2007 12 07 uwi community earthqukes jluwiseismic.com/.../2007_12_earthquakessciencesafety.pdftitle...
TRANSCRIPT
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EarthquakesScience & Safety
Ms Joan L. LatchmanSeismologist
Seismic Research Unit
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Summary
• Trinidad lies in an area of high earthquake activity for the Caribbean.
• Earthquake safety tips should be practiced regularly through drills.
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Outline
• What is the Seismic Research Unit?
• Why do we have earthquakes?
• Where do they occur?
• How do they cause damage?
• What can we do to reduce the risk?
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The SRU is the primary source of information on earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis in the English- speaking Eastern Caribbean.
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Seismic Research Unit
Monitor – Earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis.
Mitigate – Provide contributing governments with maps and information on geologic hazards.
Educate – Support disaster management agencies with public education efforts.
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Why do we have earthquakes?
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Plate tectonics
The Earth’s surface consists of huge slabs of rock called plates. These plates are constantly moving. Earthquakes occur when plates move under, over or slide past each other.
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Plate tectonics in the Caribbean
In the Eastern Caribbean the North American platedips beneath the Caribbean plate. The friction between these plates causes earthquakes.
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Where do earthquakes occur?
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Global Earthquake Distribution
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Where are the earthquakes in Trinidad & Tobago?
• North Paria Peninsula (deeper earthquakes (50-200 km) - the most significant earthquake source
• Gulf of Paria (shallow earthquakes
• Southwest of Tobago (shallow earthquakes)
• Southeast of Trinidad 30-100 km)
• Background seismic activity exists throughout Trinidad -generally at low magnitude (<4)
-63.0 W -62.5 W -62.0 W -61.5 W -61.0 W -60.5 W -60.0 W9.5
9.7
9.9
10.1
10.3
10.5
10.7
10.9
11.1
11.3
11.5
Instrumental epicentres 1964Instrumental epicentres 1964--19961996
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Earthquake occurrence on land Trinidad
1957-2005
~ 400 events
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Notable earthquakes
• 1766 magnitude 7.9• 1888 magnitude 7.5• 1954 magnitude 6.5• 1968 magnitude 7.0• 2000/10/04 magnitude 5.9• 2006/09/29 magnitude 5.8• 2007/11/29 magnitude 7.3
Trinidad lies in an area of high earthquake activity for the Caribbean.
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Earthquake: 29th September, 2006
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• North of Martinique, Magnitude 7.3
• Felt from Puerto Rico to Guyana.
• Damage in Dominica, St. Vincent, Martinique, Guadeloupe & Barbados.
• At least 9 aftershocks, largest being magnitude 5.3 on 5th
December.
• Additional aftershocks are likely.
Earthquake: 29th November, 2007
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o About 1200 earthquakes greater than magnitude 2.0 are recorded annually.
o In the region there will be about 3 earthquakes greater than magnitude 5.0 every year.
o An earthquake in the magnitude 6 range will occur every 3-5 years.
o In the last 200 years there has been on average an earthquake in the magnitude 7 range every 20 years.
o Research suggests our region should generate an earthquake in the magnitude 8 range every 100 years.
Eastern Caribbean Earthquake Facts
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How do they cause damage?
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Effects of Earthquakes
The damaging effects of earthquakes depend on several factors other than magnitude such as:
– The distance of the earthquake from the site.– The depth at which the earthquake occurred.– The type of rocks beneath the site.
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Collapsed buildingsNovember 2004, Dominica
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1964 Niigata, Japan – note buildings remained intact from the ground vibration
LiquefactionDescribed in Trinidad during the major earthquake of 1766 mainly on the strip of coastline from Mucurapo through Tembladora to Chaguaramas.
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26/12/04 Indian Ocean
TsunamisWaves caused by the sudden displacement of water resulting from underwater disturbances such as a large earthquake or submarine volcanic eruptions.
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What can we do?
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Monitoring and research at the SRU help us to better understand earthquake patterns in the region.
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Public education is essential“It felt like if the earth was moving beneath my feet…Everyone who was in the building ran out in a panic.”Sheraton CentreChrist Church, Barbados
“My kids and I were playing in the living room when the quake hit. I picked them up and ran outside as it progressed.”Cap EstateGros Islet, Saint Lucia
“It was long-like more than 20 seconds. People were running out of the mall, screaming with tears in their eyes.”Town Centre MallPort of Spain, Trinidad
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– Bolt heavy furniture, water tanks, water heaters, gas cylinders and storage units to a wall or floor.
– Place largest and heaviest items on lower shelves.
– All family members should know what to do during an earthquake and should practice these safety tips through regular drills.
Before an earthquake
REMAIN CALM
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– REMAIN CALM. DO NOT PANIC. BE ALERT
– If inside, stay inside. If outside, stay outside. Do not run outside during an earthquake.
– If inside, protect head and face by staying away from glass windows, mirrors and pictures and by going under a strong desk, bed or other piece of furniture. Be sure to hold on to the furniture and stay alert.
During an earthquake
REMAIN CALM
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– Check for broken gas lines and fires.
– Check utilities and switch them off, if necessary.
– Check your building for serious damage and evacuate if the house seems likely to collapse.
After an earthquake
REMAIN CALM
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- Do not light a match or turn on a light switch. Use a flashlight instead.
- Be prepared for more earthquakes (aftershocks).
– If possible, visit www.uwiseismic.com for updates.
After an earthquake
REMAIN CALM
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– It is not a scientifically proven theory.
– It is unknown if during the earthquake these “triangles of life” are impacted in any way which may make them unsafe areas.
– In the Eastern Caribbean, ‘pancaking’ or crumbling of buildings which would crush occupants as described in the ‘Triangle of Life’, is not expected.
The Triangle of Life
REMAIN CALM
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can earthquakes be predicted?Does hot weather mean an earthquake is near?Was the magnitude 7.3 earthquake near Martinique lastThursday the same size in Trinidad?
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1
2
3
Magnitude is a measure of energy generated by an earthquake. It is a fixed number.
Magnitude vs. Intensity
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Magnitude vs. IntensityIntensity describes the severity of an earthquake at a given location. This number varies according to where you are in relation to theearthquake.
Intensity Effects
I Instrumental Detected only be seismographsIV Moderate Felt by most people walking; rocking of free-
standing objectsVII Very Strong General alarm; cracking of walls, etc. Some
weak buildings damagedX Disastrous Ground badly cracked; many buildings
destroyed; some landslidesXII Catastrophic Total destruction; objects thrown into air;
much heaving, shaking and distortion of the ground
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Summary
• Trinidad lies in an area of high earthquake activity for the Caribbean.
• Earthquake safety tips should be practiced regularly through drills.
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Thank YouThank You
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