2005 04 14_kampf_claassen_urban_water_cycle
TRANSCRIPT
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The WaterharmonicaUse of Treated Wastewater for Nature
Visit to Texel on 14 April
International Workshop Purificationof Interreg Urban Water Cycle project
Leeuwarden, The Netherlands 13 and 14 April 2005
Ruud KampfWaterboard
Hollands Noorderkwartier
The Waterharmonica: a tool to convert used water into surface water
Theo Claassen
This presentation:
• Membrane filtration or biological post – treatment ??: WFD !
• constructed wetlands to make a “living water” from waste water
• why is treated waste water not surface water??
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
• Texel: the Everstekoog constructed wetland
– Texel: “kwekelbaarsjes” or “grickelbacks”, food chains and the
Waterharmonica
• do not throw treated waste away ?!
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Is a sewer system clever ??!!
Per inhabitant per year:
large and expensive sewers
+ 15.000 l drinking water, mainly for “transport”
50 l faeces, 500 l urine plus 100 l kitchen wastes
But as we will learn:every disadvantage has his own advantage
+ 15.000 l rain
“Clear effluents”
It used to be the finest water we had:
Originally drinking water and rain water
Treated wastewaterimprovements: C, N, P
�“Dead water”, not satisfied with quality
regional STP’s
– sludge particles, flocs
– low O2
– odor, foam– loose bacteria
influence at effluent discharge:
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Typical effluent quality oxidation ditch STP• BOD: 2 - 3 mg/l• NH4: 0.1 - 1 mg/l• NO3: 3 mg/l
• Suspended solids: low
But faecal coli: 400 - 800 per ml !
Better than many surface waters !!!
• Is a beautiful island
• A tourist resort
• A bird island
• Still a strong agricultural stronghold
Texel
Spoonbills
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Spoonbills in Europe
The Netherlands
One of the rarest birds in Europe
95 % West-European populationin the Netherlands
Annex I European Bird directive
Symbol of good water management
Breeding population Spoonbills
0200400600800
100012001400
80 85 90 95
Year
NetherlandsTexel
00 05
Water on Texel
• Scarce
• Drinking water from mainland
• Masterplan Water Texel
• Projects like effluent diversion, etc
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Effluent discharge to the sea
Saline nature
Effluent use on the island
Saline nature
Diversion for agriculture
Development
• Centralisation 5 STP’s in Everstekoog
• Use of the effluent elsewhere on the island` –
Constructed wetland Evertsekoog or several more?
Basis:
-•Masterplan Water Texel–Constructed wetland
–Food chain approach Kwekelbaarsjes / Gricklebacks
–Waterharmonica
Plans for Texel under development
Study: Effluent use together with fish ladder
Now: effluent use on the island
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From wastewater to surface water
STP Oxidation Ditch
Constructed wetland
Surface water
A constructed wetland to make a “living water”from treated waste water
Aerial view STP Everstekoog
discharge ditch
presettling basin
9 ditches with reed/cattail
and aquatic plants
sewage treatment plant
Research project1995 - 1999
Everstekoog
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Constructed wetland
a constructed, optimised water system
works on solar energy
– helophytes: reed, cattail – (submerged) water plants– plants on the banks– sediments– algae, Daphnia, etc
A constructed wetland to make a “living water”from treated waste water
Diurnal oxygen pattern
Day 1996
O2 - end ditch (mg/l)light (lux)
176 177 178 179 180 181 1820
4
8
12
16
20
-0.3
1.7
3.7
5.7
7.7
9.7
8
Nitrate (mg/l) vs retention time
Hydraulic retention time (days)
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Just some of the results
Log E.Coli (per ml) vs retention time
Hydraulic retention time (days)
K-value = -0.8
K-value = -0.3
WinterSpring Summer Autumn
HRT in dagen
Seizoenen 199voorjaarzomerherfstwinter
troeb
elhe
id (F
TU)
0 2 4 6 8 10 1202468
101214161820
Turbidity
More but different suspended solids
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After constructed wetland different water
• Natural oxygen regime
• Less sludge particles lead to desinfection
• No odour
• More, but different suspended solids
• Living water:• algae, daphnia
• birds• fish• all kind of “waterlife”
Biodiversity• A wealth of material (partly in the data vaults)
– Constructed wetland Everstekoog (o.a. Sylvia Toet)• Algae mats (phototrofic biofilms, PHOBIA)• Daphnia (increasing number of species) • Macro-fauna• Zoöplanton• Phytoplankton• Fish• Birds
• Biodiversity increases – Implications Water Frame Work Directive?
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• Growth of algae inhibited• Daphnia • New test method!
Toxicity effluents normally no problem for growing biomass on wastewater
But:do not overload your STP
stay alert and use the test method
Ecotox effluents
Texel
More sustainable, natural water systems
well treated wastewatercan be a good source of life!
Learning the process by doing
Resulted in a lot of knowledge and ideas!!
Daphnia in presettling basin constructed wetland
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Harvesting Daphnia for research
Daphnia - trivia• Length: 0.3 - 5 mm
• Wet weight: 0.5 - 2 mg
• Filtration capacity: 4 ml/ind.hour
(1000 Daphnia/l filtrates water 4 times per hour)
• Size of food particles between 1 - 40 µm
Protein: 60 %
Fat 10 %
Carbohydrates 6 %
C = 44 %
N = 8 %
P = 1.4 %
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Fish in the Everstekoog constructed wetland
– but only after 3 days retention time
– after 10 days a lot of fish
• in first pond no fish
up to 15 Stickleback per m2
• fish in ditches:
Sticklebacks
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“Kwekelbaarsjes”
growing Daphniaon treated wastewater
as food for Spoonbills
to grow Sticklebacks Grickelbacks
Experimental set-up Everstekoog
4 mesocosms
4 ponds
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Research 1998-2004 – plus
laboratorium exp TNO
Mesocosm research
Pond research
Modelling Daphnia growth
Stowa toxicity research
Development digital Daphnia counting
1998
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
1999
2000
2006
Food chain studies, Horstermeer
Ponds
May – October
2002
Daphnia
algae
0
250
500
750
1000
23/M
ay/02
13/Ju
n/02
03/Ju
l/02
24/Ju
l/02
19/Aug
/02
10/Sep
/02
15/O
ct/02
Dap
hnia
(n/l)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Chl
orof
yl-a
(µg/
l)
Vijver 1, Daphnia Vijver 1, chlfl
0
250
500
750
1000
23/M
ay/02
13/Ju
n/02
03/Ju
l/02
24/Ju
l/02
19/Aug
/02
10/Sep
/02
15/O
ct/02
Daph
nia
(n/l)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Chl
orof
yl-a
(µg/
l)
Vijver 2, Daphnia Vijver 2, chlfl
0
250
500
750
1000
23/M
ay/02
13/Ju
n/02
03/Ju
l/02
24/Ju
l/02
19/Aug
/02
10/Sep
/02
15/O
ct/02
Dap
hnia
(n/l)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Chl
orof
yl-a
(µg/
l)
Vijver 3, Daphnia Vijver 3, chlfl
0
250
500
750
1000
23/M
ay/02
13/Ju
n/02
03/Ju
l/02
24/Ju
l/02
19/Aug
/02
10/Sep
/02
15/O
ct/02
Dap
hnia
(n/l)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Chl
orof
yl-a
(µg/
l)
Vijver 4, Daphnia Vijver 4, chlfl
pond 1
pond 3
pond 2
pond 4
Fecal Coli removalmesocosms 2003-2004
Nr of fecal coli/ml vs hydraulic retention time
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• N-removal better in ponds then mesocosms
2003 - 2004NH4 NO3
Influence of submerged water plants in ponds 2, 3 en 4• NH4-removal up to 60 %• NO3-removal up to 30 %
Daphnia bakken
dag_2004
Dap
hnia
nr1234
250 300 350 400 4500
200
400
600
800
1000
?
Stop press: winter 2004 - 2005
Daphnia vijvers
dag_2004
Dap
hnia
nr1234
250 300 350 400 4500
200
400
600
800
1000
Ecoli_bakken
bak nr.
E_C
oli
0 1 2 3 40
100
200
300
400
500
600
Winter 2004 - 2005
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Daphnia size distribution
Bak 1 - grootte Daphnia (mm)
dag_2003
Daphnia =<11> Daphnia =<22> Daphnia =<33> Daphnia =<44> Daphnia =<5
500 550 600 650 700 7500
20
40
60
80
100
120
Biological assessment of water quailty
• HHNK: decades of experience– Microscopic
• Diatoms (van Dam index)• Quick scan phytoplankton
– Moving, Observable with the naked eye• Zooplankton
– Abiotics, water plants, etc
nr. vijver
pHzout/zoetorg. NO2-behsaprobietrofie
1 2 3 42
3
4
5
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Ponds 2004: van Dam-indexDiatom index,
biological scan:• Number of species• Impression of abundancy
• Oxygen response• “ Saprobie” (“degree of pollution”)• org. N
Improvement of biological water quality
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Kwekelbaarsjes ?”Daphnia, Fish, Spoonbills and treated waste water”
• Feasible:
• growing Daphnia: – Daphnia feed on sludge particles: disinfection!
– Daphnia keep the ponds clear: no algae
• Sticklebacks come to the constructed wetland
• it attracts Spoonbills
Fits in the EU Water Framework Directive
Food chains!
http://www.intarttiles.com/robertekennedy.htm
Food chains + energy flows
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Conclusions Texel
A more natural constructed wetland:
After treatment of waste water or
pre treatment of surface water?!
nutrient removal
disinfection
different, living water
natural values
www.waterharmonica.nl
Thank you !!
The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water
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Horstermeer proefhal2005 – 2008
“zelfde opstelling als Beverwijk, Utrecht”
Joint research project polishing effluent STP Horstermeer
2005 – 2008
a. Effluent• process steps:
– b.1 sandfiltration (bacteria, sludge particles, EPS)– b.2 multi-media filtation (idem, plus denitrification)– c. membrane filtration (only small particles)– d. ultra filtration (no particles) – e. biological active carbon filtration
• but: Daphnia are also good in filtration of small particles !!!• combination of engineering and natural methods
•Ecological engineering is an attractive option!
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How can we use the Texel knowledge as an alternative to fullfill the Water Frame Work directive ??
In preparation on Horstermeer:
•Partners wanted!, combination with the PHOBIA-project (Phototrofic biofilms) ?
Process technology constructed wetlands
• Oxidation ditch / carrousel: – like polluted surface water
combination van (bio)procestechnology, agriculture, biology, etc.
• Processes are comparable– settling, adsorption, (photo katalytic) biofilms, diffusion, growth,
decay, etc.
• Constructed wetland for effluent polishing:– like cleaner surface water
ecological engineering: www.IEES.CH