2006 pneumatics subsystem ssc
TRANSCRIPT
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Workshop #4
Stennis Space Center
January 7,2006
Introduction to Pneumatics
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Overview
Methods of Power Transmission
Pneumatics Systems
Pneumatics Principles
Parts
Pneumatic Actuators
Force Principles
Solenoid Valves
Advantages
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Methods of Power TransmissionMethods of Power Transmission
Electrical Motors
Mechanical power transmission elements
Fluid Power
Hydraulics
Oil, Water, other liquids
Pneumatics
Air, other gases
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Electric Motors Motors convert electricalenergy to mechanical
Electric motors used in
First kit
Chipahua/CIM Motor
Window MotorVan Door Motor
Fisher-Price/Mabuchi
Motor
Globe Motor
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Mechanical Power transmission elements
Gears
Belts
Chains
BearingsCouplings
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Mechanical Power transmission using gears
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Pneumatics SystemsPneumatics Systems
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Pneumatics DefinitionsPneumatics Definitions
Pneumatics is the general term used to describe the
mechanics of gases
Pneumatics, derived from the Greek wordpneumatikos,meaning coming from the wind
It is the branch of science which treats the mechanical
properties of air and other elastic fluids used to do work
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Pneumatic Principlescompressor
reservoir tank
solenoid valve
cylinder
hose
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PneumaticsPneumatics
Compressor
Accumulators
Actuators
Source of Air Flow Driven by electric motor
Provides the energy to perform the work
Reservoir tank - Energy Storage Devices
Cylinders convert energy in the compressed air
pressure to linear power. Make things move
Linear
Rotary
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PneumaticsPneumatics
Connectors
tubing
Pressure
regulators
Valves2-way
3-way
4-way
Plumbing- connectors -flexible tube
Pressure control -controls the force of
the actuator
Control direction of flow
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Compressor Thomas industries12 volt system
Generates
pressure of 120 psi
Compact
Vibration isolators
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Relief Valve
on Compressor
Protects compressor
Pressure SwitchSignals the controller
to start or stop the
compressor
Additional Compressor Components
Pressure In
NC NO
Common
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Accumulators
Pneumatic tank
Up to twoStore compressed air at 120 psi
Helps keep the pressure constant
Smooth out the pressure fluctuation
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Cylinders
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Rotary Actuator
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Fittings and Plugs
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Flow ControlsRegulate flow of air into and out
of a cylinder
Used to control speed of a
pneumatic cylinder
If used, attach directly to
cylinder (only one end needed)
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Exhaust ValveUse to release
pressure
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FittingsFittingsConnection and DisconnectionConnection and Disconnection
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RegulatorsRegulators
Regulators Control PressureRelieving type in the FIRST kit 2 are included
The use ofRegulators assuresmaximum efficiency
Allows air from reservoirs toflow to rest of pneumaticsystem
Limits pressure in valves,cylinders to60 psi
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Solenoid Electric Valves
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Pneumatic ActuatorsPneumatic Actuators applies force or creates
motion through the use of a pneumatic system
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Pneumatic ActuatorsUse Pressurized Air to achieve motion
Provide power and speed to any actuation
system.
Variety of Actuation mechanisms available
Arms
Grippers
Shifters
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Arms
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Grippers
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Shifters
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ActuatorsActuators
Construction & OperationConstruction & Operation
Basic Construction
Operation
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Compressed Air
is routed by the valve to extend orretract the cylinder
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ActuatorsActuators
Most Common types of Linear Actuators
Double Acting Single Ended Double Ended
Single Acting
Spring Return
All containCylinder Barrel
Piston
Rod
Seals
Spring if used
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Facts about PneumaticsFacts about Pneumatics
Pressure Units of measure
Lbs per in2 orForce per unit area
Absolute Pressure 14.7 psia at sea level
Gauge Pressure measured relative to ambient
Flow
cfm cubic foot (feet) per minute Volume per unit time
Scfm Standard cubic foot (feet) per minute
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Force Principles
Gauge Pressure works againsteach square inch of pistonsurface
The greater the square inch surface of the fluid, the
less internal pressure will be developed.
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ActuatorsActuators
Differential AreasDifferential Areas
Force
Consideration Consider the effective area
on which the pressure acts
On single ended cylinders
there is a differential Dont forget friction
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CylindersForce = Pressure vArea
2 diameter piston
Area = 3.14v
12
= 3.14 in2
Pressure = 60 psi
3.14 in2 v 60 psi = 188 lbs
Force while extending
greater than while retracting
Main decisions: Length and diameter
Diameter based on required force
Larger diameter: more force, but more air
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Cylinder maximum force
Dia Cylinder
- 10 Throw 26 lb max force
1-1/2 Dia Cylinder
-24 Throw 106 lb max force
2 Dia Cylinder-24 Throw 188 lb max force
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Cylinder Forces
Force Applied = Pressure *
Cross Sectional Area
Pressure applied on a flat plate,
causes a force!The bigger the plate, or the higher
the pressure, the greater the force.
Less force in than out.
This is due to a reduced crosssection (caused by the rod being
in the way!)
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1.5 Bore Cylinder
Retracted Length = 4.38 + Stroke + .25 + 1.31 = 5.94 + Stroke
Base Dimension = 4.38 +
Stroke Length = ? +
Locking Nut = .25 +
Clevis Dimension = 1.31
Extended Length = 5.94 + (2 x Stroke Length)
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Single Solenoid ValveWhen energized, cylinder
goes to one state
When de-energized, cylinderalways returns to rest state
When power is cut at the end
of the match, cylinder willreturn to rest state
Each valve powered by one
relay module (only in
forward
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Double Solenoid ValvesOne solenoid pulsed to move cylinder one way,
other solenoid pulsed to move cylinder the other
wayResults unpredictable if both pulsed
Valve will stay in either state when neither
solenoid energizedCan use one relay for each solenoid or one
relay and two diodes
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44--way Valves in your kitway Valves in your kit
Double Solenoid (detented)SMC
Single Solenoid (spring offset)SMC
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44--way Valves in your kitway Valves in your kit
Single Solenoid (spring offset)Festo
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44--way Valves in your kitway Valves in your kit
Single SolenoidPoppet (Spring Offset)
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44--way 5way 5--port Valvesport ValvesDirectional ControlDirectional Control
Passage A Passage B
Spool
Valve Body
Pressure
Passage
Exhaust
Passage
SolenoidSpring
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Why use Pneumatics in 2006?Why use Pneumatics in 2006?
The AdvantagesThe Advantages
Complete kit:
All the parts required to
build an operating systemWeight:
equal or lighter than
comparable alternatives
Adjustable Force:
Different bore cylinders
change the available
forceand
By adjusting the applied
pressure you can
instantly adjust the
force
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Durableno burned up motors
stall with no damage
Strongfrom 9 lbs to 180 lbs easily adjustable
Custom cylindersin just a few days by
UPS
Last minute additions
add a valve or a cylinderquickly
Why use Pneumatics in 2006?Why use Pneumatics in 2006?
The AdvantagesThe Advantages
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Why use Pneumatics in 2006?Why use Pneumatics in 2006?
The AdvantagesThe AdvantagesMultiple cylinders use
same compressor
Strong
from 9 lbs to 180 lbs
easily adjustable
Custom cylinders
in just a few days by
UPS
Last minute additions
add a valve or a cylinder
quickly
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Why do we design with pneumatics?Simple Pneumatic Cylindersare force vectors.
Each cylinder represents aforce, which will be applied overa certain distance.
Most pneumatic design involvesarms or linkages of some type.
Know principles of leverage andtorque!
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SafetySafety
always be considered
Relieve the pressure before working on the system
Be aware of pinch pointsAvoid side-loading increases friction and wear
Avoid getting grit or metal shavings on the rod or in
the cylinderUse flow controls for safety
Compressed Air is like a coiled springSafety MUST
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Interesting LinksFluid Power Educational
Foundationwww.fpef.org
Nason Corporation
www.nasonptc.com
Bosch Rexroth
www. bosch-rexroth.comwww.boschrexroth.com
BimbaManufacturing
www.bimba.comLord Corp
www.lordmpd.com
Fluid Power Dist. Assn
www.fpda.org
Clippard Instrument Lab.www.clippard.com
Monnier, Inc.www.monnier.com
Fluid Power Societywww.ifps.org
Wikawww.ewika.com/WikaSit
e/GlobalSites.aspx
Norgren
www.norgren.com
Natl Fluid Power Assn
www.nfpa.com
Festowww.festo.com
Parkerwww.parker.com
SMC Pneumaticswww.smcusa.com
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Q/A
Any Questions?
About this lecture?
About Pneumatics?
About Design?
About FIR
ST?About the Game?