2/n6/images/nmat907-f2.jpg

Érdekesség, egyre elterjedtebb felhasználás: Ionos folyadékok

Some ionic liquid structures have already showed clear industrial potential. a, [bmim]+ is the cation of the ionic liquid [bmim][Al2Et2Cl5], which acts simultaneously as both solvent and Lewis acid in the catalytic dimerization of butenes developed by the Institut Français du Pétrole. [Hmim]+ is the cation of the ionic liquid [Hmim][Cl], which the BASF team used during the synthesis of an alkoxyphenylphosphine. The in situ formation of the ionic liquid allows the removal of the acid simply through gravity separation4. Nitrogen atoms are purple, carbon atoms grey, and hydrogen atoms white. b, The BASIL reactor showing how the reaction mixture separates. The upper phase contains the solvent-free pure product, and the lower one is the ionic liquid.

Kristályok

1D

2D

Phthalocyanine Clathrate of Cubic Symmetry Containing Interconnected Solvent-Filled Voids of Nanometer DimensionsNeil B. McKeown, Saad Makhseed, Kadhum J. Msayib, Li-Ling Ooi, Madeleine Helliwell, John E. WarrenAngewandte Chemie International EditionForthcoming Articles Pages NA Chem. Eng. News: October 24, 2005 Volume 83, Number 43 pp. 62–64 Cubic Assembly Encloses NanovoidBulky groups enable macrocycles to pack as nanocubes rather than columnar stacks

Az építőelem: koordinációs vegy.

Rutile included in quartz resembles blonde hair and has a prismatic form or an acicular, needle-like habit.

Röntgen-diffraktométer

www2.uj.edu.pl

http://www.cemes.fr/r1_labo/images/bonvois_mol2.jpg

 - X-ray Structure of a Ruthenium Dinuclear Complex Incorporating 4,4'-Bis(Cyanamidophenylethynyl)Benzene as a ligand, a conjugated Bridge Two Nanometers in Length . E.Sondaz, J. Jaud, J.-P. Launay and J. Bonvoisin  Eur.J.Inorg. Chem. 2002, 8, 1924-1927

További válaszok a Google-ban, “X-ray structure”: szinte mind protein!

Fázisátalakulások

Folyadék - gőz

A kritikus állapot

http://www.nateco2.de/html/body_flowshee.htm

Szuperkritikus szén-dioxid: környezetbarát extrahálás - green chemistry

Basic flowsheet of supercritical carbondioxide extraction with fractionated separation

Koffein

Szublimáció

Instant ételek: freeze drying (liofilizálás). Spagetti. Balra szárazon, jobbra felengedve

Többkomponensű rendszerek

Gázok oldódása: Henry törvénye

Jó, ha a búvár ismeri a Henry-törvényt!

when people discuss pressures underwater, the unit "ATA" (referring to "atmospheres absolute") is often used to represent the total, "absolute" pressure caused by both the water and the air above the water.At a depth of 99 feet (30 meters), the ambient pressure is 4 ATA -- one ATM caused by the Earth's atmosphere, plus 3 ATM for every 33 feet (10 meters) of depth. Similarly, the ambient pressure 297 feet (90 meters) beneath the surface is 10 ATA.

Oldatok tenziója: csökkenés a tiszta oldószerhez képestA Raoult-törvény p = x p0 x az oldószer (nem az oldott anyag!) móltörtje, p0 a tiszta oldószer tenziója.

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Tengervízből ivóvíz

KOLLOIDOK

Tyndall effect is seen here using a laser pointer. The glass on the left contains 5 ppm of HVAC colloidal silver and the one on the right is from the tap after the bubbles have settled out.

http://www.silver-lightning.com/tyndall/

Slide that Faraday used in his lecture on gold sols, in 1858.

http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/whipple/explore/microscopes/faradaysslide/

Faraday a nagy kísérletezőPrint of Faraday lecturing, taken from the Illustrated London News; 1856. Amongst the crowd (front centre) is Prince Albert.*

*A társadalmi elit tudományt hallgat! Micsoda világ volt! ………..

http://1st.glassman.com/articles/glasscolouring.html

“Ruby gold”

Kolloid aranyrészecskék (arany szol) piros színt Adnak az üvegnek