2000= print 2a - libero.it · 30-gaa-ae lilisha laliklik, raorik, rikiriki taiwan 30-gaa-af samobi...

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 225

3=AUSTRONESIAN phylosector

This phylosector covers 72 sets of languages (1,179 outer languages, comprising 3,182 inner languages) spoken bypredominantly island-dwelling communities, located from the western Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific andconstituting the Austronesian intercontinental affinity. They extend more than half-way around the planet (eastwardsfrom 43º E to 109º W; see note under phylozone 39=), and have also been associated with the languages ofphylozone 47=Daic, within the "Austro-Tai" hypothesis.

Zone 30= covers languages spoken on the island of Taiwan (Formosa), and zone 31= covers languages spoken bycommunities situated on most of the islands from the Philippines and the Celebes through Java, Southeast Asia(including Hainan island in China), Borneo and Sumatra to Madagascar:

30=TAIWANIC 31=HESPERONESIC

Zones 32= to 39= cover languages spoken on most of the islands from the Nusa Tenggera archipelago through NewGuinea and across the Pacific, as far as New Zealand / Aotearoa, French Polynesia and Hawaii:

32=MESONESIC 33=HALMAYAPENIC 34=NEOGUINEIC35=MANUSIC 36=SOLOMONIC 37=KANAKIC38=WESTPACIFIC 39=TRANSPACIFIC

☛ Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One

Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will be welcomed by e-mail at: [email protected], or by letter-post at: LINGUASPHERE PRESS, HEBRON SA34 0XT, WALES (UK).

COLUMN 1 & 2

layers of reference codes and reference-names

COLUMN 3

other nomenclature and notes COLUMNS 4 & 5

nation-states scale of(+ provinces) and speakers

30= TAIWANICphylozone

covers the "Formosan" grouping, part of the "Austronesian"intercontinental affinity; comprising 11 sets of languages (= 24outer languages) spoken by communities on Taiwan island(Formosa):

30-A SQOLEQ+ SEDEQ 30-B BASAY+ KAVA*30-C SAISIYAT+ TAOKAS 30-D THAO30-E TSOU+ KANABU 30-F HOANYA+ SIRAYA*30-G PAIWAN 30-H RUKAI30-I BUNUN+ BUKUN 30-J PIYUMA+ PIMAMBA30-K AMIS+ NATAORAN

The languages covered by this zone display the greatestdegree of internal diversity within the "Austronesian" affinity,but have been largely submerged by [79] Min-nan (Chinese).

China (Taiwan) 5

30-A SQOLEQ+ SEDEQset

ATAYALIC, "formosan"-NE. $bilingual in [79] Min-nan

30-AA SQOLEQ+ SEDEQchain

30-AAA SQOLEQ+ TSOLEnet

atayal, ataiyal, attayal, tayal, tyal, taiyal, taijyal �further dialects to beidentified (to a total of at least 34, for Sqoleq and Tsole combined)

30-AAA-a Sqoleq sqoliq, squliq ⊕Tatu… Hain-bon valleys �dialects to be added Taiwan 430-AAA-aa bonotsek Taiwan30-AAA-ab chin-wan Taiwan30-AAA-ac shabogala Taiwan30-AAA-ad takonan Taiwan30-AAA-ae tangao Taiwan30-AAA-af yukan Taiwan

The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

30-AAA-b Tsole ts'ole', ci'uli ⊕in fragmented enclaves around northern mountains:Wanta… Nan-shih… Chien-shih… Nan-ao coast � dialects to beadded

Taiwan 4*

30-AAA-ba mana-wyan Taiwan30-AAA-bb mayrinax �heavily influenced by Sqoleq dialects Taiwan30-AAA-bc pa'kuali' Taiwan30-AAA-bd sikikun �heavily influenced by Sqoleq dialects Taiwan30-AAB SEDEQ net Taiwan30-AAB-a Sedeq sedek, sediakka, sedik, sediq, seedik, seedeq, shedekka, sejiq,

saediq, daiya-ataiyal, daiya ataiyal ⊕Wan-li middle valley… Ho-pingcoast

Taiwan 4

30-AAB-aa taroko "standard" sedeq Taiwan30-AAB-ab bu-hwan Taiwan30-AAB-ac che-whan Taiwan30-AAB-ad hogo hoogoo Taiwan30-AAB-ae iboho Taiwan30-AAB-af paran Taiwan30-AAB-ag sazek Taiwan

30-B BASAY+ KAVA* set FORMOSAN-NORTH �influenced (sinicised) and submerged by [79]Min-nan

30-BA BASAY* chain Ã

30-BAA BASAY net Taiwan Ã

30-BAA-a Basay ⊕Tan-shui… Su-ao ¶extinct Taiwan 030-BAA-aa kawanu-wan kawanu, basay-A., kiwanu-wan ⊕Taipei-N.&-E.: Tan-shui… Jui-fang Taiwan 030-BAA-ab trobia-wan ⊕I-lan-E. coastal enclave… Taiwan 030-BAA-ac linaw-quaqual* ⊕Su-ao coastal enclave… Taiwan 030-BB KATANGA+ LUI*

chainÃ

30-BBA KATANGA+ LUI net Ã

30-BBA-a Katanga+ Lui ⊕Taipei-S.&-W.: Lin-kou… Hsin-tien ¶extinct Taiwan 030-BBA-aa katanga-lan katanga, ketaban, ketanga-nan, ketaga-lan, tanga-lan Taiwan 030-BBA-ab lui-lang Taiwan 030-BC KULUN* chain Ã

30-BCA KULUN* net Ã

30-BCA-a Kulun ⊕Tamshui lower left bank: T'ao-yuan-E. ¶extinct Taiwan 030-BCA-aa kulun kulon Taiwan 030-BD KAVA+ KAREO*

chain30-BDA KAVA+ KAREO net30-BDA-a Kava+ Kareo ⊕formerly Tou-cheng… Lan-yang valley; migration of last speakers >

Hualien east coast $bilingual in [79] Min-nan ¶last surviving languagein Basay-Kava set, with less than 100 speakers in 1987; nowsubmerged by [79] Min-nan and/or replaced by [30] Sqoleq

Taiwan 1*

30-BDA-aa kava-lan kaba-laan, kaba-ran, caba-ran, kamalan, kba-lan, kava-nan, kiba-lan,kiwa-raw, kuva-lan, kavara-uan, kuvara-wan, kuwara-wan, kva-lan

Taiwan

30-BDA-ab kareo-wan kareo-van Taiwan30-BDA-ac shek-wan* Taiwan

30-C SAISIYAT+ TAOKASset

FORMOSAN-NORTHWEST �influenced (sinicised) and submergedby [79] Min-nan

30-CA SAISIYAT chain30-CAA SAISIYAT net30-CAA-a Saisiyat saiset, saisett, saisiat, saisiett, saisirat, seisirat, saisyet, saisyett,

amutoura, bouiok ⊕Wu-chih mountains… $bilingual in [79] Min-nanTaiwan 3

30-CAA-aa taai saisiyat-N. Taiwan 230-CAA-ab tungho saisiyat-S. Taiwan 330-CB TAOKAS+ BABUZA

chainÃ

30-CBA TAOKAS net Ã

30-CBA-a Taokas ⊕Tou-chien… Taan valleys ¶extinct Taiwan 030-CBA-aa taokas taoka, taokat Taiwan 0


30-CBB PAZEH+ KAHABUnet

30-CBB-a Pazeh+ Kahabu ⊕Tachia middle valley… ¶last few elderly speakers alive in 1990$bilingual in [79] Min-nan

Taiwan 1*

30-CBB-aa pazeh pazehe, pazex, pazzehe Taiwan 1*30-CBB-ab kahabu kazebu Taiwan 030-CBB-ac lek-whan Taiwan 030-CBB-ad shek-hwan shek-hoan, sek-hwan 2 Taiwan 030-CBC BABUZA net30-CBC-a Babuza ⊕Tatu+ Cho-shui lower rivers & coastal plain Taiwan 130-CBC-aa babuza-A. babusa, poavosa $bilingual in [79] Min-nan Taiwan 130-CBC-ab favor-lang* favor-langsch Taiwan 0*30-CBC-ac jabor-lang* Taiwan 0*30-CC PAPORA* chain Ã

30-CCA PAPORA net Ã

30-CCA-a Papora ⊕Ta-chia river-mouth… Tai-chung ¶extinct Taiwan 030-CCA-aa papora-A. bupuran, papola, vupuran Taiwan 030-CCA-ab hinapavosa* Taiwan 0

30-D THAO set FORMOSAN-NORTH-CENTRAL �influenced (sinicised) andsubmerged by [79] Min-nan

30-DA THAO chain30-DAA THAO net30-DAA-a Thao sao, sau, shao, vulung, vonum 2, nakuijyo 2 ⊕Sui-sha, Jih-yŸeh

lake… $bilingual in [79] Min-nanTaiwan 2

30-DAA-aa brawbraw Taiwan30-DAA-ab shtafari Taiwan30-DAA-ac tsui-whan chui-huan, chui-hwan Taiwan

30-E TSOU+ KANABU set FORMOSAN-WEST-CENTRAL, "tsouic"30-EA TSOU+ KANABU

chain30-EAA TSOU net "tsouic"-N.30-EAA-a Tsou tsu-u, tsoo, tso'o, tsuou, tsu-wo, tzo, namakaban, niitaka, tibola,

tibolah, tibolak, tibolal, nakuijyo ⊕Yu+ Ali+ Shih-pi massif… Tseng-wen upper valley… Chi-shan upper valley $bilingual in [79] Min-nanand/or Putonghua

Taiwan 3

30-EAA-aa duhtu luhtu ⊕Ho-she… Taiwan30-EAA-ab tapangu ⊕Ta-pang… Taiwan30-EAA-ac tfuea ⊕Ali-W. mountain.… Taiwan30-EAA-ad imutsu iimutsu Taiwan 030-EAB KANABU+ SAAROA

net"tsouic"-S.

30-EAB-a Kanabu+ Saaroa saaroa+ kanabu ⊕Chi-shan, Lao-nung middle valleys $bilingual in[30] Bunun and [79] Min-nan �submerged by [79] Min-nan and alsopartially replaced by [30] Bunun

Taiwan 2

30-EAB-aa kana-kanabu kanabu, kanagou, kanakanavu ⊕Chi-shan middle valley: Min-chuan Taiwan 230-EAB-aaa kana-kanabu-A. Taiwan30-EAB-aab nagisaru Taiwan30-EAB-ab sek-hwan* Taiwan 230-EAB-ac saaroa saroa, saarua, rarua, la'alua ⊕Lao-nung middle valley… 230-EAB-aca saaroa-A. Taiwan30-EAB-acb haisen pachien, paichien, paitsiana Taiwan30-EAB-acc sisyaban Taiwan

30-F HOANYA+ SIRAYA*set

FORMOSAN-SOUTHWEST, siraya+ hoanya �influenced (sinicised)and submerged by [79] Min-nan

Ã

30-FA HOANYA+ SIRAYAchain

Ã

30-FAA HOANYA+ SIRAYAnet

Ã

30-FAA-a Hoanya+ Arikun kali ⊕Nan-t'ou… Pu-tai ¶extinct Taiwan 030-FAA-aa hoanya hoannya Taiwan 030-FAA-ab lloa loa Taiwan 030-FAA-ac arikun Taiwan 030-FAA-ad baksa Taiwan 030-FAA-ae kongana* Taiwan 0


30-FAA-b Siraya siraia, siraiya, sideia, sideis, sideisch, "formosan proper" ⊕Tseng-wen… Chi-shan valleys ¶extinct

Taiwan 0

30-FAA-ba pepo-hwan pepo, pepo-hoan, baksa, siraya "proper", kongana 2 Taiwan 030-FAA-bb taivoan tevorang ⊕Tseng-wen middle valley… Taiwan 030-FAA-bc sinkan Taiwan 030-FAA-bd lamai Taiwan 030-FAA-be longkiau Taiwan 030-FAA-bf pongsoia+ dolatok Taiwan 030-FAA-bg makatao makattao, takaraya, tta'o ⊕Chi-shan lower valley… Taiwan 030-FAA-bh liuchiu ⊕Liu-chiu island… Taiwan 0

30-G PAIWAN set30-GA PAIWAN chain30-GAA PAIWAN net �further dialects to be identified (to a total of at least 22)30-GAA-a Paiwan paiuan, payowan, kadas 3, tsalisen 2, tsarisen 3 ⊕Wuta mountain…

Taimali coast… Heng-ch'un �Kuoyü script $bilingual in [79] Min-nanTaiwan 4

30-GAA-aa shimo-paiwan ka-paiwan-an Taiwan30-GAA-ab kale-whan kale Taiwan30-GAA-ac kapiangan kapiyan, kaviangan, kipiyan Taiwan30-GAA-ad katsausan Taiwan30-GAA-ae lilisha laliklik, raorik, rikiriki Taiwan30-GAA-af samobi Taiwan30-GAA-ag samohai Taiwan30-GAA-ah saprek Taiwan30-GAA-ai tamari tsaovali Taiwan30-GAA-aj butanglu Taiwan30-GAA-ak stimul Taiwan30-GAA-al kachirai tsoa-qatsilai Taiwan30-GAA-am kunanau kulalau Taiwan30-GAA-an naibun tsa'ovo'ovol, tsa'ova'ovul Taiwan30-GAA-ao raisha tsala'avus Taiwan30-GAA-ap tachaban patsavan, patsaval Taiwan

30-H RUKAI set FORMOSAN-CENTRAL-SOUTH30-HA RUKAI chain30-HAA RUKAI net30-HAA-a Rukai drukay, drukai, dyokay, dukai, rutkai, tsalisen, tsarisen, sarisen, kadas

⊕Wuta-N.&-E. mountain: Mao-lin… Ta-nan $bilingual in [79] Min-nanTaiwan 3

30-HAA-aa rukai-A. rukai "proper" Taiwan30-HAA-aaa banga Taiwan30-HAA-aab bantan-lang bantan, bantau-rang Taiwan30-HAA-ab rukai-paiwan "paiwanised" rukai �influenced by [30] Paiwan Taiwan30-HAA-ac taloma taromak, taromaki, taramakau, talamakau, takamakau, dainan Taiwan30-HAA-ad budai Taiwan30-HAA-ae labuan Taiwan30-HAA-af tanan Taiwan30-HAA-ag maga tordukana Taiwan30-HAA-ah tona Taiwan30-HAA-ai mantau-ran upunuhu, opunoho Taiwan

30-I BUNUN+ BUKUN set FORMOSAN-CENTRAL-EAST30-IA BUNUN+ BUKUN

chain30-IAA BUNUN+ BUKUN net30-IAA-a Bunun+ Bukun bunti, bunan, bunum, vonun, vonung, vonum, vunum, vunun, vunung,

nakuijyo 3 ⊕Cho-shui+ Hua-lien+ Hsiukuluan+ Pi-nan+ Lao-nungupper valleys �Kuoyü; Latin scripts $bilingual in [79] Min-nan

Taiwan 4

30-IAA-aa tako-pulan pulan, bunun-W. ⊕Tapu-E.: Tseng-wen upper valley Taiwan 030-IAA-ab si-bukun bukun, boukun, boukaun, bukaun, bucoon, vukun, bunun-S., ish-

bukun, shi-bukun, si-boukun, si-boukaun, si-bukaun, si-bucoon, si-vukun, bu-bukun ⊕Tungchu+ Pi-nan upper valleys

Taiwan 3*

30-IAA-ac bunun-N. ⊕Tan-nan… Wan-li upper valley Taiwan 3*30-IAA-aca take-todo todo, taki-tudu Taiwan30-IAA-acb take-bakha bakha, taki-bakha Taiwan30-IAA-ad bunun-C. ⊕Cho-shui upper valley: Tili Pi-nan upper headwaters Taiwan 3*30-IAA-ada tak-banuath banuath Taiwan30-IAA-adb take-vatan vatan, taki-vatan Taiwan30-IAA-ae randai Taiwan 3*30-IAA-af tondai Taiwan 3*


30-J PIYUMA+ PIMAMBAset

FORMOSAN-SOUTH

30-JA PIYUMA+ PIMAMBAchain

30-JAA PIYUMA+ PIMAMBAnet

30-JAA-a Piyuma+ Pimamba puyuma, pyuma, kadas 2 ⊕Pi-nan lower right bank: Lu-yeh Chihpen$bilingual in [79] Min-nan

Taiwan 3

30-JAA-aa pi-yuma-C. yuma-C., nanwang ⊕T'ai-tung-E.… Taiwan 330-JAA-ab pi-yuma-paiwan yuma-paiwan, "paiwanised" pi-yuma �influenced by [30] Paiwan Taiwan30-JAA-ac pi-nan nan Taiwan30-JAA-ad pi-lam lam, pe-lam Taiwan30-JAA-ae pi-mamba mamba Taiwan30-JAA-af panapanayan Taiwan30-JAA-ag tipun Taiwan

30-K AMIS+ NATAORANset

30-KA AMIS chain30-KAA AMIS net30-KAA-a Amis amia, including bakurut… lam-si-hoan… pangtsah, pagcah… sabari…

maran… tanah, in [79] Han-yu: ami ⊕Mei-lun… T'ai-tung coast�Kuoyü script �Latin $bilingual in [79] Min-nan

Taiwan 5

30-KAA-aa amis-S. ⊕Cheng-kung… T'ai-tung coast Hsin-hiang-lan… Tawu coastalenclaves

Taiwan 4*

30-KAA-aaa peinan Taiwan30-KAA-aab hengch'un hengch'un-amis Taiwan30-KAA-aac taitung ⊕T'ai-tung… Taiwan30-KAA-ab chengkung+

kwangshankwangshan+ chengkung, amis-CS. ⊕Cheng-kung… Kuan-shan Taiwan 4*

30-KAA-aba kwangshan ⊕Kuan-shan… Taiwan30-KAA-abb chengkung ⊕Cheng-kung… Taiwan30-KAA-ac amis-C. Taiwan 4*30-KAA-aca haian-amis Taiwan30-KAA-acb hsiukulan-amis Taiwan30-KAA-ad tavalong+ vataan vataan+ tavalong, amis-CN., kwangfu, kuangfu Taiwan 4*30-KAA-ada tavalong Taiwan30-KAA-adb vataan Taiwan30-KAA-ae nanshi-amis amis-N. Taiwan 4*30-KB NATAORAN+

SAKIZAYA chain30-KBA NATAORAN+

SAKIZAYA netsakizaya+ nataoran

30-KBA-a Nataoran ⊕Fenglin-N.… $bilingual in [79] Min-nan Taiwan 1*30-KBA-aa nataoran Taiwan 1*30-KBA-b Sakizaya ⊕Meilun-NW.… $bilingual in [79] Min-nan Taiwan 130-KBA-ba sakizaya sakiraya, sakiray Taiwan 1


31= HESPERONESICphylozone

covers the "Hesperonesian" grouping, part of the"Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; comprising 18 sets oflanguages (= 462 outer languages) spoken by communitiesfrom western Pacific to Indian Ocean, on most islands fromPhilippines and Celebes through Java, mainland SoutheastAsia, Hainan, Borneo and Sumatra to Madagascar:

31-A ARTA* 31-B DITAYLIN+ KABALUWEN*31-C TAGALOG+ ILOCANO 31-D BLAAN+ GIANGAN31-E SAMA+ BAJAW 31-F IDA'AN+ BAGAHAK31-G TAMBANUA+ SUMAMBUQ 31-H LUNDAYE+ KELABIT31-I BINTULU+ BURUSU 31-J MODANG+ TUBU31-K JAGOI+ AHE* 31-L MAANYAN+ MERINA31-M MALAYU+ CHAM 31-N BUGIS+ GORONTALO31-O SANGIR+ TONDANO 31-P PALAU31-Q YAP 31-R CHAMORRO

including 3 arterial languages: [31-C] Tagalog (Filipino);[31-M] Malay with Indonesian; [31-M] Jawa (Javanese)

Brunei; Cambodia; Guam;Indonesia; Madagascar, Malaysia;Micronesia; New Caledonia /Kanaky; Northern Mariana Islands;Philippines (including numberedadministrative regions); Singapore;Sri Lanka; Thailand; Vietnam; withmigration to Surinam; FrenchGuiana

8

31-A ARTA* set part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito'communities

31-AA ARTA chain31-AAA ARTA net31-AAA-a Arta ⊕Luzon-N. island… Philippines (Region III) 131-AAA-aa arta nagtipunan 'agta' ⊕Villa Santiago… Nagtipunan Philippines (Region III) 1

31-B DITAYLIN+KABALUWEN* set

ALTA, part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata','negrito' communities �Latin script

31-BA DITAYLIN+KABALUWEN chain

alta-N.

31-BAA DITAYLIN net31-BAA-a Ditaylin ⊕Luzon-N. island: Bayanihan… Diteki Philippines (Region V) 231-BAA-aa ditaylin edimala, ditaylin dumagat; baler-'negrito', ditaylin 'agta' community Philippines (Region V) 231-BB KABALUWEN chain alta-S.31-BBA KABALUWEN net31-BBA-a Kabaluwen kabuluen, kabuluwan, kabulowan, kaboloan, baluga, pugot, kabuluwen

'agta', kabaluwen 'agta', ita ⊕Luzon-N. island: Sierra Madre-S. rangePhilippines (Regions IV; V) 3

31-BBA-aa 'san-miguel' ⊕San Miguel… Philippines (Region V) 331-BBA-ab bulacan-N. bulakan-S. ⊕Bulacan province… Philippines (Region IV) 3

31-C TAGALOG+ILOCANO set

MACRO-PHILIPPINE �Latin script

31-CA IVATAN+ YAMI chain "bashiic"31-CAA YAMI net31-CAA-a Yami botel-tabago, botel-tobago ⊕Lanyu, Botel-Tobago island Taiwan 331-CAA-aa yami-A. Taiwan 331-CAA-ab imurut imurud, imrut, imrud Taiwan 3*31-CAB IVATAN net31-CAB-a Ivatan-N. ⊕Batan, Batanes islands ⊕also displaced to Minadanao island… Philippines (Region III) 431-CAB-aa itbayat itbayaten ⊕Itbayat island… Philippines (Region III)31-CAB-ab bat-an bat- ⊕Batan, Basco-Ivatan… Sabtang islands… Philippines (Region III)31-CAB-b Ivatan-S. ⊕Babuyan island… Philippines (Region III) 331-CAB-ba i-bat-an bat, ibat-aan, ivat-an 2, babuy-an Philippines (Region III) 331-CB ILOCANO chain31-CBA ILOCANO net31-CBA-a Ilocano ilokano, iloko ⊕Luzon-N. island… Philippines (Regions II; III) 631-CBA-aa ilocano-A. ⊕Luzon-N.&-W. coasts… Magat middle valley Philippines (Regions II; III) 631-CBA-ab ilocano-V. "vehicular" ilocano, "vehicular" luzon-N. Philippines (Regions II; III) 631-CC ISNAG+ IBANAG

chain"ibanagic"

31-CCA ISNAG+ ADASENnet

adasen+ isnag

31-CCA-a Isnag isneg ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-N. mountains: Kabugao…Apayo valley

Philippines (Region II) 4

31-CCA-aa dibagat+ kabugao kabugao+ dibagat Philippines (Region II)31-CCA-ab bayag Philippines (Region II)31-CCA-ac calanasan Philippines (Region II)31-CCA-ad karagawan daragawan Philippines (Region II)31-CCA-ae talifugu-ripang tawini Philippines (Region II)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 23131-CCA-b Adasen adasen tinguian, addasen, adasen itneg ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-

Central-N. mountains: Tineg headwaters…Philippines (Region II) 3

31-CCA-ba adasen-W. ⊕Tineg upper valley… Philippines (Region II) 3*31-CCA-bb adasen-E. Philippines (Region II) 3*31-CCB IBANAG+ ITAWIT

netitawit+ ibanag

31-CCB-a Ibanag ybanag ⊕Luzon-N. island… Philippines (Regions III; II) 531-CCB-aa ibanag-N. "coastal" ibanag, ⊕Pamplona… Cagayan river-mouth Philippines (Region III) 531-CCB-ab ibanag-S. "interior" ibanag ⊕Cagayan middle valley: San Pablo… Philippines (Region III) 531-CCB-b Ibanag-Agta cagayan 'agta'-N., cagayan 'negrito'-N. communities, part of (non-

linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities⊕Luzon-N. island…

Philippines (Region III) 3

31-CCB-ba pamplona-agta pamplona 'agta', pamplona 'atta' ⊕Pamplona… Philippines (Region III) 331-CCB-bb pudtol-agta pudtol 'agta', pudtol 'atta' ⊕Pudtol… Philippines (Region II) 231-CCB-bc villaviciosa-agta villaviciosa 'agta' ⊕Villaviciosa… Philippines (Region II) 2*31-CCB-c Itawit ⊕Luzon island: Cagayan middle valley… Rizal Philippines (Region III) 531-CCB-ca itawis itawit, tawit, itawes ⊕Cagayan middle valley: Iguig, Chico lower valley:

PiatPhilippines (Region III) 5

31-CCB-d Itawit-Agta cagayan 'agta'-C., cagayan 'negrito'-C. communities, part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities⊕Luzon island: Cagayan middle valley… Rizal

Philippines (Region III) 4

31-CCB-da malaweg malaueg, rizal 'atta', rizal 'agta' ⊕Rizal… Philippines (Region III) 431-CCB-db faire-agta faire 'agta', faire 'atta' ⊕Sinundungan valley: Faire-Rizal Philippines (Region III) 231-CCC GA'DANG+

GADDANG net31-CCC-a Ga'dang gadang-N., "pagan" gadang, "upland" gadang ⊕Luzon island:

Cordillera-Central foothills: Paracelis…Philippines (Region II) 3

31-CCC-aa baliwon Philippines (Region II)31-CCC-ab ginabwal Philippines (Region II)31-CCC-ac iraya-2 Philippines (Region II)31-CCC-ad masablang Philippines (Region II)31-CCC-ae katalangan Philippines (Region II)31-CCC-af kalinga kalina Philippines (Region II)31-CCC-ag maddukayang Philippines (Region II)31-CCC-b Gaddang gadang-S., "christian" gadang, "lowland"-gadang ⊕Luzon-C. island… Philippines (Region III) 431-CCC-ba gaddang-SW. cagayan 2=⊕Bagabag… Magal upper valley: Bayombong… Philippines (Region III) 431-CCC-bb gaddang-SE. ⊕Cagayan-H valley… Philippines (Region III) 431-CCD YOGAD net31-CCD-a Yogad ⊕Luzon island: Cagayan-H valley… Philippines (Region III) 431-CCD-aa yogad ⊕Echague… Philippines (Region III) 431-CD DUPANINAN+

PARANAN chainDUMAGET, part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata','negrito' communities

31-CDA DUPANINAN net31-CDA-a Dupaninan dupaninan 'agta', cagayan 'agta'-E., cagayan-'negrito' communities-E.

⊕Luzon island: Palaui island…: Palanan bayPhilippines (Region III) 3

31-CDA-aa palaui palaui 'agta' ⊕Palaui island… Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-ab yaga Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-ac tanglagan Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-ad 'santa-ana'-gonzaga ⊕Santa Ana-Gonzaga… Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-ae barongagunay Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-af camonayan Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-ag 'valley-cove' ⊕Valley Cove… Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-ah bolos ⊕Bolos Point… Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-ai 'pe-a-blanca' ⊕Pe-a-Blanca… Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-aj roso cagayan-SE. Philippines (Region III)31-CDA-ak 'santa-margarita' ⊕Santa Margarita… Philippines (Region III)31-CDB PARANAN+

KASIGURANIN netdumagat-C.

31-CDB-a Paranan ⊕Luzon island: Palanan… Philippines (Region III) 431-CDB-aa paranan-A. palanenyo, "lowland" paranan Philippines (Region III)31-CDB-ab palanan palanan 'agta', palanan-dumagat, dumagat-palanan, "palanan-valley"

⊕Palanan valley…Philippines (Region III)

31-CDB-b Cagayan ⊕Luzon-N. island… Philippines (Region III) 331-CDB-ba cagayan cagayan 'agta', cagayan-C. Philippines (Region III) 331-CDB-c Dicamay ⊕Luzon-N. island: Jones… Philippines (Region III) 031-CDB-ca dicamay dicamay 'agta', dicamay-dumagat 'agta', dumagat-dicamay Philippines (Region III) 0


31-CDB-d Casiguran ⊕Luzon-NE. island: Digollorin cape… Baler bay Philippines (Region V) 331-CDB-da casiguran casiguran 'agta', casiguran-dumagat Philippines (Region V) 331-CDB-e Kasiguranin ⊕Luzon-NE. island: Casiguran… San Ildefonso peninsula Philippines (Region V) 431-CDB-ea kasiguranin Philippines (Region V) 431-CDC ALABAT+ ANGLAT

netdumagat-S.

31-CDC-a Alabat+ Anglat ⊕Luzon-E. island… Philippines (Regions V; VI) 3*31-CDC-aa alabat alabat 'agta', ⊕Alabat island… Philippines (Region V) 3*31-CDC-ab umiray umiray 'agta', umirey, umiray-dumagat, umiray-dumagat 'agta' Philippines (Region V) 3*31-CDC-ac anglat anglat 'agta' Philippines (Region V) 3*31-CDC-ad camarines camarines 'agta', camarines-norte 'agta', manide, agiyan Philippines (Region VI) 231-CE ITNEG+ KANKANAY

chainCORDILLERAN-CENTRAL

31-CEA ITNEG +LUBUAGANnet

itneg+ kalinga

31-CEA-a Itneg+ Binongan ⊕Luzon-NW. island: Tineg middle valley… Philippines (Region II) 431-CEA-aa binongan tinguian, tingguian ⊕Ba-ay valley…: Licuan Philippines (Region II) 331-CEA-ab inlaod Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-ac masadiit Philippines (Region II) 331-CEA-ad itneg-S. lubo-tiempo, lubo-tiempo itneg Philippines (Region II) 3*31-CEA-b LIMOS+ TANUDAN kalinga-N.==⊕Luzon-NW. island: Cordillera-CE. mountains: Cagayan

upper valley… �perhaps to be re-classified as 2 or more outer-languages


31-CEA-ba butbut ⊕Butbut… Philippines (Region II) 331-CEA-bb limos+ liwan liwan+ limos Philippines (Region II) 431-CEA-bc mabaka mabaka itneg, kal-uwan ⊕Mabaka valley… Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-bd madukayang Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-be mangali Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-bf pangul Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-bg 'lower'-tanudan ⊕Tanudan lower valley… Philippines (Region II) 331-CEA-bh 'upper'-tanudan ⊕Tanudan upper valley… Philippines (Region II) 331-CEA-c Lubuagan+

Guinaangkalinga-C. ⊕Luzon-N. island: Cordillera-Central-C. mountains… Philippines (Region II) 4

31-CEA-ca guinaang Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-cb balbalasang Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-cc banao banao itneg, kalinga itneg Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-cd lubuagan lubuagan "proper" Philippines (Region II) 431-CEA-ce ableg-salegseg Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-d Sumadel+ Tinglayan kalinga-S. ⊕Luzon-N. island: Cordillera-Central-CE. mountains: Chico

upper valley…Philippines (Region II) 4

31-CEA-da mallango Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-db sumadel Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-dc tinglayan Philippines (Region II)31-CEA-dd bangad Philippines (Region II)31-CEB BALANGAO net31-CEB-a Balangao ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-CE. mountains… Philippines (Region II) 331-CEB-aa balangao balangao bontoc, bontoc-N., balangaw, farangao ⊕Paracelis-W.… Philippines (Region II) 331-CEC KANKANAY+

IGOROT netbontoc+ kankanay

31-CEC-a Igorot+ Sadanga* central bontoc ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-C. mountains … Philippines (Region II) 431-CEC-aa i-gorot* gorot, "pseudo" guinaang bontoc Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-ab sadanga Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-ac bayyu Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-b Kadaklan+ Barlig barlig+ kadaklan, bontoc-SE. ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-C.

mountains …Philippines (Region II) 3

31-CEC-ba lias Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-bb barlig Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-bc kadaklan Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-c Kankanay-N. sagada-igorot, igorot, bontoc-W. ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-C.

mountains: Abra upper valley…Philippines (Region II) 4

31-CEC-ca kankanay-A. kankanay "proper" Philippines (Region II) 431-CEC-cb kankanay-itneg* kankaney itneg, ⊕Abra valley: Pilar-SE.… Philippines (Region II) 4

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 23331-CEC-d Kankanay-S. kankanaey, kankanai, 'central kankanay' ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-

Central-S. mountains: Amburayan upper valley… Abra headwatersPhilippines (Region II) 5

31-CEC-da mankayan-buguias mankayan buguias Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-db kapangan Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-dc bakun-kibungan bakun kibungan Philippines (Region II)31-CEC-dd guinzadan Philippines (Region II)31-CED AMGANAD+

TUWALI netifugao

31-CED-a Amganad+ Banaue banaue+ amganad ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains:Amuyao-S. mountain.…


31-CED-aa amganad Philippines (Region II)31-CED-ab burnay Philippines (Region II)31-CED-ac banaue ⊕Banaue… Philippines (Region II)31-CED-b Batad+ Mayoyao mayoyao+ batad ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains Philippines (Region II) 431-CED-ba ayangan Philippines (Region II)31-CED-bb batad Philippines (Region II)31-CED-bc ducligan Philippines (Region II)31-CED-bd mayoyao mayaoyaw, mayaoyao, mayawyaw, pungianes Philippines (Region II)31-CED-c Tuwali ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains: Tabayoc-NE.

mountain…Philippines (Region II) 4

31-CED-ca kiangan quiangan, gilipan, fugao, I-fugao "proper" Philippines (Region II)31-CED-cb hapao Philippines (Region II)31-CED-cc hungduan Philippines (Region II)31-CED-cd lagawe lagaui ⊕Lagawe… Philippines (Region II)31-CF ISINAI chain31-CFA ISINAI net31-CFA-a Isinai ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S.: Magal upper valley… Philippines (Region III) 331-CFA-aa i-sinai sinai, i-sinay, in-meas ⊕Bambang… Aritao Philippines (Region III) 331-CG KALAHAN+

PANGASINAN chain"cordilleran"-S., pangasinan+ kalahan, "pagasinic"

31-CGA KALAHAN+ IBALOInet

ibaloi+ kalahan

31-CGA-a Keleyi+ Bayninan ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains: Napayo… Philippines (Region II) 331-CGA-aa keley-i keley, keleyqiq, keleyqiq i-fugao, keley-i kalahan, keley-i kallahan,

antipolo, antipolo i-fugao �distinct from [31] Amganad+Tuwali (Ifugao)net and [31] Kalahan


31-CGA-ab bayninan Philippines (Region II) 3*31-CGA-b Iwak* ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains ⊕Tojongan…

SalaksakPhilippines (Region II) 3

31-CGA-ba i-wak wak, i-waak Philippines (Region II) 331-CGA-c Kalahan i-kalahan, kallahan, kalangoya, kalanguyya, kalkali ⊕Luzon island:

Cordillera-Central-S. mountains …Philippines (Regions II; III; IV) 4

31-CGA-ca kayapa akab ⊕Kayapa… Philippines31-CGA-cb tinoc tinoc kalangoya, tinoc kalahan Philippines31-CGA-d Karao ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S.: Tabayoc-S. mountain Philippines (Region II) 331-CGA-da karao-A. karaw ⊕Karaw… Philippines (Region II)31-CGA-db ekip* ⊕Ekip… Philippines (Region II)31-CGA-e Ibaloi+ Daklan bengeut, benguet i-gorot, i-gorot, i-godor, gorot, godor ⊕Luzon island:

Cordillera-Central-S. mountains: Tabayoc-SW mountain…Philippines (Regions II; III) 4

31-CGA-ea i-baloi baloi, i-baloy, i-badoy, ini-baloi, na-baloi Philippines31-CGA-eb daklan Philippines31-CGA-ec kabayan Philippines31-CGA-ed bokod Philippines31-CGA-f Pangasinan ⊕Luzon island: Alaminos, Lingayen Gulf bay… Agno lower valley Philippines (Region IV) 631-CGA-fa pangasinan Philippines (Region IV) 631-CGB ILONGOT+ IBALAO

net31-CGB-a Ilongot+ Ibalao ⊕Luzon island: Cabarroquis… Sierra Madre mountains Philippines (Region III) 331-CGB-aa i-lon-got lon-got, lin-got, bugkalut, bukalot Philippines (Region III)31-CGB-ab abaka abaca Philippines (Region III)31-CGB-ac e-gon-got gon-got Philippines (Region III)31-CGB-ad i-balao balao, i-bilao Philippines (Region III)31-CGB-ae i-talon talon Philippines (Region III)31-CGB-af i-yon-gut yon-gut Philippines (Region III)


31-CH BOLINAO+PAMPANGAN chain

LUZON-SOUTH, pampangan+ sambalic

31-CHA BOLINAO+ TINA net SAMBALIC, sambal, zambal, part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta','inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities

31-CHA-a Bolinao ⊕Luzon island: Bolinao… Philippines (Region IV) 431-CHA-aa bolinao bolinao sambal, bolinao zambal Philippines (Region IV) 431-CHA-b Tina+ Botolan botolan+ tina ⊕Luzon island: Infanta… Bucao valley Philippines (Region IV) 531-CHA-ba tina tino, tina sambal ⊕Infanta… Iba coast Philippines (Region IV) 431-CHA-bb botolan botolan zambal, aeta, aeta 'negrito' communities ⊕Bucao valley… Philippines (Region IV) 431-CHB PAMPANGAN net31-CHB-a Pampangan pampango ⊕Luzon island: Tarlac valley… Manila bay Philippines (Region IV) 631-CHB-aa ka-pampangan pampangan ⊕Pampanga province Philippines (Region IV) 631-CHB-ab pampangan-V. "vehicular" pampangan, in [51] Español: pampangueño Philippines (Region IV) 631-CHC ABENLEN net part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito'

communities31-CHC-a Abenlen ⊕Luzon island: Maontoc… Pilyen Philippines (Region IV) 331-CHC-aa abenlen abenlan 'agta', abenlen 'ayta', abenlan, abenlan sambal, aburlin

'negrito' communitiesPhilippines (Region IV) 3

31-CHD MAG-ANCHI net part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito'communities

31-CHD-a Mag-Anchi ⊕Luzon island: Manila bay-NW. (scattered) Philippines (Region IV) 331-CHD-aa mag-anchi mag-anchi 'agta', mag-anchi 'ayta', mag-anchi sambal Philippines (Region IV) 331-CHE BATAAN net part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito'

communities31-CHE-a Bataan ⊕Luzon island: Mariveles… Philippines (Region IV) 231-CHE-aa bataan bataan 'agta', bataan sambal, bataan 'ayta', mariveles 'ayta' Philippines (Region IV) 231-CHF AMBALA net part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito'

communities31-CHF-a Ambala ⊕Luzon island: Subic… Philippines (Region IV) 331-CHF-aa ambala ambala 'agta', ambala 'ayta', ambala sambal Philippines (Region IV) 331-CHG MAG-INDI net31-CHG-a Mag-Indi ⊕Luzon island: Florida Blanca… Porac Philippines 331-CHG-aa mag-indi mag-indi 'agta', mag-indi 'ayta', baloga, mag-indi sambal, indi 'ayta' Philippines 331-CHH SINAUNA net31-CHH-a Sinauna ⊕Luzon island: Santa Inez… Paimohuan Philippines (Region V) 331-CHH-aa sinauna remontado, remontado 'agta', hatang, hatang-kayey Philippines (Region V) 331-CI IRAYA+ ALANGAN

chainMINDORO-NORTH

31-CIA IRAYA net31-CIA-a Iraya ⊕Mindoro-N. island: Halcon-W. mountain… Philippines (Region V) 331-CIA-aa abra-de-ilog Philippines (Region V)31-CIA-ab alag-bako Philippines (Region V)31-CIA-ac pagbahan Philippines (Region V)31-CIA-ad palauan-calavite Philippines (Region V)31-CIA-ae pambuhan Philippines (Region V)31-CIA-af 'santa-cruz' Philippines (Region V)31-CIB ALANGAN net31-CIB-a Alangan ⊕Mindoro-CN. island: Halcon-S. mountain Philippines (Region V) 331-CIB-aa alangan Philippines (Region V) 331-CIC TADYAWAN* net31-CIC-a Tadyawan ⊕Mindoro-E. island: Naujan-SW. lake Philippines (Region V) 331-CIC-aa tadyawan-A. tadianan Philippines (Region V)31-CIC-ab pula Philippines (Region V)31-CIC-ac balaban Philippines (Region V)31-CJ MANGYAN+

PALAYAN chainMESO-PHILIPPINE-WEST, palayan+ mangyan

31-CJA BUHID+ TAWBUID*net

mangyan-S., tawbuid+ buhid

31-CJA-a Buhid+ Batangan including tawbuid-E. ⊕Mindoro-S. island: Lumintao-E. valley.… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJA-aa buhid buid, bu'id, mindoro bukid Philippines (Region V)31-CJA-ab bukil buhil, buquil Philippines (Region V)31-CJA-ac baribi beribi Philippines (Region V)31-CJA-ad batag-non bangon, bangot Philippines (Region V)31-CJA-ae batangan binatangan, barangan, bangon, bangot Philippines (Region V)31-CJA-af tiron Philippines (Region V)31-CJA-ag suri Philippines (Region V)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 23531-CJA-b Tawbuid-W. ⊕Mindoro-S. island Philippines (Region V) 331-CJA-ba tawbuid-W. Philippines (Region V) 331-CJB HANUNOO net mangyan-S.31-CJB-a Hanunoo+

Kagankan⊕Mindoro-S. island: San Jose-E.… Philippines (Region V) 4

31-CJB-aa hanu-noo hanu Philippines (Region V)31-CJB-ab gubat-non gubat, gubata-non Philippines (Region V)31-CJB-ac sorsogo-non sorsogo Philippines (Region V)31-CJB-ad binli Philippines (Region V)31-CJB-ae kagankan Philippines (Region V)31-CJB-af waigan Philippines (Region V)31-CJB-ag wawan Philippines (Region V)31-CJB-ah bulalakaw-non bulalakaw, bulalakao Philippines (Region V)31-CJC KALAMIA+ AGUTAY

net31-CJC-a Kalamia+ Baras ⊕Calamian… Palawan-NE. islands Philippines (Region V)31-CJC-aa kalamia-nen kalamian, calamiano, karamiana-non ⊕ Coron+ Busuanga islands… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJC-ab kalamian-tagbanwa. tagbanwa-N. ⊕Calamian islands… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJC-ac baras ⊕Palawan-NE. island:opposite Dumaren island Philippines (Region V) 2*31-CJC-b Agutay ⊕Cuyo-N. islands: Agutaya… Quiniluban (Palawan) islands Philippines (Region V) 431-CJC-ba agutay-nen agutay-non, agutay-no Philippines (Region V) 431-CJD BATAK+ ABORLAN

netaborlan+ batak

31-CJD-a Batak-E. ⊕Palawan-CN. island… Philippines (Region V) 231-CJD-aa batak-E. palawan batak, tinitianes, babuyan ⊕Babuyan… 231-CJD-b ABORLAN+

SILANGA⊕Palawan-C. island… Philippines (Region V) 3

31-CJD-ba aborlan-tagbanwa tagbanwa-C., apurahuano ⊕Aborlan… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJD-bb tandula-non* Philippines (Region V)31-CJD-bc silanga-non* Philippines (Region V)31-CJE PALAWANO+

BONGGI net31-CJE-a Palawano-C. ⊕Palawan-S. island… Philippines (Region V) 431-CJE-aa palawano-C. palawa-nen, quezon palawano, in [51] Español: palaweño ⊕Quezon… Philippines (Region V) 431-CJE-b Palawano-SW. ⊕Palawan-SW. island… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJE-ba palawano-SW. Philippines (Region V) 331-CJE-c Palawano-SE. ⊕Palawan-SE. island… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJE-ca palawano-SE. brooke's-point palawano ⊕Brooke's Point… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJE-d Bugsuk palawano-S. ⊕Palawan island: Bugsuk island… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJE-da bugsuk Philippines (Region V) 331-CJE-e Molbog ⊕Palawan island: Balabac island… Philippines (Region V) 331-CJE-ea molbog molbog palawano Philippines (Region V) 331-CJE-f Bonggi ⊕Banggi island… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-CJE-fa bonggi banggi, bangay, banggi dusun, molbog-S. Malaysia (Sabah) 331-CK TAGALOG+

MARANAO chainTRANSPHILIPPINE, comprising [31-CKA- to -CKM] "philippine"-C.…[31-CKN to 31-CKO] "philippine"-S. �since c.+950: Tagala+Bisayascript; Perso-Arabic script; Latin script

31-CKA TAGALOG net part of "philippine"-C.31-CKA-a Tagalog 731-CKA-aa tagalog-A. tagalog "proper", pilipino, filipino, philippino, tagala, tagal Philippines31-CKA-aaa ✍ tagalog-F. "standard" tagalog, "old standard" pilipino+ "new standard" filipino Philippines 631-CKA-aab tagalog-V. "vehicular" tagalog Philippines31-CKA-aac manila-U. "popular urban" manila Philippines (Region I)31-CKA-ab lubang ⊕Lubang island: Lubang… Philippines (Region V)31-CKA-ac marinduque ⊕Boac island: Marinduque… Philippines (Region V)31-CKA-ad batangas ⊕Luzon-C. island: Batangas… Philippines (Region V)31-CKA-ae bulacan-S. bulakan-S. ⊕Luzon-C. island: Bulacan… Philippines (Region V)31-CKA-af bataan-'peninsula' ⊕Bataan peninsula… �distinct from [31] Bataan ('Agta') Philippines (Region IV)31-CKA-ag tanay-paete ⊕Tanay… Philippines (Region IV)31-CKA-ah tayabas-'bay' "post"-tayabas-'agta' ⊕Tayabas bay… �distinct from [31] Tayabas

('Agta')Philippines (Region IV)

31-CKB TAYABAS* net part of "philippine"-C.; part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta','inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities

Ã

31-CKB-a Tayabas ⊕Luzon-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 031-CKB-aa tayabas tayabas 'agta', tayabas 'ayta' ⊕Tayabas bay �assimilated to [31]

TagalogPhilippines (Region VI) 0


31-CKC KATABAGA* net part of "philippine"-C.; part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta','inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities

Ã

31-CKC-a Katabaga ⊕Luzon-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 031-CKC-aa catabaga katabaga 'agta' �assimilated to [31] Tagalog ⊕Bondoc peninsula… Philippines (Region VI) 031-CKD BIKOL net bicolano, central bikol; part of "philippine"-C.31-CKD-a Bikol-A. "coastal" bicol, bicol "proper" ⊕Luzon-SE. island… Philippines (Region VI) 631-CKD-aa naga ⊕Daet… Naga: Bicol lower valley Philippines (Region VI) 631-CKD-ab legaspi ⊕Legaspi… Philippines (Region VI) 5*31-CKD-ac bicol-V. "vehicular" bikol Philippines (Region VI) 5*31-CKD-b Bikol-Agta bicol-agta; part of "philippine"-C.; part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta',

'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communitiesPhilippines (Region VI) 2

31-CKD-ba isarog isarog 'agta' ⊕Isarog mountain… Philippines (Region VI) 231-CKD-bb iraya-agta iraya 'inagta', itbeg rugnot, buhi-E. 'agta', buhi rugnot-E. �including 4

dialects ⊕Iraya mountain: Buhi-E. lakePhilippines (Region VI) 2

31-CKD-c Virac ⊕Cantanduanes-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 431-CKD-ca virac cantanduanes bikol, bikol-S. ⊕Virac… Philippines (Region VI) 431-CKE PANDAN-NORTH net bikol-N.; part of "philippine"-C.31-CKE-a Pandan-N. cantanduanes bikol, bikol-N. ⊕Luzon-SE. island: Cantanduanes-N.

island…Philippines (Region VI) 4

31-CKE-aa pandan-N. ⊕Pandan… �distinct from [31] Pandan-S. Philippines (Region VI) 431-CKF BUHI+ IRIGA net "inland" bikol, bikol-S.; part of "philippine"-C.31-CKF-a 'Rinconada' ⊕Luzon-SE. island… Philippines (Region VI) 531-CKF-aa 'rinconada' rinconada bikol, iriga bikol ⊕Iriga #[51] Español rinconada =«corner» Philippines (Region VI) 531-CKF-b Buhi+ Daraga albay bikol Philippines (Region VI) 531-CKF-ba buhi-non ⊕Buhi lake… Philippines (Region VI) 531-CKF-bb oas ⊕Oas… Philippines (Region VI) 4*31-CKF-bc daraga Philippines (Region VI) 4*31-CKF-bd libon Philippines (Region VI) 4*31-CKF-c Iriga part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito'

communities ⊕Iriga mountain: Buhi-W. lakePhilippines (Region VI) 3

31-CKF-ca iriga san-ramon 'inagta', buhi-W. 'agta', iriga 'negrito' communities Philippines (Region VI) 331-CKG CEBUAN+ AKLAN

net"WIDER"-BISAYAN, comprising [31-CKG-a to –f] "wider bisayan"-W.… [31-CKG-g to –o] "wider bisayan"-C.… (-p to -r) "wider bisayan"-S.;part of "philippine"-C.

31-CKG-a Datag* ⊕Mindoro-S. island… Tablas island Philippines (Region V) 131-CKG-aa datag-non datag, ratagnon, latagnun, latan, lactan, aradigi ⊕Mindoro-S. island…

(including Ilin island… )Philippines (Region VI) 1

31-CKG-ab 'santa-teresa' ⊕Mindoro-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 1*31-CKG-b Cuyo kuyo ⊕Cuyo island… ⊕migration> Palawan-N. island… Philippines (Region V) 531-CKG-ba cuyo-non cuyono, cuyonon, cuyo, kuyunon, kuyonon Philippines (Region V) 531-CKG-c Kinaray kinaray-a, hinaray-a, karay-a ⊕Panay-W. island… Guimaras-S. island Philippines (Region VII) 531-CKG-ca pandan-S. �distinct from [31] Pandan-N. Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-cb hamtik-non hamtik, hamtic, sulud, panayano, in [51] Español: antique, antiqueño Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-cc hamtik-ati* hamtik 'ati', part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta',

'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communitiesPhilippines (Region VII)

31-CKG-cd anini-y Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-ce pototan Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-cf lambunao Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-cg miag-ao Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-ch guimaras ⊕Guimaras-S. island… Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-d Aklan panay, aklano, aklanon bisayan ⊕Panay-NW. island… Philippines (Region VII) 531-CKG-da akla-non akla, aklan-N. ⊕Panay coast-N.… Philippines (Region VII) 5*31-CKG-db buruanga aklan-NW. ⊕Buruanga… Philippines (Region VII) 5*31-CKG-dc alcan aklan-SE. ⊕Alcan valley Philippines (Region VII) 5*31-CKG-dd malay-non ⊕Panay island: Malay Philippines (Region VII) 331-CKG-e Semirara+ Sibay ⊕Semirara islands… Philippines (Region V) 431-CKG-ea semirara-A. ⊕Semirara island… Philippines (Region V)31-CKG-eb caluya-nun caluya, caluya-nen, caluya-nhon ⊕Caluya island… Philippines (Region V)31-CKG-ec sibay ⊕Sibay island… Philippines (Region V)31-CKG-f Inonhan 'unhan', looc+ alcantara ⊕Tablas-S.+ Carabao island… Philippines (Region V) 431-CKG-fa looc-non looc Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-fb dispohol-non dispohol Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-fc alcantara-non alcantara Philippines (Region VII)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 23731-CKG-g Bantua+ Odioñgan asiq ⊕Tablas-NW. island… Banton+ Simara+ Maestre de Campo

islandsPhilippines (Region VII) 4

31-CKG-ga odioñgan-non odioñgan, odioñga-non ⊕Tablas-W. island: Odioñgan… Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-gb sibale-non sibale, sibale-nhon Philippines (Region VII)�31-CKG-gc calatrava-non calatrava, calatrava-nhon ⊕Tablas-N. island: Calatrava… Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-gd simara-non simara, simara-nhon ⊕Simara island… Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-ge bantua-non bantua, banton ⊕Banton island… Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-h Rombloma+

Sibuyan⊕Tablas-NE. island… Romblon island… Sibuyan island… Panay-N.island

Philippines (Region VII) 5

31-CKG-ha rombloma-non rombloma, romblon ⊕Romblon island… Philippines (Region VII) 4*31-CKG-hb sibuyan ⊕Sibuyan island… Philippines (Region VII) 5*31-CKG-hc basiq Philippines (Region VII) 4*31-CKG-i Masbate+ Burias ⊕Burias-S. island… Masbate island… Luzon-S. island Philippines (Region VII) 531-CKG-ia burias ⊕Burias-S. island… Philippines (Region VII) 4*31-CKG-ib masbate-o masbate, minasbate, masbate-nyo ⊕Masbate-C.+ S. island… Ticao

islandPhilippines (Region VII) 5

31-CKG-ic sorsogon-N. sorsogon bikol-N. ⊕Sorsogon bay… Philippines (Region VII) 4*31-CKG-j Sorsogon-S. ⊕Luzon-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 531-CKG-ja sorsogon-S. waray-sorsogon, sorsogon bikol-S., gubat ⊕Bulusan peninsula… Philippines (Region VI) 531-CKG-k Samar+ Leyte waray-waray, waray, binisaya Philippines (Region VIII ) 631-CKG-ka samar-N. samaran-N., samareño-N. ⊕Samar-N. island… Philippines (Region VIII) 5*31-CKG-kb samar-S. samaran-S., samareño-S. ⊕Samar-S. island… Philippines (Region VIII) 5*31-CKG-kc leyte ⊕Leyte-W. island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 5*31-CKG-kd homo-nhon homo ⊕Homonhon island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 4*31-CKG-l Hiligay hiligay-non, hiligainon, ilonggo ⊕Panay-E. island… Negros-W. island Philippines (Regions VI; VII; VIII) 631-CKG-la panay ⊕Panay-E.… Guimaras-N. islands Philippines (Region VII)31-CKG-lb bantayan ⊕Bantayan island… Philippines (Region VIII )31-CKG-lc bacolod ⊕Negros-N. island: Baclod… Philippines (Region VI)31-CKG-ld kawayan ⊕Negros-W. island: Cauayan… Philippines (Region VI)31-CKG-le hiligay-V. "vehicular" hiligay Philippines (Region VI; VII; VIII)31-CKG-m Capiz Philippines (Region VII) 531-CKG-ma capiz-non capiz, capisa-no, capise-ño Philippines (Region VIII) 531-CKG-n Panay-Ati panay 'ati', panay 'ata', panay 'inati'; part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta',

'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities ⊕Panay island(scattered)

Philippines (Region VII) 3

31-CKG-na barotac in [51] Español: viejo nagpana (=«old» nagpana) Philippines (Region VII) 331-CKG-nb malay-ati �influenced by [31] Malay-non ⊕Malay Philippines (Region VII) 131-CKG-o Poroha ⊕Camotes islands… Philippines (Region VIII) 431-CKG-oa poroha-non poroha, camotes 431-CKG-p Cebuan+ Visayan "Wider"-Cebuano, cebuan-no, sebuano, sebuan-no, sugbuha-non,

sugbua-non ⊕Negros-E. island… Cebu island… Bohol islandPhilippines (Regions VIII; IX; X) 7

31-CKG-pa cebuan-V. "vehicular" cebuan Philippines (Regions VIII; IX; X) 731-CKG-pb cebuan-negros ⊕Negros island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 6*31-CKG-pc cebuan-no cebuan, cebu, ⊕Cebu island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 6*31-CKG-pd cebuan-masbate ⊕Masbate-S. island… �transition to [31] Masbate+ Burias Philippines (Region VIII) 5*31-CKG-pe cebuan-leyte ⊕Leyte-W.… Biliran-W. islands �transition to [31] Samar+ Leyte Philippines (Region VIII) 6*31-CKG-pf bohol-a-no bohol, boholano ⊕Bohol island… Philippines (Region VIII) 6*31-CKG-pg cebuan-siquijor ⊕Siquijor island… Philippines (Region VIII) 5*31-CKG-ph 'visayan'-N. bisayan "proper"-N., binisaya-N. ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX) 6*31-CKG-pi 'visayan'-S. bisayan "proper"-S., binisaya-S. ⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 6*31-CKG-q Butuan+ Tausug Philippines 531-CKG-qa butuan-non butuan, butuanon ⊕Mindanao-N. island: Butuan bay… Philippines (Region IX) 5*31-CKG-qb moro-joloan-no moro-joloan, sulu, sooloo ⊕Sulu archipelago: Julu island… Tapul

islandsPhilippines (Regon X) 4*

31-CKG-qc suluk ⊕migration from Sulu archipelago> Borneo-NE. island: Banggi island…Darvel bay… Sembakung delta

Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia(Kalimantan)

5

31-CKG-qd tau-sug-V. "muslim vehicular" tau-sug, taw-sug, tau-sog, taosug Philippines; Malaysia; Indonesia 531-CKG-r Surigao ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX) 6*31-CKG-ra surigao-non surigao, ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX)31-CKG-rb cantilan kantilan ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX)31-CKG-rc jaun-jaun Philippines (Region IX)31-CKG-rd 'naturalis' Philippines (Region IX)31-CKG-re dinagat ⊕Dinagat island… Philippines (Region IX)31-CKG-rf siargo ⊕Siargo island… Philippines (Region IX)


31-CKH SORSOGON-AGTAnet

part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta','inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities

31-CKH-a Sorsogon-Agta ⊕Luzon-SE. island: Sorsogon Philippines (Region VI) 131-CKH-aa sorsogon-agta sorsogon 'agta', sorsogon 'ayta' ⊕Prieto Diaz… �distinct from [31]

Masbate+ Burias (incl. Sorsogon-N.) and [31] Sorsogon-S.Philippines (Region VI) 1

31-CKI SULOD* net part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta','inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities

31-CKI-a Sulod ⊕Panay island… Philippines (Region VII) 431-CKI-aa sulod sudlod 'agta', panay bukid-non, mondo Philippines (Region VII) 431-CKJ MAGAHAT* net part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta',

'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities31-CKJ-a Magahat ⊕Arniyo mountain… Negros-SW. island… Philippines (Regions VII; VIII) 1*31-CKJ-aa magahat negros-bukid-non, bukid-non, ata-man Philippines (Regions VII; VIII)31-CKK 'NEGROS-AGTA'*

netpart of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta','inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities

31-CKK-a 'Negros-agta' ⊕Mabinay… Negros-E. island… Philippines (Region VIII) 131-CKK-aa 'negros-agta' negros 'atta', negros-ata Philippines (Region VIII) 131-CKL 'CAROLANOS'* net karolanos, part of "philippine"-C.31-CKL-a 'Carolanos' carolanos ⊕Negros-C. island… Philippines (Regions VII; VIII) 2*31-CKL-aa 'carolanos' Philippines (Regions VII; VIII)31-CKM MAMANWA net part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta',

'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities31-CKM-a Mamanwa ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX) 331-CKM-aa mamanwa minamanwa, mamanwa 'negrito' communities, mamanwa samba

⊕Mainit lake…Philippines (Region IX) 3

31-CKN MANDAYA+CAMAYO net

MANSAKAN; part of "philippine"-S.

31-CKN-a Camayo ⊕Mindanao-E. island… Philippines (Region IX) 4*31-CKN-aa camayo-N. ⊕Bislig… Philippines (Region IX) 4*31-CKN-ab camayo-S. ⊕Lingig… Philippines (Region IX) 4*31-CKN-b Davawenyo-E. ⊕Mindanao-SE. island… Philippines (Region X) 531-CKN-ba davawenyo-E. "highland" davawenyo, in [51] Español: davaoeño oriental ⊕Cateel…

Tarragona coastal mountainsPhilippines (Region X)

31-CKN-c Davawenyo-W. ⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 531-CKN-ca davawenyo-W. matino, "lowland" davawenyo, transphilippine-creole, davaweño

creole, in [51] Español: davaoeño occidental ⊕Davao…Philippines (Region X)

31-CKN-d Mandaya ⊕Compostela… Pujada bay Philippines (Region X) 431-CKN-da sangab ⊕Carraga headwaters… Philippines (Region X) 3*31-CKN-db cataelano cataelano-mandaya, cateelenyo ⊕Cateel… Philippines (Region X) 431-CKN-dc karaga caraga, carraga, mandaya, caraga-mandaya, manay-mandayan,

mangaragan-mandaya ⊕Lamiyawan…Philippines (Region X) 3

31-CKN-dd mansaka mandaya-mansaka Philippines (Region X) 431-CKN-e Kalagan ⊕Mindanao-S. island: Davao Gulf bay… Philippines (Region X) 431-CKN-ea i-samal samal ⊕Samal island… Philippines (Region X)31-CKN-eb piso Philippines (Region X)31-CKN-ec tumuaong Philippines (Region X)31-CKN-ed lactan Philippines (Region X)31-CKN-f Cagan ⊕Mindanao-S. island: Davao Gulf-NW. bay… Philippines (Region X) 331-CKN-fa cagan kagan, kalagan ⊕Davao… Philippines (Region X) 331-CKN-g Tagakaulu ⊕Mindanao-S. island: Davao Gulf-SW. bay… Philippines (Region X) 431-CKN-ga tagakaulu tagakaulu kalagan, tagakaolo Philippines (Region X) 431-CKO AGUSAN+

SARANGANI netMANOBO, part of "philippine"-S.

31-CKO-a Cagayanen kagayanen, part of manobo-N.=⊕Cagayanen islands… ⊕Palawan N.+C. island

Philippines 4

31-CKO-aa cagayanen cagayano-cillo, cagayancillo Philippines 431-CKO-b Cinamigin part of manobo-N. ⊕Mindanao island: Camiguin island… Philippines (Region IX) 431-CKO-ba cinamigin cinamiguin, cinamiguin manobo, kinamigin, kamigin Philippines (Region IX) 431-CKO-c Binukid part of manobo-N. ⊕Mindanao-CN. island… Philippines (Region IX) 531-CKO-ca binukid-non binukid, binokid-non, mindanao bukid-non-N. ⊕Cagayan middle

valley… Pulangi upper valleyPhilippines (Region IX) 5

31-CKO-d Higao part of manobo-N. ⊕Mindanao-C. island… Philippines (Region IX) 331-CKO-da higao-non higao, misamis-higao-non, higao-non manobo Philippines (Region IX) 3

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 23931-CKO-e Agusan+ Banua agusan manobo; part of manobo-C. ⊕Mindanao-NE. island: Agusan

middle river-basin…Philippines (Region IX) 4

31-CKO-ea agusan ⊕Agusan middle valley… Philippines (Region IX)31-CKO-eb omayam-non omayam, umayam-non ⊕Umayan valley… Philippines (Region IX)31-CKO-ec adga-wan Philippines (Region IX)31-CKO-ed banua-non banua, banwaon Philippines (Region IX)31-CKO-ee sagunto Philippines (Region IX)31-CKO-f Dibaba+ Manguaga part of central manobo=⊕Mindanao-E. island… Philippines (Region X) 431-CKO-fa dibaba-won didaba, mandaya, dibabaon, debabaon, dibabawon manobo ⊕Agusan

upper valley: Monkayo…Philippines (Region X) 3*

31-CKO-fb manguaga manguagan, manguagan manobo Philippines (Region X) 3*31-CKO-g Kabunsuwan part of central manobo=⊕Mindanao-E. island… Philippines (Region IX) 3*31-CKO-ga kabunsu-wan rajah-kabunsuwan, rajah-kabungsuan manobo ⊕Bislig-N. coast… Philippines (Region IX) 3*31-CKO-h 'Manobo-Agta' part of central manobo;=part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta',

'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities ⊕Mindanao-C. island…Philippines (Region X) 4

31-CKO-ha 'manobo-agta' 'agta' manobo, 'ata' manobo, 'ata'-o-manobo, davao 'ata', langilang⊕Kapalong… Davao upper valley

Philippines (Region X) 4

31-CKO-i Matig-Salug+ Tigwa part of central manobo=⊕Mindanao-C. island… Philippines (Regions IX; X) 431-CKO-ia matig-salug salug-E., matig salug, matig salud, matig-salug manobo ⊕Davao upper

valley…Philippines

31-CKO-ib kulamanen Philippines31-CKO-ic tigwa Philippines31-CKO-id tala-ingod Philippines31-CKO-ie langilan langilang 2 Philippines31-CKO-j Obo part of central manobo=⊕Mindanao-C. island… Philippines (Region X) 431-CKO-ja obo obo bagobo, bagobo, kidapawan, kidapawan manobo Philippines (Region X) 431-CKO-k Pulangi+ Kiriyente mindanao bukid-non-S., ' manobo-bukid-non-W.'; part of central

manobo ⊕Mindanao-C. island: Mulita upper valley… Pulangi upper &middle valley (Maramag)

Philippines (Region IX) 4

31-CKO-ka ilentun-gen Philippines (Region IX)31-CKO-kb kiriyente-ken Philippines (Region IX)31-CKO-kc pulangi-yen pulangi "proper" ⊕Pulangi upper & middle valley… Philippines (Region IX)31-CKO-l Ilia+ Puleni ilianen manobo; part of central manobo ⊕Mindanao-C. island: Pulangi

middle river-basin…Philippines (Region X) 4

31-CKO-la ilia-nen Philippines (Region X) 331-CKO-lb livunga-nen Philippines (Region X) 331-CKO-lc puleni-yan Philippines (Region X) 331-CKO-m Tagabawa part of manobo-S.=⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 431-CKO-ma tagabawa tagabawa manobo, tagabawa bagobo ⊕Apo-S. mountain Philippines (Region X) 431-CKO-n Tasaday+ Blit cotabato manobo, cotabato-S.; part of manobo-S. ⊕Mindanao-SW.

island: Limulan valley… (Lebak… Palimbang)Philippines (Region X) 4

31-CKO-na tasaday Philippines (Region X)31-CKO-nb blit Philippines (Region X)31-CKO-o Sarangani sarangani manobo; part of manobo-S. ⊕Mindanao-S. island: Davao

Gulf bay…Philippines (Region X) 4

31-CKO-oa sarangani-SW. ⊕Batulaki… Jose Abad Santos Philippines (Region X) 431-CKO-ob sarangani-NE. governor-generoso manobo ⊕Governor Generoso… Surub Philippines (Region X) 431-CKP MARANAO+

MAGINDANAO netDANAO

31-CKP-a Maranao+ Ila maranao+ iranon, including maginda-naon, maginda-nao, maguinda-nao, maginda-naw ⊕Mindanao-SW. island… Borneo-NE. island

Philippines (Regions IX; X;Malaysia (Sabah)

6

31-CKP-aa ma-ranao ranao, ma-ranaw ⊕Mindanao-SW. island: Lanao lake… Philippines (Region IX) 531-CKP-ab sabah-ila-nun sabah ila-non, ila-nun, illa-noan, illa-noon, la-noon, ylanos, la-nun,

illanos ⊕Borneo-NE. island… ¶migrated in 1850 from MindanaoMalaysia (Sabah) 3

31-CKP-ac mindanao-ila-non mindanao ila-non, ira-nun, ila-non, illa-non, ira-non ⊕Mindanao-SW.island: Parang…

Philippines (Region X) 5

31-CKP-ad isebanga-nen mindanao ila-non 2 ⊕Mindanao-SW. island… Philippines (Region X) 5*31-CKP-b Magindanao maginda-naon, maginda-nao, maguinda-nao, maginda-naw

⊕Mindanao-SW. island: Cotabato… Buluan lakePhilippines (Region X) 5

31-CKP-ba laya Philippines (Region X)31-CKP-bb ilud Philippines (Region X)31-CKP-bc biwangan Philippines (Region X)31-CKP-bd sibugay Philippines (Region X)31-CKP-be tagakawa-nan tagakawa Philippines (Regions X; IX)


31-CKQ TUBOY+ SIOCONnet

subanon, subanen

31-CKQ-a Tuboy+ Salog tuboy subanon, subanon-NE. ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Zamboangapeninsula…

Philippines (Regions IX; X) 4

31-CKQ-aa tuboy Philippines (Region X)31-CKQ-ab dapitan Philippines (Region X)31-CKQ-ac salog salug Philippines (Region X)31-CKQ-ad dikayu Philippines (Region X)31-CKQ-b Lapuyan lapuyan suba-non, suba-non-SE. ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Zamboanga

peninsula…Philippines (Region X) 4

31-CKQ-ba lapuyan lapuyen, margosatubig, suba-nen ⊕Katpunan… Margosatubig Philippines (Region X) 431-CKQ-c Sindangan sindangan suba-non, suba-non-C. ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Zamboanga


31-CKQ-ca sindangan-A. Philippines (Region X) 4*31-CKQ-cb kolibugan-E. kalibugan-E., calibugan-E. Philippines (Region X) 4*31-CKQ-d Siocon+ Kolibugan suba-non-W., calibugan suba-non ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Zamboanga


31-CKQ-da siocon Philippines (Region X) 4*31-CKQ-db kolibugan-C. kalibugan-C., calibugan-C. Philippines (Region X) 4*31-CKQ-dc kolibugan-W. kalibugan-W., calibugan-W. Philippines (Region X) 4*

31-D BLAAN+ GIANGANset

MINDANAO-SOUTH �Latin script

31-DA BLAAN+ TIRURAYchain

31-DAA TIRURAY net31-DAA-a Tiruray ⊕Mindanao-SW. island… Philippines (Region X) 431-DAA-aa tiruray tirurai, teduray ⊕Upi… Philippines (Region X) 431-DAB BLAAN+ TBOLI net "bilic"31-DAB-a Tboli tiboli, t'boli, 'tagabili' ⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 431-DAB-aa sinalon Philippines (Region X) 4*31-DAB-ab kiamba ⊕Kiamba… Philippines (Region X) 4*31-DAB-ac ubu Philippines (Region X) 4*31-DAB-b Blaan bilaan, bilanes, biraan, baraan ⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 531-DAB-ba koronadal koronadal blaan, cotabato blaan, tagalagad ⊕Sarangani-E. bay… Philippines (Region X) 531-DAB-bb sarangani-blaan balud, tumanao ⊕Sarangani-W. bay… Philippines (Region X) 531-DB GIANGAN chain bagobo31-DBA GIANGAN net31-DBA-a Giangan ⊕Mindanao-S. island Philippines (Region X) 431-DBA-aa giangan bagobo, jangan, guanga, gulanga, clata, eto, atto ⊕Apo-E. mountain Philippines (Region X) 4

31-E SAMA+ YAKAN set31-EA SAMA+ YAKAN

chain⊕languages scattered across Sulu+ Sulawesi seas ¶semi-nomadicseafaring communities

31-EAA ABAK net31-EAA-a Abak ⊕Capul island… and scattered elsewhere throughout Philippines Philippines 431-EAA-aa abak-non abak, inbak-non, inabak-non, capul, kapul, in [51] Español: capuleño Philippines 431-EAB YAKAN net31-EAB-a Yakan ⊕Sulu archipelago… Philippines (Region X) 431-EAB-aa yakan yacan, yacanes ⊕Basilan island… also migration > Borneo island Philippines (Region X) 431-EAC SAMA+ BAJAW net sama-bajau, sama bajau, sama badjao; comprising 2 overlapping

communities: sulu-sama, si-nama, samah, a'a-sama, a'a-samah,sama', same', samal, samar, in [31] Malay: sama-laut; (and)… bajaw,bajao, bajau, badjo, bajo, bayo, badjao, in [31] Malay: bajaw-laut

31-EAC-a Balangingi+Lutangan

sama-N., si-nama-N., balangingi bajaw, balangingi sama, bangingisama ⊕Luzon island: Subic bay ⊕Mindanao island: Olutanga+ Vitali+Basilan islands ⊕Sulu archipelago… Borneo-E. island

Philippines (Region X); Malaysia(Sabah)

4

31-EAC-aa balingingi balangingi, balanguingui, baangingi', balanian, balagnini, balanini,balignini, binadan, banadan


4

31-EAC-ab si-buguey buguey, batuan, si-buguey sama Philippines (Region X) 231-EAC-ac lutangan lutango ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Olutanga island… Philippines (Region X) 4*31-EAC-ad si-buco buco, si-buku, si-buco+ vitali ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Vitali island… Philippines (Region X) 431-EAC-ae daongdung Philippines (Region X) 4*31-EAC-af kabinga'an Philippines (Region X) 4*

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 24131-EAC-b Sama-S.* south+ central sama; including mande-laut, samadi-laut, in [31] Malay:

orang-laut, gaj, luaan, lutaos, lutayaos, turije'ne', "sea"-bajaw, "sea-gypsies", including also: banaran… darat… laminusa ⊕Suluarchipelago… Borneo-E. island… Caroline islands… Halmaheraislands… Sulawesi islands

Philippines (Region X); Malaysia(Sabah); Indonesia (Kalimantan)”; Indonesia (Sulawesi;Halmahera); Micronesia (CarolineIslands)

5

31-EAC-ba siasi siasi sama, sinam-C., bajaw-S., part of sama-C. ⊕Siasi island… Philippines (Region X); Malaysia(Sabah)

3*

31-EAC-bb di-laut dilaut bajaw, part of sama-C. Philippines (Region X) 3*31-EAC-bc ubian obian, sama-ubian, tau-ubian ⊕Sulu archipelago: North Ubian island… Philippines (Region X) 3*31-EAC-bd si-munul munul, sama-simunul ⊕Sulu archipelago: Simunul island… Philippines (Region X) 3*31-EAC-be si-butuq butuq, sama-sibutuq, sibutu', sibutu, samah-lumbah, samah-samah

⊕Sulu archipelago: Sibutu island…Philippines (Region X) 3*

31-EAC-bf tandu-bas ⊕Tawi-Tawi islands: Tandu-batu island… Philippines (Region X)31-EAC-bg sama-borneo-E. "east-coast" sama, "east-coast" bajau, including si-kubung… bajaw-

asli ⊕Borneo-E. island…Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia(Kalimantan)

4

31-EAC-bga balembangan-banggi ⊕Balembangan+ Banggi islands… (Sabah)31-EAC-bgb paitan-jembongan ⊕Paitan bay… Jembongan island… (Sabah)31-EAC-bgc labuk-sandakan ⊕Labuk bay… Sandakan coast… (Sabah)31-EAC-bgd tambisan ⊕Tambisan peninsula… (Sabah)31-EAC-bge semporna ⊕Semporna peninsula… Sebatik island (Sabah; Kalimantan)31-EAC-bgf sama-tarakan tarakan 2 ⊕Tarakan island… (Kalimantan)31-EAC-bgg maratua ⊕Maratua+ Kakaban islands+ coast… (Kalimantan)31-EAC-bgh balabalangan ⊕Balabalangan islands+ coast… (Kalimantan)31-EAC-bgi kotabaru ⊕Laut island: Kotabaru (Kalimantan)31-EAC-bh pala'au sama-pala'au ⊕Palau islands… Micronesia (Caroline Islands) 3*31-EAC-bi kajoa ⊕Halmahera island: Kayoa island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*31-EAC-bj bacan-bajaw ⊕Halmahera island: Bacan island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*31-EAC-bk obi-bajaw ⊕Halmahera island: Obi island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*31-EAC-bl sula-mu ⊕Sula islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*31-EAC-bm poso-bajaw ⊕Sulawesi island: Teluk Tomini bay: Poso… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-EAC-bn butung-bajaw ⊕Sulawesi-SE. islands… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-EAC-bna wowoni ⊕Wowoni island… (Sulawesi)31-EAC-bnb butung ⊕Butung-N. island… (Sulawesi)31-EAC-bnc muna-bajaw muna 2 ⊕Muna island… (Sulawesi)31-EAC-bo kabaena-bajaw ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island: Kabaena island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-EAC-c Pangutaran+ Lapara sulu sama-W., sulu-si-nama-W. ⊕Sulu archipelago… Philippines (Region X) 431-EAC-ca panguturan sama-panguturan ⊕Panguturan islands… Philippines (Region X) 431-EAC-cb lapara sama-lapara ⊕Laparan islands… Philippines (Region X)31-EAC-d Bajau-Borneo-W.* "west-coast" bajao, "land" bajaw, including kawang… putatan

⊕Borneo island…Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak);Brunei ”

4

31-EAC-da sandakan-bajau ⊕Sandakan… Malaysia (Sabah)31-EAC-db jembongan ⊕Jembongan island… Malaysia (Sabah)31-EAC-dc banggi ⊕Banggi island… Malaysia (Sabah)31-EAC-dd pitas-bajau pitas bajau, ⊕Marudu bay: Pitas… Malaysia (Sabah)31-EAC-de bajau-borneo-NW. ⊕Borneo-NW. coast… Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak);

Brunei31-EAC-dea kota-belud ⊕Kota Belud coast… (Sabah)31-EAC-deb bajau-bukit papar, papar bajau ⊕Papar coast… (Sabah)31-EAC-dec brunei-bay ⊕Brunei bay… (Sabah); Brunei31-EAC-ded sibuti ⊕Sibuti… (Sarawak)31-EAC-e Mapun ⊕Cagayan Sulu island… Palawan-S. islands… Borneo-NW. coast Philippines (Region X); Malaysia

(Sabah)��”4

31-EAC-ea mapun sama-mapun, jama-mapun, pullon-mapun, sulu-cagayan, cagayanon,kagayan, bajau-kagayan, orang-cagayan, cagayano


4

31-F IDA'AN+ BAGAHAKset

31-FA IDA'AN+ BAGAHAKchain

31-FAA IDA'AN+ BAGAHAKnet

31-FAA-a Ida'an+ Bagahak ⊕Borneo-NE. island… �Latin script Malaysia (Sabah) 331-FAA-aa ida'an idahan, idan, idayan, idaan, eraans, bulud-upi ⊕Kinabatangan…

Segama lower valleysMalaysia (Sabah) 3

31-FAA-ab bagahak begak ⊕Tungku… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-FAA-ac subpan supan, sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 3*


31-G TAMBANUA+SUMAMBUQ set

BORNEO-NORTHEAST

31-GA TAMBANUA+SINABU chain

PAITANIC

31-GAA TAMBANUA+SINABU net

31-GAA-a Abai-Sungai ⊕Kinabatangan lower valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GAA-aa abai-sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GAA-b Tambanua Paitan, tambanuo, tambanuva, tambanwas, tembenua, tombonuva,

tombonuwo, tunbumohas, tumbunwha, paitan, sungai 2, sungei 2,orang-sungai 2, orang-sungei ⊕Sugut valley…

Malaysia (Sabah) 4

31-GAA-ba tambanua-C. Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GAA-bb tambanua-W. Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GAA-bc tambanua-N. Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GAA-bd lingkabau-sugut linkabau sugut ⊕Sugut headwaters: Lingkabau upstream Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GAA-c Lingkabau ⊕Lingkabau headwaters… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GAA-ca lingkabau linkabau Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GAA-d Lanas-Lobu ⊕Lanas… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GAA-da lobu Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GAA-db rumanau-alab rumanau, romanau-alab, roomarrows Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GAA-e Tampias-Lobu ⊕Tampias… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GAA-ea tampias-lobu Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GAA-f Segama ⊕Segama valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GAA-fa segama dusun-segama, segama-dusun, saga-i, soghai, segai Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GAA-g Kinabatangan "upper" kinabatangan ⊕Kinabatangan upper valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GAA-ga kalabuan kolobuan Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GAA-gb makiang Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GAA-gc sinarupa sinarupo Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GAA-h Sinabu Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GAA-ha sinabu sinabu' Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GB KADAZAN +TIDONG

chainDUSUNIC

31-GBA KADAZAN+RUNGUS net

31-GBA-a Dumpas* ⊕Labuk lower right bank… Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GBA-aa dumpas doompas ⊕Perancangan… Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GBA-b Rungus+ Nulu dusun dayak, melobong rungus, memagun, memogun, melobong,

momogun, rungus dusun ⊕Marudu bay…Malaysia (Sabah) 4

31-GBA-ba rungus roongas ⊕Marudu-E. bay… Malaysia (Sabah)31-GBA-bb nulu ⊕Marudu-W. bay… Malaysia (Sabah)31-GBA-bc gonsomon ⊕Marudu-W. bay… Malaysia (Sabah)31-GBA-c Kimaragang kimaragan, kimaragangan, maragang, marigang ⊕Marudu-SE. bay… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-ca tandek garo Malaysia (Sabah)31-GBA-cb pitas-kimaragang ⊕Pitas… Malaysia (Sabah)31-GBA-cc sandayo Malaysia (Sabah)31-GBA-d Sonsogon Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-da marudu-sonsogon kota-marudu sonsogon ⊕Kota Marudu district… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-db pitas-sonsogon ⊕Pitas-S. collines… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-e Tinagas+ Talantang sugut dusun, sugut, sugut kadazan, sugut kadayan ⊕Sugut

headwaters…Malaysia (Sabah) 3

31-GBA-ea marudu-tinagas kota-marudu tinagas Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-eb tanggal Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-ec tilau-ilau ⊕Tilau-Ilau… Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-ed talantang garo, kota-marudu talantang ⊕Kota Marudu district… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-f Tebilung ⊕Marudu-SW. bay… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-fa tebilung tabilong, tobilang, tobilung ⊕Bandau… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-g Tempasuk ⊕Tempasuk Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-ga tempasuk tempasuk dusun, tindal, kedamaian, kedamaian dusun, tampasuk,

tampassuk, tampasok, tempasokMalaysia (Sabah) 3

31-GBA-h Lotud ⊕Tuaran… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-ha lotud latod, latud, suang-lotud, tuaran, tuaran dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-i Sinulihan+ Ranau dusun, dusan, dusum, dusur, 'kadazan-C.' ⊕Sugut… Labuk… Pagalan

upper valleys…Malaysia (Sabah) 5

31-GBA-ia sinulihan dusun sinulihan, sinulihan dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-ib kadazan kadazan "proper", kadayan, kedayan, kadasan Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-ic tagaro kadazan-tagaro Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-id kiundu Malaysia (Sabah) 4*

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 24331-GBA-ie pahu' Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-if sokid Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-ig bundu taginambur Malaysia (Sabah) 431-GBA-ih ulu-yuaran ⊕Ulu Yuaran… Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-ii luba* ⊕Bandau valley. Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-ij menggatal kiulu, telepok Malaysia (Sabah) 431-GBA-ik ranau ⊕Ranau district Malaysia (Sabah) 431-GBA-il 'beaufort' ⊕Beaufort district Malaysia (Sabah)31-GBA-j Kadazan-E. labuk+ kinabatanga ⊕Labuk… Kinabatangan valleys Malaysia (Sabah) 431-GBA-ja labuk-kadazan Malaysia (Sabah) 431-GBA-jb mangkaak mangkahak, mangkok, mangkak Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-jc sukang Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-jd sogilitan Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-je tompulung Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-jf kinabatangan-

sungailamag, lamag sungai, sungai, sungei, kinabatangan sungai⊕Kinabatangan (Lamag)… Segaliud (Sukang) valleys…

Malaysia (Sabah) 3*

31-GBA-jg orang-sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-jh tindakon-sungai tindakon, tindakon sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-k Minokok ⊕Kinabatangan headwaters… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-ka minokok Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-l Tambunan ⊕Tambunan district… Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-la tambunan-A. Malaysia (Sabah)31-GBA-lb monsok-dusun kuala-monsok, kuala-monsok dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 231-GBA-m Kuijau sabah-kuijau, "hill" dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-ma kuijau-A. kijau, kujau, kwijau, kuliow, kuiyow, kuriyo, koijoe Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-mb minansut Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-mc menindal mendaq, tindal 2 Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-GBA-n Ganaq ⊕Baiaya valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-na ganaq gana, gana', minansut, keningau dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-o Kadazan-W. "coastal" kadazan ⊕Kota Kinabalu… Papar… Bongawan coast… Malaysia (Sabah) 431-GBA-oa putatan Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-ob penampang penampang kadazan Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-oc papar-kadazan Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-od membakut-kadazan Malaysia (Sabah) 4*31-GBA-p Klias klias-river kadazan ⊕Klias valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-pa klias Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-q Tatanaq+ Bisaya-N. Malaysia (Sabah) 431-GBA-qa tatanaq tatana, tatana' ⊕Kuala Panyu district… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GBA-qb bisaya-N. basaya-N., besaya-N., bisaia-N., bisayah-N., jilama bawang-N., jilama

sungai-N., jilama-N. ⊕Brunei-N. bay… Padas lower valleyMalaysia (Sabah) 4

31-GBB BISAYA+ LIMBANG*net

31-GBB-a Bisaya-C. Brunei; Malaysia (Sabah) ” 431-GBB-aa bisaya-C. bisayah-C., bisaya-bukit-C., visayak-C., bekiau-C., lorang-bukit-C.,

basaya-C., besaya-C., bisaia-C., jilama bawang-C., jilama sungai-C.,jilama-C.

Brunei; Malaysia (Sabah) 4

31-GBB-b Bisaya-S. bisayah-S., bisaya bukit-N., visayak-N., bekiau-S., lorang bukit-S.⊕Marudi>SE.…

Malaysia (Sarawak) 3

31-GBB-ba 'lower'-bisaya Malaysia (Sarawak)31-GBB-bb 'middle'-bisaya "mid" bisaya Malaysia (Sarawak)31-GBB-bc 'upper'-bisaya Malaysia (Sarawak)31-GBB-c Limbang-Tutong ⊕Limbang lower valley… Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei ” 431-GBB-ca limbang-tutong tutong �distinct from neighbouring [31] Tutung (Tutong) Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei 431-GC SUMAMBUQ+

TIDONG chainMURUTIC

31-GCA SUMAMBUQ+TIMUGON net

MURUT #the designation Murut occurs also in the names oralternative names of 3 inner-languages of the [31] Tidong+Baukan netand in an alternative name of [31] Lun-Daye (Murut-S. or SarawakMurut)

31-GCA-a Bintaq+ Sandiwar padas murut, murut padas; part of "lowland" murut ⊕Padas, Beaufortlower valley…

Malaysia (Sabah) 3

31-GCA-aa bintaq beaufort murut, binta' Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ab bukow Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ac sandiwar sandewar Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ad dabugus Malaysia (Sabah)


31-GCA-b Timugon+ Poros timugon murut, timigun, timogon, timugun, timugan, tenom-murut; partof "lowland" murut ⊕Bukau… Padas confluence

Malaysia (Sabah) 3

31-GCA-ba kapagalan Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-bb poros Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-bc timugon-S. Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-c Tambual+ Nabay keningau murut, murut-C.; part of "lowland" murut Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GCA-ca nabay nabai, nebee, dabi, dabay, dabai, rabay, rabai ⊕Keningau-W. Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-cb tambual ⊕Keningau-NE. Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-cc apin-kuijau apin-apin kuijau ⊕Apin-E.… Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-cd dusun-murut Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-d Paluan+ Pandewan paluan murut ⊕Padas tributaries… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GCA-da paluan peluan Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-db dalit-murut Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-dc sook-murut ⊕Sook lower valley… Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-dd takapan Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-de makaheeliga makialiga Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-df pandewan pandewan murut Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-e Sumambuq+ Tagal tagal murut ⊕Walker… Maitland-S. mountain ranges Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak);

Indonesia (Kalimantan) ”4

31-GCA-ea tumaniq omani Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-eb sumambuq sumabug, semambu, semembu Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ec maligan mauligan, maligan murut Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak)31-GCA-ed tagal tagol, tagul, taggal Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ee bol bole, bol murut, bole murut Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ef rundum arundum, rundum murut Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-eg tolokoson Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-eh pentjangan pensiangan, pensiangan murut Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ei sapulut sapulot, sapulut murut Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ej lagunan lagunan murut Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-ek kalimantan-kuijau Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-el tenom Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCA-em alumbis lumbis, loembis Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCA-en salalir sadalir, sedalir, saralir Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCA-eo taw Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCA-f Okolod ⊕Pakerayan headwaters… Malaysia (Sarawak; Sabah);

Indonesia (Kalimantan) ”3

31-GCA-fa okolod kolod, kolour, kolur, okolod murut 331-GCA-g Selungai selungai murut ⊕Sapulut+ Pensiangan confluence… Sembakung valley Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia

(Kalimantan) ”3

31-GCA-ga selungai Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia(Kalimantan)

3

31-GCB TIDONG+ BAUKANnet

31-GCB-a Baukan+ Tengara tidong-N. ⊕Sook+ Kinabatangan headwaters… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GCB-aa baukan baokan, bokan, boken, bokun, bukun, bokon, ulun-no bokon, ulun-no

bokan, ulun-no, pingasMalaysia (Sabah)

31-GCB-ab kokoroton kokoroton murut �close to but distinct from languages of [31] Murut net Malaysia (Sabah)31-GCB-ac tengara tungara, tingara, tenggaraq, tangara', tanggaraq, kinabatangan murut

�transitional to [31] Tagal-MurutMalaysia (Sabah) 2*

31-GCB-b Sembakung+Serudung

tidong-C. ⊕Sembakung… Kalabakan valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia(Sabah) ”

3

31-GCB-ba sembakung simbakuong, sembakoeng, sembakong, sembakung murut, simbakong Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia(Sabah) adjacent

31-GCB-bb tinggalan* tinggalum, tingalun Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCB-bc serudung serudung murut ⊕Serudung valley… �distinct from languages of [31]

Murut netMalaysia (Sabah); Indonesia(Kalimantan)

31-GCB-bd kalabakan kalabakan murut ⊕Kalabakan valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 331-GCB-c Tidong+ Tarakan tidong-S., camucones, tiran, tirones, tiroon ⊕Tawau coast+ Sebatik+

Nunukay Timur islands… Kayan deltaMalaysia (Sabah); Indonesia(Kalimantan) ”

4

31-GCB-ca tawau-murut ⊕Tawau… �distinct from languages of [31] Murut net, and from [31]Tawau

Malaysia (Sabah)

31-GCB-cb tidong tidong "proper", tedong, tidoeng, zedong Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCB-cc nonukan nunukan ⊕Nunukay Timur island… Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCB-cd penchangan Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCB-ce sedalir salalir, sadalir, saralir, selalir Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCB-cf sibuku Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCB-cg sesayap sesajap ⊕Sesajap… Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-GCB-ch tarakan terakan ⊕Tarakan island… Indonesia (Kalimantan)


31-H LUNDAYE+KELABIT set

APO-DUAT

31-HA LUNDAYE+KELABIT chain

31-HAA LUNDAYE+KELABIT net

31-HAA-a Putoh+ Abai ⊕Mentarang valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-HAA-aa putoh ⊕Longberang… Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-HAA-ab pa-kembaloh ⊕Bangalan… Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-HAA-ac abai ⊕Mensalong-W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-HAA-b Lengilu ⊕Mentarang upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 131-HAA-ba lengilu Indonesia (Kalimantan) 131-HAA-c Lun-Daye daye, lun dayeh, lun dayah, lun daya, lun dayoh, lun lod, lun bawang,

murut-S., sarawak murut ⊕Brunei bay… Padas+ Sesayap headwaters�distinct from languages of [31] Murut net

Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia(Sarawak; Sabah); Brunei ”

4

31-HAA-ca kawang-menadong Malaysia (Sarawak; Sabah) 331-HAA-cb lawas Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-HAA-cc trusan Malaysia (Sarawak; Brunei) 331-HAA-cd long-sukang Malaysia (Sarawak; Brunei) 331-HAA-ce long-semado Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-HAA-cf adang Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-HAA-cg limbang Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-HAA-ch tabun Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-HAA-ci treng tring 2 ⊕Tutoh lower valley: Long Terawan Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-HAA-cj balait Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-HAA-ck ba-kelalan Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-HAA-cl padas ⊕Padas upper valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 3*31-HAA-cm long-pa-sia Malaysia (Sabah) 331-HAA-cn papadi Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-HAA-co lun-bawang bawang, long bawan, lun daye "proper" Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-HAA-d Sa'ban saban ⊕Mentarang upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia

(Sarawak) ”3

31-HAA-da sa'ban Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia(Sarawak)

3

31-HAA-e Kelabit kalabit, kerabit Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia(Kalimantan) ”

3

31-HAA-ea long-napir napir Malaysia (Sabah) 131-HAA-eb long-seidan seidan ⊕Long-Seridan… Malaysia (Sabah) 231-HAA-ec long-lellang Malaysia (Sabah) 231-HAA-ed long-bangaq bangaq ⊕long-bangag Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia

(Kalimantan)2

31-HAA-ee brung Malaysia (Sabah) 2*31-HAA-ef libbung Malaysia (Sabah) 2*31-HAA-eg lepu-potong Malaysia (Sabah) 2*31-HAA-eh bario Malaysia (Sabah) 2

31-I BINTULU+ BURUSUset

TRANSBORNEO, rajang+ baram

31-IA BINTULU+BALINGIAN chain

"transborneo"-W., rajang+ baram "proper"

31-IAA KIPUT+ BERAWANnet

baram-tinjar

31-IAA-a Tutung "coastal" tutong==⊕Tutung, Tutong… �distinct from neighbouring [31]Limbang-Tutong

Brunei 4

31-IAA-aa tutung Brunei 431-IAA-b Kiput+ Lemiting ⊕Seria-S.… Marudi Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) ” 331-IAA-ba long-kiput Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAA-bb balait-jati Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAA-bc lemiting Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAA-c Berawan+ Terawan ⊕Tutoh… Baram valleys Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-ca berawan-W. Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-cb long-pata pata Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-cc batu-baleh batu-bla Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-cd long-terawan terawan Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-ce long-jegan jegan Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-d Lelak+ Dali Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-da lelak ⊕Tinjar valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-db dali-sibuti dali 2 ⊕Sibuti-E.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2


31-IAA-e Narom+ Miri ⊕Baram-S. river-mouth.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAA-ea narom narum Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAA-eb miri ⊕Miri… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAB BINTULU net "coastal" rajang-bintulu, "coastal" rejang-bintulu31-IAB-a Bintulu ⊕Sibuti… Balingian coast (5 enclaves) Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAB-aa bintulu Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAC LAHANAN+

BUKITAN net"interior" rajang-bintulu, "interior" rejang-bintulu

31-IAC-a Kajaman+ Sekapan ⊕Rajang upper valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAC-aa sekapan sekepan Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAC-ab kajaman kayaman, kejaman Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAC-b Lahanan ⊕Rajang upper left bank… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2

31-IAC-ba lahanan lanun, lanan ⊕Long Murum downstream… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAC-c Bukitan+ Ukit ⊕Rajang upper valley & headwaters… Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia

(Kalimantan) ”2

31-IAC-ca bukitan bakitan, bakatan, beketan, mangkettan, manketa, pakatan ⊕Merit-W.…

Malaysia (Sarawak) 2

31-IAC-cb sian Malaysia (Sarawak) 131-IAC-cc punan-batu-W. ⊕Long Murum-S.… ¶community of nomadic hunter-gatherers Malaysia (Sarawak) 131-IAC-cd ukit-NW. Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAC-ce punan-ukit-SE. punan ukit-SE. Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 231-IAC-cf punan-busang punan busang Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia

(Kalimantan)2

31-IAD BALINGIAN+KANOWIT net

melanau, milanau, milano, belana'u, "lower" rejang

31-IAD-a Balingian ⊕Balingian river-mouth… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-aa balingian Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-b Mukah+ Oya mukah, muka+ oya, oya', oga Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-ba mukah muka ⊕Mukah river-mouth… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-bb oya oya', oga ⊕Oya river-mouth… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-bc dalat dalad ⊕Oya lower valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-c Daro+ Matu ⊕Rajang-N. delta… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-ca matu ⊕Matu… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-cb daro ⊕Daro… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-d Bruit ⊕Bruit island… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-da bruit Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-e Sarikei ⊕Rajang-S. delta… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-IAD-ea sarikei Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-IAD-f Sibu siduani, seduan+ banyok ⊕Sibu… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAD-fa sibu-W. ⊕Rajang lower valley: Sibu-W.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAD-fb sibu-N. igan ⊕Igan valley: Sibu-N.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAD-g Kanowit ⊕Rajang middle valley: Kanowit upstream… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAD-ga kanowit Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAD-h Tanjong ⊕Rajang middle valley: Song downstream… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAD-ha tanjong Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAD-i Seru ⊕Kabong… Malaysia (Sarawak) 031-IAD-ia seru Malaysia (Sarawak) 031-IAD-j Segahan* segalang Malaysia (Sarawak) 2*31-IAD-ja segahan segalang Malaysia (Sarawak)31-IAD-k Prehan* Malaysia (Sarawak) 2*31-IAD-ka prehan Malaysia (Sarawak)31-IAD-l Siteng* Malaysia (Sarawak) 2*31-IAD-la siteng Malaysia (Sarawak)31-IAE BAH+ BIAU net rajang+ sajau-W., rejang+ sajau-W.31-IAE-a Bah+ Biau ⊕Rajang middle valley: Merit… ¶nomadic hunter-gatherers Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAE-aa punan-bah bah, ba Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IAE-ab punan-biau Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-IB BURUSU+ BASAP

chain"transborneo"-E., rajang+ sajau-E.

31-IBA BURUSU+JEMBAYAN net

31-IBA-a Punan-Merap ⊕Malinau upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-IBA-aa punan-merap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 24731-IBA-b Burusu ⊕Sekatakbunyi… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-IBA-ba burusu Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-IBA-c Sajau sajau-basap ⊕Muaramalinau-NE.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-IBA-ca sajau-basap sajau, sujau �distinct from languages of neighbouring [31] Basap net Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-IBA-cb punan-sajau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-IBA-cc punan-basap �distinct from languages of neighbouring [31] Jembayan+ Dumaring

(Basap) netIndonesia (Kalimantan) 2

31-IBA-cd punan-batu-E. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-IBA-d Jembayan+

Dumaringbasap =⊕Kayan-S. river-mouth… Balikpapan estuary ¶scattered cave-dwelling communities

Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4

31-IBA-da jembayan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-IBA-db bulungan bulungan basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-IBA-dc berau-basap berau 2 Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-IBA-dd dumaring dumaring basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-IBA-de binatang binatang basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-IBA-df karangan karangan basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3

31-J MODANG+ TUBU set kayan+ kenyah31-JA NIBONG+ SIPENG

chain31-JAA NIBONG+ SIPENG

net31-JAA-a Nibong+ Sipeng ⊕Baram… Nibong… Balui upper valleys (scattered) ¶nomadic & semi-

nomadic hunter-gatherers, with Muslim agricultural settlementsMalaysia (Sarawak) 3

31-JAA-aa punan-nibong penan nibong, nibon Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JAA-ab bok-punan bok Malaysia (Sarawak) 131-JAA-ac punan-silat silat Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JAA-ad punan-gang gang Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JAA-ae punan-lusong lusong Malaysia (Sarawak) 131-JAA-af punan-apo apo, penan apo Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JAA-ag sipeng speng Malaysia (Sarawak) 131-JAA-ah punan-lanying lanying Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JAA-ai jelalong-punan jelalong Malaysia (Sarawak) 131-JB MODANG+ ATIP

chainKAYAN, kajan, kajang

31-JBA ATIP+ LAKAN net kayan-W.31-JBA-a Atip+ Bawang baram-kayan, baram-kajan ⊕Baram valley… Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) ” 331-JBA-aa long-atip atip ⊕Long Atip… Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-JBA-ab uma-bawang una bawang Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-JBA-ac long-akah akah, semuka, akah-semuka Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-b Badan+ Geng rejang-kayan=⊕Rejang… Balui valleys ¶scattered communities Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-JBA-ba ma'-aging Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-bb long-badan badan Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-bc uma-daro daro Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-bd long-kehobo kehobo, uma poh Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-be uma-juman juman Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-bf long-murun murun, murum ⊕Long Murum Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-bg long-geng geng ⊕Long Geng Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-bh kemena Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBA-bi lisum Malaysia (Sarawak) 2*31-JBA-c Lakan+ Kayaniyut kayan-"river" kayan, lakan kayan ⊕Kayan valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-ca uma-lakan lakan ⊕Kayan upper valley: Datadian downstream Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-cb kayaniyut ⊕Kayan middle valley Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBA-d Wahau-S. wahau kayan ⊕Muara Wahau-N.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBA-da wahau-S. wahau kayan �distinct from neighbouring [31] Uma-Timai (Wahau-

N.)Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2

31-JBA-e Mendalam mendalam kayan ⊕Mendalam valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-ea mendalam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-f Mahakam kayan mahakam ⊕Mahakam valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-fa mahakam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-g Belayan+ Bleh ⊕Mahakam upper valley… Oga… Belayan valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-ga mahakam-busang ⊕Mahakam upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-gb belayan ⊕Belayan valley Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-gc long-bleh bleh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-JBA-h Bahau-C. ⊕Busang… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBA-ha bahau-C. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3


31-JBB BANYUQ+SEMIANG net

murik kayan, murik kajan, murik kajang

31-JBB-a Banyuq+ Semiang ⊕Baram valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-JBB-aa long-hubung hubung, bahau-SE. Malaysia (Sarawak) 2*31-JBB-ab long-banyuq banyuq Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-JBB-ac long-semiang semiang Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JBC MODANG+ SEGAI

netmodang kayan, modang kajan, modang kajang

31-JBC-a Segai ⊕Kelai valley… Longlaai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBC-aa kelai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBC-ab punan-kelai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBC-ac punan-segah segah Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBC-ad bolongan* Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBC-b Modang ⊕Segah… Kelinjau… Belayan valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-JBC-ba long-wai wai, long we, kelingan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBC-bb long-glat glat Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBC-bc long-bento' bento' Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBC-bd benehes Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBC-be nahes-liah-bing Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBD AOHENG+ BUKAT

net"muller-schwaner's punan"

31-JBD-a Bukat ⊕Kapuass valley… (3 enclaves) Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBD-aa bukat Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBD-b Hovongan ⊕Cemaru-SW.mountain Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBD-ba hovongan-A. punan bungan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2*31-JBD-bb semukung-uheng Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2*31-JBD-c Kereho-Uheng ⊕Kerihun mountain… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBD-ca kereho-uheng punan-keriau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBD-d Aoheng ⊕Liangpran-S. mountain Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBD-da aoheng penihing Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JBD-e Punan-Merah ⊕Mahakam valley: Ujohhilang-E. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBD-ea punan-merah merah Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBD-f Punan-Aput ⊕Menyapa-NW. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JBD-fa punan-aput aput Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JC TUBU+ BAKUNG

chainKENYAH, "kenyahic"

31-JCA TUBU net31-JCA-a Tubu Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCA-aa punan-tubu Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCB SIBOP+ MALEI net sebob kenyah31-JCB-a Sibop+ Lirong sibop, sebob, sebop, sabup, sambup ⊕Tinjar upper valley… Rejang…

Baram valleysMalaysia (Sarawak) 3

31-JCB-aa tinjar-sibop Malaysia (Sarawak) 2*31-JCB-ab lirong Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCB-ac long-pokun pokun Malaysia (Sarawak) 2*31-JCB-ad long-atun atun Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCB-ae long-ekang ekang, long-ikang Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCB-af long-luyang luyang Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCB-b Bah-Malei* Malaysia (Sarawak) 131-JCB-ba bah-malei ba-mali Malaysia (Sarawak) 131-JCC BAKUNG+

KAYANIYUT netkenyah, kenja, kinjin, kindjin, kehja, kenya, kanyay

31-JCC-a Labid+ Wat tutoh kenyah ⊕Tutoh valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-aa long-wat wat Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-ab long-labid labid Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-ac lugat Malaysia (Sarawak)31-JCC-b Madang+ Malang lepo-tau-kenyah, lepo-tau-kenya ⊕Tinjar valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2*31-JCC-ba madang badang, medang, Malaysia (Sarawak)31-JCC-bb malang Malaysia (Sarawak)31-JCC-c Bangan+ Kakus kenyah-W.=⊕Rajang upper river+Balui river-basin (scattered)… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-JCC-ca long-bangan bangan ⊕Belaga valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-cb kemena-penan punun kemena Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-cc kakus-penan punun kakus Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-cd uma-bakah bakah, long bulan ⊕Balui valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-ce lunan Malaysia (Sarawak)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 24931-JCC-cf lepu-anau* Malaysia (Sarawak)31-JCC-cg lepu-pohun* Malaysia (Sarawak)31-JCC-ch lepu-pun* Malaysia (Sarawak)31-JCC-ci lepu-sawa* Malaysia (Sarawak)31-JCC-d Jeeh+ Nyamok "upper baram" kenyah ⊕Baram valley… Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia

(Kalimantan) adjacent; Brunei ”3

31-JCC-da long-anap anap Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-db long-jeeh jeeh Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-JCC-dc long-moh moh Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-dd nyamok Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-de long-lamai lamai Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-JCC-e Atau+ Puyungan "bahau-river" kenyah ⊕Longkemuat… Iwan valley 331-JCC-ea long-atau atau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-eb long-bena bena Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-ec long-puyungan puyungan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-ed punan-benalui benalui Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-f Kayaniyut+ Bia kayan-"river" kenyah ⊕Apo-Kayan massif… Iwan valley Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia

(Sarawak) ”3

31-JCC-fa 'lower'-kayan "lower"-kayan kenyah Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCC-fb punan-penjalin penjalin Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-fc long-bia bia Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCC-fd punan-ban Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-fe kayaniyut-kenyah kayaniyut 2 �distinct from [31] Lakan+ Kayaniyut Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCC-ff long-nawan nawan Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia

(Sarawak)3

31-JCC-fg long-kelawit kelawit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-g Mahakam-Kenyah+

Bohmahakam kenyah=⊕Makaham valley… �distinct from [31] Mahakam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3

31-JCC-ga mahakam-kenyah Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCC-gb boh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCC-h Tau+ Jalam kelinyau kenyah=⊕Kinjau… Telen valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCC-ha uma-bem bem Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-hb uma-tau tau, lepu tau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-hc lepo'-kulit kulit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-hd uma-jalam jalam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-i Timai wahau kenyah=⊕Muara Wahau+ Wahau Kayan>N.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCC-ia uma-timai timai, wahau-N. �distinct from neighbouring [31] Wahau-S. Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-JCC-j Bakung+ Poh bakung kenyah, bakong ⊕Oga valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia

(Sarawak) ”3

31-JCC-ja boh-bakung Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-JCC-jb punan-oho' Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-jc oga-bakung Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia

(Sarawak) adjacent2

31-JCC-jd kayan-bakung "kayan-river" bakung Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-JCC-je punan-poh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2

31-K JAGOI+ AHE* set LAND-DAYAK31-KA JAGOI+ AHE chain31-KAA JAGOI+ AHE net31-KAA-a Silakau ⊕Lundu… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-KAA-aa silakau selekau Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-KAA-b Lara ⊕Lundu+ Sambas upper valleys Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia

(Kalimantan) ”4

31-KAA-ba lara lara', luru, la Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia(Kalimantan)

4

31-KAA-c Jagoi+ Tringus sarawak-dayak ⊕Samarahan… Lundu… Landak valleys Malaysia (Sarawak) 431-KAA-ca jagoi sentah, jaggoi, bau-jagoi Malaysia (Sarawak) 431-KAA-cb grogo gurgo, gugu Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-KAA-cc sentenggau sentenggau-jagoi Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-KAA-cd gumbang Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-KAA-ce serambau serambo Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-KAA-cf empawa Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-KAA-cg suti ⊕Tan>S.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 231-KAA-ch taup tahup Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*


31-KAA-ci assem ⊕Landak upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-KAA-cj tengoh ⊕Landak upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-KAA-ck dongay ⊕Landak upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-KAA-cl krokong ⊕Krokong… Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia

(Kalimantan)3*

31-KAA-cm tringgus tringus, tring ⊕Tutoh lower valley… Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia(Kalimantan)

2

31-KAA-d Singgi ⊕Kuching>W.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-KAA-da singgi singgie, singhi, singai, bi-singai Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-KAA-e Atah+ Sadong* ⊕Padawan… Balai Ringin Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia

(Kalimantan) ”4

31-KAA-ea bi-atah siburan community Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia(Kalimantan)

4

31-KAA-eb lundu landu Malaysia (Sarawak)31-KAA-ec bi-deyu bukar-bidayuh, bi-dayuh, bi-dayah Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-KAA-ed sadong bukar-sadong, buka, bukar, serian, sabutan Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia

(Kalimantan)4

31-KAA-ee tebakang Malaysia (Sarawak)31-KAA-f Kuap+ Ta* Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-KAA-fa bi-kuap kuap, kiap, quop, bi-kuab Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-KAA-fb be-ta ta Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-KAA-g Murang+ Busang* Malaysia (Sarawak) 3*31-KAA-ga murang-punan Malaysia (Sarawak)31-KAA-gb penyabung-punan Malaysia (Sarawak)31-KAA-gc busang Malaysia (Sarawak)31-KAA-gd djuloi Malaysia (Sarawak)31-KAA-h Bekati ⊕Sambas… Seluas Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia

(Sarawak) ”3

31-KAA-ha be-kati be-kati', ba-katiq Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia(Sarawak)

3

31-KAA-i Benyadu+Balantiang

Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4

31-KAA-ia be-nyadu nyadu, be-nyadu', njadu ⊕Tan… Darit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-ib ba-lantiang lantiang, balantian ⊕Sambas tributary… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-KAA-j Kembayan ⊕Landak valley… Balaikarangan… Kembayan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-ja kembayan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-k Ribun ⊕Kembayan>S.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-ka ribun Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-l Djongkang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-la djongkang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-m Sanggau ⊕Kapuas valley: Sanggau… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-ma sanggau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-n Semandang+ Gerai ⊕Balaiberkuwak… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-na semandang Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-KAA-nb gerai Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-KAA-nc be-ginci ginci Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-KAA-nd bi-hak hak Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-KAA-o Sara ⊕Sanggau-Ledo… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-KAA-oa sara ⊕Sanggau-Ledo… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-KAA-p Ahe Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-pa ahe ahe-dayak, dayak-ahe Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-KAA-q Sau+ Ratak* Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-KAA-qa sau sauh Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-KAA-qb bi-ratak ratak Indonesia (Kalimantan)

31-L MAANYAN+MERINA set

barito+ malagasy

31-LA DOHOI+ NGAJU chain BARITO-WEST31-LAA DOHOI+ SIANG net barito-NW.31-LAA-a Dohoi danum ⊕Muller… Schwaner massifs Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAA-aa ot-balawan balawan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LAA-ab ot-banu'u banu'u Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LAA-ac ot-olang olang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LAA-ad ot-tuhup tuhup Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LAA-ae sarawai melawi Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LAA-af ot-danum uut-danum, danum "proper", dohoi "proper" Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAA-ag ulu-ai' da'an ⊕Nangamentebai enclave… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 25131-LAA-b Punan-Ratah ⊕Maruwai+ Busang confluence… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-LAA-ba punan-ratah ot-murung-NW., murung-NW. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-LAA-c Siang ⊕Kapuas+ Maruwai upper valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAA-ca ot-siang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4*31-LAA-cb ot-murung-SE. ⊕Purukcahu… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAB NGAJU+ BAKUMPAI

netbarito-SW.

31-LAB-a Katingan ⊕Katingan valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAB-aa katingan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAB-b Ngaju+ Mantangai ngadju, ngaju dayak, biadju, barito-SW. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 531-LAB-ba kapuas ngaju, ngadju, ngaju-dayak, biadju, biaju, bara-dia ⊕Kapuas valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 531-LAB-bb ngaju-V. "vehicular" kalimantan ⊕Borneo-S. island… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 531-LAB-bc pulopetak Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4*31-LAB-bd ba'amang ba'amanjg-ngaju, bara-bare, sampit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 531-LAB-be oloh-mantangai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4*31-LAB-c Kahayan ⊕Kahayan… Kapuas valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAB-ca kahayan kahaian, kahajan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAB-d Bakumpai bara-jida ⊕Kualakapuas>NE. … Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAB-da bakumpai-A. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LAB-db oloh-mengkatip mangkatip Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LB MAANYAN+

LAWANGAN chainbarito-E.

31-LBA MAANYAN+ DEYAHnet

barito-SE.

31-LBA-a Maanyan+ Samihim ⊕Barito valley>E.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 531-LBA-aa dusun-malang ⊕Tewe lower valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBA-ab dusun-witu ⊕Barito upper left bank: Buntokecil… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBA-ac paku ⊕Barito upper left bank: Buntok+ Ampah… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBA-ad ma'anyan maanyak-dayak, ma'anjan, siang-S., sihong, siong ⊕Barito upper left

bank: Tamanglayang…Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4

31-LBA-ae dusun-balangan ⊕Paringin>E.… (enclave) Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBA-af samihim buluh-kuning ⊕Damardatar… (enclave) Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBA-b Dusun-Deyah ⊕Tabalong valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBA-ba dusun-deyah deah, dejah ⊕Bengkang>E.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBB LAWANGAN+

TABUYAN netbarito-NE.

31-LBB-a Lawangan+Tabuyan

⊕Tewe valley… Jangeru peninsula Indonesia (Kalimantan) 5

31-LBB-aa benua Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBB-ab benua-N. ⊕Dempar… Muarasiran Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LBB-ac benua-S. ⊕Longikis>W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LBB-ad bantian bentian Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBB-ae bantian-N. bentian-N. ⊕Namis… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LBB-af bantian-S. bentian-S. ⊕Kandilo upper left bank Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3*31-LBB-ag tabuyan taboyan, tabojan, tabojan-tongka, tawoyan, tawoyan-dayak ⊕Palori… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBB-ah bawu ⊕Muarapayang>W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBB-ai lawangan luwangan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBB-aj pasir ⊕Kandilo upper right bank Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LBB-ak ajuh Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-al bakoi borneo-lampung, lampung Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-am banuwang Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-an kali Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-ao karau beloh Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-ap lawa-kalimantan Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-aq lolang Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-ar mantararen Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-as njumit Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-at purai Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-au purung Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-LBB-av tuwang Indonesia (Kalimantan)


31-LC TUNJUNG+AMPANANG chain

barito makaham

31-LCA TUNJUNG+AMPANANG net

31-LCA-a Tunjung tunjung-dayak Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LCA-aa tengah tunjung-tengah ⊕Adas… Dempar… Melak + Mahakam middle valley…

MuntaiwanIndonesia (Kalimantan) 4

31-LCA-ab linggang tunjung-linggang ⊕Melak>W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 231-LCA-ac londong tunjung-londong ⊕Mahakam middle left bank Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-LCA-ad mahakam-pahu pahu 2 ⊕Mahakam middle right bank Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-LCA-b Ampanang ⊕Beratus mountain>N.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LCA-ba ampanang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-LD MERINA+ TANDROY

chain31-LDA MERINA+ TANDROY

netMALAGASY, malagasi, in [51] Français: malgache

31-LDA-a Merina+ Betsileo malagasy-C. ⊕Madagascar island… Madagascar 731-LDA-aa merina teny-malagasy (teny =«language»), malagasy "proper", mérina, hova

⊕Antananarivo…Madagascar 7

31-LDA-aaa ✍ merina-F. "standard" malagasy, teny-ofisialy (=«official language») �Latin script �Madagascar31-LDA-aab merina-U. tananarivo "urban", in [51] Français: tananarivien ⊕Antananarivo Madagascar31-LDA-aac merina-V. "vehicular" malagasy Madagascar31-LDA-ab sihanaka a'tondrazaka Madagascar 5*31-LDA-ac betsimisaraka-N. becimisaraka-N., betsimaraka-N. ⊕Madagascar coast-NE. Madagascar 5*31-LDA-ad betsimisaraka-S. becimisaraka-S., betsimaraka-S. ⊕Madagascar coast-CE. Madagascar 5*31-LDA-ae bezanuzanu Madagascar 5*31-LDA-aea bezanuzanu-A. bezanozano Madagascar31-LDA-aeb an-taiva an-tanka, tankay Madagascar31-LDA-af vorimo vurimu Madagascar 5*31-LDA-ag taimanambondro taimanambundru Madagascar 5*31-LDA-ah tanala Madagascar 5*31-LDA-aha an-tanala Madagascar31-LDA-ahb menabe-ikongo including tanalana Madagascar31-LDA-ai sahafatra sahaftra Madagascar 5*31-LDA-aj betsileo becileu, betsiléo, betsileu ⊕Ambositra… Fianarantsoa �transition to

[31] Malagasy-SW.Madagascar 5*

31-LDA-b Tanosy+ Taimoro malagasy-SE. ⊕Madgascar-SE. island… Madagascar 631-LDA-ba an-tambahoaka tambahoaka, an-tamboaka, an-tambahuaka Madagascar31-LDA-bb an-taimoro taimoro, an-taimuru Madagascar31-LDA-bc zafisoro zafisuru Madagascar31-LDA-bd zalisere Madagascar31-LDA-be an-taifasy taifasy, an-taifasi Madagascar31-LDA-bf an-taisaka taisaka Madagascar31-LDA-bg an-tanosy tanosy, an-tanosi, an-tanusi, tanosy-E. ⊕Fort-Dauphin… Madagascar31-LDA-c Tandroy+ Tanalana malagasy-SW. ⊕Madagascar-SW. island… Madagascar 6*31-LDA-ca an-tandroy tandroy, an-tandrui, including "neutral" an-tandroy… "respectful" an-

tandroy registersMadagascar

31-LDA-cb mahafale mahafaly, mahafali Madagascar31-LDA-cc tanalana including "neutral" tanalana… "respectful" tanalana… "scornful"

tanalana registersMadagascar

31-LDA-cca tanalana-tandriake #=«tanalana of the sea» ⊕Onilahy river-mouth>S.… Madagascar31-LDA-ccb tanalana-tanolahy #=«tanalana of Onilahy» ⊕Onilahy lower valley.… Madagascar31-LDA-cd onilahy-tanosy tanosy-W. ⊕Onilahy middle valley… Madagascar31-LDA-ce vezu vezo Madagascar31-LDA-cf masikoro Madagascar31-LDA-cg bara-mikaty bara-W. Madagascar31-LDA-ch bara-E. Madagascar31-LDA-d Talaotsy+ Sakalava malagasy-W. ⊕Madagascar-W. island (west of central mountain

range)… Comores islandsMadagascar; also migration>Mayotte

6

31-LDA-da sakalava-menabe ⊕Mangoky… Manambao river-mouths Madagascar31-LDA-db sakalava-ambongo ⊕Manambao river-mouth… Soalala Madagascar31-LDA-dc sakalava-boina ⊕Betsiboka lower valley… Madagascar31-LDA-dd an-talaotsy ⊕Betsiboka… Mahajamba river-mouths Madagascar

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 25331-LDA-e Sambiranu+

Tsimihetymalagasy-NW. ⊕Madagascar-NW. island: Tsaratanana massif>W.+ S. Madagascar 5*

31-LDA-ea sambiranu sambirano, sakalava-sambiranu, sakalava-N. ⊕Tsaratananamassif>W.: Maromandia… Anaborano

Madagascar

31-LDA-eb nosy-be ⊕Nosy-Be, Nossi Bé island… Madagascar 4*31-LDA-ec tsimihety cimiheti, tsimiheti, tsimihetry ⊕Tsaratanana massif>S: Bealanana…

Mandritsara �transition to [31] Malagasy-C.Madagascar

31-LDA-f Tankarana malagasy-N. ⊕Madagascar extreme north island… Madagascar 5*31-LDA-fa an-tankarana takarana ⊕Tsaratanana massif>N.… Madagascar31-LDA-g Boshy+ Talaotra ki-boshy, boshy �influenced by [99] shi-Maore ⊕Mayotte island… Mayotte 4*31-LDA-ga ki-boshy boshy, bushi, ki-boshy "proper", ki-boshy-ki-maore, ki-maore, maore

�with [99] Bantu language-prefix ki-Mayotte

31-LDA-gb an-talaotra ki-antalaotsy, antalaotsy, ki-boshy-ki-antalaotsy, talauntsiu Mayotte

31-M MALAYU+ CHAM set SUNDIC, including malayic �classification into chains and nets isprovisional �historical relationships have been blurred by maritimemigrations and contacts and by sea-borne spread of [31] Malayu

31-MA CHAM+ UTSATchain

"chamic", part of "achinese+ chamic" chains

31-MAA UTSAT net "chamic"-N.31-MAA-a Utsat ⊕Hainan-S. coast: Yanglian-W. China (Hainan) 331-MAA-aa utsat utset, hainan-cham, in [79] Han-yu (Chinese): huihui ⊕Huihui… Huixin China (Hainan) 331-MAB JARAI+ RHADE net "chamic plateau", part of "chamic"-S.31-MAB-a Jarai djarai, gia-rai, jorai, cho-rai, chor, mthur ⊕San upper… Ayun valleys Vietnam; & adjacent Cambodia ” 531-MAB-aa hodrung hdrung ⊕Kontum-SW. … Vietnam31-MAB-ab golar ⊕Pleiku… Vietnam31-MAB-ac jhue Vietnam31-MAB-ad arap Vietnam31-MAB-ae habau ho-bau Vietnam31-MAB-af to-buan Vietnam31-MAB-ag sesan Vietnam31-MAB-ah chuty Vietnam31-MAB-ai plei-kly* ⊕Plei-Kly… Vietnam31-MAB-b Haroi ⊕Hau Bon>E.… Vietnam 431-MAB-ba haroi hrway, hroi, hroy, hoi, aroi, bahnar-cham Vietnam 431-MAB-c Rhade rade, raday, rde, e-de, de ⊕Ea-Kan… Song-Ba middle valleys Vietnam; & adjacent Cambodia ”;

migration> U.S.A.5

31-MAB-ca rde-kpa kpa Vietnam31-MAB-cb krung-S. Vietnam31-MAB-cc bih Vietnam31-MAB-cd ndhur mdhur Vietnam31-MAB-ce a-dham Vietnam31-MAB-cf blo Vietnam31-MAB-cg kodrao kdrao Vietnam31-MAC CHAM+ NOANG net "coastal chamic", part of "chamic"-S., including ro-glai, ra-glai, radlai,

adlai, ray-glay, rang-glai31-MAC-a Cacgia-Roglai ⊕Phan-Rang>NE. coast… Vietnam 331-MAC-aa cacgia-roglai Vietnam 331-MAC-b Noang+ Chru ⊕Song-Cai+ Lagna upper valleys Vietnam 431-MAC-ba noang la-oang, roglai-N. Vietnam 431-MAC-bb roglai-S. Vietnam 431-MAC-bc rai-E. rai 2 Vietnam 431-MAC-bd chru churu, chrau-hma, cadoe-loang, seyu, cru, kru, choru, chu, Vietnam 431-MAC-c Cham tjam, chiem Vietnam; Cambodia ” 431-MAC-ca cham-E. chiem-thanh ⊕Phan-Rang>W.… Ham-Tan>E. (3 enclaves) Vietnam 431-MAC-cb cham-W. "new" cham ⊕Mekong middle valley: Phum Dey Dos downstream;

Tonle Sap lake; Phnom-Penh>N.+ SE.… ;=Kampot>W. coast; Viet-namfrontier: Ky upper valley (enclaves)

Cambodia; Vietnam 5

31-MB ACEH chain ACHINESE, part of "achinese+ chamic" chains31-MBA ACEH net31-MBA-a Aceh acheh, atjeh, "achehnese", "atjehnese" ⊕Sumatra-N. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 631-MBA-aa banda banda-aceh ⊕Banda-Aceh… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MBA-ab baruh Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MBA-ac bueng Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MBA-ad daja Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MBA-ae pase Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MBA-af tunong Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MBA-ag pidie pedir+ timu Indonesia (Sumatera)


31-MC GAYO chain31-MCA GAYO net31-MCA-a Gayo gayoo, gajo ⊕Sumatra-N. island… Takengon, Takingeun… Genten…

LokonIndonesia (Sumatera) 5

31-MCA-aa dorot Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MCA-ab bobasan Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MCA-ac serbodjadi Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MCA-ad tampur Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MD PAKPAK+ LOM

chainSUMATRA, sumatera, part of "wider malayic" chains

31-MDA PAKPAK+ KARO net BATAK-NORTH31-MDA-a Alas+ Kluet Indonesia (Sumatera) 431-MDA-aa kluet-W. ⊕Leuser range-SW.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 331-MDA-ab kluet-E. ⊕Leuser range-E.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 331-MDA-ac alas ⊕Geumapang, Gumpang. valley: Kutacane, Kutatyane… Indonesia (Sumatera) 431-MDA-b Karo ⊕Wampu upper valley… Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MDA-ba karo ⊕Sibuatan mountain>N.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MDA-c Pakpak+ Dairi batak-pakpak, batak-dairi ⊕Sibuatan mountain>SW.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 631-MDA-ca dairi ⊕Sibuatan mountain>SW.… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDA-cb pakpak ⊕Sidikalang> S.… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDA-cc singkil ⊕Simpang-kiri lower river: Singkil upstream… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDB SIMALUNGUN net BATAK-CENTRAL31-MDB-a Simalungun batak-simalungun ⊕Toba lake>N.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MDB-aa simalungun simalungan, simelungan, timur ⊕Pematangsiantar… Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MDC TOBA+

MANDAILING netBATAK-SOUTH

31-MDC-a Toba+ Mandailing ⊕Toba lake… Barumun valley Indonesia (Sumatera) 631-MDC-aa toba batak-toba, toba-batak, batta ⊕Toba lake+ island… Asehan valley Indonesia (Sumatera) 631-MDC-ab mandailing batak-mandailing, mandailing batak, batta, batak-S. "vehicular" Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MDC-ac angkola batak-angkola, anakola Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MDD SIMEULUE+ NIAS

net5

31-MDD-a Simeulue simalur, simulul, simeulo', long-bano, bano, lekon ⊕Simeulue… Banjakislands

Indonesia (Sumatera)

31-MDD-aa simeulue-W. ⊕Simeulue-W. island… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-ab simeulue-E. ⊕Simeulue-E. island… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-ac babi* ⊕Babi+ Lasia islands… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-ad banjak* ⊕Banjak islands: Tuangku+ Bangkaru islands… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-b Sichule ⊕Simeulue-C… island Indonesia (Sumatera) 431-MDD-ba sichule-A. sikhule, sikule, wali-banuah Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-bb lekon Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-bc tapah Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-c Nias ⊕Nias… Batu islands Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MDD-ca nias-NW. ⊕Nias-N.+ C. island… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-cb nias-SE. ⊕Nias-S.… island Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDD-cc batu ⊕Batu+ Pini islands… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE MENTAWAI net part of "sumatra"31-MDE-a Mentawai mentawei, mentawi ⊕Mentawai islands… Indonesia (Sumatera) 431-MDE-aa siberut-N. ⊕Siberut-N. island… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE-ab simalegi ⊕Siberut-N. island: ⊕Simaleke Hilin*… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE-ac siberut-S. ⊕Siberut-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE-ad sipura sipora ⊕Sipura, Sipora island… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE-ae pagai ⊕Utara… Selatan islands Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE-af sakalagan Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE-ag silabu Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE-ah taikaku Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDE-ai saumanganja Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MDF ENGGANO net31-MDF ENGGANO31-MDF-a Enggano ⊕ Sumatra-SW.: Enggano islands… Indonesia (Sumatera) 331-MDF-aa enggano "engganese" Indonesia (Sumatera) 331-MDG LOM net part of "sumatra"31-MDG-a Lom ⊕Bangka-NE. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 131-MDG-aa lom mapor, belom, maporese ⊕Belinya peninsula… Indonesia (Sumatera) 1


31-ME LAMPUNG+ ABUNGchain

"lampungic", part of "wider malayic" chains

31-MEA ABUNG+KOTABUMI net

31-MEA-a Abung ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MEA-aa abung jabung, lampung-N. Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MEA-b Kotabumi ⊕Kotabumi> NE.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5*31-MEA-ba kotabumi lampung-NW. Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MEA-c Menggala ⊕Menggala>E.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5*31-MEA-ca menggala lampung-NE. Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MEB LAMPUNG+

KOMERING net�influenced by [31] Malayu

31-MEB-a Komering ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MEB-aa komering-A. komerin, njo-N. ⊕Komering middle valley (Martapura+ Kangkung)…

Mesuji river-mouthIndonesia (Sumatera) 5

31-MEB-ab komering-ogan* ogan 2 Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MEB-b Sungkai ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MEB-ba sungkai ⊕Kanan upper valley… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MEB-c Lampung ⊕Sumatra-S. island… �Lampung script Indonesia (Sumatera) 631-MEB-ca lampung lampong, lampung-C., api ⊕Kanan middle valley (Karangan)…

Labuhanmeringgai coastIndonesia (Sumatera) 6

31-MEB-d Pubian pesisir-N. ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MEB-da pubian Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MEB-e Pesisir pesisir-S., lampung-S. ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 531-MEB-ea kota-agung lampung-SW. ⊕Semangka bay: Kota-Agung… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MEB-eb way-lima Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MEB-ec telukbetung Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MEB-ed talang+ padang Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MEB-ee kalianda lampung-SE. ⊕Kalianda… Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MEB-f Krui lampung-W. ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 431-MEB-fa krui kroe, kru'i, njo-S. ⊕Krui… Sanggi… Kotajawa Indonesia (Sumatera) 431-MF MALAYU+ JAWA

chainpart of "wider malayic" chains

31-MFA MALAYU net MALAY, melaju, melayu, in [12] 'Arabiyya: jawi, in [51] French: malais,in [52] Nederlands: maleis

31-MFA-a Bahasa-Malayu Malay-Indonesian, "general malay", "general malay+ indonesian"#bahasa=«language» �from c.1450: Perso-Arabic (Jawi) script; Latin

Malaysia; Brunei; Singapore;Indonesia; Thailand; migration>Netherlands; United Arab Emirates”

8

31-MFA-aa ✍ malayu-riau-johor

"classical malay", 'high malay', "riau-johore malay" �from c.1450 Malaysia…

31-MFA-ab ✍ bahasa-malaysia malaysian, "modern standard malaysian" malayu, bahasa-kebangsaan (=«national language») #=«language of Malaysia»

�Malaysia; �Brunei; �Singapore 7

31-MFA-ac ✍ bahasa-indonesia

indonesian, "modern standard indonesian" #=«language ofIndonesia» �developed in 20th cent. (official in Indonesia since 1945)

�Indonesia; migration>Netherlands

8*

31-MFA-ad malayu-pasar melayu-pasar, pasir, "pasar-malay", "pasir-malay", "commercialmalay", "bazaar malay", "trade malay", 'low malay'

Malaysia; Brunei; Singapore;Indonesia; Thailand

7

31-MFA-b Malayu-C. "malay-C.", "malacca-straits local malay" Malaysia; Thailand-S. adjacent;Singapore ”; Indonesia(Sarawak)

6

31-MFA-ba malayu-kedah ⊕Taiping… Satun ⊕Penang… Ko Tarutao islands Malaysia (Kedah; Penang; Perak);& adjacent Thailand

31-MFA-bb malayu-johor johor, "malay"-S. Malaysia (Johor; Melaka; Pahang;Selangor; Perak); Singapore

31-MFA-bc malayu-negeri-sembilan

#=«malayu of the nine villages» �influenced by [31] Minangkabau-Negeri-Sembilan

Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan)

31-MFA-bd deli ⊕Deli sultanate: Pangkalansusu… Medan… Kisaran Indonesia (Sumatera: SumateraUtara)

31-MFA-be malayu-riau riouw, part of riouw+ lingga ⊕Riau province: mainland… Riauarchipelago

Indonesia (Sumatera: Riau)

31-MFA-bf malayu-lingga part of riouw+ lingga ⊕Lingga archipelago… Indonesia (Sumatera: Riau)31-MFA-c Malayu-N. "thailand-gulf local malay" ⊕Gulf of Thailand west coast Malaysia (Trengganu; Kelantan);

Thailand-S. ”6

31-MFA-ca malayu-trengganu "malaysian" malayu-E. Malaysia (Trengganu)31-MFA-cb malayu-kelantan Malaysia (Kelantan)31-MFA-cc malayu-pattani pattani-malay, thai-malay ⊕Pattani+ Songhla… Nakhon Si

Thammarat… Tha ChanaThailand-S.


31-MFA-d Malayu-SW. "sumatra-S. local malay" Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 731-MFA-da kerinci ⊕Kerinci mountain… Kerinci lake Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 531-MFA-db lematang ⊕Musi middle valley.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5*31-MFA-dba lematang-NW. ⊕Sarolangun-E.… (Sumatera-S.)31-MFA-dbb lematang-SE. ⊕Muaraenim.… (Sumatera-S.)31-MFA-dc rawas ⊕Ambacang… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 531-MFA-dd musi ⊕Muraktingi-W.… ⊕Musi middle valley… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 531-MFA-de sekayu* ⊕Sekayu Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 531-MFA-df sindang-kelingi ⊕Muraktingi-SE.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5*31-MFA-dg enim ⊕Muaraenim-S.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5*31-MFA-dh palembang ⊕Palembang… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5*31-MFA-di ogan ⊕Palembang-S.… ⊕Pagerdewa… Baturaja Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 431-MFA-dj belide ⊕Prabumulih-N.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 431-MFA-dk penesak penasak ⊕Prabumulih-E.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dl kayu-agung ⊕Kayuagung… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dm lengkayap ⊕Baturaja-S.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 431-MFA-dn aji ⊕Muaradua-N.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 431-MFA-do daya ⊕Muaradua… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 431-MFA-dp ranau-pesagi ranau 2 ⊕Pesagi-NE.lake Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 431-MFA-dq semendo part of "middle malay" ⊕Muaradua… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dqa semendo-S. ⊕Pajarbulan-S.… (Sumatera-S.)31-MFA-dqb semendo-N. ⊕Patuh-NE. mountain… (Sumatera-S.)31-MFA-dr pasemah besemah, part of "middle malay" ⊕Lahat… Uludanau Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-ds lintang Kebur-S.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dt lembak linggau, including lembak bliti… lembak sindang Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dta lembak-N. ⊕Lubuklinggau… (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dtb lembak-S. ⊕Bengkulu-W.… (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-du bengkulu benkulan, bencoolen ⊕Bengkulu… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dv serawai ⊕Tais… Manna coast… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dw mulak ⊕Bintuan… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dx bangka-W. ⊕Bangka island… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dy belitung ⊕Beleitung island… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4*31-MFA-dz suku-batin* Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 431-MFA-e Malayu-Tioman ⊕Tioman island Malaysia (Johor) 4*31-MFA-ea tioman tioman "local malay" Malaysia (Johor)31-MFA-f Malayu-Borneo "borneo-coast local malay" Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia

(Sarawak; Sabah); Brunei ”7

31-MFA-fa brunei+ kedayan brunei+ kadaian Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak) 431-MFA-faa kedayan kadaian, kadayan, kadian, kadien, kadyan, karayan, kedyan, kedien,

kerayan ⊕Brunei Bay-NE. coast…Malaysia (Sabah)

31-MFA-fab malayu-brunei brunei, "brunei malay", including orang-bukit (=«community of themountain»)

Brunei; Malaysia adjacent(Sarawak; Sabah)

4

31-MFA-fac kedayan-W.* ⊕Baram river-mouth>W.… Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFA-fb malayu-sarawak "sarawak malay" ⊕Lupar bay & estuary… Malaysia (Sarawak) 5*31-MFA-fc selako+ kendayan malayu-borneo-W., "western coastal malay", including "sea"-dayak-W.

⊕Sematan coast… Kumai bay; Anambas islands… Kadapongan islandIndonesia (Kalimantan; Jawaadjacent islands); Malaysia(Sarawak adjacent)

5*

31-MFA-fca selako ⊕Singkawang… Sematan coast… Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia(Sarawak adjacent)

5

31-MFA-fcb kendayan+ ambayang ⊕Mempawah-E.… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcc banana' ⊕Singkawang-SE.… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcd tapitan tapitn ⊕Bengkayang-E.… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fce kayung (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcf delang (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcg semitau (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fch suhaid (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fci keninjal (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcj mentebah-suruk (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fck serasan ⊕Serasan island… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcl subi ⊕Subi+ Panjang island… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcm anambas ⊕Anambas islands… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcn tambelan ⊕Tambelan islands… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fco salembu ⊕Masalembu, Salembu islands… (Jawa)31-MFA-fcp karamian ⊕Karamian island… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fcq kadapongan ⊕Kadapongan+ Matasiri+ Kalambau islands… (Kalimantan)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 25731-MFA-fd banjar banjarese, bandjarese, banjar-malay ⊕Kumai… Berau river-mouths

�influenced by [31] JawaIndonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia(Sabah)

6

31-MFA-fda sampit ⊕Sampit bay… (Kalimantan) 431-MFA-fdb banjar-kuala kuala ⊕Pleihari… (Kalimantan) 531-MFA-fdc meratus orang-bukit 2 (=«mountain community») ⊕Meratus mountains…

Sampanahan upper valley(Kalimantan) 4

31-MFA-fdd laut+ sebuku ⊕Laut+ Sebuku islands… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fde banjar-hulu-W. ⊕Kandangan… Rantau (Kalimantan) 531-MFA-fdf banjar-hulu-E. ⊕Klumpeng… Pamukan bays (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fdg balikpapan ⊕Balikpapan… (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fdh berau ⊕Berau-S. river-mouth… (enclave) (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fdi tawau ⊕Tawau… (Sabah)31-MFA-fe pasir-kalimantan pasir-malay 2 ⊕Adang bay… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-MFA-ff kutai kutai-malay Indonesia (Kalimantan) 531-MFA-ffa kutai-tenggarong ⊕Kutai lower valley… (Kalimantan) 531-MFA-ffb kutai-ancalong ⊕Kinjau lower valley (Kalimantan) 431-MFA-ffc kutai-N. ⊕Suntan coast… Talok peninsula (Kalimantan)31-MFA-fg kota-bangun kota-bangun kutai, kutai 2 ⊕Mahakam+ Belayan confluence:

Kotabangum…Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4*

31-MFA-fh bakumpai-malay ⊕Belawang-W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4*31-MFA-fi merau merau-malay Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-MFA-fj labu labu-malay, lebu-malay, lebu, labu-basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-MFA-g Malayu-Sulawesi "celebes malay", "celebes vehicular malay" Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-MFA-ga malayu-makassar macassarese, macassarese-malay, makassarese ⊕Ujung-Pandang,

Makassar…Indonesia (Sulawesi)

31-MFA-gb malayu-manado manado-malay, menadonese ⊕Manado… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-MFA-h Malayu-Maluku-N. "moluccan malay"-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 331-MFA-ha malayu-ternate ternate ⊕Halmahera… Obi… Suli islands Indonesia (Maluku) 231-MFA-hb malayu-bacan bacanese, batjan ⊕Bacan island: Labuha… Indonesia (Maluku) 331-MFA-i Malayu-Maluku-S. "moluccan malay"-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 531-MFA-ia malayu-ambon "ambonese", "ambonese malay" ⊕Ambon… Haruku… Nusa Laut…

Saparua… Seram islandsIndonesia (Maluku); migration>Netherlands

5

31-MFA-j Malayu-Tenggara "tenggara malay" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*31-MFA-ja malayu-larantuka ende-malay ⊕Flores-E.… Solor… Pantar… Alor… Wetar islands Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*31-MFA-jb basa-kupang ⊕Timor-SW. (Kupang)… Roti islands Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 431-MFA-k Malayu-Irian "new-guinea malay" Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3*31-MFA-ka malayu-irian irianese Indonesia (Irian Jaya)31-MFA-l Malayu-Kokos "cocos malay" Australia (Cocos Islands;

Christmas Island); migration>Malaysia (Sabah)

3

31-MFA-la kokos-keeling ⊕Cocos-Keeling islands… Australia (Cocos Islands) 231-MFA-lb kokos-krismes ⊕Christmas islands… Australia (Christmas Island) 231-MFA-lc kokos-sabah ⊕Tawau ⊕Lahad Datu (enclaves) Malaysia (Sabah) 331-MFB BETAWI+ CHITI net MALAYO-CREOLE31-MFB-a 'Baba-Malay' "chinese malay" �influenced by [79] Min-nan Singapore; Malaysia (Melaka) 531-MFB-aa 'baba-malay' baba Singapore; Malaysia (Melaka) 531-MFB-aaa singapour-baba ⊕Katong… Geylang+ Joo Chiat Singapore 531-MFB-aab malacca-baba (Melaka) 431-MFB-b Peranakan "chinese indonesian malay" �influenced by [79] Min-nan Indonesia (Jawa) 431-MFB-ba paranakan baba-indonesian Indonesia (Jawa) 431-MFB-c Betawi ⊕Jakarta… Indonesia (Jawa) 631-MFB-ca bahasa-betawi malayu-jakarta, melayu-jakarte, batavi, batawi, omong-jakarta

(=«dialect of Jakarta»), "jakarta creole malay", "jakartanese"; betawi-asli community #=«language of Batavia» �influenced by [79] Min-nan⊕Jakarta, former Batavia

Indonesia (Jawa; Bali) 6

31-MFB-caa ✍ betawi-F. "formal" betawi ⊕Jakarta, former Batavia… (Jawa)31-MFB-cab betawi-U. "popular urban" betawi ⊕Jakarta, former Batavia… (Jawa)31-MFB-cac malayu-bali ⊕Bali-SW. island… (Bali)31-MFB-d Chiti ⊕Melaka straits Malaysia (Peninsula) 4*31-MFB-da chiti "chitties creole malay", "malaccan creole malay" ⊕Melaka straits

�influenced by [46] TamilMalaysia (Peninsula)

31-MFB-e Malayu-Lanka "sri lankan creole malay", "sri lankan malay" �influenced by [49] Tamil�Perso-Arabic (Jawi) script; Latin

Sri Lanka 4

31-MFB-ea ✍ malayu-lanka-F. "literary sri-lankan malay" Sri Lanka31-MFB-eb malayu-lanka-U. "popular urban sri-lankan malay" ⊕Colombo… Kandy… Badulla…

HambantotaSri Lanka 4


31-MFC MOKEN+ MOKLENnet

31-MFC-a Moken mawken, basing, chau-ko', lawta, in [77] Bama: salon, selung, selong,in [48] Thai: chao-thalee (=«community of the ocean»), part of "sea-gipsy", in [31] Malay: orang-laut ¶seafaring nomads ⊕Merguiarchipelago…

Burma-S.; Thailand-S. ” 3

31-MFC-aa moken mawken, chau-ko' Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S. 331-MFC-aaa dung Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S.31-MFC-aab ja-it Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S.31-MFC-aac l'be Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S.31-MFC-aad basing Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S.31-MFC-b Moklen Thailand-S. 331-MFC-ba moklen ⊕Phangnga… Phuket islands Thailand-S. 331-MFD URAK-LAWOI net31-MFD-a Urak-Lawoi urak lawoi', orak lawoi, part of "sea-gipsy", in [31] Malay: orang-laut Thailand-S.; Malaysia (Kedah) ” 331-MFD-aa urak-lawoi-N. ⊕Phuket… Lanta… Adang islands Thailand-S. 331-MFD-ab urak-lawoi-S. ⊕Batang, Butang… Langkawi islands Thailand-S.; Malaysia (Kedah) 031-MFE DUANO net part of "para-malay"31-MFE-a Duano ⊕Melaka straits… Malaysia (Johor) 331-MFE-aa duano' orang kuala, desin-dola' ⊕Pontial Kechil ⊕Batu Pahat coast (enclaves) Malaysia (Johor) 331-MFF TEMUAN+ SELETAR

netjakun, "island aboriginal" malay, part of "para-malay" Malaysia (Pahang)

31-MFF-a Temuan benua, jakun -N., niap Malaysia (Pahang) 4*31-MFF-aa temuan-A. temuan "proper" Malaysia (Pahang) 431-MFF-ab beduanda biduanda Malaysia (Pahang) 3*31-MFF-ac belanda belandas, belana, blanda, landa, belanas Malaysia (Pahang) 3*31-MFF-ad berembun birmun Malaysia (Pahang)31-MFF-ae besisi cellate, mah-meri, sisi Malaysia (Pahang) 331-MFF-af kenaboi* orang kenaboi, "post-kenaboi-austronesian" Malaysia (Pahang) 0*31-MFF-ag mantra mentera, mintra Malaysia (Pahang) 3*31-MFF-ah udai Malaysia (Pahang) 3*31-MFF-b Orang-Hulu Malaysia (Pahang; Johor) 431-MFF-ba orang-hulu jakun -S., jaku'd, jakud'n, jakoon, djakun Malaysia (Pahang) 431-MFF-c Orang-Kanaq ⊕Mawai-NE. Malaysia (Johor) 131-MFF-ca orang-kanaq Malaysia (Johor) 131-MFF-d Orang-Seletar ⊕Singapore River both banks Malaysia (Johor); Singapore 231-MFF-da orang-seletar Malaysia (Johor); Singapore 231-MFG MINANG net part of "para-malay"31-MFG-a Minang minang-kabau, padang �influenced by [31] Malayu Indonesia (Sumatera; migration>

Jawa); Malaysia (Peninsula)5

31-MFG-aa minang-W. ⊕Sumatra coast-W.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MFG-aaa meulaboh ⊕Meulaboh… (coastal enclave) (Sumatera)31-MFG-aab blangpidie ⊕Blangpidie… (coastal enclave) (Sumatera)31-MFG-aac tapaktuan ⊕Tapaktuan… (coastal enclave) (Sumatera)31-MFG-aad minang-singkil singkil 2 ⊕Singkil… (coastal enclave) (Sumatera)31-MFG-aae sibolga ⊕Sibolga… (coastal enclave) (Sumatera)31-MFG-aaf minang-padang padang 2 ⊕Singkuang… Padang coast Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFG-ab minang-N. ⊕Rokan valley… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MFG-ac minang-C. ⊕Talkmau… Malintang mountains+ foothills Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MFG-aca minang-CN. ⊕Bangkinang… (Sumatera)31-MFG-acb minang-CW. pajokumbuh ⊕Payakumbuh, Pajokumbuh… (Sumatera)31-MFG-acc minang-A. ⊕Batusangkar… (Sumatera)31-MFG-acd singkarak ⊕Singkarak lake… (Sumatera)31-MFG-ace minang-CE. ⊕(Inderagiri upper & middle valley) Sijunjung… Rengat (Sumatera)31-MFG-ad minang-S. ⊕(Masurai mountain) Hari headwaters… Musi sources Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MFG-ada minang-SE. (Sumatera)31-MFG-adb minang-SW. ⊕Painan… Indrapura (Sumatera)31-MFG-adc minang-kerinci kerinci-mingkabau ⊕Kerinci mountain… (Sumatera)31-MFG-ae muko-muko �influenced by [31] Rejang Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MFG-af pekal �influenced by [31] Rejang Indonesia (Sumatera) 431-MFG-ag agam* Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MFG-ah tanah* Indonesia (Sumatera) 4*31-MFG-ai minangkabau-

negeri-sembilan"malaysian-minangkabau", ulu-muar-malay, orang-negeri#=«minangkabau of the 9 towns» ⊕Kuala Lumpur>SE.

Malaysia (Peninsula) 4*


31-MFH LUBU+ KUBU net part of "para-malay"31-MFH-a Lubu* kerinci, kerinchi, kerintji, kinchai ⊕Kerinci mountain (Sungaipenuh)… Indonesia (Sumatera) 431-MFH-aa ulu Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-ab mamaq orang-mamak Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-ac akit Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-ad talang Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-ae sakei Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-b Kubu ⊕Bangko-S.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 331-MFH-ba lalang Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-bb bajat Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-bc ulu-lako Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-bd tungkal Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-be tungkal-ilir Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-bf dawas Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-bg supat Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-bh djamb jambi-malay Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-bi ridan Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFH-bj kubu-nomad "nomadic" kubu Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFI REJANG net "pseudo para-malay"31-MFI-a Rejang rejang-lebong, redjang, jang, djang, ⊕Duen mountain: Bengkulu>N.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 631-MFI-aa lebong djang-lebong Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFI-ab musai djang-musai Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFI-ac lai djang-lai Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFI-ad bekulau djang-bekulau Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFI-ae bele-tebo djang-bele-tebo Indonesia (Sumatera)31-MFJ BALAU+ SIGARAU*

net"malayic-dayak", "malay-dayak", including 'iban', 'ivan', "ibanic", "seadayak" #in [31] Kayan: iban, ivan=«immigrant, migrant»

31-MFJ-a Balau+ Sekarang 'iban'-sarawak Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei ” 531-MFJ-aa batang-lupar Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei 4*31-MFJ-ab bugau-N. Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei 4*31-MFJ-ac balau bala'u, kami-balau Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-MFJ-ad milikin millikin Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-MFJ-ae sibuyau sebuyau, sabuyau, sibuian, sibuyan, sabuyan Malaysia (Sarawak) 331-MFJ-af kantu' Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFJ-ag desa Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFJ-ah dali Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFJ-ai lemanak Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFJ-aj ulu-al Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFJ-ak undup Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFJ-al sekarang Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFJ-am dau Malaysia (Sarawak)31-MFJ-b Sigarau+ Sebaru 'iban'-ketungau ⊕Ketungau river-basin… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 331-MFJ-ba air-tabun Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-bb sigarau Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-bc sekalau Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-bd sekapat Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-be bugau-S. Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-bf banjur Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-bg sebaru' Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-bh demam Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-bi maung Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFJ-c Seberuang 'iban'-seberuang ⊕Kapuas upper river-basin… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-MFJ-ca seberuang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-MFK EMBALOH net31-MFK-a Embaloh ⊕Borneo-CW. island: Kapuas upper river-basin… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 431-MFK-aa embaloh-A. mbaloh, maloh, malo, memaloh, matoh, including sangau, sanggau Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFK-ab taman taman-dayak, dayak-taman Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFK-aba kapuas-taman ⊕Kapuas upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFK-abb mendalem-taman taman-mendalem ⊕Mendalem valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFK-abc sibau-taman taman-sibau Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFK-ac palin pari Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFK-ad lauk Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFK-ae leboyan Indonesia (Kalimantan)31-MFK-af kalis kalis-dayak, kalis-maloh Indonesia (Kalimantan)


31-MFL MADURA+KANGEAN net

"wider" madura �transition between [31] Malayu & [31] Jawa+Tengger chains

31-MFL-a Madura madhura, madurese �including at least 2 social registers Indonesia (Jawa); migration>Singapore

7

31-MFL-aa madura-W. ⊕Madura-W. island… Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFL-aaa bangkalan ⊕Bangkalan… Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFL-aab bawean boyanese Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFL-ab madura-C. pamekasan ⊕Madura-C. island: Pamekasan… Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFL-ac madura-E. ⊕Madura-E.… Sapudi islands Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFL-aca sumenep ⊕Sumenap… (Jawa)31-MFL-acb sapudi ⊕Sapudi island (Jawa)31-MFL-ad pasuruan+ besuki ⊕Java-NE. island… Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFL-ada pasuruan ⊕Pasuran… Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFL-adb besuki Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFL-b Kangean ⊕Kangean islands… Indonesia (Jawa) 5*31-MFL-ba kangean Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFM JAWA+ TENGGER

netpart of "sundic"

31-MFM-a Jawa Javanese, djawa, "javanese", in [52] Nederlands: javaansch, in [51]French: javanais �from c.750: Javanese script; Arabic script; fromearly 20th cent.: Latin script

Indonesia (Jawa; migration> Bali;Sumatera; Selatan; Kalimantan;Sulawesi-S.; Maluku; Irian Jaya);migration> Malaysia (Sabah);Singapore; New Caledonia /Kanaky; French Guiana; Surinam

7

31-MFM-aa � tembung-kawi "traditional literary javanese", kawi #=«poet's language» �influencedby [59] Sanskrit

Indonesia (Jawa) 6*

31-MFM-ab � jawa-halus "hindu liturgical javanese" �influenced by [59] Sanskrit Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFM-ac � jawa-pegon "islamic javanese" �influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFM-ad � basa-kedatan basa-kedaton, "palace javanese" �influenced by [59] Sanskrit Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFM-ae basa-krama krama, kromo, "courtly javanese", "reverential javanese" register

�influenced by [59] SanskritIndonesia (Jawa) 6*

31-MFM-aea krama-inggil «high» krama register (Jawa)31-MFM-aeb krama-andhap «humble» krama register (Jawa)31-MFM-af basa-madya "intermediate" javanese register Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFM-ag ✍ jawa-F. "modern literary javanese", "standard javanese" �Central East (Solo)

modelIndonesia (Jawa)

31-MFM-ah jawa-G. basa-ngoko, ngoko, "common" javanese, "generalised javanese",including jawa-NW.+ jawa-E. ⊕Java-C.+ E. island… �this basic formof Jawa, together with its regional dialects, alternates lexically in givensocial situations with the Basa-Krama or Basa-Madya registers listedabove

Indonesia (Jawa…)… 7

31-MFM-aha haurgeulis part of jawa-NW. ⊕Haurgeulis-W.… (Jawa)31-MFM-ahb manuk indramayu, part of jawa-NW. ⊕Manuk lower valley: Indramayu… (Jawa)31-MFM-ahc cirebon part of jawa-NW., chirebon, tjirebon ⊕Cirebon (Jawa)31-MFM-ahd jawa-CW. part of jawa-NW., including tega ⊕Brebes+ Batang coast…

Pangandaran+ Kebumen coast(Jawa)

31-MFM-ahe solo jawa-CE., surakarta, surkarta ⊕Jogyakarta… Surakarta (Jawa)31-MFM-ahf pekalongan part of jawa-E. ⊕Pekalongan (Jawa)31-MFM-ahg surabaya part of jawa-E. ⊕Surabaya… (Jawa)31-MFM-ahh malang+ pasuruan part of jawa-E. (Jawa)31-MFM-ahi semarang* ⊕Semarang… (Jawa)31-MFM-ahj tembung (Jawa)31-MFM-ahk pasisir (Jawa)31-MFM-ai banten jawa-W. ⊕Serang… Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFM-aj osing banyuwangi ⊕Banyuwangi… �modified Javanese script Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFM-ak jawa-palembang ⊕Palembang… Indonesia (Sumatera) 6*31-MFM-al jawa-surinam "caribbean javanese" Surinam; French Guiana 531-MFM-am jawa-nouméa �influenced by [51] Français ⊕Nouméa… New Caledonia / Kanaky 531-MFM-b Tengger ⊕Tengger>SW.: slopes of Bromo volcano Indonesia (Jawa) 531-MFM-ba tengger "tenggerese" Indonesia (Jawa)31-MFN SUNDA+ BADUI net "wider" sundanese31-MFN-a Sunda Sundanese, priangan, pringan, sounda ⊕Java-W. island… Indonesia (Jawa) 731-MFN-aa � sunda-L. "archaic literary" sunda, "old" sunda � from c.1350: Javanese script;

Perso-Arabic scriptIndonesia (Jawa)

31-MFN-ab ✍ sunda-F. "modern literary" sunda, "standard" sunda �from c.1850: SundaBandung model; Latin script

Indonesia (Jawa)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 26131-MFN-ac sunda-bandung "central" sunda ⊕Bandung… Sukabumi… Pelabuanratu bay Indonesia (Jawa) 731-MFN-aca basa-kasar "everyday" sunda register (Jawa) 6*31-MFN-acb basa-lemes "high" sunda register (Jawa) 6*31-MFN-acc basa-sedeng "neutral" sunda register (Jawa) 6*31-MFN-acd basa-tjohag "low" sunda register (Jawa) 6*31-MFN-ad sunda-W. ⊕Mauk, Mawuk… Ciliangkahan coast �with registers (cf.Sunda-

Bandung)Indonesia (Jawa) 6*

31-MFN-ae sunda-N. bogor, krawang ⊕Bogor… Subang �with registers Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFN-af sunda-CE. ⊕Ciremay mountain… Majalengka �with registers Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFN-ag sunda-SE. ⊕Wado… Parigi �with registers Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFN-ah sunda-NE. ⊕Kuningan-E.… �with registers Indonesia (Jawa) 6*31-MFN-b Badui ⊕Kendang mountain… Sukabumi Indonesia (Jawa) 331-MFN-ba badui Indonesia (Jawa) 331-MFO BALI+ SASAK net31-MFO-a Bali Balinese, including registers: basa-ketah, "common balinese"… basa-

madia, "intermediate balinese"… basa-singgih, "reverential balinese","sanskritised balinese" ⊕Bali island…

Indonesia (Bali; Nusa Tenggara;migration> Jawa)

6

31-MFO-aa � bali-L. "archaic literary balinese" � from 10th cent.: Javanese script; Perso-Arabic script

Indonesia (Bali) 6

31-MFO-ab ✍ bali-F. "literary balinese", "standard balinese" � from early 20th cent.:Lowland Balinese model; Latin script

Indonesia (Bali) 6

31-MFO-ac bali-W. part of "lowland balinese" Indonesia (Bali) 631-MFO-aca grogak ⊕Grogak… (Bali)31-MFO-acb jembrana ⊕Jembrana… (Bali)31-MFO-ad bali-S. part of "lowland balinese" Indonesia (Bali)31-MFO-ada badung ⊕Badung (Bali)31-MFO-adb gianyar ⊕Gianyar… (Bali)31-MFO-adc klungkung ⊕Klungkung… (Bali)31-MFO-add karangasem ⊕Karangasem… (Bali)31-MFO-ade mataram ⊕Lombok-W. island: Mataram (Nusa Tenggara)31-MFO-ae bali-U. "simplified balinese", "urban balinese" Indonesia (Bali) 631-MFO-aea singaraja ⊕Singaraja (Bali)31-MFO-aeb tabanan ⊕Tabanan+ Selemadeg (Bali)31-MFO-aec denpasar ⊕Denpasar (Bali)31-MFO-af bali-aga "highland balinese" ⊕Bali-N. island… Indonesia (Bali) 431-MFO-afa bali-aga-N. ⊕Temukus… Tejakula (Bali)31-MFO-afb bali-aga-E. ⊕Kesimpar… (Bali)31-MFO-afc bali-aga-S. ⊕Sengkidu… (Bali)31-MFO-ag nusa-penida ⊕Penida island… Indonesia (Bali)31-MFO-b Sasak lombok ⊕Lombok-E. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 631-MFO-ba kuto-kute sasak-N. ⊕Tanjung… Bayan Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*31-MFO-bb ngeto-ngete sasak-NE. ⊕Lombok… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*31-MFO-bc meno-mene sasak-C. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*31-MFO-bd ngeno-ngene sasak-SE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*31-MFO-be mriak-mriku sasak-CS. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*31-MFO-c Sumbawa ⊕Sumbawa island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 531-MFO-ca sumbawa semawa, "sumbawarese" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5

31-N BUGIS+GORONTALO set

SULAWESI

31-NA MUNA+ BUTONchain

31-NAA TUKANG+BONERATE net

31-NAA-a Bonerate ⊕Kalao-E. island… Karompa island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAA-aa bonerate-A. ⊕Bonerate island… Kalao-E. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NAA-ab karompa tanahmulala ⊕Karompa island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NAA-b Tukang-Besi-S. wakatobi-S. ⊕Tukangbesi-S. archipelago… Indonesia (Sulawesi; also

migration> Maluku; Irian Jaya)3*

31-NAA-ba binongko ⊕Binongko island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAA-bb tomea tomia ⊕Tomea island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NAA-c Tukang-Besi-N. wakatobi-N. ⊕Tukangbesi-N. archipelago… Indonesia (Sulawesi); migration>

Singapore3*

31-NAA-ca kaledupa kahedupa ⊕Kaledupa island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NAA-cb wanci wanji, wantji, wanje, wangi-wangi ⊕Wangiwangi island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*


31-NAB KALAOTOA+LAIYOLO net

31-NAB-a Kalaotoa ⊕Kalaotoa island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAB-aa kalaotoa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAB-b Laiyolo da'ang ⊕Salayar-S. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAB-ba barang-barang lowa ⊕Barang-Barang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NAB-bb laiyolo-A. layolo, lajolo ⊕Laiyolo… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NAC WABULA+

KAESABU net31-NAC-a WABULA+

KAESABU'cia-cia', buton-S., butung-S., "butonese"-S., in [52] Nederlands: zuid-boetoneezen ⊕Butung-S. island…

Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NAC-aa kaesabu Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAC-ab sampolawa mambulu-laporo Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAC-ac wabula+ wali Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAC-aca wabula ⊕Wabula (Sulawesi)31-NAC-acb burungasi ⊕Burungasi (Sulawesi)31-NAC-acc takimpo tokimpo ⊕Tokimpo (Sulawesi)31-NAC-acd kondowa ⊕Kondowa (Sulawesi)31-NAC-ace holimombo (Sulawesi)31-NAC-acf wali ⊕Wali island (Sulawesi)31-NAC-ad masiri ⊕Masiri Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAD LASALIMU net31-NAD-a Lasalimu ⊕Buton-SE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAD-aa lasalimu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAE WOLIO net31-NAE-a Wolio ⊕Buton-SW. island: Baubau �Perso-Arabic script Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NAE-aa wolio baubau, buton, butung, "butonese proper", in [52] Nederlands:

boetoneezen ¶former aristocratic language, associated with Sultan'scourt at Baubau �spoken dialects to be distinguished


31-NAF KAMARU net31-NAF-a Kamaru ⊕Buton-SE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAF-aa kamaru Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAG WOTU net31-NAG-a Wotu ⊕Sulawesi-C. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAG-aa wotu ⊕Wotu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAH MUNA+ LIABUKU

net31-NAH-a Busoa ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… Buton-SW. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NAH-aa busoa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NAH-b Liabuku ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… Buton-S. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAH-ba liabuku Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAH-c Kaimbulawa ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… Siompu island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAH-ca kaimbulawa-A. Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAH-cb lantoi Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAH-cc kambe-kambero Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAH-d Muna wuna, mounan ⊕Muna island… Buton-N. island ⊕also migration>

Ambon islandIndonesia (Sulawesi; migration >Maluku)

5

31-NAH-da gumas muna-S. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NAH-daa gu ⊕Gu (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dab mawasangka ⊕Mawasangka (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dac lakudo (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dad wale-ale (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dae lawama (Sulawesi)31-NAH-daf kadatua ⊕Kadatuang island (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dag lowu-lowu (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dah kalia-lia (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dai katobengke (Sulawesi)31-NAH-daj topa (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dak salaa (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dal lawela ⊕Lawele (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dam laompo (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dan burukene (Sulawesi)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 26331-NAH-db muna-N. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NAH-dba muna-F. "standard" muna (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dbb tungkuno ⊕Tongkuno (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dbc kabawo (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dbd lawa-sulawesi lawa 2 (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dbe katobu ⊕Katabu (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dbf tobea-besar (Sulawesi)31-NAH-dc siompu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NAH-dd tiworo muna-E. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NAH-e Pancana pantjana ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NAH-ea kapontori ⊕Kapontori… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAH-eb kalende lawele ⊕Kalende… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAH-ec labuandiri ⊕Labuandiri… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAH-f Kioko ⊕Kulisusu district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NAH-fa kioko-A. Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NAH-fb kambowa Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NB BUGIS+ MANDAR

chainSULAWESI-SOUTH �Lontara, Bugis-Makassar script

31-NBA MAKASSAR+KONJO net

31-NBA-a Salayar ⊕Salayar island… Kalao island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBA-aa salayar-A. selayar, salajar, salayer, silajara, siladja, saleier ⊕Salayar island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBA-ab tanahjampea* ⊕Tanahjampea island… Kalao-W. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBA-b Bentong ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBA-ba bentong dentong Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBA-c Makassar makasar, macassarese, macassar, makassa, taena, tena,

mengkasara, mangasara, makassarese, makassaarsche ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island…


31-NBA-ca gowa goa ¶prestige language ⊕Ujung Pandang, Makassar… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBA-cb lakiung ⊕Ujung Pandang… Spermo islands… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBA-cba ujungpandang ⊕Ujung Pandang… (Sulawesi)31-NBA-cbb spermo ⊕Spermo islands… (Sulawesi)31-NBA-cbc tupu makassar-N. ⊕Tupu… (Sulawesi)31-NBA-cc maros+ pangkep ⊕Maros… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBA-cd turatea jeneponto ⊕Bontosunggu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBA-d Konjo-S. kondjo, tiro, "coastal" konjo ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NBA-da konjo-pesisir ara, bira ⊕Bira… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBA-db tana-toa tana-towa, kajang, kadjang, "black" konjo ⊕Kajang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBA-dc banta-eng bonthain ⊕Bonthain, Banta-Eng… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBA-e Konjo-NW. ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NBA-ea konjo-pegunungan konyo, "highland" konjo ⊕Lompobatang mountain… Konjo upper valley Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NBB BUGIS net BUGINESE31-NBB-a Bugis bugi, ugi, de', "buginese", in [52] Nederlands: boegineesche,

boeginezen ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… ;=also migration> Sulawesi-N.+ E.island… (at least 10 enclaves)

Indonesia (Sulawesi > Kalimantan;Sumatera; Maluku; Irian Jaya);Malaysia (Sabah)

6

31-NBB-aa enna Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-aaa sinjai ⊕Sinjai… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-aab palatae palattae ⊕Palatae… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-aac bulukumba (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ab bone ⊕Watampone… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-aba palakka (Sulawesi)31-NBB-abb dua-boccoe (Sulawesi)31-NBB-abc mare (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ac soppeng ⊕Walanae valley>W.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-aca soppeng-A. ⊕Watansoppeng… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-acb kessi (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ad barru soppeng-riaja* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-ada barru-A. tanete ⊕Barru, Tanete… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-adb pare-pare ⊕Parepare… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-adc nepo (Sulawesi)31-NBB-add tompo (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ae sawitto Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-aea pinrang ⊕Pinrang… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-aeb polewali ⊕Polewali… (Sulawesi)


31-NBB-af sidrap rappang-buginese ⊕Baranti… Rappang… Belawa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-afa sidenrang ⊕Sidenreng lake… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-afb pinrang+ utara (Sulawesi)31-NBB-afc alitta (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ag wajo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-ah luwu' luwu-S. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-aha luwu'-A. laowu ⊕Laowu… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ahb bua-ponrang (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ahc wara (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ahd malangke+ ussu ⊕Malangke… (Sulawesi)31-NBB-ai pasangkayu ugi riawa ⊕Pasangkayu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-aj pangkep pangkajene Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBB-ak camba Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBC KAMPALAGIAN+

BUKU net31-NBC-a Kampalagian+ Buku tallumpanuae, tjampalagian, tasing ⊕Sulawesi-W. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBC-aa campalagian ⊕Campalagian… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBC-ab buku Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBD MAIWA+ DURI net masenrempulu, massenrempulu ⊕Sulawesi-W. island…31-NBD-a Maiwa ⊕Boya upper valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBD-aa maiwa ⊕Maiwa… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBD-b Enrekang endekan, endekan-timur Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBD-ba enrekang-A. ⊕Enrekang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBD-bb ranga Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBD-bc pattinjo letta+ batulappa+ kassa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBD-bca letta Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBD-bcb batulappa Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBD-bcc kassa Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBD-c Duri ⊕Sadang middle valley… ;=also migration> Ujung Pandang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBD-ca duri-A. "prestige" masenrempulu ¶prestige language Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBD-cb cakke ⊕Cakke… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBD-cc kalosi Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBD-d Malimpung ⊕Malimpung… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBD-da malimpung masenrempulu-N. Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE TORAJA+ MAMASA*

netsa'dan, sadan, sada

31-NBE-a Toala+ Palili part of toraja-timur, toraja-E. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBE-aa toala' toala Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-ab toware Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-ac sangangalla' ⊕Pinrang-W.… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-ad sillanan+

gandangbatu⊕Belopa coast… Mesup middle valley Indonesia (Sulawesi)

31-NBE-ae palili' Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-b Tae rongkong, tae', toware, taeq, tae'-tae', part of toraja-timur, toraja-E. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NBE-ba to-rongkong ⊕Balase middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBE-baa rongkong-kanandede (Sulawesi)31-NBE-bab rongkong-atas (Sulawesi)31-NBE-bac rongkong-bawah (Sulawesi)31-NBE-bad seko-lemo (Sulawesi)31-NBE-bb luwu-NE.* Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-bc bua Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-c Talondo ⊕Mamaju district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NBE-ca talondo' ⊕Talondo Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-cb pedasi ⊕Pedasi Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-d Toraja-Sadan sa'dan, sadan, sada, sadang, toraja, toradja, toraja-S., in [52]

Nederlands: sa'dansche ⊕Tana Toraja… Luwu districts;=migration>Ujung Pandang


31-NBE-da makale Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-db tallulembangna Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-dc rantepao sa'dan-balusu ¶prestige language Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-dd kesu' Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBE-de toraja-barat mappa-pana #barat=«west» toraja ⊕Mesup lower valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 26531-NBE-e Mangki makki, maki, ma'ki, mangkir, kalumpang ⊕Budong-Budong valley…

¶extinctIndonesia (Sulawesi) 0

31-NBE-ea kalumpang galumpang ⊕Kalumpang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NBE-eb karataun Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NBE-ec mablei Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NBE-ed mangki-A. e'da Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NBE-ee bone-hau ta'da Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NBE-f Mamasa ⊕Mamasa valley… Gandadiwata mountain Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NBE-fa mamasa-S. pattae', patta'-binuang ⊕Mamasa middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBE-faa binuang (Sulawesi)31-NBE-fab paki (Sulawesi)31-NBE-fac batetanga (Sulawesi)31-NBE-fad anteapi (Sulawesi)31-NBE-fb mamasa-C. ⊕Mamasa upper valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBE-fc mamasa-N. ⊕Gandadiwata mountain… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NBF MANDAR net31-NBF-a Mandar andian, manjar, in [52] Nederlands: mandharsche ⊕Malunda… Mapili Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NBF-aa balanipa napo+ tinambung Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBF-aaa napo (Sulawesi)31-NBF-aab tinambung (Sulawesi)31-NBF-ab majene ⊕Majene… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*31-NBF-aba malunda ⊕Malunda… (Sulawesi)31-NBF-abb pamboang (Sulawesi)31-NBF-abc sendana cenrana, tjendana (Sulawesi)31-NBF-abd awoq* awo', awo'-sumakuyu, awoq-sumakuyu (Sulawesi)31-NBG PITU+ ARALLE net31-NBG-a Aralle+ Pannei ⊕Malunda-NE.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NBG-aa aralle Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-aaa tabulahan ran-tebulahan-W. (Sulawesi)31-NBG-aab mambi (Sulawesi)31-NBG-ab dakka* Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-ac pannei Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-aca tapango (Sulawesi)31-NBG-acb bulo (Sulawesi)31-NBG-b Pitu-Ulunna-Salu pitu-uluna-salo, pitu uluna binanga, pus, tenete ⊕Maposo+ Mapilli

watershedIndonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NBG-ba bumal Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-bb bambam bambang, bamban, bambang hulu Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-bc mehala'an rantebulahan-E.+ mehala'an Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-bd rantebulahan-W. rantebulawan Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-be pattae galung Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-bf matangnga Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-bg issilita' Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-bh salu-mukanam salu-mukang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-bi pakkau Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-c Ulumanda ulumandak, oeloemanda, ulunda, tubbi, botteng-tappalang, awo-

sumakuyu, kado ⊕Polmas… MajeneIndonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NBG-ca sondoang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-cb tappalang ⊕Tappalang… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBG-cc botteng Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBH MAMUJU+ PADANG

net31-NBH-a Mamuju+ Padang mamudju, udai, in [52] Nederlands: mamoedjoe, mamoedjoesch

⊕Mamuju… Budung-budung lower valleyIndonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NBH-aa mamuju ¶prestige language ⊕Mamuju… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBH-ab sumare-rangas Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBH-ac padang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBH-ad sinyonyoi Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBI TONGKOU+

PANASUAN net31-NBI-a Tongkou ⊕Budong-Budong valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 131-NBI-aa tongkou budong-budong, tangkou ⊕Tongkou… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 131-NBI-b Panasuan ⊕Kabinturu-SW. mountain… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NBI-ba to-panasuan to-panasean, to-pamosean Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2


31-NBJ SEKO net31-NBJ-a Seko-Tengah seko-W. ⊕Betue valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NBJ-aa seko-tengah-A. seko-tengah "proper", tengah 2 Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBJ-ab pewanean pohoneang, pewaneang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBJ-b Seko-Padang seko-NE. ⊕Wono… ⊕migration> Palolo valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NBJ-ba sua-to-padang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBJ-bb lodang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NBJ-bc hono' wono ⊕Wono… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NC LEMOLANG chain31-NCA LEMOLANG net31-NCA-a Lemolang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NCA-aa sassa+ salassa ⊕Sassa… Salassa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NCA-ab baebunta ⊕Baebunta Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-ND BUNGKU+ MORI

chainpart of sulawesi-CW., 'nahine', 'nahina', etc. (obsolete pejorativenames)

31-NDA WITAEA+TOKOTU'A net

bungku-SW.

31-NDA-a Tokotu'a kabaena ⊕Kabaena island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NDA-aa tokotu'-a kabaena ⊕Kabaena island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NDA-b Witaea wita-ea, moronene ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island: Poleang… Kolaka Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NDA-ba moronene maronene Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NDA-bb poleang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NDA-bc rumbia Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NDB KULISUSU+

KORONI netbungku-SE.

31-NDB-a Taloki taluki ⊕Buton island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDB-aa maligano ⊕Maligano… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDB-ab wakalambe* ⊕Buton-S. island: Wakalambe… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 131-NDB-b Kulisusu kalisusu, kolinsusu, kolensusu ⊕Buton-N. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NDB-ba kulisusu-A. ⊕Kulisusu subdistrict… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NDB-bb bonegunu ⊕Bonegunu subdistrict… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NDB-c Koroni ⊕Sulawesi-C. island: Bungku Tengah subdistrict Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDB-ca koroni ⊕Unsongi… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDC BUNGKU+ WAWONI

netbungku-N.

31-NDC-a Wawoni+ Menui ⊕Wowoni island… Manui island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NDC-aa wawonii wowoni, wowonii ⊕Wowoni island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NDC-ab menui manui ⊕Manui island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDC-b Torete ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island: Nipanipa peninsula … Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDC-ba to-rete-A. ⊕Kendari… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDC-bb watu-S.* ⊕Kendari environs… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NDC-c Tulambatu ⊕Motorape-S. bay… Labengke island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDC-ca tu-lambatu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDC-cb landawe Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDC-d Watu* ⊕Solo upper… Matarombeo upper valleys ¶extinct Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NDC-da watu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NDC-e Waia ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDC-ea waia Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDC-f Bungku 'nahine' ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NDC-fa bungku ⊕Solo lower left bank… Bungku… Towori bay ;Tiworo>NE. coast… (3

enclaves) �former vehicular languageIndonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NDC-g Routa ⊕Karoni mountain>S. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDC-ga epe-routa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDD TOLAKI+

MEKONGGA* net31-NDD-a Mekongga mekongka, bingkokak ⊕Sulawesi-SE.island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NDD-aa konio ⊕Labandia upper valley… Waimenda coast Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NDD-ab tamboki tambuoki ⊕Latoma… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NDD-ac norio ⊕Waimenda coast… Batikala peninsula Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NDD-ad laiwui kioki Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDD-b Rahambuu ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDD-ba rahambuu-A. ⊕Pakue sub-district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDD-bb to-wiaoe* wiau Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NDD-c Kodeoha Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDD-ca kodeoha kondeha ⊕Lasusua sub-district … Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 26731-NDD-d Tolaki to-laki, to'-olaki, lo-laki, la-laki, laki, olaki, kolaka, 'noie', 'noihe',

'nehina', 'nohina', 'nahina', 'akido' ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island…Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5

31-NDD-da konawe tolaki-C. ⊕Laimea+ Torobuku coast… Solo right bank Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NDD-db kendari* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NDD-e Asera+ Wiwirano to-laki-N., la-laki-N., laki-N. ⊕Solo upper valley… Matarombeo upper

headwatersIndonesia (Sulawesi) 2*

31-NDD-ea asera asera-wanua Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2*31-NDD-eb labea'-u* labeau Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2*31-NDD-ec wiwi-rano Indonesia (Sulawesi) 131-NDD-f Waru ⊕Matarombeo upper valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDD-fa waru-A. mopute, mapute, 'nehina' 2 Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDD-fb lalomerui Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2*31-NDE BAHONSUAI+

TOMADINO net31-NDE-a Bahonsuai ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island: Bungku Tengah sub-district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDE-aa bahonsuai ⊕Bahonsuai… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDE-b Tomadino ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island: Bungku Tengah sub-district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDE-ba tomadino ⊕Sekita… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NDF MORI net Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NDF-a Padoe mori-S. ⊕Towuti lake… Angkona Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDF-aa padoe-A. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NDF-ab alalao* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2*31-NDF-b Mori-Atas ⊕Mori Atas sub-district #in [31] Bahasa-Indonesia: mori-atas

=«upper» moriIndonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NDF-ba mori-W. mori-atas "proper", "upper" mori Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NDF-bb aikoa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NDF-c Mori-Bawah mori-E., 'nahina' 2, "lower" mori #in [31] Bahasa-Indonesia: mori-

bawah =«lower» mori ⊕Petasia… Lembo sub-districtsIndonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NDF-ca tambe'e Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NDF-cb nahina Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NDF-cc petasia Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NDF-cd soroako saroako, mokole ⊕Matana lake: Soroako… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NDF-ce karonsie karunsi, watu-karunsi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NE KAILI+ PAMONA

chainpart of sulawesi-CW.

31-NEA PAMONA* net31-NEA-a Pamona-SE. part of "maritime" pamona ⊕Densongi coast… La river-mouth Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NEA-aa to-mbelala pamona-SE., baria, bela, belala ⊕Densongi… Bahomonte coast Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-ab sinohoan daido, ido, idore'e ⊕Tolo bay… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-aba sinohoan-S. ⊕Tolo south shore.: Wata… La river-mouth (Sulawesi)31-NEA-abb sinohoan-N. ⊕Tolo north shore: Batui>SW.… (Sulawesi)31-NEA-ac batui ⊕Tolo north shore: Batui>SW.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-b Pamona-SW.* ⊕Kalaene middle valley Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NEA-ba laiwonu iba ⊕Kalaene middle right bank Indonesia 3*31-NEA-bb pu'u-mbotu ⊕Kalaene middle left bank Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-c Pamona-C. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEA-ca to-bau to-bao, to-balo, bare'e, baree Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-cb to-kondindi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-cc to-pada Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-cd to-moni* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-ce rapangkaka* aria Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-d Pamona-W.* "mountain" pamona Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NEA-da pusangke Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-db kajumorangka Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-dc to-kasiala Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-dd burangas Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEA-e Pamona-N. part of "maritime" pamona ⊕Tomini bay… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NEA-ea to-potaa taa, ta'a, wana, poso, beach pamona ⊕Tiwaa… Poso… Tongku coast Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEA-eb lalaeo ⊕Tomini bay… Tolo bay: Tongku>NE.… Tiworo valley>SW. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NEA-f Pamona-NE. part of "maritime" pamona ⊕Tomini bay… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEA-fa ampana ⊕Tomini bay… Tolo bay: Ampana… Bangka valley… Salato valley Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NEA-fb togian ⊕Togian islands… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*


31-NEB RAMPI+ NAPU net31-NEB-a Rampi* rampi+ leboni ⊕Palu+ Balese headwaters Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEB-aa leboni ⊕Leboni… ¶prestige language Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEB-ab rampi-A. ⊕Rampi… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEB-ac lambu* Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEB-ad rato* Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEB-ae ha'uwa* Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEB-b Tobada ⊕Poso lake>W.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEB-ba to-bada' ti'ara, to-bada ⊕Napu lower valley: Gintu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEB-bb ako ⊕Ako… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEB-bc hanggira Indonesia (Sulawesi) 031-NEB-c Napu+ Behoa ⊕Napu upper & middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEB-ca besoa behoa ⊕Napu middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEB-cb napu pekurehua ⊕Napu upper valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEB-d Sedoa* ⊕Lore Utara… Poso Pesisir sub-districts Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NEB-da sedoa tawaelia, baria ⊕Sedoa… Tambarona… Pinedapa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NEC LINDU net31-NEC-a Lindu* ⊕Lindu lake Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEC-aa lindu linduan, tado 2 Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NED UMA+ SARUDU net31-NED-a Uma+ Tobaku ⊕Lariang+ Koro valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NED-aa uma pipikoro, uma-aria, in [52] Nederlands: oema Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-ab banahu aria Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-ac kantewu bengga-ulu Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-ad peana Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-ae to-le'e to-lee' Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-af winantu+ gimpu Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-ag to-baku tabaku, dompa, ompa ⊕Tabaku… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-ah bana Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-b Sarudu ⊕Lariang lower valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NED-ba sarudu-A. doda' Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-bb nunu' Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NED-bc kulu lariang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEE TOPOIYO net31-NEE-a Topoiyo ⊕Budung-Budung middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEE-aa to-poiyo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEF KAILI net31-NEF-a Kaili-SW. da'a+ inde, bunggu ⊕Pasangkayu sub-district Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEF-aa bara ende ⊕Lariang… Karossa valley… Desa Baras Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEF-ab inde Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEF-ac unde banawa, banava ⊕Makassar straits: Dapurang… Suramana Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NEF-ad da'a daa, pekawa, pekava, pakawa ⊕Pekara valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEF-b Kaili-NE. "wider" ledo, "wider" palu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NEF-ba moma kulawi �transition to [31] Uma ⊕Palu upper valley: Kulawi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEF-bb ledo ⊕Palu valley… Palu bay Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NEF-bba palu in [52] Nederlands: paloesch, "vehicular" palu ⊕Toraja-W. country:

Palu lower & middle valley… ;=also migration> Sulawesi-N. enclaves(Sulawesi) 5

31-NEF-bbb lole ⊕Palu-W. bay… (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bbc ganti ⊕Makassar straits: Donggala… Suramana (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bbd unauna ⊕Tomini bay: Unauna island… (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bc ija ⊕Lindu lake>N.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NEF-bca pakuli (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bcb ija-A. idja (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bcc sigi (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bd tara parigi ⊕Tomini-W. bay… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEF-bda sausu ⊕Sausu… (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bdb dolago ⊕Torue… Ribamba (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bdc parigi ⊕Parigi… ;=also migration> Tomini-S. bay: Mapane+ Poso>E. (2

enclaves)… Towori bay: Watambayoli(Sulawesi)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 26931-NEF-be rai-W. ⊕Makassar straits (coast)… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NEF-bea tawaili tawaeli ⊕Palu-E. bay: Tawaeli… (Sulawesi)31-NEF-beb sindue ⊕Tompe… (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bf doi Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bg ado Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bh edo Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bi tado Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bj raio kori Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NEF-bk taa Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NF BALAESAN chain part of sulawesi-CW.31-NFA BALAESAN net31-NFA-a Balaesan ⊕Manimbayu peninsula… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NFA-aa balaesan balaesang, balaisang, pajo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NG LAUJE+ BUOL chain part of sulawesi-CW.31-NGA LAUJE+

DAMPELASA net31-NGA-a Petapa ⊕Tomini bay: Marantale coast… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NGA-aa petapa taje ⊕Tenampedagi… Sipeso environs (2 enclaves) Indonesia (Sulawesi) 231-NGA-b Lauje+ Tomini ⊕Tomini bay… �dialects (of Tomini) to be distinguished Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NGA-ba lauje laudje Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NGA-baa ampibabo ⊕Tomini-W. bay: Ampibabo… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NGA-bab tinombo ⊕Tomini-NW. bay: Sidoan… Tinombo… Palasa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NGA-bb tomini tiadje, tialo ⊕Tomini-N. bay: Tomini… Santigi… Moutong Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NGA-c Tajio ⊕Tomini-W. bay… Kasimbar coast Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NGA-ca tajio kasimbar, tadjio, ta'adjio, adjio #possible link with alternative names

of Petapa (Taje) and Tomini (Tiadje) aboveIndonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NGA-d Dampal* ⊕Dampal mountain… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 131-NGA-da dampal Indonesia (Sulawesi) 131-NGA-e Dampelasa+ Tolitoli ⊕Makassar straits (coast)… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NGA-ea dampelasa dian, dampelas ⊕Tambu bay… Bangkir Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NGA-eb pendau ndau, ndaoe, umalasa ⊕Walandano+ Sibayu… Simatang island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NGA-ec tolitoli tontoli, totoli, gage ⊕Tolitoli… Pinjan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NGA-ed dondo ⊕Dondo bay Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NGA-ee bolano boano, djidja ⊕Tomini bay: Santigi>E.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NGB BUOL net31-NGB-a Buol ⊕Sulawesi-N. island: Baolan sub-district Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NGB-aa buol bual, bwo'ol, dia ⊕Buol river-basin… Palaleh coast… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NH SALUAN+

BALANTAK chain⊕Sulawesi-CE.

31-NHA SALUAN net31-NHA-a Seluang+ Loinang ⊕Sulawesi-CE. peninsula: Tobalombang… Samako… Kayutanyo…

SeluangIndonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NHA-aa seluang "coastal" saluan ⊕Seluang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NHA-ab loinang loindang, "mountain" saluan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NHA-ac madi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NHA-b Kahumamahon ⊕Sulawesi-CE. peninsula Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NHA-ba kahumamahon "interior" saluan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NHB ANDIO net31-NHB-a Andio masama, 'bobongko' ⊕Sulawesi-CE. peninsula: Bonebobakal bay

(Taugi+ Tangeban)…Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3

31-NHB-aa andio'o Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2*31-NHB-ab imbao'o* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2*31-NHC BALANTAK net31-NHC-a Balantak ⊕Sulawesi-CE. peninsula: Maliku… Balantak… Bonebobakal Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NHC-aa balantak-A. ⊕Balantak… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NHC-ab kosian* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NI BANGGAI chain31-NIA BANGGAI net31-NIA-a Banggai bangai, aki ⊕Banggai archipelago Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-NIA-aa banggai-E. ⊕Banggai island… Peleng-E. island… Labobo island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NIA-ab banggai-W. ⊕Peleng-W. island… Bangkulu island… Melilis islands Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*


31-NJ GORONTALO+MONGONDOW chain

�transitional to [31] Tagalog+ Ilocano set

31-NJA GORONTALO+KAIDIPANG net

31-NJA-a Gorontalo hulontalo ⊕Sulawesi-N. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 631-NJA-aa kwandang ⊕Gorontalo coastal plain: Biau… Kwandang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NJA-ab marisa gorontalo-W. ⊕Marisa coast… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NJA-ac tilamuta ⊕Tilamuta coast… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NJA-ad limboto limbotto ⊕Limbotto lake… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NJA-ae gorontalo-E. gorontalo "proper" ⊕Gorontalo… Taludaa Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NJA-b Kaidipang+

Atinggola*⊕Sulawesi-N. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4

31-NJA-ba atinggola ⊕Atinggola… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NJA-bb kaidipang-W. kaidipang "proper" ⊕Kaidipan; Bolang Itang>W.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NJA-bc bolaang-itang kaidipang-E. ⊕Bolang; Itang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NJA-bd bintauna ⊕Bintauna… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NJA-be bolango-uki bolango, bulanga, bulanga-uki, diu, dio ⊕Molibagu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4*31-NJA-c Suwawa+ Bunda ⊕Sulawesi-N. island: Suwawa… Pinogu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-NJA-ca suwawa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NJA-cb bunda Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3*31-NJB MONGONDOW+

LOLAK net31-NJB-a Lolak ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Lolak Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NJB-aa lolak Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NJB-b Mongondow ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Maelang+ Poigar coast-N.… Taludaa+

Kotabunancoast-S.

Indonesia (Sulawesi) 6*

31-NJB-ba bola'ang-mongondow

bolaang-mongondow, mongondou Indonesia (Sulawesi)

31-NJB-bb lolayan Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NJB-bc dumoga ⊕Onggak Dumoga valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NJB-bd pasi Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-NJB-c Ponosakan ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Belang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 331-NJB-ca ponosakan ponasakan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3

31-O SANGIR+ TONDANOset

31-OA TONDANO+TONTEMBOANchain

MINAHASAN

31-OAA TONTEMBOAN+TOMPASO net

31-OAA-a Tontemboan ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 531-OAA-aa ton-paso tompaso, makelai, makela'i-maotow ⊕Tompasobaru>N.… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAA-ab ton-temboan tompakewa, tountemboan, ton-pakewa, pakewa ⊕Amurang… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAA-ac sonder matanai, matana'i-maore' ⊕Sonder… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAA-ad langoan ⊕Langoan… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAB TONSAWANG net31-OAB-a Tonsawang ⊕Tombatu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-OAB-aa ton-sawang tombatu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-OAC TONDANO+

TONSEA net31-OAC-a Tondano ton-danou, ton-dang, tolou, tolour ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Tondano

lake… coast ⊕Tompasobaru>S.…Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5*

31-OAC-aa remboken Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-ab ka'kas kakas Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-b Tombulu ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Manado>SW. … Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-OAC-ba ton-bulu tombulu, tombula, toumbulu, tombalu Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-bb minahasa minhasa, minahasan, minihasan, minahassa Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-bc taratara Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-bd tomohon Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-c Tonsea ton-sea' ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Manado>E.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-OAC-ca kalabat-atas Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-cb maumbi Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-cc airmadidi Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-cd likupang Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OAC-ce kauditan Indonesia (Sulawesi)


31-OB SANGIR+ TALAUDchain

SANGIRIC

31-OBA SANGIR+ TALAUDnet

31-OBA-a Ratahan ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-OBA-aa ratahan-A. ⊕Ratahan… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-ab bentenan* Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-ac pasan* Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-b Bantik ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-OBA-ba bantik ⊕Manado>W.+ N.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-OBA-c Tahulandang ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island… Tagulandang islands Indonesia (Sulawesi); also

Philippines5

31-OBA-ca bangka-E.* bangka 2 ⊕Torawitan peninsula:… Mantehage island… Bangkaislands

Indonesia (Sulawesi)

31-OBA-cb lembeh* ⊕Lembeh island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-cc tahulandang-A. tahylandang, tagulandang ⊕Biaro island… Tagulandang islands Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-d Sangir sangihe, sangi, sangirese ⊕Sanghie archipelago… Indonesia (Sulawesi; migration>

Maluku); Philippines (Region X)5

31-OBA-da siau ⊕Siau island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-db karikitang ⊕Kanakitang island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-dc tamako ⊕Sanghie-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-dd manganitu ⊕Sanghie-CW. + S.… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-de tahuna ⊕Sanghie-W. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-df kandar ⊕Sanghie-NW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-dg tabukang-N. tabukang, tabukan, tabukam ⊕Sanghie-NE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-dh tabukang-C. ⊕Sanghie-CE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-di tabukang-S ⊕Sanghie-SE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-dj sangil mindanao-sangir, sangir, sanggil ⊕Mindanao island: Sarangani+ Balut

islands…Philippines (Region X)

31-OBA-e Talaud talaut, talodda ⊕Talaud islands… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 431-OBA-ea kaburuang ⊕Kaburuang island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-eb lirang salibabu, salebabu ⊕Salibabu-S.+ C. island Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-ec karakelong-S. ⊕Karakelong-S. island… Salibabu-N. island Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-ed beo ⊕Karakelong island: Beo… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-ee awit ⊕Karakelong island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-ef dapalan riung ⊕Karakelong-NE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-eg arangka'a ⊕Karakelong-N. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-eh essang nenusa ⊕Karakelong-N. island… Nenusa islands Indonesia (Sulawesi)31-OBA-ei maingas miangas ⊕Maingas island Indonesia (Sulawesi)

31-P PALAU set PALAUAN31-PA PALAU chain31-PAA PALAU net31-PAA-a Palau ⊕Palau islands… =⊕also migration> Guam island Belau; migration> Guam 431-PAA-aa palau Belau; Guam 4

31-Q YAP set YAPESE31-QA YAP chain31-QAA YAP net31-QAA-a Yap ⊕Yap island… North Mariana Islands 331-QAA-aa yap North Mariana Islands 3

31-R CHAMORRO set31-RA CHAMORRO chain31-RAA CHAMORRO net31-RAA-a Chamorro tyamoro ⊕Guam… Mariana-N.: Saipan+ Rota+ Tinian islands Guam; North Mariana Islands 431-RAA-aa saipan ⊕Saipan island… North Mariana Islands 431-RAA-ab tinian ⊕Tinian island… North Mariana Islands 231-RAA-ac rota rotanese-chamorro ⊕Rota island… North Mariana Islands 331-RAA-ad guam-chamorro ⊕Guam island… Guam 4


32= MESONESICphylozone

covers the "Mesonesian" grouping, part of the"Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; comprising 5 sets oflanguages (= 136 outer languages) spoken by communitiesin Oceanic Asia & Australasia, on islands of the NusaTenggara and Maluku archipelagos:

32-A BIMA+ SUMBA* 32-B TETUN+ SIKKA*32-C WAIMA'A+ HABU* 32-D YAMDENA+ TELUTI32-E RANA+ FAGUDU

Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara;Maluku), East Timor

6

32-A BIMA+ SUMBA* set32-AA BIMA+ SUMBA chain32-AAA BIMA net32-AAA-a Bima "bimanese" ⊕Sumbawa-E. island… Komodo+ Rinca islands Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 532-AAA-aa sanggar bima-W. ⊕Sumbawa-CN. island: Tambora mountain+ peninsula… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAA-ab bima-A. ⊕Bima… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*32-AAA-ac kolo Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAA-ad toloweri Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAA-ae komodo ⊕Komodo island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3*32-AAB KODI+

MBUKAMBERO net32-AAB-a Kodi+ Mbukambero kudi ⊕Sumba-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAB-aa kodi-bokol Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAB-ab kodi-bangedo Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAB-ac mbukambero Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAC WEYEWA+

LAMBOYA net32-AAC-a Weyewa+ Laura ⊕Sumba-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAC-aa weyewa wewewa, wajewa, wewjewa, waidjewa, "sumbanese"-W. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAC-ab laura loura ⊕Waitabula… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAC-ac tana-righu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAC-ad lauli loli ⊕Waikabubaki… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAC-b Lamboya ⊕Sumba-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAC-ba lamboya-A. lamboja Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3*32-AAC-bb nggaura Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3*32-AAC-c Wanukaka ⊕Sumba-W. island: Waikabubaki>S.… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAC-ca wanukaka-A. wanokaka Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3*32-AAC-cb rua Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3*32-AAC-d Anakalangu ⊕Sumba-SW. island: Waikabubaki>SE.… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAC-da anakalangu-A. anakalang Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAC-db lolina Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3*32-AAC-dc massokarera Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3*32-AAC-e Mamboru ⊕Sumba-NW. island: Memboro… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAC-ea mamboru memboro Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAD SUMBA+ SAWU net32-AAD-a Sumba kambera, "sumbanese"-E. ⊕Sumba-E. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 532-AAD-aa uma-ratu-nggai umbu-ratu-nggai ⊕Kadesa>SW.… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-ab lewa ⊕Lewa… Omatena Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-ac kanatang ⊕Kadesa… Waingapu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-ad kambera-V. kambera "vehicular", kambera "proper" ⊕Waingapu… Lakohembi Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-ae melolo ⊕Melelo coast… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-af mangili+ waijelo kambera-E., waidjelu ⊕Melelo>E.… Undu cape… Baing Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-ag sumba-S. ⊕Madita coast:… Kananggar Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-b Sawu hawu, savu, sabu, "sawunese", "savunese", "havunese" ⊕Savu

islands… ⊕also migration> Sumba island: Melolo; Flores island: Ende;Timor-W. island: Kupang

Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5

32-AAD-ba raijua raidjua ⊕Raijua+ Dana islands Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-bb mesara mehara ⊕Savu-W. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-bc liae ⊕Savu-S. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-bd seba heba ⊕Savu-C. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAD-be timu dimu ⊕Savu-E. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 27332-AAD-c Ndao ⊕Ndao island ⊕also migration> Roti island; Sumba island; Timor

islandIndonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3

32-AAD-ca ndao ndaundau, ndaonese Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 332-AAE MANGGARAI+

NGADA* net32-AAE-a Manggarai ⊕Flores-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 532-AAE-aa manggarai-W. ⊕Labuhanbajo… Sesok Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-ab manggarai-CW. ⊕Ruteng… Palit… north coast Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-ac manggarai-C. ruteng ⊕Ruteng… Reo coast Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-ad manggarai-CE. ⊕Wado… Wera coast Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAE-ae manggarai-E. "far-east" manggarai ⊕Bada south coast… Pota north coast Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-b Rembong* ⊕Flores-W. island: Wado>NE.… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-ba rembong-A. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-bb wangka Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-bc namu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-c Riung ⊕Flores-CN. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAE-ca riung ⊕Riung coast… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAE-d Wae-Rana* ⊕Flores-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-da wae-rana Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-e Rongga* ⊕Flores-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-ea rongga Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-f Kepo* ⊕Flores-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-fa kepo kepoq Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-g Rajong* ⊕Flores-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-AAE-ga rajong Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-h Ngada+ Bajava ngad'a, ngadha, nad'a, bajava, badjava ⊕Flores-CS. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAE-ha bajava ⊕Bajawa… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-hb soa Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-hc ngada-C. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-hd ngada-SW. ⊕Boba… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAE-he ngada-SE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAF ENDE+ PALU'E net32-AAF-a Ende+ Lio ⊕Flores-C. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 532-AAF-aa nage Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAF-ab keo Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAF-ac nga'o ende-W. ⊕Ende>W. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-AAF-ad ende endeh, ja'o, djau ⊕Ende… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-AAF-ae lio aku, tanah-kunu, lionese ⊕Dondo… Paga Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 532-AAF-af palu'e palue, paloë ⊕Palue, Paloë island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3

32-B TETUN+ SIKKA* set32-BA SIKKA+ PUKAUNU

chainflores+ lembata

32-BAA SIKKA net32-BAA-a Sikka sara+ sikka, sika, sikkanese, sikanese ⊕Flores-CE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 532-BAA-aa sara-krow sikka-C, ⊕Maumere… Besar island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 532-BAA-ab sikka-natar "south-coast" sikka Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BAA-ac tana-ai Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BAB PUKAUNU+

KEDANG* netLAMALOHOT

32-BAB-a Pukaunu+ Muhang lamalohot-W. ⊕Flores-E. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BAB-aa pukaunu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BAB-ab muhang* Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BAB-b Lewotobi+ Lewolaga lamaholot-S. ⊕Flores-E. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*32-BAB-ba lewotobi ⊕Boru… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-bb lewolaga Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-bc ile-mandiri ⊕Larantuka… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-bd tanjung-bunga tanjung-bunda ⊕Labao… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-c Bari+ Laän solor-W. ⊕Solor-W. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BAB-ca bari Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-cb eon Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-cc laän Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-d Takä solor-C. ⊕Solor-C. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BAB-da takä "solorese" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)


32-BAB-e Belang+ Lerek solor-E. ⊕Solor-E. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BAB-ea belang Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-eb kluang Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-ec lamatukan Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-ed lerek Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-ee lodobelolon Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-f Adonara ⊕Adonara island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BAB-fa adonara Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-g Lomblen+ Alor lamalohot-E. ⊕Alor archipelago… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BAB-ga lomblen ⊕Lomblen island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-gb alor "alorese", "coastal alorese" ⊕Pantar+ Alor islands… (coastal enclaves) Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BAB-h Kedang ⊕Lomblen-NE. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BAB-ha kedang dang, kdang, "kedangese" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BB HELONG chain32-BBA HELONG net32-BBA-a Helong ⊕Timor-SW. island (Kupang environs)… Semau island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 332-BBA-aa helong helon, kupang==�influenced by [32] Atoni & [32] Roti Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 332-BC TETUN+ LUANG

chain32-BCA OENALE+ LANDU

net"WIDER"-ROTINESE

32-BCA-a Oenale+ Landu Rote, roti, rotti, "rotinese" ⊕Roti island… migration> Timor-W.+ Semauislands…

Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara; Timor) 5

32-BCA-aa oenale+ delha ⊕Roti-SW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BCA-aaa oenale unale (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-aab delha dela (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-ab thie ti ⊕Roti-S. island… Landu + Manuk islands (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BCA-ac dengka+ lelain ⊕Roti-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BCA-aca dengka (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-acb lelain (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-ad baä+ loleh ⊕Roti-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BCA-ada baä ba'a ⊕Baa… (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-adb loleh lole (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-ae termanu+ keka ⊕Roti-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BCA-aea termanu termanoe (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-aeb pada (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-aec talae ⊕Sedah… (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-aed keka (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-af bokai ⊕Roti-CS. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BCA-ag bilba+ lelenuk ⊕Roti-SE. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BCA-aga bilba (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-agb diu (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-agc lelenuk (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-ah korbaffo kolbaffo ⊕Roti-CN. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BCA-ai landu+ oepao ⊕Roti-NE. island… Usu island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4*32-BCA-aia landu (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-aib ringgou renggou (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCA-aic oepao (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB ATONI net TIMORESE32-BCB-a Atoni uab-atoni-pah-meto, dawan, rawan, vaikenu, vaikino, baikenu, bikenu,

biqueno, ambenu, timor, timol, "timorese", in [31] Malayu: orang-gunung =«people of the mountain», in [52] Nederlands: timoreesch,timoreezen #atoni =«person, people»; uab-atoni-pah-meto =«languageof the dry-land people» ⊕Timor-W. island

Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5

32-BCB-aa amarasi atoni-SW. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*32-BCB-aaa amarasi-W. (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-aab amarasi-E. (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-ab amfoan+ amabi atoni-W. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*32-BCB-aba amfoan (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-abb fatuleu (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-abc amabi (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-ac amanuban+

amanatunatoni-S. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*

32-BCB-aca amanuban amanubang (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-acb amanatun (Nusa Tenggara)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 27532-BCB-ad mollo+ miomafo atoni-CW., including "timorese vehicular", cenusa-tenggararal

"timorese"Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*

32-BCB-ada mollo (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-adb miomafo (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-ae ambenu vaikenu, vaikino ,=atoni-N. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*32-BCB-af biboki+ insana atoni-NE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*32-BCB-afa biboki (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-afb insana (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-ag kusa+ manlea atoni-E. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5*32-BCB-aga kusa (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCB-agb manlea (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC TETUN+ GALOLI net timor-C.32-BCC-a Tetun tetum, tettum, teto, tetung, belu, belo ⊕Timor-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 532-BCC-aa tetun-W. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-ab tasi-feto tetun-N. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-ac tasi-mane tetun-S. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-ad terik Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-ae soibada tetun-CE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-af tetun-E. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-ag dili-tetun tetun-prasa, dili "urban vehicular" ⊕Dili… �influenced by [51]

Português & [31] MalayuIndonesia (Nusa Tenggara)

32-BCC-b Kemak+ Nogo ema ⊕Timor-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BCC-ba nogo Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-bb kemak kemak "proper" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-c Tukudede+ Keha ⊕Timor-N. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BCC-ca tukudede tokodede, tokodé, tocod, tukude ⊕Liquisa… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BCC-cb keha keia Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3*32-BCC-d Mambai+ Manua "wider" mambai ⊕Timor-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BCC-da damata Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-db lolei Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-dc manua ⊕Ermera… Aileu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-dd mambai-A. mambai "proper", mambae, manbae ⊕Ainaro… Same Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-e Lakalei ⊕Timor-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 332-BCC-ea lakalei ⊕Same-NE. … Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 332-BCC-f Idate ⊕Timor-CE. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 332-BCC-fa idate ⊕Laclubar… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 332-BCC-g Galoli+ Hahak "wider" galoli ⊕Timor-N. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 432-BCC-ga na-nahek Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-gb edi Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-gc dadua Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-gd galoli galoli "proper", galole ⊕Manatuto… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-ge baba ⊕Atauro island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-gf hahak ⊕Atauro island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)32-BCC-h Talur+ Galoleng "wider" talur ⊕Wetar-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCC-ha talur talur "proper" Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCC-hb il-waki iliwaki ⊕Ilwaki… Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCC-hc il-putih ⊕Ilputih.… Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCC-hd galoleng Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCC-he lir-talo Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCC-hf il-medu Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD ILIUN+ TUGUR* net wetar32-BCD-a Aputai opotai ⊕Wetar-C. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCD-aa lurang ⊕Lurang north coast.… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-BCD-ab welemur ⊕Wetar island (inland)… Indonesia (Maluku) 032-BCD-b Iliun+ Erai ⊕Wetar-W. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCD-ba il-iun Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD-bb il-maumau ⊕Ilmaumau… Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD-bc erai eray ⊕Erai… Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD-bd hahutau hahutan Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD-be limera Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD-bf jeh Indonesia (Maluku) 032-BCD-bg juru Indonesia (Maluku) 032-BCD-c Perai ⊕Wetar-N. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCD-ca perai ⊕Uhak… Moning Indonesia (Maluku)


32-BCD-d Tugun+ Arwala "wider" tugun ⊕Wetar-E. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCD-da tugun tugun "proper" Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD-db tutunohan Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD-dc mahuan Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCD-dd arwala Indonesia (Maluku)32-BCE LUANG+ MASELA

netleti+ moa

32-BCE-a Meher ⊕Kisar island… Wetar island… Roma island (Hila+ Likagraha);migration> Ambon island…

Indonesia (Maluku) 3

32-BCE-aa meher kisar, loikera Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-b Roma* ⊕Roma island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-ba roma romang ⊕Jerusu… 332-BCE-c Luang+ Leti letri-lgona, literi-lagona, lgona, "wider" luang ⊕Leti island… Moa

island… Lakor island… Sermata+ Luang islands… Babar islands;migration> Teun island… Seram island…


32-BCE-ca leti letti ⊕Leti island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-cb moa ⊕Moa island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-cc lakor ⊕Lakor island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-cd luang ⊕Luang islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-ce sermata ⊕Sermata island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-BCE-cf wetan+ babar-C. wetang ⊕Wetan island… Babar-C. island; migration> Teun island…

Seram island…Indonesia (Maluku) 3

32-BCE-cfa wetan ⊕Wetan island… (Maluku) 332-BCE-cfb tepa ⊕Babar-C. island: Tepa… (Maluku) 332-BCE-cfc isu+ layeni ⊕Teun island: Isu+ Layeni… exodus> Seram island… ¶community

displaced by volcanic activity(Maluku)

32-BCE-d Imroing* ⊕Babar-SW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCE-da imroing imroin ⊕Imroing… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCE-e Masela+ Tela marsela+ babar-S. ⊕Masela island… Babar-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-ea tela+ masboar ⊕Babar-SW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-eb emplawas ⊕Babar-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCE-ec wakpapapi ⊕Babar-SE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCE-ed masela-E. ⊕Masela-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCE-ee masela-C. ⊕Masela-C. island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCE-ef masela-W. ⊕Masela-W. island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCE-f Serili ⊕Masela-NE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCE-fa serili Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCF DAI+ DAWERA net32-BCF-a Dai ⊕Dai island… Babar-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCF-aa dai ⊕Dai island… Babar-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-BCF-b Dawera+ Daweloor ⊕Dawera island… Daweloor island… Babar-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCF-ba dawera ⊕Dawera island Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-BCF-bb daweloor davelor ⊕Daweloor island Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-BCF-bc babar-E. ⊕Babar-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-BCG DAMAR net32-BCG-a Damar-W. damar-N. ⊕Damar-NW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCG-aa damar-W. Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCG-b Damar-E. damar-S. ⊕Damar-SE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCG-ba damar-E. Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCH NILA+ TEUN net32-BCH-a Teun ⊕Teun island… exodus> Seram island… ¶community displaced by

volcanic activityIndonesia (Maluku) 3

32-BCH-aa teun Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCH-b Nila+ Serua ⊕formerly Nila island… Serua island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-BCH-ba nila ⊕Nila island… exodus> Seram island… ¶community displaced by

volcanic activityIndonesia (Maluku) 3

32-BCH-bb serua ⊕Serua island… exodus> Seram island… ¶community displaced byvolcanic activity


32-BD NAUETI chain32-BDA NAUETI net32-BDA-a Naueti �influenced by [20] Makasai East Timor 332-BDA-aa naumik East Timor 232-BDA-ab oso-moko East Timor 2


32-C WAIMA'A+ HABU*set

32-CA WAIMA'A+ HABUchain

�classification to be reviewed in light of intertwining betweenlanguages in this phylozone and in 20=Arafura geozone; see [20]Kairui+ Midiki

32-CAA WAIMA'A net32-CAA-a Waima'a East Timor 332-CAA-aa waima'a waimaha, waimoa �influenced lexically by [20] Makasai East Timor 332-CAB HABU net32-CAB-a Habu East Timor 332-CAB-aa habu �influenced lexically by [20] Makasai East Timor 3

32-D YAMDENA+ TELUTIset

seram+ tanimbar

32-DA SELARU chain32-DAA SELARU net32-DAA-a Selaru salaru ⊕Tanimbar islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DAA-aa selaru Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DAA-aaa kandar ⊕Selaru island: Kandar Indonesia (Maluku)32-DAA-aab latdalam ⊕Yamdena-S. island: Latdalam Indonesia (Maluku)32-DAA-aac lingada ⊕Nus-Wotar island: Lingada Indonesia (Maluku)32-DB SELUWASAN chain32-DBA SELUWASAN net32-DBA-a Seluwasan ⊕Yamdena-SW. island: Wermatang… Batu-Putih… Marantutul Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DBA-aa seluwasan-A. selvasa, selwasa Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DBA-ab makatian Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DC YAMDENA chain32-DCA YAMDENA net32-DCA-a Yamdena jamdena, jamden ⊕Yamdena-E. island… Selaru-NE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DCA-aa yamdena-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DCA-aaa adaut ⊕Selaru-NE. island: Adaut Indonesia (Maluku)32-DCA-aab saumlaki ⊕Yamdena-SE. island: Saumlaki Indonesia (Maluku)32-DCA-aac amdassa ⊕Yamdena-CE. island: Amdassa Indonesia (Maluku)32-DCA-ab yamdena-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DCA-aba batjas ⊕Yamdena-CE. island: Batjas Indonesia (Maluku)32-DCA-abb watmuri ⊕Yamdena-NE. island: Watmuri Indonesia (Maluku)32-DD LARAT+ KEI chain kei+ fordata32-DDA LARAT+ SERA net32-DDA-a Sera ⊕Sera island… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DDA-aa sera seira �former vehicular language; now a ritual language ⊕Tanimbar

islandsIndonesia (Maluku) 1

32-DDA-b Larat+ Molu fordata+ larat Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DDA-ba larat ⊕Lalobar island… Larat-E. island… Fordata-S. island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DDA-bb fordata-N. fordat-N., fordate-N. ⊕Fordata-N. island… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DDA-bc molu+ maru ⊕Molu+ Maru islands… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DDB KEI net32-DDB-a Kei kai, evav ⊕Kai archipelago Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DDB-aa kei-besar kai-besar ⊕Kai Besar island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DDB-ab kei-kecil kai-kecil ⊕Kai Kecil island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DDB-ac kei-tanimbar tanimbar-kei, atnebar ⊕Kai Tanimbar island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DDB-ad ta'am taäm ⊕Taäm island… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DDB-ae tayando tayandu ⊕Tayandu island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DDC KUR+ TEOR net32-DDC-a Kur ⊕Kur+ Kaimeer islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DDC-aa kur-S. ⊕Kur island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DDC-ab kaimeer kur-N. ⊕Kaimeer island Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DDC-b Teor tio'or ⊕Teor+ Ut islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DDC-ba gaur-kristen ⊕Teor, Tioor island Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DDC-bb ut ⊕Ut island Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DE TARANGAN+

DOBEL chainARU

32-DEA TARANGAN+MANOBAI net

aru-W.

32-DEA-a Karey ⊕Aru-S. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEA-aa karey kerei, krei ⊕Tarangan-E. island: Karey Indonesia (Maluku) 2


32-DEA-b Tarangan-E. ⊕Aru-S. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEA-ba tarangan-E. trangan-E. ⊕Tarangan-E. island… Maikor island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEA-c Tarangan-W. trangan-W. ⊕Aru-S. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEA-ca 'coast'-tarangan ⊕Tarangan island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEA-cb 'river'-tarangan ⊕Tarangan island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEA-cc 'plains'-tarangan ⊕Tarangan island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEA-cd tarangan-NW. ⊕Tarangan-NW. island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEA-d Lorang ⊕Aru-C. islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEA-da lorang ⊕Koba, Kobor, Kobroör island… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEA-e Manobai ⊕Aru-N. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEA-ea manobai wokam, wamar ⊕Wokam island (Wokam+ Kobamar)… Wamar island…

Koba, Kobor, Kobroör island (Benjina)… Maikor island (Gardakau)Indonesia (Maluku) 3

32-DEB DOBEL+ BATULEYnet

aru-E.

32-DEB-a Barakai ⊕Aru-SE. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEB-aa barakai-A. workai ⊕Barakai island Indonesia (Maluku) …32-DEB-ab mesiang masiang ⊕Barakai-N. island: Masiang… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEB-b Dobel kobro'or, kobroor, doibel ⊕Aru-E. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEB-ba dobel-C. inland-dobel ⊕Koba-C. island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEB-bb dobel-SE. ⊕Koba-SE. island… Baun+ Fukarel islands… Barakai-E. island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEB-bc dobel-NE. ⊕Koba-NE. island… Wokam-SE. island32-DEB-c Koba ⊕Aru-E. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEB-ca koba ⊕Koba, Kobor, Kobroör island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEB-d Lola+ Warabal ⊕Aru-E. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEB-da lola ⊕Lola island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEB-db warabal ⊕Warabal island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEB-dc jambuair ⊕Jambuair island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEB-e Mariri ⊕Aru-E. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEB-ea mariri mairiri ⊕Mariri island Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEB-f Batuley ⊕Aru-NE. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEB-fa batuley watulai, gwataley ⊕Batuley islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEB-faa batuley-S. "islamic" batuley Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEB-fab batuley-N. "christian" batuley Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEC UJIR+ KOLA net "peripheral" aru32-DEC-a Ujir ⊕Aru-NW. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEC-aa ujir udjir ⊕Ujir island… Wokam-W. island (Samang) Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DEC-b Kola+ Wadakan ⊕Aru-N.+ W. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DEC-ba warilau ⊕Warilau island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEC-bb kola ⊕Kola island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEC-bc kulaha ⊕Kola-W. island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEC-bd kompane komfana, kongampani ⊕Kongan island: Kompane Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEC-be marlasi Indonesia (Maluku)32-DEC-bf wadakan ⊕Wadakan island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DF BANDA+

WATUBELA chain32-DFA BANDA net32-DFA-a Banda ⊕Banda islands ⊕also migration> Kei islands Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DFA-aa banda-A. ⊕Banda islands Indonesia (Maluku) 032-DFA-ab banda-eli ⊕Kei-Besar-W. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DFA-ac banda-elat ⊕Kei-Besar-NE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DFB WATUBELA net32-DFB-a Watubela ⊕Watubela islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DFB-aa kasiui kesui, kasui ⊕Kasiui island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFB-ab watubela-A. snabi-watubela ⊕Watubela island Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFB-ac tamher-timur Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFB-ad sulmelang Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFB-ae wesi* esiriun Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFB-af matabello* Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFC GESER+ BATI net32-DFC-a Geser+ Goram ⊕Gorong archipelago… Seram-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DFC-aa goram-laut gorom, goram, goran, gorong ⊕Gorong island… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFC-ab mina-mina-gorong Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFC-ac kelimuri Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFC-ad geser gesa ⊕Geser island… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFC-ae seran-laut seram, seran ⊕Seram-E. island coast: Tum… Amanau… Kufar Indonesia (Maluku)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 27932-DFC-b Bati ⊕Seram-E. island coast & interior: Kian Darat… Keleser Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DFC-ba bati-A. Indonesia (Maluku)32-DFC-bb gah*32-DG TELUTI+

MASIWANG chain32-DGA MASIWANG net32-DGA-a Masiwang seram=⊕Seram-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGA-aa masiwang bonfia ⊕Masiwang river-basin… Waru bay Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGB BOBOT net32-DGB-a Bobot ⊕Seram-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGB-aa bobot werinama, hatumeten, atiahu, ahtiago, ntau ⊕Bobot river-basin…

Bemu+ Tobo coastIndonesia (Maluku) 3

32-DGC SALAS net32-DGC-a Salas ⊕Seram-NE. island: Waru bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGC-aa salas liambata, lenkaitahe, salas-gunung ⊕Salas-Gunung… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGD BENGGOI net32-DGD-a Benggoi kobi+ benggoi, uhei-kaclakin, uhei-kachlakan, uhei-kahlakim, 'isal'

⊕Seram-NE. island (coastal enclaves)…Indonesia (Maluku) 2

32-DGD-aa lesa Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGD-ab benggoi-A. bengoi ⊕Bengoi… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGD-ac balakeo Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGD-ad kobi-N. ⊕Kobi… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGD-ae hoti* boti* Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGE LIANA+ KOBI net32-DGE-a Liana+ Kobi liana-'seti', liambata+ kobi ⊕Seram-CE. island: Teluti-E. bay… coast Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGE-aa liana liambata, lianan Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGE-ab wahakaim* uhei-kaclakin, uhei-kachlakan, uhei-kahlakim Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGE-ac kobi-S. Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGE-ad teula* Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGE-ae seti 'seti' Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGF TELUTI+ SEPA net32-DGF-a Teluti taluti, silen ⊕Seram-CS. island Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DGF-aa laha+ serani ⊕Teluti-E. bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGF-ab tehoru+ haya tihoru, tehua, wolu, teluti-W. ⊕Teluti-W. bay: Tehoru+ Haya… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGF-b Sepa ⊕Seram-CS. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGF-ba tamilouw Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGF-bb sepa-A. ⊕Seram coast Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGG MANUSELA+

HUAULU net32-DGG-a Manusela+ Maneo wahai, wahinama ⊕Seram-C. island: Teluti bay… Manusela

massif…north coastIndonesia (Maluku) 3

32-DGG-aa manusela-S. Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGG-ab kanikeh Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGG-ac hatuolu Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGG-ad maneo Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGG-ae maneoratu Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGG-b Huaulu ⊕Seram-CN. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DGG-ba huaulu alakamat, asli ⊕Sawai bay: southeast coast Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DGH NUAULU net patakai, fatakai32-DGH-a Nuaulu-N. ⊕Seram-CN. island coast: Opin>E.… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DGH-aa nuaulu-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DGH-b Nuaulu-S. ⊕Seram-CS. island coast+ interior: Sepa>N.… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGH-ba nuaulu-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGI SALEMAN+ WAHAI*

netpart of "three-rivers"

32-DGI-a Saleman+ Wahai ⊕Seram-CN. island coast (enclaves) Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGI-aa wahai ⊕Wahai… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGI-ab pasanea ⊕Pasenea… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGI-ac sawai ⊕Sawai… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGI-ad besi ⊕Besi… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGI-ae saleman seleman ⊕Saleman… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGJ ATAMANU net part of "three-rivers"32-DGJ-a Atamanu ⊕Seram-CS. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DGJ-aa yalahatan jahalatan, jahalatane ⊕Yalahatan… Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DGJ-ab haruru ⊕Haruru… Indonesia (Maluku) 2


32-DGK WEMALE net part of "three-rivers"32-DGK-a Wemale-S. ⊕Seram-SW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGK-aa tala* Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGK-ab honitetu ⊕Honitetu Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGK-ac uwenpantai ⊕Uwenpantai Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGK-b Wemale-N. ⊕Seram-NW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGK-ba kasieh ⊕Kasieh Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGK-bb horale ⊕Horale Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGL LISABATA+ LOUN

netseram-NW.; part of "three-rivers"

32-DGL-a Loun ⊕Seram-NW. island coast… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGL-aa loun Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGL-b Hulung ⊕Seram-NW. island coast… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGL-ba hulung ⊕Hulung… Sauweli Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGL-c Horuru* Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-DGL-ca horuru Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-DGL-d Lisabata+ Nuniali ⊕Seram-NW. island coast… (enclaves) Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGL-da lisabata-timur Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGL-db nuniali noniali Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGL-dc sukaraja Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGL-dd kawa kawe* Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGL-e Nakaela ⊕Seram-NW. island mountains… community displaced to Kairatu

coast…Indonesia (Maluku) 0

32-DGL-ea naka'ela Indonesia (Maluku) 032-DGM ALUNE net part of "three-rivers", sapalewa, patasiwa-alfoeren32-DGM-a Alune ⊕Seram-W. island: Kairatu… Taniwel… Seram Barat districts Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DGM-aa alune-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGM-aaa nikulkan (Maluku)32-DGM-aab murnaten (Maluku)32-DGM-aac wakolo (Maluku)32-DGM-ab alune-CW. Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGM-aba niniari (Maluku)32-DGM-abb alune-piru piru 2 (Maluku)32-DGM-abc riring (Maluku)32-DGM-abd lumoli (Maluku)32-DGM-ac alune-CE. Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGM-aca buriah (Maluku)32-DGM-acb weth (Maluku)32-DGM-acc laturake (Maluku)32-DGM-ad alune-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGM-ada rambatu ¶prestige dialect (Maluku)32-DGM-adb manussa (Maluku)32-DGM-adc rumberu (Maluku)32-DGM-ae alune-SW. kairatu ⊕Kairatu… ¶nearly extinct Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGN LAHA net32-DGN-a Laha ambon-C. ⊕Ambon-CS. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DGN-aa laha ⊕Laha… Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DGO TULEHU+ LARIKE

net32-DGO-a Amahai+ Rutah ⊕Seram-SW. island coast… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-aa amahai amahei ⊕Amahei… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-ab makariki ⊕Makariki… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-ac rutah ⊕Rutah… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-ad soahuku ⊕Soahuku… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-b Paulohi+ Solahua ⊕Seram-SW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-ba paulohi+ solahua ⊕Elpaputih-W. bay: Paulohi+ Solahua Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-c Elpaputih ⊕Seram-SW. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-ca elpaputih elpaputi ⊕Elpaputih bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-d Latu ⊕Seram-SW. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-da latu kairatu ⊕Kairatu… ⊕Elpaputih bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-e Iha-Saparua ⊕Seram island: Sapurua-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-ea kulur-saparua kulur ⊕Kulur… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-eb iha-saparua-A. iha Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-ec siri-sori Indonesia (Maluku)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 28132-DGO-f Iha-Seram ⊕Seram-W. island: Hoamoal peninsula… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-fa kulur-seram kulur 2 Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-fb iha-seram-A. iha 2 Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-fc hualoy Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-fd tomalehu Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-g Nusalaut ⊕Seram island: Nusa Laut island Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-ga nusa-laut ⊕Titawai… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-h Haruku ⊕Seram island: Haruku island Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DGO-ha hulaliu Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-hb pelauw Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-hc kailolo Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-hd rohomoni Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-i Kamarian ⊕Seram-SW. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-ia kamarian kamariang, seruawan Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-j Kaibobo+ Hatusua ⊕Seram-W. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 232-DGO-ja kaibobo kaibubu ⊕Piru-E. bay: Kaibobo… Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-DGO-jb hatusua ⊕Piru bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-DGO-k Piru ⊕Seram-W. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-ka piru ⊕Piru-N. bay: Piru… Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-l Luhu+ Kelang ⊕Seram-W. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-la luhu ⊕Hoamoal peninsula… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGO-lb kelang ⊕Kelang island… migration> Manipa island Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGO-m Batu-Merah ⊕Seram island: Ambon-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-ma batu-merah ⊕Ambon town>NE. Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-n Tulehu+ Tial ambon-NE. ⊕Seram island: Ambon-NE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DGO-na tulehu ⊕Tulehu… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-nb liang ⊕Liang… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-nc tengah-tengah ⊕Tengah-Tengah… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-nd tial ⊕Tial… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-o Hitu+ Wakal ⊕Seram island: Ambon-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DGO-oa wakal ⊕Wakal… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-ob morela ⊕Morela… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-oc mamala ⊕Mamala… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-od hitu ⊕Hitu… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-p Seit+ Kaitetu hila+ kaitetu ⊕Seram island: Ambon-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-pa hila ⊕Hila… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-pb seit seith ⊕Seit… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-pc kaitetu ⊕Kaitetu… Indonesia (Maluku)32-DGO-q Asilulu+ Lima ⊕Seram island: Ambon-W. island… Hoamoal-S. peninsula Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-qa asilulu asilu "proper" ⊕Asilu… Hoamoal-S. peninsula Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-qb asilulu-V. asilu "vehicular" ⊕Seram-N.+ W. island… vehicular extension in

Maluku archipelagoIndonesia (Maluku) 3*

32-DGO-qc ureng ⊕Ureng… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGO-qd negeri-lima lima, henalima ⊕Negeri-Lima… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGO-r Larike+ Wakasihu ⊕Seram island: Ambon-SW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 432-DGO-ra allang ⊕Allang… Allang-Asaude Indonesia (Maluku) 132-DGO-rb uraur+ urusana ⊕Uraur… Urusana Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGO-rc wakasihu ⊕Wakasihu… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGO-rd larike ⊕Larike… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-re lai* ⊕Lai… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-DGO-s Manipa ⊕Seram island: Manipa island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGO-sa manipa soow-huhelia Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGP BOANO net32-DGP-a Boano buano ⊕Seram island: Boano island… Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGP-aa boano-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 332-DGP-ab boana-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 0

32-E RANA+ FAGUDU set buru+ sela32-EA AMBELAU chain32-EAA AMBELAU net32-EAA-a Ambelau amblau ⊕Ambelau island… Buru-SE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-EAA-aa ambelau-A. ⊕Ambelau island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*32-EAA-ab wae-tawa ⊕Buru-SE. island: Wae-Tawa… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*


32-EB RANA+ KAYELIchain

Ã

32-EBA KAYELI+ MOKSELAnet

Ã

32-EBA-a Kayeli+ Leliali kajeli, cajeli, caeli, gaeli ⊕Buru-NE. island: Namlea-S. bay�transition to [31] Seram


32-EBA-aa kayeli Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EBA-ab leliali liliali Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EBA-ac lumaete lumaiti, mumaite, lumara Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EBA-b Moksela* ⊕Buru-E. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EBA-ba moksela maksela, opselan ⊕Namlea bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EBB RANA+ LISELA net "WIDER"-BURU32-EBB-a Rana+ Masarete Buruese, buru "proper", buru-C.+ S., in [52] Nederlands: boeroe

⊕Buru-S.+SE. island…=also migration> Ambon islandIndonesia (Maluku) 4

32-EBB-aa masarete buru-S. Indonesia (Maluku)32-EBB-ab wae-sama Indonesia (Maluku)32-EBB-ac rana buru-C., wae-geren+ wae-kabo Indonesia (Maluku)32-EBB-ad li-emteban fogi, tomahu Indonesia (Maluku)32-EBB-b Lisela buru-N. ⊕Buru-N.+E. island… also migration> Ambon island Indonesia (Maluku) 432-EBB-ba li-sela li-cela, li-cella Indonesia (Maluku)32-EBB-bb tagalisa Indonesia (Maluku)32-EBB-bc li-enyorot* liet-enjorot Indonesia (Maluku)32-EBB-bd wayapo* Indonesia (Maluku)32-EBC HUKUMINA* net Ã

32-EBC-a Hukumina ⊕Buru-NW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EBC-aa hukumina bambaa Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EBD PALUMATA* net Ã

32-EBD-a Palumata ⊕Buru-NW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EBD-aa palumata palamata, balamata Indonesia (Maluku) 032-EC FAGUDU+

MANGOLE chain32-ECA FAGUDU+ FALAHU

netSULA

32-ECA-a Fagudu+ Falahu ⊕Sula islands: Sulabesi, Sanana island… also migration> Mangoleisland… Buru island (coasts)


32-ECA-aa facei face ⊕Sulabesi-S. island Indonesia (Maluku)32-ECA-ab falahu ⊕Sulabesi-C. island Indonesia (Maluku)32-ECA-ac fagudu sanana ⊕Sulabesi-N. island: Sanana town Indonesia (Maluku)32-ECB MANGOLE+

SULABESI net32-ECB-a Mangole+ Sulabesi sula-mangoli ⊕Sula islands: Sulabesi-N. island… Mangole-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-ECB-aa sulabesi ⊕Sulabesi-N. island… Indonesia (Maluku)32-ECB-ab mangole mangoli ⊕Mangole-S. island… Indonesia (Maluku)32-ED TALIABU+ KADAI

chain32-EDA TALIABU+ KADAI

net32-EDA-a Kadai ⊕Taliabu-E. island mountains… Mangole-W. island mountains Indonesia (Maluku) 232-EDA-aa kadai-E.* ⊕Mangole-W. island mountains Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-EDA-ab kadai-W. ⊕Taliabu-E. island mountains Indonesia (Maluku) 2*32-EDA-b Taliabu ⊕Sula islands: Taliabu island… Mangole-NW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 332-EDA-ba taliabu taliabo Indonesia (Maluku) 332-EDA-baa padang samada (Maluku)32-EDA-bab mananga (Maluku)32-EDA-bac mangei mange'e, mangé, mang, soboyo, sobojo (Maluku) 3


33= HALMAYAPENICphylozone

covers the "Halmahera+ Yapen", Makian+ Biak set, part ofthe "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 setof languages (= 42 outer languages) spoken by communitiesin Oceanic Asia / Australasia, from Halmahera island inMaluku to Yapen island in Irian Jaya:

33-A MAKIAN+ BIAK

Indonesia (Maluku; Irian Jaya) 5

33-A MAKIAN+ BIAK set halmahera+ yapen33-AA MAKIAN+ SAWAI

chainhalmahera-S.

33-AAA MAKIAN+ GIMANnet

33-AAA-a Makian+ Kayoa ⊕Halmahera islands Indonesia (Maluku) 433-AAA-aa kayoa kajoa ⊕Kayoa… Laluin… Taneti… Siko… Makian-S. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAA-ab makian-E. in [31] Malayu: makian-timur (=«east» makian), makian-dalam (=«inner

makian») ⊕Makian island… Halmahera-W. island; also migration>Bacan island… Obi island �distinct from [25] Makian-W.


33-AAA-b Giman ⊕Halmahera-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAA-ba gane gani, giman-S. ⊕Gani… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*33-AAA-bb giman-NW. ⊕Sakata west coast.… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*33-AAA-bc giman-S. ⊕Sakata east coast Indonesia (Maluku) 3*33-AAB SAWAI+ PATANI net33-AAB-a Sawai+ Weda ⊕Halmahera-C. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 433-AAB-aa weda were Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAB-ab sawai Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAB-ac kobe Indonesia (Maluku) 3*33-AAB-b Patani ⊕Halmahera-CE. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAB-ba patani ⊕Patani peninsula Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAB-c Maba+ Bicoli ⊕Halmahera-CE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAB-ca maba* ⊕Maba… Indonesia (Maluku) 3*33-AAB-cb bitjoli bicoli Indonesia (Maluku) 3*33-AAB-cc ingli* ⊕Inggelang island Indonesia (Maluku) 3*33-AAB-d Buli+ Wayamli ⊕Halmahera-CE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAB-da buli Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AAB-db wayamli waiamli, wajamli, jawanli Indonesia (Maluku) 333-AB GEBE+ MAYA chain raja-ampat33-ABA GEBE net33-ABA-a Gebe gebi ⊕Gebe islands… also migration> Gag island Indonesia (Maluku); migration>

(Irian Jaya)3

33-ABA-aa umera ⊕Gebe island: Umera… Indonesia (Maluku…) 3*33-ABA-ab yu ⊕Yu island Indonesia (Maluku…) 3*33-ABB MA'YA+ KAWE* net33-ABB-a Laganyan legenyem ⊕Waigeo island: Beo… Lempintol… Wawiai Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3*33-ABB-aa laganyan-NW. ⊕Waigeo-NW. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-ab laganyan-SE. ⊕Waigeo-SE. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-b Kawe+ Gam ⊕Waigeo-W. island… adjacent islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ABB-ba selpele selepele=⊕Waigeo-W. island: Selepele Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-bb kawe ⊕Sayang… Kawe islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-bc gam ⊕Gam… Mansuar islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-c Ma'ya+ Batanta* ⊕Waigeo island… Batanta-E. island… Salawati-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ABB-ca waigeo waigiu ⊕Waigeo-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-cb amber amberi ⊕Waigeo island Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-cc saonek ⊕Saonek… ⊕Waigeo-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-cd ma'ya Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-ce kawit Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-cf banlol Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-cg batanta ⊕Batanta island Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-ch samate salawati ⊕Salawati island: Samate… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-ci palamul sailolof ⊕Salawati island: Sailolof… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABB-cj maden sapran ⊕Salawati island Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ABC MATBAT net33-ABC-a Matbat ⊕Misool island… Segaf islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ABC-aa matbat Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3


33-ABD AS net33-ABD-a As ⊕Vogelkop-NW. peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ABD-aa as Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-AC ONIN+ KOIWAIchain BOMBERAI33-ACA ONIN+

EROKWANAS net33-ACA-a Onin ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Onin-NW. peninsula Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACA-aa nikuda Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ACA-ab ogar Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ACA-ac patipi Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ACA-ad sepa Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ACA-b Sekar ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Onin-N. peninsula Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACA-ba sekar seka ⊕Kokas coast+ Sekar island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACA-c Arguni ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Arguni island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACA-ca arguni argoeni Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACA-d Bedoanas ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Onin-N. peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACA-da bedoanas Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACA-e Erokwanas ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Onin-NE. peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACA-ea erokwanas Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACB URUANGNIRIN+

FAUR net33-ACB-a Uruangnirin+ Faur ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Sebakor bay (islands) Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACB-aa uruangnirin Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ACB-ab faur tubiruasa Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ACC KOIWAI+ ADI net33-ACC-a Koiwai+ Adi ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Kamrau bay… Adi island… Kayumerah island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ACC-aa koiwai kowiai, kaiwai, kuiwai ⊕Kaimana coast Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ACC-ab namatote+

kayumerahIndonesia (Irian Jaya) 2

33-ACC-aba namatote namatota ⊕Namatote island (Irian Jaya)33-ACC-abb aiduma* ⊕Aiduma island (Irian Jaya)33-ACC-abc kayumerah kajumerah ⊕Kayumerah island (Irian Jaya) 233-ACC-ac kilmala+ karawatu Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ACC-aca kilmala ⊕Kilmala island (Irian Jaya)33-ACC-acb karawatu ⊕Karawatu island (Irian Jaya)33-ACC-ad adi ⊕Adi island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-AD BIAK+ WAROPEN

chain"geelvink-bay austronesian", teluk-cendrawasih,

33-ADA IRARUTU+ NABI*net

kuwai �external classification to be reviewed

33-ADA-a Irarutu irahutu, irutu, arguni-bay ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Arguni bay… Bintunibay

Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3

33-ADA-aa funiara Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-ab aroba ⊕Bintuni bay: Aroba Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-ac yaru Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-ad tugrama ⊕Bintuni bay: Tugrama Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-ae tomage Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-af werafuta Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-ag warmnu Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-ah kaitero* Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-ai kasira* Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADA-b Nabi+ Modan ⊕Bomberai peninsula Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADA-ba modan ⊕Bintuni bay: Modan… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ADA-bb nabi kuri ⊕Nabi, Kuri valley… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADB BIAK+ ROON* net BIAKIC33-ADB-a Biak+ Numfor ⊕Yapen-N. + S.W. island… Biak island… Numfor island… Mapia

islands… Waigeo islandIndonesia (Irian Jaya) 5

33-ADB-aa numfor+ mapia biak-W.+ numfor, "wider" numfor ⊕Numfor island… Mapia islands…Waigeo island

Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 4

33-ADB-aaa asia ⊕Asia island (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-aab aju ⊕Aju island (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-aac waigeo-W. ⊕Waigeo-W. island (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-aad mapia ⊕Mapia island (Irian Jaya) 033-ADB-aae manokwari vogelkop ⊕Manokwari coast… (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-aaf numfor-A. numfor "proper", mafoor, mefoor, mafoorsch, myfoorsch, noefoor,

nufoor, numfoor ⊕Numfor, Numfoor island(Irian Jaya)

33-ADB-aag mios-num-W. ⊕Miosnum-W. island (Irian Jaya)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 28533-ADB-aah rumberpon ⊕Rumberpon island (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-aai monoarfu* (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-ab biak biak "proper", biak-E. ⊕Biak+ Pandaidori islands… Yapen island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 433-ADB-aba korido ⊕Biak-W. island: Korido… (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abb wardo ⊕Biak-C. island: Wardo… (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abc korim ⊕Biak-NE. island: Korim… (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abd bosnik ⊕Biak-E. island: Bosnik… (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abe sampori samberi, mokmer ⊕Biak-SE. island: Mokmer… (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abf mius-num-E. ⊕Mios-num-E. island (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abg ariom (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abh bo'o (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abi dwar (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abj fairi (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abk jenures (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abl kamer (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abm mandusir ⊕Biak island: Arak-Manduser (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abn mofu (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abo opif (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abp padoa (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abq penasifu ⊕Biak island: Penasifu (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abr samberi ⊕Biak island: Samberi (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abs sor ⊕Biak island: Sor (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abt sorendidori ⊕Biak island: Sawendidori (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abu sorido ⊕Biak island: Sorido (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abv sundei (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abw wari (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-abx wadibu ⊕Biak island: Wadibu (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-aby warsa ⊕Biak island: Warso (Irian Jaya)33-ADB-b Moes-War ⊕Cenderawasih-W. bay… Mois-Waar island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ADB-ba moes-war ⊕Cenderawasih-W. bay… mois-waar, meoswar, war ⊕Mois-Waar

islandIndonesia (Irian Jaya)

33-ADB-c Roon ⊕Cenderawasih-W. bay… Roon, Ron island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ADB-ca roon ron Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC POM+ BUSAMI net33-ADC-a Wandamen+

Windesi⊕Wandamen bay… Bintuni bay Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3

33-ADC-aa bintuni bentuni, bentoeni ⊕Bintuni bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-ab wandamen wandammen ⊕Wandamen bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-ac windesi windessi ⊕Windesi… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-ad wasior ⊕Wasior peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-ae wamesa Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-af ambumi Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-b Dusner* ⊕Wandamen-W. bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 033-ADC-ba dusner dasener*, dusnir, dusnia ⊕Dusner… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 033-ADC-c Ansus ⊕Yapen-E. island… Num, Miosnum-E. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADC-ca ansus ⊕Yapen-SW. coast (Ansus>E.)… Num-E. island (Yemprum) Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADC-d Woi ⊕Yapen-E. island… Num, Miosnum-E. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADC-da woi wo'oi, woöi ⊕Yapen-W. island (Woöi)… Num-E. island (Yemprum

northeastwards)Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3

33-ADC-e Pom+ Jobi ⊕Yapen-E. island… Num, Miosnum-E. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADC-ea pom ⊕Yapen-NW. island:Pom Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3*33-ADC-eb jobi ⊕Num-E. island* Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3*33-ADC-f Aibondeni ⊕Yapen-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-fa aibondeni ⊕Yapen-SW. coast: Aibondeni… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-g Papuma ⊕Yapen-SW. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-ga papuma ⊕Yapen-SW. coast… Manoepampi island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-h Marau+ Munggui ⊕Yapen-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADC-ha marau Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-hb warabori warembori Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-hc natabui Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-hd munggui Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-he morui Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2


33-ADC-i Busami ⊕Yapen-CW. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADC-ia kaonda ⊕Kaonda… Yapen-CN. coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-ib busami-C. sasawa 2 Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-ic kamanap ⊕Yapen-CS. coast: Kamanap… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADC-j Arui ⊕Yapen-CS. island… Serui island… Nau island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADC-ja arui-A.* ⊕Yapen-CS. island ¶2 enclaves Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-jb serui serui-laut (in [31] Malayu =«Serui sea») ⊕Serui island Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-jc nau ⊕Nau island Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-k Ambai+ Menawi ⊕Yapen-SW. island… Ambai islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADC-ka ambai ⊕Ambai islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-kb manawi Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-kc wadapi wadapi-laut (in [31] Malayu =«Wadapi sea») ⊕Yapen-SW. coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-kd randawaya randowaya, rondawaya ⊕Yapen-SW.: Randawaya coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADC-ke sumberbaba ⊕Yapen-SW.: Sumberbaba coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADD WABO+ KURUDU

netyapen-E.

33-ADD-a Wabo+ Nusari ⊕Yapen-E. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADD-aa wabo Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ADD-ab woriasi Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ADD-ac nusari Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ADD-b Kurudu+ Kaipuri ⊕Kaipuri, Kurudu island+ neighbouring coast Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADD-ba kurudu ⊕Kaipuri, Kurudu-W. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADD-bb kaipuri kaipori ⊕Kaipuri, Kurudu-E. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADE WAROPEN+ KAI net33-ADE-a Waropen+ Kai ⊕Cenderawasih bay (coast+ islands) Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 333-ADE-aa waropen aropen, worpen ⊕Wandamen-S. bay: Aropen coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADE-ab napan ⊕Napan, Napan-wainami coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADE-ac kai ⊕Waren coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADE-ad wonti ⊕Wonti coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADE-ae mo'or moor, mor ⊕Moor, Mor islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADE-af maransabadi* ⊕Maransabadi, Auri island Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADE-ag yapen-SW. ⊕Yapen-SW. island: Woöi eastwards Indonesia (Irian Jaya)33-ADF TANDIA net33-ADF-a Tandia ⊕Vogelkop neck of peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADF-aa tandia ⊕Wohsimi valley… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADG YERETUAR+ UMAR

net33-ADG-a Yeretuar+ Umar ⊕Cenderawasih-SW. bay (coast)… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADG-aa yeretuar Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*33-ADG-ab goni Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 1*33-ADG-ac umar umari Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 1*33-ADH YAUR net33-ADH-a Yaur ⊕Cenderawasih-SW. bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADH-aa yaur jaur ⊕Wasada mountain northeastwards.… coast Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADI IRESIM net33-ADI-a Iresim Cenderawasih-S. bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 233-ADI-aa iresim ⊕Hamuku coast… Yamur lake Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2


34= NEOGUINEICphylozone

covers the "Northeast New Guinea" reference area, part ofthe "Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian"intercontinental affinity; comprising 7 sets of languages (=173 outer languages) spoken by communities in Australasia,on the northeast mainland of New Guinea:

34-A SOBEI+ YOTAFA 34-B TAKIA+ BUKAUA34-C ADZERA+ SILISILI 34-D BUANG+ PIU34-E KOSIRAVA+ UIAKU 34-F DOBU+ UBIR34-G MOTU+ MEKEO

Indonesia; Papua New Guinea 5

34-A SOBEI+ YOTAFA set sarmi+ yotafa34-AA SOBEI+ YOTAFA

chain34-AAA SOBEI+ TARPIA* net34-AAA-a Sobei ⊕Sarmi… Ahus north coast+ adjacent islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 334-AAA-aa sarmi ⊕Sarmi north coast.… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-ab liki ⊕Liki island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-ac niroemoar moar ⊕Niroemoar island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-ad wakde ⊕Wakde island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-ae masimasi-W. imasi, masi-masi 2 ⊕Masimasi island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-af yamna ⊕Yamna island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-ag podena ⊕Podena island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-ah yarsun ⊕Yarsun island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-ai anus ⊕Anus island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-aj biga ⊕Ahus north coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya)34-AAA-b Bonggo ⊕Wiru river-mouth (north coast): Taronta, Tarawasi, Armopa… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 234-AAA-ba bonggo-A. bongo, bgu, bogu Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*34-AAA-bb armopa* ⊕Armopa… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*34-AAA-c Tarpia ⊕Sermo river-mouth (north coast)… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 234-AAA-ca sufrai Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*34-AAA-cb tarpia-A. tarfia ⊕Tarfia… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*34-AAA-cc kaptiau ⊕Kaptiau… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*34-AAB YOTAFA+ ORMU net34-AAB-a Ormu ⊕Jayapura north coast>W.… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 234-AAB-aa ormu-besar ⊕Ormu Besar… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 234-AAB-ab ormu-kecil ⊕Ormu Kecil… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 234-AAB-b Yotafa jotafa, yautefa, humboldt-jotafa, jayapura ⊕Humboldt, Jotafa bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 334-AAB-ba tobati ⊕Tobati… Kota-raja north coast Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*34-AAB-bb kayubatu ⊕Kayubatu island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*34-AAB-bc kayupulau kajupulau ⊕Kayupulau island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2*

34-B TAKIA+ BUKAUAset

SIASSI

34-BA SERA+ ALI chain SEPIK-WEST34-BAA SERA+ SISSANO net34-BAA-a Sera ⊕Serai coast… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 234-BAA-aa sera ssia, serra, ser ⊕Puindu… Rainuk… Serai, Sarai Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 234-BAA-b Sissano ⊕Sissano lagoon… ¶coastal communities destroyed or devastated by

seismic sea-wave in 1998; survivors evacuatedPapua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3

34-BAA-ba sissano-A. sisano, sinano, sinama, aissano ⊕Sissano… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 334-BAA-bb arop-W. arop-sissano ⊕Arop… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3*34-BAA-bc malol malon, malolo ⊕Malol… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3*34-BAA-bd teles ⊕Teles… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3*34-BAB TUMLEO net34-BAB-a Tumleo ⊕Tumleo island… Aitape coast Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 234-BAB-aa tumleo-A. ⊕Tumleo, Tamara island Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 234-BAB-ab raiyu+ yakoi ⊕Raiyu… Yakoi Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 234-BAC ALI+ ULAU net34-BAC-a Ali+ Yakamul yakamul ⊕Ali islands… Yakamul coast Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 334-BAC-aa ali+ seleo ⊕Ali-E.… Sele… Angel islands Papua New Guinea (Sandaun)34-BAC-ab ali-W. ⊕Ali-W. island Papua New Guinea (Sandaun)34-BAC-ac yakamul ⊕Yakamul… Paup coast Papua New Guinea (Sandaun)


34-BAC-b Ulau+ Suain sauvein ⊕Ulau… Swain coast Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 334-BAC-ba ulau ⊕Ulau… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun)34-BAC-bb suain ⊕Suain… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun)34-BB KAIRIRU+ MANAM

chainSEPIK-EAST

34-BBA KAIRIRU+ KAIEP net34-BBA-a Kairiru+ Karawop ⊕Karawop cape… Samein cape+ islands Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 334-BBA-aa kairiru ⊕Kairiru island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBA-ab yuo ⊕Yuo island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBA-ac karesau ⊕Karesau island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBA-ad mushu ⊕Mushu-NW. island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBA-ae karawop ⊕Karawop cape… Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBA-b Kaiep+ Terebu ⊕Taul… Terebu coast Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 234-BBA-ba kaiep sumup, samap 2 ⊕Taul… Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 234-BBA-bb terebu terepu, turupu, turubu ⊕Terebu… Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 234-BBB WOGEO+ KOIL net34-BBB-a Wogeo+ Koil ⊕Lesser Schouten-W. islands Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 334-BBB-aa wokeo+ koil vogeo, uageo ⊕Vokeo island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBB-ab koil ⊕Koil island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBC BIEM+ VIAI net34-BBC-a Biem+ Viai "wider" bam ⊕Lesser Schouten-E. islands Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 334-BBC-aa viai ⊕Viai, Wei island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBC-ab blupblup ⊕Blupblup island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBC-ac kadovar ⊕Kadovar island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik)34-BBC-ad biem bam ⊕Bam island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 334-BBD MANAM+ SEPA net34-BBD-a Manam+ Wanapi ⊕Manam islands… Wanami coast Papua New Guinea (Madang) 334-BBD-aa manam manum ⊕Manam+ Boesa islands Papua New Guinea (Madang) 334-BBD-ab wanami ⊕Wanami… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BBD-b Sepa ⊕Sepa coast… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BBD-ba sepa ⊕Bogia… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BBE MEDEBUR net34-BBE-a Medebur ⊕Sikor>N. (coast)… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BBE-aa medebur ⊕Medebur… Toto Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BBF KIS net34-BBF-a Kis ⊕Murik lakes southwestwards.… Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 234-BBF-aa kis Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 234-BC TAKIA+ BILBIL chain BELAN, madang-N.34-BCA TAKIA+ BILBIL net Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-a Takia+ Megiar ⊕Karkar+ Bagabag islands… Karim southeastwards (coast) Papua New Guinea (Madang) 434-BCA-aa takia-karkar ⊕Dampier, Karkar-S. island… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 434-BCA-ab takia-bagabag ⊕Bagabag, Bagbag island… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-b Megiar ⊕Megiar… Serang coast (2 enclaves) Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BCA-ba megiar-A. ⊕Megiar… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BCA-bb serang sarang ⊕Serang… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BCA-c Matukar ⊕Madang>N. (coast)… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BCA-ca matukar matuka ⊕Matukar… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BCA-d Siar+ Gedaged* bel, star+ ragetta ⊕Alexishafen-S. coast… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 334-BCA-da gedaged-A. graged, ragetta, kranket, raketta, graget Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-db siar tiara, sias, "star" Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-dc mitebog mitebor Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-dd rio riwo, sivo, zivo, ruo Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-de sek szeak+ bagili, segu Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-df panitibun panutibun Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-e Bilbil ⊕Madang>S. (coast)… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BCA-ea bilbil-A. bili-bili Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BCA-eb yabob jabob Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BD HAM chain madang-S.34-BDA HAM net Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BDA-a Ham ⊕Gogol lower valley… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 334-BDA-aa ham-A. Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BDA-ab dami Papua New Guinea (Madang)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 28934-BE MINDIRI+ BILIAU

chainASTROLOBAN

34-BEA MINDIRI net34-BEA-a Mindiri ⊕Astrolabe bay… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 134-BEA-aa mindiri ⊕Yaganon river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 134-BEB BILIAU+ WAB net34-BEB-a Biliau bing ⊕Mot river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BEB-aa biliau-A. belia ⊕Beliau… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-ab sengam Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-ac yamai Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-ad swit suit Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-ae galek galeg Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-af telyat Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-ag teterai peterai, teterei Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-b Wab ⊕Huon peninsula… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BEB-ba wab-A. ⊕Wab… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-bb saui ⊕Saui… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BEB-bc som* Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BF LUKEP+ MANGAP

chainpart of "vitiazan"

34-BFA LUKEP+MALASANGA net

34-BFA-a Lukep+ Arop ⊕Vitiaz straits: Rooke, Umboi-NW.+ Tolokiwa+ Long+ Crown islands…Seure-NW. coast

Papua New Guinea (Madang) 3

34-BFA-aa lukep lokep, "siasi", "siassi" ⊕Umboi-NW.… Tolokiwa-E. islands Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-aaa manta ⊕Umboi-NW. island: Manta… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-aab tolokiwa-E. ⊕Tolokiwa-E. island Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-ab arop+ malala ⊕Tolokiwa-W.… Long… Crown islands… Seure-NW. coast Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-aba tolokiwa-W. ⊕Tolokiwa-W. island Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-abb malala ⊕Long island: Malala… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-abc arop-E. arop-lokep ⊕Seure-NW. coast Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-ac moromiranga* Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-ad pono* Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BFA-b Malasanga ⊕Singorkai… Malasanga coast Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BFA-ba singorokai ⊕Singorkai… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BFA-bb malasanga-A. ⊕Malasanga… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BFA-c Barim ⊕Rooke, Umboi-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BFA-ca barim Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BFB MANGAP+ MBULA

net34-BFB-a Mangap+ Mbula ⊕Umboi-E. island… Sakar island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BFB-aa mbula mbula-C. ⊕Umboi-SE. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BFB-ab kaimanga mbula-N. ⊕Umboi-NE. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BFB-ac gauru mangap, mangaaba, mangaawa, mangaava ⊕Sakar island Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BG MALALAMAI chain part of "vitiazan"34-BGA MALALAMAI net34-BGA-a Malalamai ⊕Malalamai coast Papua New Guinea (Madang) 234-BGA-aa malalamai-A. malamai, melmalmai ⊕Malalamai… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BGA-ab bonga ⊕Bonga… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BH ROINJI+ NENAYA

chainpart of "vitiazan"

34-BHA ROINJI+ GALI net34-BHA-a Roinji+ Gali ⊕Gali… Roinji coast Papua New Guinea (Madang;

Morobe)2

34-BHA-aa gali ⊕Gali… Papua New Guinea (Madang)34-BHA-ab roinji roindji ⊕Roinji… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BHB NENAYA net34-BHB-a Nenaya ⊕Uruwa lower valley>SE. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BHB-aa nenaya nengaya, nineia Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BI SIO chain part of "vitiazan"34-BIA SIO net34-BIA-a Sio ⊕Huon-N. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BIA-aa sio sigabac ⊕Sio island+ coast Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3


34-BJ TAMI+ KOVE chain34-BJA GITUA net34-BJA-a Gitua ⊕Huon-N. peninsula: Dallman river-mouth Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BJA-aa gitua-A. gitoa Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJA-ab kelana Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJB TAMI+ TUAM net tami+ mutu34-BJB-a Tami ⊕Tami islands… Huon-S. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BJB-aa tami-A. ⊕Tami islands Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJB-ab busiga ⊕Busiga>E.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJB-ac bua ⊕Bua>E. (Gerhards cape)… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJB-b Tuam+ Mutu ⊕Siassi islands… Umboi-S. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BJB-ba mutu-umboi ⊕Umboi-S. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJB-bb mutu-malau ⊕Mutu-Malau island Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJB-bc malai ⊕Malai island Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJB-bd tuam tuom ⊕Tuam island Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJB-be mandok ⊕Mandok island Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BJC KOVE+ BARIAI net34-BJC-a Kove ⊕New Britain-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 334-BJC-aa kove-A. ⊕Kulu river-mouth (Reibeck bay)… Via river-mouth (Kikiviai) Papua New Guinea (New Britain)34-BJC-ab tamuniai ⊕Tamuniai island Papua New Guinea (New Britain)34-BJC-b Lusi+ Kaliai ⊕New Britain-NW. island: Iboki… Raoult cape Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 334-BJC-ba lusi Papua New Guinea (New Britain)34-BJC-bb kaliai Papua New Guinea (New Britain)34-BJC-bc kombe Papua New Guinea (New Britain)34-BJC-c Bariai ⊕New Britain-NW. island: Rottock bay… Borgen bay Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 334-BJC-ca bariai-A. Papua New Guinea (New Britain)34-BJC-cb kabana* Papua New Guinea (New Britain)34-BJC-cc sahe* Papua New Guinea (New Britain)34-BK MALEU+ KILENGE

chainCAPE-GLOUCESTER

34-BKA MALEU+ KILENGEnet

34-BKA-a Kilenge Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BKA-aa kilenge kilengi, kaitarolea ⊕Kilengi… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BKA-b Maleu+ Idne Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BKA-ba maleu ⊕Sag-Sag>S.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BKA-bb idne itne ⊕Idne river-mouth>NW..… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BL BUKAUA+ LABU

chainpart of "huon gulf"

34-BLA BUKAUA+ YABEMnet

34-BLA-a Yabem jabem, jabim, yabim, yabêm ⊕Finschhafen… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BLA-aa yabem jabem, jabim, yabim, yabêm ⊕Finschhafen… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BLA-b Bukaua ⊕Huon-S. peninsula �possible transition to [34] Yalu Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 434-BLA-ba bukaua bukawac, bukawa, kawa, kawac ⊕Mongi river-mouth… Markham river-

mouthPapua New Guinea (Morobe) 4

34-BLB LABU net34-BLB-a Labu lau-labu, labu', labo, hapa ⊕Huon Gulf bay: Markham river-mouth>S.…

Huon Gulf bay…Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3

34-BLB-aa labu-butu Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BLB-ab labu-miti Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BLB-ac labu-tali Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-BM KELA chain part of "huon gulf"34-BMA KELA net34-BMA-a Kela ⊕Huon Gulf bay… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BMA-aa kela lau-kanu, gela, kelana ⊕Salamaua… Lokamu… Lababia… Kui…

Lasanga islandPapua New Guinea (Morobe) 3

34-BN IWAL chain part of "huon gulf"34-BNA IWAL net34-BNA-a Iwal ⊕Huon Gulf bay… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BNA-aa iwal kaiwa ⊕Salamaua… Salus… Waipali Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BO SIBOMA chain part of "huon gulf"34-BOA SIBOMA net34-BOA-a Siboma ⊕Huon Gulf bay… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BOA-aa siboma sipoma, numbami ⊕Kui>SE. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 29134-BP HOTE+ YAMAP

chain34-BPA HOTE+ YAMAP net34-BPA-a Hote+ Misim ⊕Francisco middle valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BPA-aa hote ho'tei, hotec ⊕Buissi>S. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-BPA-ab misim ⊕Misim… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BPA-b Yamap ⊕Francisco upper valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-BPA-ba yamap ⊕Bobadu… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2

34-C ADZERA+ SILISILIset

markham+ bulolo

34-CA ADZERA+ WAMPURchain

34-CAA MARI net34-CAA-a Mari Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CAA-aa mari-A. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CAA-ab hop* Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CAB YARUS+ TSUMIN

net"WIDER"-ADZERA

34-CAB-a Yarus+ Amari adzera-N. ⊕Markham upper river-basin: Marasassa>E.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 434-CAB-aa amari ⊕Marasassa Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CAB-ab ngarowapum ⊕Umi lower valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CAB-ac yarus yaros ⊕Kaiapit>N.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CAB-b Tsumin+ Guruf adzera "proper", azera, atzera, acira ⊕Markham-C. river-basin Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 434-CAB-ba tsumim tsumin ⊕Markham upper valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CAB-bb adzrac ⊕Kaiapit… Leron+ Markham valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CAB-bc ongac angac ⊕Markham upper right bank Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CAB-bd guruf ⊕Mapun valley: Guruf+ Surusil… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CAC UNANK net34-CAC-a Unank ⊕Waffa middle valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CAC-aa unank onank, watut-N. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CAD WAMPUR net34-CAD-a Wampur ⊕Wanton valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CAD-aa wampur Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CB SUKURUM+

SARASIRA chain34-CBA SUKURUM net34-CBA-a Sukurum ⊕Leron middle right bank Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-CBA-aa sukurum ⊕Sukurum… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-CBB NGARIAWAN* net34-CBB-a Ngariawan ⊕Leron middle valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CBB-aa ngariawan ngariwan, ngariawang ⊕Wongat… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CBC SARASIRA net34-CBC-a Sarasira ⊕Leron middle left bank Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CBC-aa sarasira sirasira Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CC WAMPAR+ NAFI

chain34-CCA WAMPAR+ DAGIN

net34-CCA-a Wampar+ Dagin ⊕Markham lower river-basin Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-CCA-aa wampar lae-womba, lae-wamba, lai-womba Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-CCA-ab dagin Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CCB NAFI+ MUSOM net part of busu34-CCB-a Nafi ⊕Busu middle valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CCB-aa nafi sirak ⊕Boana… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CCB-b Musom ⊕Busu middle valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CCB-ba musom misatik Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CCB-c Yalu* ⊕Markham+ Busu lower valleys: Lae.… Butibam, Butibum…

�possible transition to [34] BukauaPapua New Guinea (Morobe) 2

34-CCB-ca aribwaungg yalu "proper", jaloc Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CCB-cb aribwatsa lae, lahe ⊕Lae Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 0


34-CD GUWOT+ DUWETchain

part of busu

34-CDA GUWOT+ DUWETnet

34-CDA-a Guwot+ Duwet ⊕Busu middle valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CDA-aa guwot guwet Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CDA-ab duwet Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CDA-ac waing* Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CE SILISILI+ DANGAL

chainwatut

34-CEA SILISILI+ DANGALnet

34-CEA-a Silisili watut-N. ⊕Watut lower valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-CEA-aa silisili-A. tsiletsile ⊕Tsiletsile… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CEA-ab maraliinan* maralinan Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CEA-ac bubwaf baboaf Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CEA-ad dunguntung Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-CEA-b Maralango ⊕Watut middle valley: Langima+ Banir confluences Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CEA-ba maralango maralangko, watut-W. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CEA-c Dangal ⊕Watut middle valley: Langima confluence upstream Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-CEA-ca dangal watut-S., danggal Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2

34-D BUANG+ PIU set34-DA BUANG+ PIU chain34-DAA PIU net34-DAA-a Piu ⊕Watut upper valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-DAA-aa piu-A. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-DAA-ab sanbiau* Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAA-ac lanzog* Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAA-ad kuruko* Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB BUANG+ MUMENG

net34-DAB-a Mumeng+ Yanta Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-aa yanta-A. yanta "proper", part of "wider" yanta Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-ab towangara towangala, part of "wider" yanta ⊕Towangala… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-ac gorakor part of "wider" yanta Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-ad ptep patep Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-ae zenang zenag Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-af mumeng-A. mumeng "proper" ⊕Mumeng… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-ag latep Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-DAB-ah dengalu Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 234-DAB-b Dambi+ Kumaru Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-ba dambi Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-bb kumaru kumara, kumalu Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-c Kapin+ Garawa ⊕Watut middle valley: Sambio-SW.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-ca kapin Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-cb sambio* ⊕Sambio… Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-cc taiak* tayek* Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-cd katumene* Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-ce garawa gawawa Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-d Mangga+ Mapos Buang, mangga+ mapos ⊕Snake upper valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-da mangga manga, mangga-buang, manga-buang, kaidemui ⊕Bulwat>NE.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-db lagis Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-dc kwasang Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-dd mapos mapos-buang, buang-C. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-de wagau Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-df buweyeu Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-dg wins Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-dh chimbuluk Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-di papakene Papua New Guinea (Morobe)34-DAB-e Mambump mapos-N. ⊕Snake headwaters Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-ea mambump ⊕Vagau… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-f Vehes ⊕Buissi coast Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 334-DAB-fa vehes buasi, buissi, vehees Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2


34-E KOSIRAVA+ UIAKUset

MAISAN, maisin

34-EA KOSIRAVA+ UIAKUchain

34-EAA KOSIRAVA+ UIAKUnet

�convergence and resulting transition towards so-called 'Papuan'languages in 23=Owalamic geozone

3

34-EAA-a Kosirava maisan-W. ⊕Dyke Ackland bay ⊕migration (18th century) >Collingwood bay

Papua New Guinea (Oro) 2

34-EAA-aa kosirava ⊕Kosirava swamps Papua New Guinea (Oro)34-EAA-b Uiaku uyaku ⊕Collingwood bay… Papua New Guinea (Oro) 334-EAA-ba uiaku-N. maisan-NE. ⊕Uwe… Papua New Guinea (Oro)34-EAA-bb uiaku-S. maisan-SE. ⊕Ganjiga… Marva Papua New Guinea (Oro)

34-F DOBU+ UBIR set vitaz+ louisiade34-FA MINIAFIA+

ARIFAMA chain34-FAA MINIAFIA+

ARIFAMA net34-FAA-a Miniafia+ Arifama arifama+ miniafia ⊕Nelson cape… Collingwood bay Papua New Guinea (Oro) 334-FAA-aa berubona ⊕Nelson cape: Berubona Papua New Guinea (Oro)34-FAA-ab gebara ⊕Collingwood bay: Gebara Papua New Guinea (Oro)34-FAA-ac leaga ⊕Collingwood bay: Leaga Papua New Guinea (Oro)34-FB UBIR chain34-FBA UBIR net34-FBA-a Ubir ubiri, kubiri ⊕Collingwood bay Papua New Guinea (Oro; Milne

Bay)3

34-FBA-aa wanigela+ rainu wanigela 2 ⊕Wanigela… Rainu Papua New Guinea (Oro)34-FBA-ab kwagila ⊕Kwagila river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (Oro; Milne

Bay)34-FC ARE+ DUAU chain34-FCA DOGA+ MAGABARA

net34-FCA-a Doga+ Magabara ⊕Cape Vogel-N. peninsula: Guru+ Karuasi coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCA-aa magabara ⊕Magavara coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCA-ab doga ⊕Divediveni… Karuasi… Boririte coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCB GABO-BORA net34-FCB-a Gabo-Bora ⊕Cape Vogel cape-N. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCB-aa gabo-bora anuki ⊕Tapiosan coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCC ARE+ MUKAWA net34-FCC-a Are+ Mukawa ⊕Cape Vogel cape: Tarakwaruru Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCC-aa mukawa ⊕Mukawa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCC-ab are ⊕Bogaboga… Irikaba… Wabubu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCD PAIWA+ BOINAKI

net34-FCD-a Paiwa manape ⊕Cape Vogel-S. peninsula: Goodenough bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCD-aa gapa-paiwa-E. ⊕Dabora… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCD-ab gapa-paiwa-W. ⊕Giwa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCD-b Boianaki+ Galavi ⊕Goodenough-SW. bay coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCD-ba boianaki boinaki, boanaki, boanai ⊕Boi-Anai… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCD-bb galavi* Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCD-c Vidia ⊕Goodenough-SW. bay coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3*34-FCD-ca vidia ⊕Vidia… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCE WATALUMA net34-FCE-a Wataluma ⊕Goodenough-N. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCE-aa wataluma ⊕Wataluma… Budula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCF VIVIGANA+

BWAIDOKA net34-FCF-a Vivigana+ Waibula "Wider"-Iduna ⊕Goodenough-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCF-aa waibula ⊕Waibula… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-ab ufaufa ⊕Ufaufa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-ac idakamenai ⊕Idakamenai… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-ad vivigana vivigani, iduna "proper" Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-ada vivigana-A. ⊕Vivigana… (Milne Bay)34-FCF-adb wakonai ⊕Wakonai… (Milne Bay)34-FCF-adc kalemutabutabu ⊕Kalemutabutabu… (Milne Bay)34-FCF-add ewele (Milne Bay)


34-FCF-ae ufufu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-af kalauna ⊕Kalauna… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-ag belebele ⊕Belebele… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-ah goiala ⊕Goiala… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-b Bwaidoka ⊕Goodenough-S. island… migration> Fergusson-W. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCF-ba bwaidoka-A. bwaidoga Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-bb mataita mataitai ⊕Goodenough-SE. coast: Mataita Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-bc kilia ⊕Goodenough-SE. coast: Kilia Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-bd lauwela ⊕Goodenough-SE. coast: Lauwela Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCF-be wagifa wagipa ⊕Wagipa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCG DIODIO+ UTALO net34-FCG-a Diodio+ Utalo ⊕Goodenough-W. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCG-aa awale Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCG-ab diodio+ molata diodio-C. ⊕Diodio… Molata Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCG-aba diodio-A. ⊕Diodio (Milne Bay)34-FCG-abb molata ⊕Molata (Milne Bay)34-FCG-ac utalo Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCG-ad iauiaula yauyaula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCH KALOKALO net34-FCH-a Kalakalo ⊕Fergusson-NW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCH-aa kalakalo ⊕Moresby straits Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCI YAMALELE+

MAIODOM net34-FCI-a Yamalele iamalele ⊕Fergusson island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCI-aa yamalele-A. ⊕Fergusson-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCI-aaa yamalele-C. ⊕Yamalele-C.… ⊕Seymour bay (Milne Bay)34-FCI-aab yamalele-S. ⊕Yamalele-S.… ⊕Seymour bay (Milne Bay)34-FCI-aac didigavu ⊕Didigavu… (Milne Bay)34-FCI-aad gwabegwabe ⊕Gwabegwabe… (Milne Bay)34-FCI-ab masi-masi ⊕Fergusson-N. coast: Masi-Masi Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCI-b Maiodom ⊕Fergusson-NE. coast: Wadalei Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3*34-FCI-ba maiodom ⊕Maiodom… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCJ MINAVEHA+

KUKUYA net34-FCJ-a Minaveha+ Kukuya ⊕Fergusson-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCJ-aa minaveha minavega ⊕Mapamoiwa peninsula: Minavega Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCJ-ab kukuya ⊕Mapamoiwa peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCK MORIMA+

FAGULULU net34-FCK-a Fagululu ⊕Fergusson-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCK-aa fagululu fagalulu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCK-b Tutubela ⊕Fergusson-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FCK-ba tutubela morima-NW., tutubea ⊕Tutubea Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCK-c Ebadidi ⊕Fergusson-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FCK-ca ebadidi morima-NE., salakahadi ⊕Salakhadi country Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCK-d Morima $bilingual in [34] Dobu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCK-da morima molima "proper" ⊕Molima coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCL BOSILEWA net34-FCL-a Bosilewa ⊕Fergusson-N. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCL-aa bosilewa ⊕Bosilewa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCM GUMASI net34-FCM-a Gumasi ⊕Fergusson island: Amphlett islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCM-aa gumasi gumawana, domdom Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCN GALEYA+ GAMETA

net34-FCN-a Gameta ⊕Fergusson-NE. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCN-aa wadalei ⊕Wadalei… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCN-ab gameta-A. ⊕Gameta… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCN-ac urua Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCN-ad basima ⊕Basima… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCN-b Galeya ⊕Fergusson-E. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCN-ba sebutuia ⊕Sebutuia… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCN-bb garea galeya, galea ⊕Galea… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 29534-FCO DOBU+ LOBODA net34-FCO-a Dobu ⊕D'Entrecasteaux archipelago: Fergusson island… Sanaroa island…

Dobu island… Normanby islandPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 5

34-FCO-aa galubwa galuewa ⊕Fergusson-SE. island: Salamo Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCO-ab tewara ⊕Uama islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCO-ac sanaroa ⊕Sanaroa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCO-ad ubuia ubuya ⊕Sisiana… Ubaya island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCO-ae edugaura dobu-C., including dobu "vehicular" ⊕Dobu island; vehicular

extension> D'Entrecasteaux archipelagoPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 5

34-FCO-af sisiana+ ubuia ⊕Normanby-NW. island: Sisiana… Ubaya island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCO-b Loboda ⊕Normanby-NE. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3*34-FCO-ba loboda-A. roboda ⊕Loboda… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCO-bb dawada+ siausi ⊕Dawada… Siausi �or perhaps to be classified with [34] Biawa+

LomitawaPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay)

34-FCP DUAU+ SIBONAI net SEWA-BAY $bilingual in [34] Dobu34-FCP-a Duau-Pwata ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCP-aa duau-pwata-A. pwana-pwana, sewa-C. ⊕Sewa bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCP-ab miadeba Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCP-ac bwakera Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCP-b Sibonai ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCP-ba sibonai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCP-c Maiabare ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCP-ca maiabare Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCP-d Darubia ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCP-da darubia ⊕Darubia… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCP-e Sewataitai ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCP-ea sewataitai ⊕Sewataitai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCQ BUNAMA+

SAWATUPWA net34-FCQ-a Sawatupwa ⊕Sewalaitai bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCQ-aa sawatupwa ⊕Sawatupw Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCQ-b Bunama+ Barabara ⊕Goschen straits Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCQ-ba bunama-A. ⊕Bunam Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCQ-bb barabara ⊕Barabara Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCR MWATEBU net34-FCR-a Mwatebu ⊕Sewalaitai ba Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCR-aa mwatebu ⊕Mwatebu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FCS BIAWA+ KASIKASI

net34-FCS-a Biawa+ Lomitawa duau ⊕Normanby-SE. island: Duau peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCS-aa lomitawa ⊕Lomitawa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-ab sigasiga ⊕Sigasiga… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-ac sipupu ⊕Sipupu… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-ad meudana ⊕Meudana… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-ae weyoko weioko ⊕Weioko… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-af kerorogea kelologea ⊕Kelologea… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-ag mwalukwasia ⊕Mwalukwasia… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-ah somwadina ⊕Somwadina… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-ai biawa ⊕Baiwa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-aj guleguleu guragureu ⊕Guleguleu… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-ak kumarahu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-al sawabwala Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-am urada Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCS-b Kasikasi duau-S. ⊕Normanby-SE. island: Duau-S. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FCS-ba kasikasi ⊕Kasikasi… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCT 'AUHELAWA net34-FCT-a 'Auhelawa auhelawa ⊕Normanby-SW. island… Naukata island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCT-aa kurada 'urada ⊕Normanby-SW. island: Kurada… Bwasiaiai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCT-ab naukata ⊕Naukata island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCU TUBE-TUBE+ WARI

net34-FCU-a Tube-Tube+ Wari bwana-bwana ⊕Engineer islands… Basilaki island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FCU-aa tube-tube ⊕Slade island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCU-ab wari ware ⊕Wari island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FCU-ac kitai ⊕Basilaki-SE. island: Pitt bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)


34-FD KILIVILA+ BUDIBUDchain

34-FDA KILIVILA+ MUYUWnet

34-FDA-a Kilivila+ Vakuta ⊕Trobriand islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 434-FDA-aa lusancay ⊕Lusancay islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-ab kilivila kiriwina ⊕Kiriwina, Trobriand island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 434-FDA-ac sinaketa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-ad vakuta ⊕Vakuta island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-b Muyuw+ Kitava ⊕Kitava island… Marshall Bennett islands… Woodlark island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FDA-ba kitava ⊕Kitava islan Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-bb iwa ⊕Iwa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-bc lougwaw lougaw, gawa ⊕Gawa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-bd yanaba ⊕Yanaba island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-be muyuw ⊕Woodlark island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-bea nawyem ⊕Woodlark-W.+ Madau islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-beb wamwan ⊕Woodlark-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDA-bec muyuw-A. muyuw "proper" ⊕Woodlark-E. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FDB BUDIBUD net34-FDB-a Budibud ⊕Laughlan, Nada islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FDB-aa budibud nada Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FE MISIMA+

TEWATEWA chain34-FEA MISIMA+

TEWATEWA net34-FEA-a Tewatewa+ Bowagis ⊕Engineer-W. islands… Woodlark-W. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FEA-aa bowagis ⊕Woodlark-W. island: Madau-S. island… Nusam island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FEA-ab alcester ⊕Alcester island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FEA-ac ole ⊕Engineer-W. islands: Ole island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FEA-ad tewatewa ⊕Engineer-W. islands: Tewatewan island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FEA-b Misima+ Panayati ⊕Panaete island… Misima island… Calvados Chain islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 434-FEA-ba panayati panaete, paneati, panaeati, paneyate, panayeti, panaieti ⊕Panaete

islandPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay)

34-FEA-bb misima ⊕Misima island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FEA-bc nasikwabw* ⊕Calvados Chain islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FEA-bd tokunu* ⊕Calvados Chain islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FF NIMOWA+

PANAWINA34-FFA NIMOWA+

PANAWINA netPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay)

34-FFA-a Pana-Wina+ Sabari ⊕Louisiade archipelago: Pana-Wina island… Sabari island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FFA-aa pana-wina ⊕Pana-Wina island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FFA-ab sabari ⊕Sabari island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FFA-b Pana-Tinanai ⊕Louisiade archipelago: Pana-Tenan island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FFA-ba pana-tinanai pana-tenan Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FFA-c Nimowa ⊕Louisiade archipelago: Nimoa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FFA-ca nimowa nimowa "proper", nimoa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FFA-d Nimowa-W. ⊕Sud-Est, Tagula-W. island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FFA-da nimowa-W. "western-point" Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FG TAGULA chain SUD-EST34-FGA TAGULA net34-FGA-a Tagula+ Madaua 'sud-est' #sud-est in [51] Français =«south-east» ⊕Sud-Est, Tagula

island…Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2

34-FGA-aa madaua maduwa ⊕Maduwa cape Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FGA-ab 'nine-hills' ⊕Nine Hills Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FGA-ac pamela ⊕Pamela Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FGA-ad rambuso Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FGA-ae rewa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FGA-af 'griffin-point' ⊕Griffin point Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FGA-ag tagula-E. "eastern-point" ⊕Siri cape Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FH TAWALA+ WEDAU

chain34-FHA TAWALA+

TAUPOTA net34-FHA-a Bohilai+ Sideya ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Basilaki island… Sideia island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FHA-aa bohilai bohira'i, basilaki ⊕Basilaki island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FHA-ab sideya sideia ⊕Sideia island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 29734-FHA-b Tawala+ Yaleba tawara, tavara, tavora, tavala ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: East

Cape-E. peninsulaPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3

34-FHA-ba kehelala keherara, "east-cape" ⊕East Cape cape Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-bb divinai diwinai, tawala "proper" Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-bc tawala tawala "vehicular" ⊕Milne Bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-bd labe rabe Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-be huhuna Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-bf lelehudi Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-bg yaleba wagawaga, gwawili, gwavili, ealeba Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-c Awaiama ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: East Cape-C. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3*34-FHA-ca awayama awaiama, awalama Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-d Taupota+ Yanianini ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: East Cape-W. peninsula… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FHA-da yanianini Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-db taupota ⊕Taupota… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-e Waiema ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FHA-ea waiema Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-f Laviam ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FHA-fa laviam Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-g Maivara ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FHA-ga maivara maiwala Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHA-h Naura ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Naura… Gumini valley Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FHA-ha naura Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHB GARUWAHI net34-FHB-a Garuwahi ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: East Cape-W. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FHB-aa garuwahi ⊕Garuai… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FHC WEDAU+ TOPURA

net34-FHC-a Wedau+ Topura ⊕Owen Stanley peninsula: Kuvira bay… Dogura coast-N. ⊕vehicular

extension> Collingwood Bay bayPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay;Oro)

3

34-FHC-aa wedau-A. wedau "proper", wedaun, wedawan ⊕Wedau… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHC-ab wedau-V. wedau "vehicular" ⊕Owen Stanley peninsula coast-N. Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay;

Oro)34-FHC-ac topura ⊕Topura… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FHC-ad yapoa ⊕Yapoa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FI SUAU+ BUHUTU

chain34-FIA SUAU+ BUHUTU*

net34-FIA-a Waga-Waga+

Noabune⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Milne Bay-S. bay… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3

34-FIA-aa kila-kilana Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-ab gamadougou Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-ac waga-waga Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-ad waga-gatu ⊕Dawa-Dawa valley: Bwada-bwada… Waga-gatu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-ae noabune ⊕Kanakope… Noabune… Simagahi Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-af goilawalika* ⊕Goilawalika… Leiplai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-b Sariba+ Doini Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3*34-FIA-ba sariba ⊕Sariba island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-bb samarai ⊕Samarai island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-bc doini ⊕Doini island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-c Logea ⊕Rogeia island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FIA-ca logea Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-d Daio-Muni ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Suau-S. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FIA-da daio-muni daio, daiamuni, deamuni, diomoni ⊕Loani… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-e Bonarua+

Guaugurina⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*

34-FIA-ea guaugurina ⊕Guaugurina coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-eb bonarua ⊕Bonarua island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-f Suau Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FIA-fa modewa ⊕Modewa bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-fb suau-A. ⊕Suau island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-fc suau-V. suau "vehicular" ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Suau peninsula &

adjacent islandsPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3

34-FIA-fd baibesika ⊕Baibesika island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-g Daui fife-bay ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Fife bay… Sago Aho river-

mouthPapua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*

34-FIA-ga daui Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)


34-FIA-h Dahuni ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Dahuni peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-ha dahuni ⊕Dahuni Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FIA-i Bona-Bona ⊕Bona-Bowa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-ia bona-bona bona-bowa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-j Sinaki ⊕Orangerie-N. bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FIA-ja gaidasu gadaisu ⊕Gadaisu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-jb sinaki-A. Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-k Leileiafa* ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2*34-FIA-ka leileiafa ⊕Orangerie-SE. bay… Mullins Harbour bay… Leileiafa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-l Buhutu yaleba=$translingual in [34] Suau ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula:

Sagarai valley… Dawa-Dawa upper valley…Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3

34-FIA-la buhutu-A. bohutu, buhulu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FIA-lb siasada ⊕Siasada… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FJ IGORA+ DAWAWA

chain34-FJA IGORA+ POVA net "wider" kakabai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay)34-FJA-a Pova ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FJA-aa pova ⊕Pova… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FJA-b Kakabai ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FJA-ba kakabai ⊕Kwabanuki… Mainawa… Gavi Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FJA-c Igora ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FJA-ca igora ⊕Kwaiowa country Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 234-FJB DAWAWA net dawana34-FJB-a Manubada ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FJB-aa manubada "coastal" dawawa ⊕Manubada north coast 334-FJB-b Didia ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 334-FJB-ba didia "inland" dawawa ⊕Didia… Gadovisu… Kiwarai… Wanama Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3

34-G MOTU+ MEKEO set34-GA OUMA+ BINA chain34-GAA BINA net Ã

34-GAA-a Bina ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula ¶extinct Papua New Guinea (Central) 034-GAA-aa bina ⊕Baibara>N. Papua New Guinea (Central) 034-GAB YOBA net Ã

34-GAB-a Yoba ⊕Tavanei+ Ulumanu confluence ¶extinct Papua New Guinea (Central) 034-GAB-aa yoba ⊕Laua>E. Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 034-GAC MAGORI net34-GAC-a Magori ⊕Table Bay-E. bay Papua New Guinea (Central) 234-GAC-aa magori ⊕Deba… Magori Papua New Guinea (Central) 234-GAD OUMA net Ã

34-GAD-a Ouma ⊕Table bay ¶extinct Papua New Guinea (Central) 034-GAD-aa ouma ⊕Labu… Papua New Guinea (Central) 034-GB MOTU+ BOKU chain34-GBA HULA+ AROMA net34-GBA-a Aroma+ Lalaura ⊕Rodney cape… Keppel cape Papua New Guinea (Central) 434-GBA-aa lalaura ⊕Rodney cape>W.… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBA-ab kapari Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBA-ac wanigela ⊕Macfarlane Harbour estuary Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBA-ad maopa ⊕Macfarlane Harbour estuary… Ormond estuary Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBA-ae aroma arona, aloma, galoma ⊕Keppel cape Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBA-b Keopara+ Babaga ⊕Kerepuna… Kaparoka coast Papua New Guinea (Central) 434-GBA-ba keopara keapara, kerepuna ⊕Kerepuna coast… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBA-bb kalo ⊕Hood bay… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBA-bc babaga ⊕Hood bay… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBA-c Hula ⊕Hood peninsula… Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GBA-ca hula vulaa ⊕Hula… Kaparoka Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB BOKU+ ALEPA* net SINAUGORO, sinagoro34-GBB-a Alepa+ Kwaibida sinaugoro-SW. ⊕Kemp-Welch middle valley… Beagle Entrance-NW.

coastPapua New Guinea (Central) 4

34-GBB-aa alepa Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-ab omene Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-ac kwaibo ⊕Kwaiba… Gemo Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-ad babagarupu Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-ae alomarupu ⊕Alomarupu… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-af kemabolo ⊕Kemabolo… Papua New Guinea (Central)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 29934-GBB-ag balawaia ⊕Tauruba… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-ah gabone ⊕Gabone… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-ai ikolu ginigolo ⊕Ginigolo… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-aj saroa ⊕Saroa… Kwikila Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-ak kwaibida kwabida ⊕Imogolo Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-b Boku+ Kubuli sinaugoro-N.=⊕Kemp-Welch upper valley… Owen Stanley foothills Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GBB-ba tubulamo ⊕Switatana… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-bb gomore ⊕Gomore… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-bc karekadobu ⊕Karekadobu… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-bd taboro ⊕Kemp-Welch upper left bank: Kapogere… Kokorogoro… Bulidobu Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-be boku ⊕Koworo… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-bf wiga ⊕Onemagolo… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-bg buaga ⊕Didiga… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-bh ikega ⊕Ganigiu… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-bi kubuli ⊕Bogaramake… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-c Vora+ Oruone sinaugoro-SE.=⊕Ormond+ Waipara valleys… Lako middle valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GBB-ca vora ⊕Ormond… Waipara valley Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-cb maipiko ⊕Maipika… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBB-cc oruone bukuku, bokuku ⊕Bokuku… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GBC MOTU+ HIRI-MOTU

net34-GBC-a Motu ⊕Port Moresby coast… Papua New Guinea (Central) 434-GBC-aa motu "true" motu, "pure" motu ⊕Manu-Manu… Kapa-Kapa (coastal

enclaves)Papua New Guinea (Central;National Capital district)

4

34-GBC-aaa manu-manu+ pari ⊕Manu-Manu… (Central)34-GBC-aab lea-lea ⊕Lea-Lea… (Central)34-GBC-aac boera ⊕Boera… (Central)34-GBC-aad porebada ⊕Porebada… (Central)34-GBC-aae tatana ⊕Tatana.… (National Capital district)34-GBC-aaf moresby ⊕Port Moresby>S.… (National Capital district)34-GBC-aag tupuseleia ⊕Tupuseleia… (Central)34-GBC-aah barakau ⊕Barakau… (Central)34-GBC-aai gaile ⊕Gaile… (Central)34-GBC-aaj kapa-kapa ⊕Kapa-Kapa (Central)34-GBC-aak motu-V. motu "pre-creole vehicular" ⊕Port Moresby coast (Central; National Capital district) 434-GBC-b Hiri-Motu motu "creole vehicular", hiri, "police" motu, creole-motu, pidgin-motu

�creole derived from [34] Hiri; with convergence towards so-called"Papuan" languages in 23=Owalamic geozone ⊕Papua country…

Papua New Guinea (Central;National Capital district; Oro; Gulf;Milne Bay; Mainland; Western)

5

34-GBC-ba hiri-motu-A. "papuan" hiri-motu, hiri-motu "proper" �strongly influenced byneighbouring languages of 23=Owalamic geozone

Papua New Guinea (Central;National Capital district; Oro; Gulf;Milne Bay; Mainland)

5

34-GBC-bb hiri-motu-W. "austronesian" hiri-motu ⊕Gulf of Papua (coastal regions)… Papua New Guinea (Gulf; Western) 434-GBD DOURA net34-GBD-a Doura ⊕Galley Reach-E. estuary Papua New Guinea (Central) 234-GBD-aa doura ⊕Douramoko Papua New Guinea (Central) 234-GBE KABADI net34-GBE-a Kabadi ⊕Galley Reach-E. estuary… Aroa valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GBE-aa kabadi gabadi ⊕Kanosia… Kopuana Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GBF NARA net34-GBF-a Nara pokau ⊕Kubuna valley… Suckling cape Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GBF-aa nara-A. lala, nala, 'ala'ala ⊕Ala'ala… Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GBF-ab pokau* Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GC KUNI chain34-GCA KUNI net34-GCA-a Kuni ⊕Kubuna upper+ Dilava valleys… Angabunga upper valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GCA-aa kuni ⊕Warupi… Awepa Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GD YULE+ WAIMA chain RORO34-GDA YULE+ WAIMA net34-GDA-a Yule+ Bioto roro-E., roro "proper" ⊕Hall Sound bay… Possession cape Papua New Guinea (Central) 434-GDA-aa yule+ delena ⊕Yule island… Delena coast Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GDA-aaa yule ⊕Yule island Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GDA-aab delena ⊕Delena coast Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GDA-ab bioto* ⊕Bioto… Irobo Papua New Guinea (Central)


34-GDA-b Waima roro-W. Papua New Guinea (Central) 434-GDA-ba bereina ⊕Bereina… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GDA-bb kevori* ⊕Kevori… Papua New Guinea (Central)34-GE MEKEO+ KOVIO

chain34-GEA MEKEO+ KOVIO net34-GEA-a Mekeo ⊕Arapokina… Inawafunga middle valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GEA-aa mekeo mekeo-E., mekeo "proper" Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GEA-b Mekeo-W. ⊕Inawafunga middle valley… Kapuri upper valley Papua New Guinea (Central; Gulf

adjacent)3

34-GEA-ba mekeo-W. "bush" mekeo Papua New Guinea (Central; Gulfadjacent)

3

34-GEA-c Amoamo Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GEA-ca amoamo mekeo-N. Papua New Guinea (Central) 334-GEA-d Kovio ⊕Yule mountain… Papua New Guinea (Central; Gulf

adjacent)3

34-GEA-da kovio mekeo-NW. Papua New Guinea (Central; Gulfadjacent)

3


35= MANUSICphylozone

covers the "Manus+ New-Britain" reference area, part of the"Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinentalaffinity; comprising 9 sets of languages (= 82 outerlanguages) spoken by communities in Australasia, onManus, New Ireland, New Britain and other adjacent islandsof Papua New Guinea:

35-A WUVULU+ SEIMAT 35-B SISI+ BALUAN35-C TUNGAG+ KUANUA 35-D NAKANAI+ VITU35-E LAMOGAI+ AMARA* 35-F SOLONG+ AVAU*35-G KAPORE+ MANGSENG* 35-H MAENG+ UVOL*35-I TUMOIP

Papua New Guinea 5

35-A WUVULU+ SEIMATset

35-AA WUVULU+ AUAchain

35-AAA WUVULU+ AUA net35-AAA-a Wuvulu+ Aua aua+ viwulu, viwulu+ aua ⊕Admiralty islands: Wuvulu+ Aua islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 335-AAA-aa wuvulu viwulu, wuu ⊕Wuvulu, Maty islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-AAA-ab aua ⊕Aua, Durour islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-AB SEIMAT+ KANIET

chain35-ABA SEIMAT net NINIGO35-ABA-a Seimat ninigo ⊕Admiralty islands: Ninigo islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-ABA-aa sumasuma ⊕Sumasuma island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-ABA-ab mai ⊕Mai island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-ABA-ac ahu ⊕Ahu islan Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-ABA-ad liot ⊕Liot islan Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-ABB KANIET* net ¶extinct since 1950 Ã

35-ABB-a Kaniet-'Thilenius' ⊕Admiralty islands: Kaniet, Anchorite, Sae+ Suf islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 035-ABB-aa kaniet-'thilenius' Thilenius's kaniet Papua New Guinea (Manus) 035-ABB-b Kaniet-'Smythe' ⊕Admiralty islands: Kaniet, Anchorite, Sae+ Suf islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 035-ABB-ba kaniet-'smythe' Smythe's kaniet Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0

35-B SISI+ BALUAN set MANUS35-BA SISI+ LEIPON chain manus-NW.35-BAA AGOMES net "hermit"35-BAA-a Agomes ⊕Admiralty islands: Hermit islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 135-BAA-aa maron ⊕Maron island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BAA-ab luf ⊕Luf islan Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BAB SISI+ LONIU net35-BAB-a Sisi+ Bipi ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAB-aa sisi ⊕Sisi island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAB-ab bipi ⊕Bipi island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAB-b Loniu ndroku ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAB-ba loniu-A. ⊕Los Negros-SW. island: Loniu… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAB-bb ndroku* ⊕Lolak… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAC SORI+ HARENGAN

net35-BAC-a Sori+ Harengan ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAC-aa harengan ⊕Harengan island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BAC-ab sori-NW. ⊕Sori island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAC-ac sori-SE. ⊕Manus-NW. island: Sori ville Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAD PONAM+ ANDRA

net35-BAD-a Ponam ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAD-aa ponam ⊕Ponam island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAD-b Andra+ Hus ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAD-ba andra ⊕Andra islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAD-bb hus ahus, ha'us ⊕Hus island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAE LEIPON net35-BAE-a Leipon ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BAE-aa pitilu pityilu ⊕Pityilu island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BAE-ab ndrilo ⊕Ndrilo island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BAE-ac hauwei ⊕Hauwai islan Papua New Guinea (Manus)


35-BB LIKUM+ NYINDROU*chain

manus-W.

35-BBA LIKUM net35-BBA-a Likum ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BBA-aa likum ⊕Likum… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BBB NYINDROU+ LEVEI

net35-BBB-a Nyindrou lindrou, lindau ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-W. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 335-BBB-aa salien ⊕Salien… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BBB-ab nyada ⊕Nyada… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BBB-b Levei+ Bohuai levei+ tulu, bohuai+ tulu ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 335-BBB-ba levei lebei, lebej ⊕Boudeuse bay (north coast)… Malai bay (north coast) Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BBB-bb ndrehet drehet, khehek, chechek ⊕Drehet… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BBB-bc bucho Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BBB-bd tulu tjudun, tulun ⊕Tulu country: Yiri+ Lowakai… Bundralis Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BBB-be bohuai pahavai, bowai, pohuai ⊕Bohuai… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 335-BBB-bf keli Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BBB-bg pelipowai ⊕M'buke islands: Peli island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BBC MONDROPOLON net35-BBC-a Mondropolon ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-CN. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BBC-aa mondropolon ⊕Brundalis coast: Aran… Leihuwa… Saha Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BC ERE+ TITAN chain manus-E.35-BCA ERE+ PAPITALAI

net35-BCA-a Nali+ Yiru ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 335-BCA-aa nali ⊕Bulihan… Malei Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCA-ab yiru ⊕Yiru… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCA-ac lauis lawes ⊕Lauis… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCA-b Ere+ Lele ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-C.+ N.E. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 335-BCA-ba ere ⊕Manus south coast: Drabito… Londru… Metawari… Hatwara Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BCA-bb nane ⊕Manus south coast: Patu… Lala… Loi Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BCA-bc e ⊕Manus south coast: Pele island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 135-BCA-bd okro ⊕Manus south coast: Warembu Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BCA-be kele gele', gele, buyang ⊕Manus-C. inland: Buyang… Tingau… Droia…

KorunatPapua New Guinea (Manus) 2

35-BCA-bf kurti kuruti, kuruti+ pare ⊕Manus north coast: Liap… Kari… Badlok…Koru… Mundrau

Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3

35-BCA-bg lele lele+ hai, hai, usiai, manus, moanus ⊕Manus northeast coasts:Warobi… Lundret… Bowat… Labakan


35-BCA-bh elu elu+ kara ⊕Manus northeast coasts Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BCA-bi sabon ⊕Manus-NE. island: Sabon… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCA-bj ndroson rossun ⊕Manus northeast island: Ndroson Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCA-c Koro ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-NE. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BCA-ca koro ⊕Manus northeast coast: Malabang… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BCA-d Papitalai+ Naringel ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BCA-da papitalai ⊕Papitalai; also ⊕Los Negros-C. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCA-db naringel ⊕Naringel; also ⊕Los Negros-C. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCA-e Mokerang ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BCA-ea mokerang mokareng, mokoreng ⊕Mokereng; also ⊕Los Negros-N. island…

Ndrilu islandPapua New Guinea (Manus) 2

35-BCB TITAN+ RAMBUTYOnet

35-BCB-a Titan+ Rambutyo "wider" titan, "wider" tito, titan-manus, titan-moanus ⊕Admiraltyislands: M'Buke… Manus-S.… Ndrowa… Horno… Rambutyo islands


35-BCB-aa titan titan "proper" ⊕M'Buke islands Papua New Guinea (Manus)

35-BCB-ab loisa ⊕Manus coast-S.: Loisa westwards Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCB-ac m'bunai bunai ⊕Manus south coast: Bunai… Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCB-ad ndrowa ⊕Ndrowa islands Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCB-ae horno ⊕Horno islands Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BCB-af rambutyo ⊕Rambutyo island35-BD BALUAN+ PAK

chainmanus-SE.

35-BDA BALUAN+ LOU net35-BDA-a Baluan+ Pam ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 335-BDA-aa baluan ⊕Baluan island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BDA-ab pam ⊕Pam island Papua New Guinea (Manus)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 30335-BDA-b Lou+ Rei ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BDA-ba lou ⊕Lou island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BDA-bb rei ⊕Lou island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BDB LENKAU net35-BDB-a Lenkau ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BDB-aa lenkau ⊕Rambutyo-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BDC PENCHAL net35-BDC-a Penchal ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BDC-aa penchal ⊕Rambutyo-C. island… �including 3 dialects Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BDD NAUNA net35-BDD-a Nauna ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BDD-aa nauna naune ⊕Nauna island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 235-BDE PAK+ TONG net35-BDE-a Pak+ Tong tong+ pak ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 335-BDE-aa pak ⊕Pak island Papua New Guinea (Manus)35-BDE-ab tong ⊕Tong island Papua New Guinea (Manus)

35-C TUNGAG+ KUANUAset

35-CA EMIRA+ TENIS chain SAINT-MATTHIAS35-CAA EMIRA+ MUSSAU

net35-CAA-a Emira+ Mussau mussau+ emira ⊕Saint Matthias islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CAA-aa mussau musau ⊕Mussau island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CAA-ab emira ⊕Emira island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CAB TENIS net35-CAB-a Tenis ⊕Saint Matthias islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 135-CAB-aa tenis tench ⊕Tench island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 135-CB TUNGAG+ KARA

chain35-CBA TUNGAG+

LAVONGAI net35-CBA-a Tungag+ Lavongai lavongai, dang ⊕New Hanover island… including Tingwon island+

Umbukul islandsPapua New Guinea (New Ireland) 4

35-CBA-aa tungag-A. tungak Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBA-ab lavongai* lavangai Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBA-ac dang* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBB BANGATANG+

KAUT netTIGAK, omo

35-CBB-a Bangatang+ Selapiu "island" tigak ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBB-aa 'east-island'* ⊕East-S. islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBB-ab bangatang* ⊕Bangatang islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBB-ac selapiu* ⊕Selapiu island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBB-ad baudisson* ⊕Baudisson island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBB-b Kaut+ Dyaul tigak-S. ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBB-ba kaut* ⊕Balgai bay… Kaut coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBB-bb dyaul* ⊕Dyaul-W. island… Mait island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBB-c Tigak-C. ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBB-ca tigak-C. ⊕Kavieng… Tome peninsula Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CBB-d Tigak-E. ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBB-da tigak-E. ⊕Lossuk coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBC TIANG net35-CBC-a Tiang ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CBC-aa tiang djaul ⊕Dyaul-E. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CBD KARA+ NALIK net35-CBD-a Kara lemusmus, lemakot ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBD-aa kara-W. ⊕Lavalai… Panangai southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBD-ab kara-E. ⊕Fangalawa northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBD-b Nalik ⊕New Ireland northwest island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CBD-ba nalik lugagon, fesoa, fessoa ⊕Laefu southwest coast… Laraslaba northeast

coastPapua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3

35-CC NOTSI chain35-CCA NOTSI net35-CCA-a Notsi ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CCA-aa notsi ¶2 coastal enclaves Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3


35-CD MANDARA+ LIHIRchain

35-CDA MANDARA net35-CDA-a Mandara madara, "wider" tabar ⊕New Ireland island: Tabar archipelago Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CDA-aa simberi ⊕Simberi island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CDA-ab tatau ⊕Tatau island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CDA-ac tabar ⊕Tabar island 235-CDB LIHIR+ MAHUR net35-CDB-a Lihir+ Mahur ⊕New Ireland island: Lihir islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CDB-aa lihir lir, ⊕Lihir island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CDB-ab masahet ⊕Masahet island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CDB-ac mahur ⊕Mahur island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CE MADAK+

LAVATBURA chain35-CEA LAVATBURA+

LAMUSONG net35-CEA-a Lavatbura+

Lamusong⊕New Ireland-C. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3

35-CEA-aa lamusong lamasong ⊕Konos northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CEA-ab lavatbura ⊕Cape Panakondo northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CEA-ac kontu ⊕Tembin coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CEA-ad ugana ⊕Lambu southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CEB MADAK net35-CEB-a Madak mandak ⊕New Ireland-C. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CEB-aa malom ⊕Cape Lemeris… Babila northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CEB-ab katingan ⊕Tuorong northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CEB-ac lelet ⊕Lelet plateau Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CEB-ad danu ⊕Danu southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CEB-ae mesi ⊕Mesi southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CF KUANUA+

PATPATAR chain35-CFA BAROK+ USEN net35-CFA-a Barok+ Usen komalu, kanapit, "wider" barok Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CFA-aa barok barok "proper", barok-NW. Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CFA-ab usen barok-SE. Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CFA-ac komalu* kanalu Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CFA-ad kanapit* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CFA-ae kulubi* kolube Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CFB PATPATAR+ PALA

net35-CFB-a Patpatar+ Pala gelik, "wider" patpatar Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CFB-aa pala Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CFB-ab sokirik Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CFB-ac patpatar patpatar "proper", patpari Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CFB-ad gelik* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CFC MAKADA+ ULU net RAMOAAINA35-CFC-a Makada+ Ulu "duke-of-york", malu, ramuaina ⊕New Britain-NE. island: Duke of York

islandPapua New Guinea (New Britain) 3

35-CFC-aa makada makadam Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFC-ab molot ⊕Molot… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFC-ac utam Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFC-ad mandan manuan Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFC-ae kabotirai Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFC-af ulu ⊕Watnabar island Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFC-ag mioko Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFC-ah kerawara Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFD KUANUA+ BILUR35-CFD-a Kuanua+ Tolai gunan-tuna, tinata tuna, tuna, blanche bay, "new-britain language"

⊕New Britain-N. island; plus vehicular extension> New Britain island…New Ireland island

Papua New Guinea (New Britain;New Ireland)

4

35-CFD-aa kuanua tolai community ⊕New Britain-N. island: Gazelle peninsula… Watomisland

Papua New Guinea (New Britain)

35-CFD-aaa watom ⊕Watom island (New Britain) 335-CFD-aab kabakada livuan, liguan ⊕Cape Liguan peninsula… Kabakada (New Britain) 3

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 30535-CFD-aac nodup nodum ⊕Urara island (New Britain)35-CFD-aad masawa ⊕Ataliklikun-W. bay (New Britain)35-CFD-aae rakunei ⊕Ataliklikun-E. bay: ⊕Keravat… (New Britain)35-CFD-aaf vunadidir ⊕Vunadir… (New Britain) 435-CFD-aag raluana ⊕Blanche bay: Raluana… (New Britain) 335-CFD-aah matupit rabaul, kuanua-C. ⊕Rabaul eastwards… (New Britain)35-CFD-aai rebar reimber ⊕Toma… (New Britain) 335-CFD-aaj kokopo ⊕Kokopo coast (New Britain)35-CFD-aak kininanggunan ⊕Kokopo southwards… (New Britain)35-CFD-aal kabanga kulon, birar ⊕Cape Gazelle coast (New Britain) 335-CFD-aam rapitok* (New Britain)35-CFD-aan vanumami* (New Britain)35-CFD-aao "york" ⊕Duke of York island (New Britain) 335-CFD-ab tolai-V. tolai "vehicular" ⊕New Britain island… New Ireland island Papua New Guinea (New Britain;

New Ireland)4

35-CFD-b Bilur* ⊕New Britain-NE. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3*35-CFD-ba bilur birar, birara ⊕Gazelle peninsula: Gazelle cape southwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-CFE KANDAS+ LABEL

net35-CFE-a Kandas ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CFE-aa kandas king ⊕Watpi… King… Kait Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CFE-b Label* ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2*35-CFE-ba label ⊕Nasko… Tampakar southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CFF SIAR net35-CFF-a Siar "wider" lambon, lamssa ⊕New Ireland-S. island…: Lambon… Saint

George cape… MorukonPapua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3

35-CFF-aa lambon ⊕Lambon southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CFF-ab bakum* ⊕Bakum southeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CFG GURAMALUM* net ¶extinct Ã

35-CFG-a Guramalum Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 035-CFG-aa guramalum ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 035-CG KONOMALA+

LAKET chain35-CGA KONOMALA+

LAKET net35-CGA-a Konomala+ Laket ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CGA-aa laket ⊕Kamdaru river-mouth northwards to west coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CGA-ab konomala-A. ⊕Nimias river-mouth northwards to east coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CH SURSURUNGA

chain35-CHA SURSURUNGA net35-CHA-a Sursurunga ⊕New Ireland-S. island… Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CHA-aa samo* ⊕Elizabeth bay… Samo… Cape Sena northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CHA-ab suralil* ⊕Suralil west coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CI TANGGA+ ANIR

chain35-CIA TANGGA+ ANIR35-CIA-a Tangga tanga ⊕New Ireland island: Tanga islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CIA-aa boang* ⊕Boang island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CIA-ab malendok* ⊕Malendok island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CIA-b Maket* ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CIA-ba maket ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 235-CIA-c Anir feni ⊕New Ireland island… Feni islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 335-CIA-ca ambitle* ⊕Ambitle island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)35-CIA-cb babase* ⊕Babase island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)

35-D NAKANAI+ VITU set kimbe35-DA NAKANAI+

MELAMELA chainnakanai

35-DAA NAKANAI+MELAMELA net

35-DAA-a Melamela+ Lolobau meramera, nakanai-E. ⊕Open Bay coast… Lolobau island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-DAA-aa melamela-E. "open-bay" ⊕Open bay… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-DAA-ab ubili kimbe ⊕Kimbe-E. bay Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-DAA-ac lolobau ⊕Lolobau island… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)


35-DAA-b Nakanai nakonai Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 435-DAA-ba maututu ⊕Balima river-mouth… Toiru river-mouth Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-DAA-bb vere vele, tarobi ⊕Toiru river-mouth… Gavuvu lower valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 235-DAA-bc losa loso, auka ⊕Gavuvu upper valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-DAA-bd ubae babata ⊕Bilomei lower valley: Ubai… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 235-DAA-be bileki lakalai, muku, mamuga ⊕Maika… Hoskins coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 435-DB BOLA+ BULU chain WILLAUMEZ35-DBA BOLA+ HARUA net35-DBA-a Bola+ Harua ⊕New Britain-N. island: Willaumez peninsula… Stetton bay Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-DBA-aa bola bakovi, bola+ bakovi ⊕Willaumez peninsula: Wangore bay… Kulu

river-mouthPapua New Guinea (New Britain) 3

35-DBA-ab harua karua, xarua, garua, mai ⊕Stetton bay: Kimbe… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-DBB BULU net35-DBB-a Bulu ⊕Willaumez-N. peninsula Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 235-DBB-aa bulu ⊕Dakataua lake: Bulu-Murli… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 235-DC VITU+ BALI* chain35-DCA VITU+ BALI net35-DCA-a Vitu+ Mundua ⊕New Britain island: Witu islands Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-DCA-aa vitu witu ⊕Garove island: Widu… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-DCA-ab mundua* ⊕Mundua island Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-DCA-b Bali ⊕New Britain island: Witu islands Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3*35-DCA-ba bali ⊕Unea* island Papua New Guinea (New Britain)

35-E LAMOGAI+ AMARA*set

35-EA LAMOGAI+ AMARAchain

35-EAA AMARA+ MOUK* net35-EAA-a Amara ⊕New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-EAA-aa longa #longa= in [34] Bariai: «interior» ⊕Itne valley eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-EAA-ab idne* ⊕Itne valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-EAA-ac bibling* Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-EAA-b Mouk+ Aria ⊕New Britain-W. island35-EAA-ba mouk mok ⊕Eil valley… Aria river-mouth eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 235-EAA-bb aria ⊕Aria valley eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 235-EAA-bc tourai* Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-EAB LAMOGAI+ RAUTO

net35-EAB-a Lamogai ⊕New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-EAB-aa lamogai ⊕Magap+ Anu headwaters… Lamogai… Via middle valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-EAB-b Rauto+ Pulie ⊕New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-EAB-ba rauto roto ⊕Magap valley… Anu valley… Wasum south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-EAB-bb pulie ⊕Pulie lower valley… Waku south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-EAB-c Ibanga* ⊕New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3*35-EAB-ca ibanga ivanga Papua New Guinea (New Britain)

35-F SOLONG+ AVAU*set

35-FA SOLONG+ AVAUchain

35-FAA SOLONG+ AVAU net35-FAA-a Solong net-rove; a-rawe community ⊕ New Britain-SW. coast: Bushing

cape… Arawe islands… Merkus capePapua New Guinea (New Britain) 3

35-FAA-aa pililo Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-ab sauren ⊕Sauren… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-ac kambun Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-ad a-kolet kollet, morohunga, "inland" solong Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-FAA-ae a-rawe a-rove ⊕Arawe islands… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-b Lesing+ Atui ⊕New Britain-SW. coast… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3*35-FAA-ba lesing Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-bb a-tui Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-c Gimi+ Palik Moevehafen==⊕New Britain-SW. coast+ hinterland Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-FAA-ca gimi ⊕Anu valley… Johanna valley… Alimbit lower valley (Audi) Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-cb loko ⊕Alimbit river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-cc ai-klep e-klep, net-gerlep, moewehafen ⊕Aviklo islands… neighbouring coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-cd a-palik palik, net-mbul Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-ce a-yuwet a-yut ⊕Ayut, Ajut island Papua New Guinea (New Britain)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 30735-FAA-d Gasmata ⊕New Britain-SW. coast… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 235-FAA-da gasmata ⊕Ablingi island… Awio Bay coast… Gasmata island Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-FAA-e Avau ⊕New Britain-SW. interior Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-FAA-ea a-vau a-wau ⊕Awio Bay hinterland 3

35-G KAPORE+MANGSENG* set

WHITEMAN-RANGE

35-GA KAPORE+MANGSENG chain

35-GAA KAPORE+PASISMANUA net

35-GAA-a Pasismanua kaulong, kowlong ⊕New Britain-CW. south coast+ hinterland… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-GAA-aa miu ⊕Alimbit upper valley: Miu… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-ab kaulong-W. ⊕Palin valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-ac a-sengseng sengseng ⊕Oum valley… Andru valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-ad karore ⊕Andru valley… Johanna valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-ae psokhok psohoh, sokhok, psokok ⊕Johanna valley… Wakis Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-af ai-gon Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-ag bao ⊕Iglik+ Metelin middle valleys Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-ah kaulong-E. "inland" kaulong-E. ⊕Amgen valley… Metelin upper valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-ai getmata ⊕Getmata coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-b Kapore+ Bebeli Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3*35-GAA-ba bebeli beli Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-bb benaule banaule Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAA-bc kapore ⊕Kapore coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAB MANGSENG net35-GAB-a Mangseng mangsing, masegi, maseki ⊕New Britain-C. south coast.… north coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-GAB-aa aiwit* ⊕Aiwit valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAB-ab roko rugo, rogo ⊕Ania middle valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAB-ac sampantabil ⊕Kapiura middle valley southwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAB-ad mirapu ⊕Bilomel upper valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-GAB-ae kukula kumila ⊕Ania middle valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)

35-H MAENG+ UVOL* set35-HA MAENG+ UVOL

chain35-HAA UVOL net35-HAA-a Uvol ⊕New Britain-CE. south coast: Wanopo… Montagu Harbour estuary…

Dampier capePapua New Guinea (New Britain) 3

35-HAA-aa lote Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAA-ab uvol-A. Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAB MAMUSI+ MELKOI

net35-HAB-a Mamusi ⊕New Britain-SE. south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-HAB-aa mamusi ⊕Torlu valley… Iowa upper valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAB-b Melkoi+ Kakuna ⊕New Britain-SE. coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-HAB-ba melkoi ⊕Melkoi valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAB-bb kakuna Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAC MAENG+ MIO net MENGEN35-HAC-a Maeng+ Poeng "south coast" mengen ⊕New Britain-SE. coast: Lau coast… Jacquinot

bay… Waterfall bay… Pulpul coastPapua New Guinea (New Britain) 3

35-HAC-aa maeng maenge Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAC-ab poeng Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAC-ac malmal Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAC-b Mio+ Pau "north coast" mengen ⊕New Britain-NE. coast… Balima+ Pandi

headwaters… north coastPapua New Guinea (New Britain) 3

35-HAC-ba mio* Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAC-bb pau Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAC-bc longeinga Papua New Guinea (New Britain)35-HAC-c Korapun+ Sampun mengen-E. ⊕New Britain-SE. coast: Cape Orford coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 335-HAC-ca korapun+ sampun cape-orford ⊕Korapun… Sampun… Iwai činfluenced by [27] Sulka Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3

35-I TUMOIP set35-IA TUMOIP chain35-IAA TUMOIP net35-IAA-a Tumoip ⊕New Britain-E. island: Wide Bay southwestwards to massif… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 235-IAA-aa tumoip tumuip, tumie, tomoyp, tomoive čconvergence and resulting

transition towards so-called Papuan languages in 23=Owalamicphylozone

Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2


36= SOLOMONICphylozone

covers the "Solomonic" grouping, part of the "Oceanic"affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity;comprising 6 sets of languages (= 45 outer languages)spoken by communities in Australasia, on islands of theSolomon archipelago:

36-A NEHAN+ PIRIPEL 36-B HALIA+ MONO36-C VAGHUA+ BABATANA 36-D ROVIANA+ MAROVO36-E KOKOTA+ ZABANA 36-F AMBA+ VANO

Papua-New Guinea (North Solomonsprovince); Solomon Islands

4

36-A NEHAN+ PIRIPELset

36-AA NEHAN+ PIRIPELchain

36-AAA NEHAN+ PIRIPELnet

36-AAA-a Nehan+ Piripel ⊕Green islands Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-AAA-aa nehan ⊕Nehan island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-AAA-ab piripel* pinipin ⊕Piripel island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)

36-B HALIA+ MONO set "bougainville+ shortlands"36-BA HALIA+ SOLOS

chainBUKA

36-BAA HALIA+ SELAU net "wider" halia36-BAA-a Halia buka-E., halia "proper" ⊕Buka-E. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 4*36-BAA-aa hanahan gan ⊕Hanahan… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAA-ab haku Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAA-ac tulon tulun Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAA-ad tasi Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAA-ae lontes* Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAA-b Selau* ⊕Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3*36-BAA-ba selau ⊕Sohano… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAA-c Kilinailau* ⊕Kilinailau, Carteret islands Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3*36-BAA-ca kilinailau Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAB SOLOS net36-BAB-a Solos ⊕Buka-W. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-BAB-aa solos Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-BAC PETATS+ HITAU net36-BAC-a Petats+ Hitau petats ⊕Buka-W. coastal islands; vehicular expansion > Buka island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-BAC-aa petats ⊕Petats island… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAC-ab sumoun Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAC-ac matsungan Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BAC-ad hitau+ pororan ⊕Hitau+ Pororan islands… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BB SAPOSA chain36-BBA SAPOSA net36-BBA-a SAPOSA ⊕Bougainville-NW. coastal islands … Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-BBA-aa fa-saposa ⊕Saposa island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 236-BBA-ab taiof ⊕Taiof island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 236-BC HAHON+ TEOP

chain36-BCA HAHON+ RATSUA

net36-BCA-a Hahon+ Ratsua ⊕Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-BCA-aa hahon hanon Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCA-ab kurur Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCA-ac ratsua Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCA-ad aravia Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCB VASUII+ DIOS net "wider" timputz36-BCB-a Vasuii+ Dios ⊕Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-BCB-aa vasuii timputz "proper", tinputz, timputs, wasoi ⊕Timputz… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCB-ab pokpapa Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCB-ac orig Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCB-ad dios tsibatabai Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCB-ae chundawan Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCB-af vaadoo Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 30936-BCC TEOP+ PETSPETS

net36-BCC-a Teop+ Petspets ⊕Bougainville-N. island: Timputz district Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-BCC-aa teop Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCC-ab wainanana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCC-ac losiara Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCC-ad taunita Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCC-ae melilup Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BCC-af petspets Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BD PAPAPANA chain36-BDA PAPAPANA net36-BDA-a Papapana ⊕Bougainville-C. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 236-BDA-aa papapana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 236-BE PIVA+ BANONI chain36-BEA PIVA+ BANONI net36-BEA-a Piva ⊕Bougainville-C. island west coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 236-BEA-aa amun ⊕Amun… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BEA-ab nagarige piva Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BEA-b Banoni+ Tsunari ⊕Bougainville-S. island west coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 336-BEA-ba banoni ⊕Empress Augusta bay Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BEA-bb tsunari ⊕Empress Augusta bay Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BEA-c Minigir* ⊕New Britain-NE. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2*36-BEA-ca minigir lungalunga ⊕Ataliklikun bay: Lungalunga… Papua New Guinea (New Britain)36-BF TORAU chain36-BFA TORAU net36-BFA-a Torau ⊕Bougainville-S. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 236-BFA-aa torau-A. Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BFA-ab rorovana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons)36-BG URUAVA chain Ã

36-BGA URUAVA net Ã

36-BGA-a Uruava ⊕Bougainville-S. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 036-BGA-aa uruava arawa ¶extinct Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 036-BH MONO+ ALU chain36-BHA MONO+ ALU net36-BHA-a Mono+ Alu ⊕Shortland islands Solomon Islands 336-BHA-aa mono ⊕Mono island Solomon Islands36-BHA-ab alu alo ⊕Alu island Solomon Islands36-BHA-ac fauro ⊕Fauro island… Piru island… Ovau island… Oema island Solomon Islands

36-C VAGHUA+BABATANA set

CHOISEUL

36-CA VAGHUA+ RIRIOchain

choiseul-NW.

36-CAA VAGHUA+ VARISInet

36-CAA-a Vaghua ⊕Choiseul-NW. island Solomon Islands 336-CAA-aa vaghua vagua, tavola, tavula ⊕Malvangga… Chirovanga Solomon Islands 336-CAA-b Varisi+ Ghone ⊕Choiseul-NW. island Solomon Islands 336-CAA-ba ghone ⊕Nukiki… Solomon Islands 336-CAA-bb varisi varese Solomon Islands 336-CAB RIRIO net36-CAB-a Ririo ⊕Choiseul-NE. island Solomon Islands 236-CAB-aa ririo ⊕Susuka… Solomon Islands 236-CB BABATANA+

KIRUNGGELA chainchoiseul-CE.

36-CBA BABATANA+KIRUNGGELA net

36-CBA-a Babatana+ Avasö "wider" m-bambatana ⊕Choiseul island… Vaghena island Solomon Islands 336-CBA-aa babatana-A. babatana "proper" ⊕Choiseul-C. island: Sasamungga coast-SW. Solomon Islands36-CBA-ab babatana-V. babatana "vehicular" ⊕Choiseul island… Vaghena island Solomon Islands36-CBA-ac katazi ⊕Choiseul coast-NE. Solomon Islands36-CBA-ad sengan sengga, sisingga, senga ⊕Choiseul-C. island: Manggo…36-CBA-ae kuboro kumboro Solomon Islands36-CBA-af lömaumbi ⊕Choiseul coast-NE. Solomon Islands36-CBA-ag avasö ⊕Choiseul coast-SW.… Vaghena island Solomon Islands


36-CBA-b Kirunggela* ⊕Choiseul island Solomon Islands 336-CBA-ba kirunggela* Solomon Islands 3

36-D ROVIANA+MAROVO set

NEW-GEORGIA

36-DA ROVIANA+ NDUKEchain

36-DAA LUNGGA+GHANONGGA net

36-DAA-a Ghanongga ⊕Ranongga island Solomon Islands 336-DAA-aa ghanongga-A. ganongga Solomon Islands 336-DAA-ab kubokota* kumbokota Solomon Islands36-DAA-b Lungga ⊕Ranongga island Solomon Islands 336-DAA-ba lungga Solomon Islands 336-DAA-c Simbo ⊕Simbo island… Gizo island Solomon Islands 336-DAA-ca simbo-A. sibo ⊕Simbo island… Solomon Islands 336-DAA-cb madegugusu* mandeghughusu, madeggusu ⊕Gizo-S. island Solomon Islands 336-DAB NDUKE net36-DAB-a Nduke ⊕Kolombangara, Nduke island Solomon Islands 336-DAB-aa n-duke n-dughore, kolombangara Solomon Islands 336-DAC KUSAGHE net36-DAC-a Kusaghe ⊕New Georgia-N. island Solomon Islands 336-DAC-aa kusaghe kusage Solomon Islands 336-DAD HOAVA net36-DAD-a Hoava ⊕New Georgia-NE. island Solomon Islands 236-DAD-aa hoava Solomon Islands 236-DAE ROVIANA net36-DAE-a Roviana robiana, ruviana, rubiana ⊕New Georgia-NW. island Solomon Islands; Papua New

Guinea (North Solomons) ”4

36-DAE-aa roviana-A. roviana "proper" ⊕New Georgia-NW. island… Kohinggo island… VonaVona island

Solomon Islands 3

36-DAE-ab roviana-V. roviana "vehicular" ⊕Salomon-W. islands; vehicular extension>Bougainville island… Buka island

Solomon Islands; extension to:Papua New Guinea (NorthSolomons) ”

4

36-DAF UGHELE net36-DAF-a Ughele ⊕Rendova-N. island Solomon Islands 236-DAF-aa ughele ugele Solomon Islands 236-DB MAROVO+

VANGUNU chain36-DBA MAROVO net36-DBA-a Marovo ⊕New Georgia-SE. island… Vangunu island… Nggatokae island Solomon Islands 336-DBA-aa marovo-W. ⊕New Georgia-SE. island… Vangunu-N. island Solomon Islands36-DBA-ab marovo-E. ⊕Vangunu-SE. island… Nggatokae island Solomon Islands36-DBB VANGUNU net36-DBB-a Vangunu ⊕Vangunu islands Solomon Islands 336-DBB-aa vangunu-A. ⊕Vangunu-CW. island Solomon Islands 236-DBB-ab m-bareke ⊕Vangunu-NE. island+ off-shore islands Solomon Islands 2

36-E KOKOTA+ ZABANAset

SANTA-ISABEL

36-EA ZABANA+ LAGHUchain

'santa isabel'-W.

36-EAA ZABANA net36-EAA-a Zabana ⊕Santa Isabel-NW. island+ off-shore islands Solomon Islands 336-EAA-aa zabana jabana, kia ⊕Samasodu… Kia… Baolo Solomon Islands 336-EAB LAGHU net36-EAB-a Laghu ⊕Santa Isabel-CS. island Solomon Islands 136-EAB-aa laghu lagu, katova ⊕Baolo+ Samasodu south-central coast Solomon Islands 136-EB KOKOTA+ CHEKE-

HOLO chain"santa isabel"-E.

36-EBA KOKOTA+ ZAZAOnet

36-EBA-a Kokota ⊕Santa Isabel-C. island Solomon Islands 236-EBA-aa kokota ⊕Sisiga+ Ghoveo north-central coast… Hurepelo south-central coast Solomon Islands 236-EBA-b Zazao ⊕Santa Isabel-C.island Solomon Islands 236-EBA-ba zazao jajao, kilokaka ⊕Kilokaka south-central coast Solomon Islands 2

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 31136-EBA-c Blablanga ⊕Santa Isabel-CE. island: Popoheo+ Hovukoilo northeast coast…

Ghove+ Biluro south coastSolomon Islands 2

36-EBA-ca blablanga-A. Solomon Islands 236-EBA-cb gema* Solomon Islands 236-EBA-cc goi* Solomon Islands 236-EBB CHEKE-HOLO+

GAO net36-EBB-a Cheke-Holo ⊕Santa Isabel-E. island Solomon Islands 336-EBB-aa maringe maringhe ⊕Santa Isabel-NE. coast; plus vehicular extension > San

Jorge islandSolomon Islands 3

36-EBB-ab hograno hogirano ⊕Santa Isabel-SE. coast Solomon Islands 336-EBB-ac a'ara Solomon Islands36-EBB-ad kubonitu Solomon Islands36-EBB-b Gao ⊕Santa Isabel-E. island Solomon Islands 236-EBB-ba gao nggao ⊕Tausese+ Poro… Floakora cape Solomon Islands 2

36-F AMBA+ VANO set SANTA-CRUZ36-FA AMBA+

NYISUNGGU chainutupua

36-FAA AMBA net36-FAA-a Amba ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-NW. island Solomon Islands 236-FAA-aa amba nembao, utupua "proper" ⊕Aveta+ Matembo+ Nembao Solomon Islands 236-FAB ASUMBOA net36-FAB-a Asumboa ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-SW. island Solomon Islands 136-FAB-aa asumboa asumbuo, asumbua, asumuo ⊕Asumbuo Solomon Islands 136-FAC NYISUNGGU net36-FAC-a Nyisunggu ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-E. island Solomon Islands 136-FAC-aa nyisunggu tanimbili ⊕Tanimbili Solomon Islands 136-FB VANO+ TEANU

chainvanikoro

36-FBA VANO net36-FBA-a Vano ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-N. island Solomon Islands 236-FBA-aa vano vanikoro, vanikolo Solomon Islands 236-FBB TANEMA net36-FBB-a Tanema ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-S. island Solomon Islands 036-FBB-aa tanema tanima, tetau ⊕Emua Solomon Islands 036-FBC TEANU net36-FBC-a Teanu ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-W. island Solomon Islands 236-FBC-aa teanu buma, puma ⊕Puma off-shore island Solomon Islands 2


37= KANAKICphylozone

covers the "Kanaky" (or "Neo-Caledonian" grouping), part ofthe "Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian"intercontinental affinity; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 39outer languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, onthe islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia / Kanaky(including Loyauté islands):

37-A URA+ ANEITYUM 37-B BELEP+ JAWE37-C AJIE+ DUBEA 37-D DEHU+ IAAI

Vanuatu; New Caledonia / Kanaky 4

37-A URA+ ANEITYUMset

vanuatu-S.

37-AA URA+ ERROMANGAchain

37-AAA URA net37-AAA-a Ura ⊕Erromanga-N. island ¶10 speakers or less in the 1970's Vanuatu 137-AAA-aa ura Vanuatu 137-AAB ERROMANGA net37-AAB-a Erromanga eromanga, erramanga, sie ⊕Erromanga-N. island Vanuatu 337-AAB-aa yoku enyau Vanuatu37-AAB-ab ifo utaha Vanuatu37-AAB-ac potnariven Vanuatu37-AAB-ad sie sorung Vanuatu37-AB TANNA+

KWAMERA* chain37-ABA TANNA+

NAPUANMEN net37-ABA-a Tanna+ Imafin ⊕Tanna-N. island Vanuatu 337-ABA-aa tanna-E. Vanuatu37-ABA-ab tanna-W. Vanuatu37-ABA-ac imafin Vanuatu37-ABA-b Napuanmen "whitesands", "whitsands" ⊕Tanna-NE. island Vanuatu 337-ABA-ba waesisi wassisi, "whitesands"-N. Vanuatu37-ABA-bb lometimeti "whitesands"-S. Vanuatu37-ABB LENAKEL+ ITONGA

net37-ABB-a Lenakel+ Itonga ⊕Tanna-W. island Vanuatu 337-ABB-aa lenakel ⊕Lenakel Vanuatu37-ABB-ab loanatit Vanuatu37-ABB-ac nerauya Vanuatu37-ABB-ad itonga Vanuatu37-ABB-ae ikyoo Vanuatu37-ABC NOWAI+ NVHAL net tanna-SW.37-ABC-a Nowai+ Nvhal ⊕Tanna-SW. island �further idioms to be identified Vanuatu 337-ABC-aa nvhal Vanuatu37-ABC-ab nowai Vanuatu37-ABD KWAMERA net37-ABD-a Kwamera ⊕Tanna-SW. island Vanuatu 337-ABD-aa kwamera-N. ⊕Port Resolution Vanuatu 337-ABD-ab kwamera-S. ⊕Imaki Vanuatu 337-AC ANEITYUM chain37-ACA ANEITYUM net37-ACA-a Aneityum aneiteum, aneiteumese, anejom ⊕Aneityum island Vanuatu 237-ACA-aa aneityum-N. Vanuatu 237-ACA-ab aneityum-S. Vanuatu 2

37-B BELEP+ JAWE set kanak-N., "new caledonian"-N.37-BA BELEP+ YUAGA

chain37-BAA BELEP+ KUMAK net37-BAA-a Belep+ Nyaalayu New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-BAA-aa belep ⊕Belep islands New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BAA-ab n-yaalayu nyâlayu, yâlayu ⊕Grande Terre-N. island: Arama… Balade New Caledonia / Kanaky

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 31337-BAA-b Kumak+ Nenema ⊕Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BAA-ba nenema nelema ⊕Poum New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BAA-bb fwa-kumak koumac, fwa-goumak. goumak ⊕Koumac New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BAA-c Yuaga+ Juanga nua, nyua ⊕Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BAA-ca juanga ⊕Bondé reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BAA-cb yuaga ⊕Ouénia… Ouéholle New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BAA-cc thuanga ⊕Gomén reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BAA-d Caac moenebeng ⊕Grande Terre-NE. island; deported c.1850> Grande-

Terre-S. island: Saint-LouisNew Caledonia / Kanaky 2

37-BAA-da pwebo caac-N., pouébo ⊕Pouébo mission New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BAA-db caawac caac-S., "saint-louis", la conception ⊕deported c.1850 > Saint-Louis:

La Conception missionNew Caledonia / Kanaky 2

37-BB JAWE+ HMWAVEKEchain

37-BBA JAWE+ NEMI net37-BBA-a Jawe jawé, njawe, diahoue, oubatch, ubach ⊕Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-BBA-aa jawe-N. ⊕Tchamboenne… Tao coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-ab jawe-C. ⊕Haute-Ouaième: Pangou reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-ac jawe-S. ⊕Ouayaguette+ Ouahat high valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-b Nemi+ Kavatch ⊕Grande Terre-CN. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BBA-ba nemi-N. ⊕Panié coast-NE. New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-bb coulna ⊕Coulna reserve: Ouaième middle valley New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-bc ouango ⊕Ouango reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-bd kavatch ⊕Kavatch reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-be nemi-S. ⊕Voh coast-CW. New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-c Fwai ⊕Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-BBA-ca fwai fwâi, poai, yengen, yehen ⊕Hienghène coast+ valley New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBA-d Pije ⊕Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BBA-da pije pinje, pindje ⊕Tipindjé+ Tiendanite+ Poindimié New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBB PWAPWA net37-BBB-a Pwapwa ⊕Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BBB-aa pwapwa pwapwâ, poapoa ⊕Boyen reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBC PWAAMEI net37-BBC-a Pwaamei poamei ⊕Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BBC-aa pwaamei-SW. in [51] French: pwaamei de bord-de-mer (=«seaside» pwaamei) New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBC-ab pwaamei-naaka ⊕Témala-Ouélis reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBC-ac pwaamei-yaak ⊕Faténaoué valley New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BBD HMWAVEKE+

BWATOO net37-BBD-a Hmwaveke+ Haveke 'moake' ⊕Grande Terre-CN. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-BBD-aa vamale vamalé, pamale, hmwaeke-E. ⊕Téganpaïk northeast coast.…

TiouandéNew Caledonia / Kanaky 2

37-BBD-ab hmwaveke 'moaveke' ⊕Tiéta>H. mountains New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BBD-ac voh-kone hmwaeke-W. ⊕Voh central-west coast.… Tiéta New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BBD-ad haveke aveke, 'aveke ⊕Oundjo central-west coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BBD-ae haeke aeke, 'aeke ⊕Baco reserve: Koné plain New Caledonia / Kanaky 2*37-BBD-b Waamwang ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 037-BBD-ba waamwang wamoang ⊕Voh central-west coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 037-BBD-c Bwatoo ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BBD-ca bwatoo ⊕Oundjo>SE. coastal enclaves New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-BC CEMUHI+ PAICI

chainkanak-C., "new caleconian"-C.

37-BCA CEMUHI net37-BCA-a Cemuhi cemuhî, camuhi, tyamuhi, camuki ⊕Grande Terre-CE. island; deported

c.1850 > Grande-Terre-S. island: Saint-LouisNew Caledonia / Kanaky 3

37-BCA-aa u* ⊕Congouma New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BCA-ab tié ⊕Touho coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BCA-ac béko cemuhi-C. New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BCA-ad wagap cemuhi-SW. ⊕Wagap New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BCA-ae tiparama ⊕Tiparama coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BCA-af cemuhi-S. ⊕deported c.1850 > Saint-Louis: La Conception mission New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BCB PAICI net37-BCB-a Paici* paicî, pati, paaci, ci ⊕Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-BCB-aa ponerihouen paici-E. ⊕Poindimié… Ponérihouen east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-BCB-ab paici-W. ⊕Nimbayé upper valley New Caledonia / Kanaky


37-C AJIE+ DUBEA set kanak-S., "new caledonian"-S.37-CA AJIE+ XARACUU

chainkanak-CS.

37-CAA AJIE+ NEKU net WAILIC37-CAA-a Arhö ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 137-CAA-aa arhö aro ⊕Poya+ Cradji+ Nékliaï New Caledonia / Kanaky 137-CAA-b Arha ⊕Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-CAA-ba arha arhâ, ara ⊕Montfaoué+ Ouendji+ Poya upper valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-CAA-c Ajië ajié, anjie, wailu, wai ⊕Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-CAA-ca monéo ⊕Monéo coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAA-cb wailu-N. wai ⊕Houaïlou coast + vehicular extension New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAA-cc wailu-S. ⊕Houaïlou valley New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAA-cd kouaoua ⊕Kouaoua lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAA-ce ajië-W. ⊕Poya>SE. coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAA-d Orowe ⊕Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-CAA-da orowe orowé, boewe, abwewe ⊕Ni+ Pothé+ Bouirou+ Bourail upper valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAA-e Neku ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-CAA-ea neku ⊕Bourail lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAB ZIRE+ TIRI net37-CAB-a Zire ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 137-CAB-aa zire zira, zirë, sirhe, siche, sichë, nere, nerë ⊕Bourail river-mouth+ central-

west coastNew Caledonia / Kanaky

37-CAB-b Tiri ⊕Grande Terre-C. island; deported after 1878 revolt > Iles des Pinsisland

New Caledonia / Kanaky 2

37-CAB-ba ha-tiri tîrî, ciri ⊕La Foa lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAB-bb ha-mea ha-meha, meha, méa ⊕Méchin New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAB-bc tiri+ mea "levelled" tiri+ mea �fusion of ha-tiri & ha-mea after regrouping in 19th

centuryNew Caledonia / Kanaky

37-CAB-bd tiri-S. ⊕deported after 1878 > Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC XARACUU+

XARAGURE net37-CAC-a Xaracuu+ Kanala* xârâcùù, xaracii, anesu, haraneu ⊕Grande Terre-CS. island; deported

in 19th century > Iles des Pins islandNew Caledonia / Kanaky 3

37-CAC-aa kanala canala ⊕Canala coast+ hinterland New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC-ab nakety ⊕Nakety coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC-ac ouroué ⊕Ouroué coast+ hinterland New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC-ad xaracuu-C ⊕Kouaré New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC-ae xaracuu-SW. ⊕Bouloupari southwest coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC-af xaracuu-SE. ⊕deported in 19th century > Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC-b Xaragure aragure, 'aragure, haragure ⊕Grande Terre-S. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-CAC-ba thio ⊕Thio east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC-bb borindi ⊕Borindi east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CAC-bc xaragure-SW. ⊕Ouinane southwest coast37-CB DUBEA+ NUMEE

chain37-CBA DUBEA+ NUMEE net37-CBA-a Dubea naa-dubea, n-dumbea, dumbea, drubea ⊕Grande Terre-S. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-CBA-aa naa-dubea-W. ⊕Naniouni southwest coast+ Bangou + Ndé + Païta+ Dumbéa…

Pirogue passNew Caledonia / Kanaky

37-CBA-ab naa-dubea-E. ⊕Ounia+ Yaté southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CBA-b Numee naa-numee, kapone, touaouru, ouen, kwenyii, kunie, tuauru, duauru,

uen, wen, naa-wee ⊕Grande Terre-S. islandNew Caledonia / Kanaky 3

37-CBA-ba naa-numee-W. numèè, kapone ⊕Nouméa>SE. coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CBA-bb tuauru duauru, touaouru, ⊕Touaourou southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CBA-bc goro ⊕Goro southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CBA-c Wee "insular" numee ⊕Ouen island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-CBA-ca naa-wee wêê, wen, uen, ouen New Caledonia / Kanaky37-CBA-d Kwenyii "insular" numee 2 ⊕Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky 237-CBA-da naa-kwenyii kwênyii, kunie New Caledonia / Kanaky

37-D DEHU+ IAAI set LOYAUTÉ37-DA DEHU+ IAAI chain37-DAA IAAI net37-DAA-a Iaai ⊕Loyauté islands: Ouvéa island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-DAA-aa iaai iai, yai New Caledonia / Kanaky

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 31537-DAB DEHU net37-DAB-a Dehu de'u, drehu, lifu, lifou ⊕Loyauté islands: Lifou island New Caledonia / Kanaky 437-DAB-aa wet wete, dehu-N. New Caledonia / Kanaky37-DAB-ab lössi losi, dehu-S. New Caledonia / Kanaky37-DAB-ac miny min, "honorific" dehu, "court" dehu ¶language of traditional respect New Caledonia / Kanaky37-DAC NENGONE net37-DAC-a Nengone ⊕Loyauté islands: Maré island New Caledonia / Kanaky 337-DAC-aa maré "general" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky37-DAC-ab pene-iwatenu iwateno, "honorific" nengone, "court" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky37-DAC-ac pene-egesho "scornful" nengone, "trivial" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky


38= WEST-PACIFICphylozone

covers the "Caroline+ Vanuatu" grouping, part of the"Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinentalaffinity; comprising 8 sets of languages (= 119 outerlanguages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on islandsof the Pacific from the Caroline (and formerly also Mapia)islands to Vanuatu:

38-A TRUK+ PONAPE 38-B KUSAIE38-C EBON 38-D KIRIBATI38-E NAURU 38-F GELA+ GHARI38-G KWARA'AE+ KAHUA 38-H HIW+ NASARIAN

Micronesia; Solomon Islands;Kiribati; Tuvalu; Nauru; Vanuatu;formerly also Indonesia (Irian Jaya)

5

38-A TRUK+ PONAPE set "ponapeic"+ "trukic"; part of "micronesian" grouping38-AA TRUK+ PONAPE

chainMACRO-TRUKIC

38-AAA MAPIA net "mapian" Ã

38-AAA-a Mapia ⊕Mapia islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 038-AAA-aa mapia ¶extinct čsubmerged by [33] Biak Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 038-AAB TRUK+ ULITHI net "trukic" �island idioms to be distinguished38-AAB-a Sonsorol ⊕Caroline islands Micronesia 238-AAB-aa sonsorol ⊕Helen+ Tobi+ Merir+ Pulo-Anna+ Sonsorol islands Micronesia38-AAB-b Ulithi "ulithian" ⊕Caroline islands Micronesia 338-AAB-ba ulithi ⊕Ngulu+ Ulithi+ Fais+ Sorol islands Micronesia 338-AAB-c Woleai "woleaian", "wolean" ⊕Caroline islands Micronesia 338-AAB-ca woleai ⊕Eauripik+ Woleai+ Ifaluk+ Elato+ Lamotrek+ Olimarao*+ Faraulep+

Gaferut* islandsMicronesia 3

38-AAB-d Satawal+ Saipan "carolinian" ⊕Caroline… Mariana islands Micronesia 338-AAB-da satawal "satawalese" ⊕Caroline islands: Satawal island Micronesia 238-AAB-db saipan "saipan-carolinian" ⊕Mariana-S. islands: Saipan island Micronesia38-AAB-dc tanapag "carolinian-N." ⊕Mariana-N. islands Micronesia38-AAB-dca pagan ⊕Pagan island Micronesia38-AAB-dcb agrihan ⊕Agrihan island Micronesia38-AAB-e Puluwat puluwatese ⊕Caroline islands Micronesia 338-AAB-ea puluwat ⊕Pulusuk+ Puluwat+ Pulap islands Micronesia 338-AAB-f Namonuito ⊕Caroline islands: Namonuito islands Micronesia 238-AAB-fa namonuito ⊕Magur+ Ulul islands Micronesia 238-AAB-g Paafang ⊕Caroline islands: Hall islands Micronesia 338-AAB-ga paafang pááfang ⊕Nomwin+ Fananu+ Murilo+ Ruo islands Micronesia 338-AAB-h Truk "trukese" ⊕Caroline islands: Truk islands+ Kuop islands ⊕plus

vehicular extension> Caroline-C. islands ⊕plus migration> Ponapeisland

Micronesia 4

38-AAB-ha truk-C. ruk ⊕Pis+ Falo+ Moen+ Mwoch+ Dublon+ Eten+ Fefan+ Uman+ Tsis+Tarik+ Param+ Eiol islands

Micronesia

38-AAB-hb truk-V. "vehicular trukese" Micronesia38-AAB-hc truk-E "east-lagoon" Micronesia38-AAB-hd fayichuk ⊕Eot+ Romonum+ Udot+ Tol+ Fela-Beguets islands Micronesia38-AAB-i Mortlock "mortlockese" ⊕Caroline islands: Mortlock islands Micronesia 338-AAB-ia lukeisel mortlock-N. ⊕Nama+ Losap+ Pis islands Micronesia38-AAB-ib mortlock-S. "lower" mortlock ⊕Namoluk+ Etal+ Lukunor+ Oneiop+ Nomoi islands Micronesia38-AAC PONAPE+

PINGELAP net"ponapeic"

38-AAC-a Ponape "ponapean", "pohnpeian" ⊕Caroline islands: Senyavin islands Micronesia 438-AAC-aa ponape-N. ⊕Ponape-N. island Micronesia38-AAC-ab kiti ⊕Ponape-S.+ Ant islands Micronesia38-AAC-ac ngatik "ngatikese" ⊕Ngatik island Micronesia38-AAC-b Mokil "mokilese" ⊕Caroline islands: Senyavin islands… ⊕migration> Hawaii Micronesia 338-AAC-ba mokil ⊕Mokil island Micronesia38-AAC-c Pingelap "pingilapese" ⊕Caroline islands: Senyavin islands Micronesia; migration> USA

(Hawaii) ”3

38-AAC-ca pingelap pingilap ⊕Pingelap islands Micronesia

38-B KUSAIE set "kusaiean"; part of "micronesian" grouping38-BA KUSAIE chain38-BAA KUSAIE net38-BAA-a Kusaie kosrae, "kosraean" ⊕Caroline islands: Kusaie, Kosrae islands Micronesia 338-BAA-aa malen+ utwe ⊕Kusaie island: Malen+ Utwe Micronesia38-BAA-ab lelu+ tafunsak ⊕Lelu island+ Kusaie island (Tafunsak) Micronesia


38-C EBON set MARSHALLESE; part of "micronesian" grouping38-CA EBON chain38-CAA EBON net38-CAA-a Ebon "marshallese" ⊕Marshall islands �bilingual in [52] English Marshall Islands; migration>

Nauru ”4

38-CAA-aa bikini+ eniwetok "marshallese"-W. ⊕Bikini+ Eniwetok islands; deported in1946>=Ujelang island+ Rälik Chain archipelago �bilingual in [52]English

Marshall Islands 4

38-CAA-aaa ujelang ⊕Ujelang island ¶since enforced resettlement in 1946 Marshall Islands38-CAA-aab rälik ⊕Rälik Chain archipelago (including Kili+ Ebon islands) ¶since

enforced resettlement in 1946Marshall Islands

38-CAA-ab ratak "marshallese"-E. Marshall Islands 4

38-D KIRIBATI set GILBERTESE, part of "micronesian" grouping38-DA KIRIBATI chain38-DAA KIRIBATI net38-DAA-a Kiribati "gilbertese" ⊕Kiribati, Gilbert islands �bilingual in [52] English Kiribati; Tuvalu; migration> Fiji;

Nauru ”4

38-DAA-aa i-kiribati "gilbertese"-C. ⊕Abaiang+ Marakei islands… Tamana+ Arorae islands Kiribati 438-DAA-ab butaritari kiribati-N., "gilbertese"-N. ⊕Butaritari, Makin island Kiribati38-DAA-ac banaban kiribati-W., "gilbertese"-W. ⊕Banaba, Ocean island Kiribati38-DAA-ad nui kiribati-S., "gilbertese"-S. ⊕Nui island Tuvalu 3*

38-E NAURU set38-EA NAURU chain38-EAA NAURU net38-EAA-a Nauru "nauruan" ⊕Nauru island Nauru 338-EAA-aa nauru �bilingual in [52] English ¶limited acquisition of language by children Nauru

38-F GELA+ GHARI set38-FA GELA+ GHARI chain38-FAA BUGHOTU+

VULAVA net38-FAA-a Bughotu+ Vulava* mahaga ⊕Santa Isabel-SE. island (Suma… Horara)+ San Jorge-SE.

island+ Vatilau island+ Furona islandSolomon Islands 3

38-FAA-aa m-bughotu bugoto, bugota, bugotu Solomon Islands38-FAA-ab hageulu Solomon Islands38-FAA-ac vulava Solomon Islands38-FAB GELA+ LENGO net38-FAB-a Gela ⊕Florida islands ⊕plus migration> Savo+ Guadalcanal islands Solomon Islands 338-FAB-aa n-gela nggela Solomon Islands 338-FAB-b Lengo+ Aola ⊕Guadalcanal-CN. island Solomon Islands 338-FAB-ba lengo Solomon Islands38-FAB-bb ruavatu Solomon Islands38-FAB-bc tasemboko Solomon Islands38-FAB-bd aola ⊕Aola Solomon Islands38-FAB-be aripao Solomon Islands 238-FAB-bf ghaimuta ghua Solomon Islands 238-FAC GHARI+ TALISE net GUADALCANAL38-FAC-a Ghari guadalcanal-W. ⊕Guadalcanal-W. island Solomon Islands 338-FAC-aa ghari-A. gari, sughu, guadalcanal-W. "vehicular" ⊕Sughu coast+ vehicular

extensionSolomon Islands 3

38-FAC-ab tan-garare tandai+ n-garia, tana-ghai, tandai+ nggaria Solomon Islands 238-FAC-ac n-gae nggae Solomon Islands 238-FAC-ad n-geri nggeri Solomon Islands 238-FAC-ae n-di vaturanga ⊕Maravovo>SE. Solomon Islands 338-FAC-af n-ginia Solomon Islands 338-FAC-b Talise+ Tolo "wider" talise, "wider" tolo ⊕Guadalcanal-S. island Solomon Islands 338-FAC-ba poleo Solomon Islands 338-FAC-bb ina-kono koo, ina-kona Solomon Islands 338-FAC-bc malagheti malageti Solomon Islands 238-FAC-bd talise Solomon Islands 238-FAC-be tolo ⊕Haimara Solomon Islands 338-FAC-bf moli Solomon Islands 338-FAC-c Malango ⊕Guadalcanal-C. island Solomon Islands 338-FAC-ca malango ⊕Popomanaseu mountain valleys Solomon Islands 338-FAC-d Birao ⊕Guadalcanal-CE. island Solomon Islands 338-FAC-da m-birao ⊕Kaichui mountain valleys… southeast coast Solomon Islands 3


38-G KWARA'AE+KAHUA set

malaita+ "san-cristobel"

38-GA KWARA'AE+ARE'ARE chain

MALAITA

38-GAA LONGGU net38-GAA-a Longgu ⊕Malaita island; deported>Guadalcanal-E. island Solomon Islands 238-GAA-aa longgu logu Solomon Islands 238-GAB KWARA'AE+

TO'ABAITA net38-GAB-a Kwara'ae+ To'abaita "malaitan"-N. ⊕Malaita-N.+ coastal islands Solomon Islands 438-GAB-aa to'abaita toabaita, to'ambaita Solomon Islands 338-GAB-ab malu'u malu, maluu ⊕Maluu Solomon Islands38-GAB-ac m-baelelea Solomon Islands 338-GAB-ad m-baegu baeggu, baeguu, baenggu, m-baenggu Solomon Islands 338-GAB-ae fataleka Solomon Islands38-GAB-af lau ⊕Malaita coast-NE. Solomon Islands 438-GAB-ag suafa* part of lau "insular" ⊕Manaoba island Solomon Islands38-GAB-ah dai ndai, part of lau "insular" ⊕Dai island Solomon Islands38-GAB-ai gula'alaa kwai+ ngongosila ⊕Kwai+ Ngongosila islands Solomon Islands38-GAB-aj kwara'ae ⊕Malaita west coast (Dala+ Auki)… east coast ¶used also as a

vehicular languageSolomon Islands 4

38-GAB-ak fiu* Solomon Islands38-GAC LANGALANGA net38-GAC-a Langalanga ⊕Malaita-W. island Solomon Islands 338-GAC-aa langalanga ⊕Auki… Mbuma Solomon Islands 338-GAD KWAIO net38-GAD-a Kwaio ⊕Malaita-C. island Solomon Islands 438-GAD-aa kwaio koio ⊕Mbuma west coast.… east coast Solomon Islands 438-GAE ARE'ARE+ DORI'O

net38-GAE-a Dori'o+

Kwarekwareo⊕Malaita-C. island Solomon Islands 3

38-GAE-aa dori'o Solomon Islands38-GAE-ab kwarekwareo* Solomon Islands38-GAE-b Are'are+ Marau ⊕Malaita-S.+ Maramasike-N. islands Solomon Islands 438-GAE-ba are'are areare, 'are'are Solomon Islands38-GAE-bb marau ⊕Marau Sound straits Solomon Islands38-GAF OROHA net38-GAF-a Oroha ⊕Maramasike-S. island Solomon Islands 238-GAF-aa oroha oraha, maramasike, mara-ma-siki Solomon Islands 238-GAG SA'A+ UGI net38-GAG-a Sa'a+ Ugi malaita-S. Solomon Islands 338-GAG-aa sa'a saa ⊕Maramasike island Solomon Islands38-GAG-ab apae'aa* Solomon Islands38-GAG-ac ulawa ⊕Ulawa island Solomon Islands38-GAG-ad ugi uki-ni-masi ⊕Uki Ni Masi… Three Sisters islands Solomon Islands 138-GB KAHUA+ AROSI

chainMAKIRA, "san-cristobel"

38-GBA AROSI+ FAGANI net38-GBA-a Arosi ⊕Makira, San Cristobel-NW. island Solomon Islands 338-GBA-aa arosi-A. Solomon Islands38-GBA-ab wango Solomon Islands38-GBA-b Fagani ⊕Makira, San Cristobel-CW. island Solomon Islands 238-GBA-ba fagani-A. Solomon Islands38-GBA-bb rihu'a Solomon Islands38-GBA-bc agufi Solomon Islands38-GBB BAURO+

MARMAREGHO net38-GBB-a Bauro+ Marmaregho ⊕Makira, San Cristobel-C. island Solomon Islands 338-GBB-aa bauro ⊕Kirakira Solomon Islands 338-GBB-ab haununu hauhunu Solomon Islands 238-GBB-ac rawo ravo Solomon Islands 238-GBB-ad marmaregho* mamaregho Solomon Islands

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 31938-GBC KAHUA+

TAWARAFA net38-GBC-a Kahua+ Tawarafa ⊕Makira, San Christobel-E.+ Santa Ana+ Santa Catalina islands…

vehicular extension westwards (Makira island)Solomon Islands 4

38-GBC-aa kahua anganiwai, anganiwei, wanoni, narihua, makira "vehicular" Solomon Islands 338-GBC-ab tawarafa "star-harbour" ⊕Gheta Solomon Islands 338-GBC-ac owa-raha ⊕Santa Ana island Solomon Islands38-GBC-ad owa-riki ⊕Santa Catalina island Solomon Islands

38-H HIW+ NASARIAN set TRANSVANUATU, vanuatu-N.+ C.38-HA HIW+ ETON chain vanuatu-NE.38-HAA HIW+ LOH net torres ⊕Torres islands38-HAA-a Hiw ⊕Torres-N. islands Vanuatu 238-HAA-aa hiw Vanuatu 238-HAA-b Loh+ Toga ⊕Torres-S. islands Vanuatu 238-HAA-ba tegua* ⊕Tegua-S. island Vanuatu38-HAA-bb loh lo ⊕Low island Vanuatu38-HAA-bc toga ⊕Toga island Vanuatu38-HAB LEHALI+

LEHALURUP net38-HAB-a Lehali+ Teqel ⊕Banks island: Ureparapara-N. island Vanuatu 238-HAB-aa lehali Vanuatu38-HAB-ab teqel tekel, alo-teqel Vanuatu38-HAB-b Lehalurup ⊕Banks islands: Ureparapara-S. island Vanuatu 238-HAB-ba lehalurup Vanuatu 238-HAC MOTLAV+ MOTA net38-HAC-a Motlav motalava ⊕Banks islands… Mota Lava, Saddle island Vanuatu 338-HAC-aa volow valuva, valuwa, valuga Vanuatu38-HAC-ab beklag Vanuatu38-HAC-ac totoglag Vanuatu38-HAC-ad bun Vanuatu38-HAC-b Mota ⊕Banks islands… Mota, Sugarloaf island Vanuatu 238-HAC-ba mota-W. Vanuatu38-HAC-bb mota-E. Vanuatu38-HAD VATRATA+ MOSINA

net38-HAD-a Vatrata+ Sasar vanua-lava==⊕Banks islands: Vanua Lava-N. island Vanuatu 238-HAD-aa vatrata Vanuatu 238-HAD-ab leon Vanuatu 038-HAD-ac pak bek Vanuatu 038-HAD-ad sasar lem Vanuatu 038-HAD-b Mosina+ Vuras ⊕Banks islands: Vanua Lava-S. island Vanuatu 238-HAD-ba vetumboso mosina-N. Vanuatu38-HAD-bb vuras vureas, avreas Vanuatu38-HAD-bc mosina mosin, mosina-S. Vanuatu38-HAE NUME+ WETAMUT

netgaua

38-HAE-a Nume ⊕Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-NE. island Vanuatu 238-HAE-aa nume-A. gaua-E. Vanuatu38-HAE-ab tarasag* Vanuatu38-HAE-b Lakona ⊕Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-NW. island Vanuatu 238-HAE-ba lakona-A. lakon, gaua-W. Vanuatu38-HAE-bb gog* Vanuatu38-HAE-c Koro ⊕Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-SW. island Vanuatu 238-HAE-ca koro ⊕Koro+ Mekeon Vanuatu 238-HAE-d Wetamut ⊕Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-SE. island Vanuatu 138-HAE-da wetamut ⊕Dorig+ Kweteon Vanuatu 138-HAF MERLAV+ MWERIG

net38-HAF-a Merlav+ Mwerig ⊕Banks-SE. islands Vanuatu 338-HAF-aa mwerig merig ⊕Mwerig island Vanuatu 238-HAF-ab merlav merelava ⊕Mwerelava, Mere Lava island Vanuatu38-HAF-ac matliwag ⊕Matliwag island Vanuatu38-HAG MARINO+ LOTORA MAEWO, maevo38-HAG-a Marino ⊕Maewo-N. island Vanuatu 238-HAG-aa marino maewo-N., naone Vanuatu 2


38-HAG-b Lotora+ Bangoro maewo-C. ⊕Maewo-C. island Vanuatu 238-HAG-ba lotora Vanuatu38-HAG-bb tanoriki Vanuatu38-HAG-bc peterara ⊕Peterara Vanuatu38-HAG-bd arata Vanuatu 138-HAG-be bangoro Vanuatu 138-HAG-c Baetora maewo-S. ⊕Maewo-S. island Vanuatu 238-HAG-ca baetora-A. ⊕Baetora Vanuatu38-HAG-cb nasawa Vanuatu38-HAG-cc talise-vanuatu talise 2 Vanuatu38-HAG-cd narovorovo Vanuatu38-HAH NDUINDUI+

LONGANA netAMBAE, aoban

38-HAH-a Nduindui+ Opa aoban-W., ambae-W. ⊕Aoba-W., Ambae-W. island Vanuatu 338-HAH-aa nduindui duindui ⊕Nduindui Vanuatu38-HAH-ab opa Vanuatu38-HAH-ac walaha Vanuatu38-HAH-b Longana+ Omba aoban-E., ambae-E. ⊕Aoba-E., Ambae-E. island Vanuatu 338-HAH-ba omba oba, aoba Vanuatu38-HAH-bb walurigi Vanuatu38-HAH-bc tavalavola lombaha; lobaha Vanuatu38-HAH-bd lambahi Vanuatu38-HAH-be longana ⊕Longana Vanuatu38-HAH-bf lolopwepwe Vanuatu38-HAH-bg lolokaro lolokara Vanuatu38-HAH-bh lolsiwoi Vanuatu38-HAI HANO+ SA net RAGA38-HAI-a Hano+ Vunmarama raga-N. ⊕Raga;=Pentecost-N. island; vehicular extension > Raga+

Maewo-S. islandVanuatu 3

38-HAI-aa hano including "vehicular" raga Vanuatu 338-HAI-ab lamalanga Vanuatu38-HAI-ac vunmarama Vanuatu38-HAI-ad qatvenua bwatvenua Vanuatu38-HAI-b Apma+ Melsisi ⊕Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 338-HAI-ba suro-bo apma-N. Vanuatu38-HAI-bb suro-marani apma-S. Vanuatu38-HAI-bc bwatnapi Vanuatu38-HAI-bd loltong Vanuatu38-HAI-be melsisi ⊕Melsissi Vanuatu38-HAI-c Sowa ⊕Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 138-HAI-ca sowa Vanuatu38-HAI-d Seke ⊕Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 138-HAI-da seke Vanuatu38-HAI-e Sa+ Ponorwal* ⊕Raga, Pentecost-S. island Vanuatu 338-HAI-ea ponorwal raga-S. Vanuatu38-HAI-eb lolatavola Vanuatu38-HAI-ec ninebulo Vanuatu38-HAI-ed sa-NE. "baie-barrier" Vanuatu38-HAI-ee sa-SE. "sainte-thérèse" Vanuatu38-HAI-ef sa-SW. walwi+ ranputor Vanuatu38-HAI-eg sa-S. pancros, "point-cross" Vanuatu38-HAJ AMBRYM net38-HAJ-a Ambrym-N. ⊕Ambrym-N. island Vanuatu 338-HAJ-aa olal ambrym-NE. Vanuatu38-HAJ-ab magam ambrym-NW. Vanuatu38-HAJ-b Lonwolwol ⊕Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 338-HAJ-ba fali Vanuatu38-HAJ-bb fanting Vanuatu38-HAJ-c Dakaka+ Sesivi ambrym-S. ⊕Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 238-HAJ-ca dakaka Vanuatu38-HAJ-cb baiap Vanuatu38-HAJ-cc sesivi Vanuatu38-HAJ-d Port-Vato ⊕Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 238-HAJ-da port-vato Vanuatu

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 32138-HAJ-e Taviak taveak ⊕Ambrym-SE. island Vanuatu 338-HAJ-ea endu taviak-N. Vanuatu38-HAJ-eb toak taviak-W. Vanuatu38-HAJ-ec penapo taviak-S. Vanuatu38-HAJ-ed taviak-A. taviak-SE. ⊕Taviak Vanuatu38-HAK PAAMA+ LOPEVI

net38-HAK-a Paama+ Lopevi* ⊕Paama+ Lopevi islands Vanuatu 338-HAK-aa paama-N. pauma-N. ⊕Paama-N. island Vanuatu38-HAK-ab paama-S. pauma-S. ⊕Paama-S. island Vanuatu38-HAK-ac lopevi ⊕Lopevi island Vanuatu38-HAL VALPEI+ MALO* net 'santo'-W.38-HAL-a Valpei+ Hukua ⊕Santo-NW. island: Cape Cumberland cape>S. Vanuatu 238-HAL-aa valpei valpay Vanuatu38-HAL-ab hukua Vanuatu38-HAL-b Nokuku ⊕Santo-NW. island Vanuatu 238-HAL-ba nokuku nogugu: ⊕Nokuku coast Vanuatu38-HAL-c Vunapu+ Piamatsina ⊕Santo-NW. island Vanuatu 238-HAL-ca vunapu Vanuatu 238-HAL-cb piamatsina Vanuatu 238-HAL-d Tasmate ⊕Santo-W. island Vanuatu 238-HAL-da tasmate-N.* Vanuatu38-HAL-db tasmate-S. ⊕Tasmate coast Vanuatu38-HAL-e Tolomako+ Jereviu "big-bay" ⊕Santo-CN. island: Big Bay bay Vanuatu 238-HAL-ea tolomako Vanuatu38-HAL-eb jereviu Vanuatu38-HAL-ec marina* Vanuatu38-HAL-f Wusi+ Kerepua ⊕Santo-W. island Vanuatu 238-HAL-fa wusi ⊕Wusi coast Vanuatu38-HAL-fb kerepua Vanuatu38-HAL-g Malmariv+ Navut ⊕Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 238-HAL-ga malmariv Vanuatu 238-HAL-gb navut Vanuatu 238-HAL-h Lametin ⊕Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 238-HAL-ha lametin Vanuatu38-HAL-i Morouas+ Akei* ⊕Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 338-HAL-ia morouas moruas Vanuatu 238-HAL-ib roria Vanuatu 238-HAL-ic fortsenal Vanuatu 238-HAL-id akei Vanuatu 238-HAL-ie tasiriki* Vanuatu38-HAL-if wailapa Vanuatu 238-HAL-ig penantsiro Vanuatu38-HAL-ih amblong Vanuatu38-HAL-ii narango ⊕Narango coast Vanuatu38-HAL-j Tangoa ⊕Santo-CS. island Vanuatu 238-HAL-ja tangoa ⊕Tangoa island Vanuatu 238-HAL-k Araki ⊕Santo-CS. island Vanuatu 238-HAL-ka araki ⊕Araki island Vanuatu 238-HAL-l Tambotalo ⊕Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 138-HAL-la tambotalo ⊕Luganville coast: Tambotalo Vanuatu 138-HAL-m Mafea+ Ais ⊕Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 138-HAL-ma mafea ⊕Mafea island Vanuatu38-HAL-mb ais ⊕Ais island Vanuatu38-HAL-n Malo+ Tutuba ⊕Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 338-HAL-na tutuba ⊕Tutuba island Vanuatu 238-HAL-nb aore ⊕Mafea island Vanuatu 038-HAL-nc avunatari malo-N. ⊕Malo-N. island Vanuatu38-HAL-nd ataripoe malo-S. ⊕Malo-S. island Vanuatu38-HAM VOVO+ URIPIV* net38-HAM-a 'Malua-Bay' ⊕Malekula-NW. island Vanuatu 238-HAM-aa 'malua-bay' "espiègle-bay", "middle-nambas" Vanuatu 238-HAM-b Vovo ⊕Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 238-HAM-ba vovo wowo Vanuatu 2


38-HAM-c Mpotovoro ⊕Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 238-HAM-ca mpotovoro Vanuatu 238-HAM-d Mae ⊕Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 238-HAM-da mae including "small-nambas"-N. Vanuatu 238-HAM-e Vao ⊕Malekula-N. island: Vao island Vanuatu 338-HAM-ea vao Vanuatu 338-HAM-f Uripiv+ Atchin uripiv+ wala ⊕Malekula-NE. island Vanuatu 338-HAM-fa atchin nale ⊕Atchin island Vanuatu38-HAM-fb wala ⊕Wala island Vanuatu38-HAM-fc rano ⊕Rano island Vanuatu38-HAM-fd uripiv ⊕Uripiv island Vanuatu38-HAM-fe tautu Vanuatu38-HAM-ff uri* Vanuatu38-HAN UNUA+ KULIVIU* net38-HAN-a Unua ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 238-HAN-aa unua-A. onua ⊕Unua coast Vanuatu38-HAN-ab 'bush'-unua Vanuatu38-HAN-b Rerep+ Tisman ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 238-HAN-ba rerep pangkumu ⊕Pangkumu bay Vanuatu38-HAN-bb tisman Vanuatu38-HAN-c Aulua+ Onesso ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 238-HAN-ca aulua ⊕Aulua bay Vanuatu38-HAN-cb onesso Vanuatu38-HAN-cc boinelang Vanuatu38-HAN-d Burmbar+ Vartavo ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 238-HAN-da burmbar "banan bay" ⊕Banan Bay Vanuatu38-HAN-db vartavo* Vanuatu38-HAN-e Lamap ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 238-HAN-ea lamap including port-sandwich… Vanuatu 238-HAN-f Kuliviu ⊕Malekula-SE. island: Maskelyne islands Vanuatu 338-HAN-fa kuliviu "maskelynes" �with more island dialects to be identified Vanuatu 338-HAN-faa peskarus ⊕Peskarüs town & island38-HAN-fab asue ⊕Assoué38-HAN-g Axamb ⊕Malekula-S. island Vanuatu 238-HAN-ga axamb ahamb Vanuatu 238-HAO MALFAXAL+

SENIANG* net38-HAO-a Malfaxal+ Seniang ⊕Malekula-SW. island Vanuatu 238-HAO-aa malfaxal malvaxal ⊕Malfaxal coast Vanuatu38-HAO-ab orierh Vanuatu38-HAO-ac nakahai na'ahai, naahai ⊕Toman island Vanuatu38-HAO-ad taman tomman ⊕Toman island Vanuatu38-HAO-ae sinesip part of "southwest bay" Vanuatu38-HAO-af seniang part of "southwest bay" Vanuatu38-HAP LEWO+ BIEREBO*

netEPI

38-HAP-a Lewo ⊕Epi-NE. island Vanuatu 238-HAP-aa mate ⊕Maté Vanuatu38-HAP-ab nul niul, noul ⊕Noul Vanuatu38-HAP-ac filakara ⊕Filakara Vanuatu38-HAP-ad varsu* Vanuatu38-HAP-ae tasiko Vanuatu38-HAP-b Bierebo ⊕Epi-NW. island Vanuatu 238-HAP-ba bonkovia bonkowia ⊕Bonkowia Vanuatu38-HAP-bb yevali Vanuatu38-HAP-bc tavio ⊕Tavio Vanuatu38-HAP-c Baki ⊕Epi-W. island Vanuatu 238-HAP-ca baki burumba ⊕Burumba Vanuatu 238-HAP-d Maii ⊕Epi-CW. island Vanuatu 238-HAP-da maii mafilau, mae-morae Vanuatu 238-HAP-e Bieria ⊕Epi-SW. island Vanuatu 238-HAP-ea bieria bieri Vanuatu 2

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 32338-HAQ ETON+ NGUNA* net38-HAQ-a Namakura+ Buninga "namakuran" ⊕Tongoa-E. island+ Emwae-S. island + adjacent islands Vanuatu 338-HAQ-aa tongoa ⊕Tongoa-E. island: Mangarisiou Vanuatu38-HAQ-ab tongariki ⊕Tongariki island Vanuatu38-HAQ-ac buninga ⊕Buninga island Vanuatu38-HAQ-ad na-makura ⊕Emwae-S.+ Makura islands Vanuatu38-HAQ-ae mataso ⊕Mataso island Vanuatu38-HAQ-b Nguna+ Paunangis ⊕Efate-N. island + adjacent islands Vanuatu 338-HAQ-ba n-guna "ngunese", tongoa Vanuatu38-HAQ-baa nikapa ⊕Nguna island: Nikapa… Outanlang Vanuatu38-HAQ-bab lambukuti ⊕Tongoa-W. island: Lamboukouti Vanuatu38-HAQ-bb lelepa "havannah-harbour" ⊕Lelepa island: Natapao Vanuatu38-HAQ-bc sesake ⊕Saké island Vanuatu38-HAQ-bd emau emao ⊕Emao island: Marao… Wana… Ngouroua Vanuatu38-HAQ-be paunangis paonanguis ⊕Efate-N. island: Paonanguis… Vanuatu38-HAQ-bf livara Vanuatu38-HAQ-c Erakor+ Fate efate-S. ⊕Efate-S. island Vanuatu 338-HAQ-ca fate Vanuatu38-HAQ-cb erakor ⊕Erakor peninsula Vanuatu38-HAQ-d Eton+ Epwau efate-E. ⊕Efate-E. island Vanuatu 338-HAQ-da eton ⊕Eton… Vanuatu38-HAQ-db epwau ⊕Ebau… Vanuatu38-HB SAKAO+ LITARO

chain'santo'-E.

38-HBA SAKAO+ LIARA net 'santo'-NE.38-HBA-a Sakao+ Liara santo ⊕Espiritu Santo-NE. island Vanuatu 338-HBA-aa sakao sakau ⊕Sakao island Vanuatu38-HBA-ab 'hog-harbour' ⊕Hog Harbour Vanuatu38-HBA-ac liara livara 2 Vanuatu 038-HBB LITARO+

POLONOMBAUK net'santo'-SE.

38-HBB-a Litaro+Lorediakarkar

⊕Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 2

38-HBB-aa lorediakarkar Vanuatu 138-HBB-ab 'shark-bay' ⊕Shark Bay coast Vanuatu 238-HBB-ac litaro ⊕Litaro island Vanuatu 238-HBB-b Butmas-Tur ⊕Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 238-HBB-ba butmas-tur ati Vanuatu 238-HBB-c Polonombauk ⊕Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 238-HBB-ca polonombauk Vanuatu 238-HC LAREVAT+ LABO

chainINNER-MALEKULA

38-HCA LAREVAT+ KATBOLnet

38-HCA-a Leviamp ⊕Malekula-NW. island Vanuatu 338-HCA-aa leviamp "big-nambas", nambas-N. ⊕Leviamp Vanuatu 338-HCA-b Maragus ⊕Malekula-NE. island Vanuatu 138-HCA-ba maragus maragaus Vanuatu 138-HCA-c Larevat ⊕Malekula-W. island Vanuatu 238-HCA-ca larevat laravat Vanuatu 238-HCA-d Litzlitz+ Visele ⊕Malekula-E. island Vanuatu 238-HCA-da litzlitz ⊕Lakatoro coast Vanuatu 238-HCA-db visele* Vanuatu 2*38-HCA-e Lingarak ⊕Malekula-CE. island Vanuatu 238-HCA-ea lingarak ⊕Bushman's Bay bay Vanuatu 238-HCA-f Vinmavis+ Winiv ⊕Malekula-CW. island Vanuatu 238-HCA-fa vinmavis lambumbu Vanuatu38-HCA-fb winiv Vanuatu38-HCA-g Tisvel katbol-W. ⊕Malekula-CW. island Vanuatu 238-HCA-ga tisvel Vanuatu 238-HCA-h Tembimbe+ Katbol katbol-E. ⊕Malekula-CE. island Vanuatu 238-HCA-ha tembimbe timbembe Vanuatu38-HCA-hb katbol Vanuatu38-HCA-hc taremp Vanuatu


38-HCB NASARIAN+LETEMBOI net

nambas-S.

38-HCB-a Nasarian ⊕Malekula-CS. island Vanuatu 138-HCB-aa nasarian 138-HCB-b Repanbitip ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 138-HCB-ba repanbitip 138-HCB-c Letemboi ⊕Malekula-S. island Vanuatu 238-HCB-ca letemboi "small-nambas"-S. Vanuatu 238-HCB-d 'Dixon-Reef' ⊕Malekula-W. island Vanuatu 138-HCB-da 'dixon-reef' 138-HCC LABO net38-HCC-a Labo ⊕Malekula-SW. island Vanuatu 238-HCC-aa labo mewun, meaun, nide Vanuatu 2


39= TRANSPACIFICphylozone

covers the "Transpacific" grouping, part of the "Oceanic"affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity;comprising 3 sets of languages (= 57 outer languages)spoken by communities in Australasia, on islands across thePacific Ocean from the Caroline Islands to Hawaii and EasterIsland:

39-A ROTUMA 39-B BAU+NADROGA39-C NUKUORO+RAPANUI

The island languages and communities of the Nukuoro+Rapanui set (& chain) extend well over a quarter of the wayaround the planet, from the Caroline islands to Easter island(from 154ºE to 109ºW)

Chile (Easter Island), Fiji,Micronesia, New Caledonia /Kanaky, Samoa, New Zealand /Aotearoa, Papua New Guinea,Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu,Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna, andUSA (Hawaii)

5

39-A ROTUMA set39-AA ROTUMA chain39-AAA ROTUMA net39-AAA-a Rotuma ⊕Rotuma island; plus migration> Viti Levu+ Vanua Levu islands Fiji (Rotuma; Viti Levu; Vanua

Levu)4

39-AAA-aa rotuma rotuna, rutuman Fiji (Rotuma; Viti Levu; VanuaLevu)

4

39-B BAU+ NADROGA set "WIDER"-FIJIAN �the extreme linguistic complexity of traditionalcommunities in Fiji has probably been understated, and furtherinvestigation is required

39-BA NADROGA+NAMOSI chain

"fijian"-W. činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji

39-BAA NADROGA+ WAYAnet

"nuclear fijian"-W.

39-BAA-a Waya+ Magodro ⊕Yasawa islands; plus migration> Viti-Levu island Fiji (Yasawa; migration> Viti-Levu) 439-BAA-aa waya ⊕Waya island… adjacent islands Fiji (Yasawa…)39-BAA-ab nakoroboya Fiji (Yasawa…)39-BAA-ac noikoro Fiji (Yasawa…)39-BAA-ad magodro Fiji (Yasawa…)39-BAA-b Nadroga+ Tubaniwai ⊕Viti-Levu-SW. island Fiji (Viti-Levu) 439-BAA-ba nadroga nadrogaa Fiji (Viti-Levu)39-BAA-bb tubaniwai Fiji (Viti-Levu)39-BAB NAMOSI+ SERUA

net"peripheral fijian"-W.

39-BAB-a Namosi+ Serua ⊕Viti Levu-CS. island + Vatuele islands Fiji (Viti-Levu; Vatuele) 439-BAB-aa namosi ⊕Namosi Fiji (Viti-Levu)39-BAB-ab naitasiri naitaasiri Fiji39-BAB-ac serua seerua Fiji39-BAB-ad batiwai Fiji39-BAB-ae tubai Fiji39-BAB-af nalea Fiji39-BB BAU+ LAU* chain "fijian"-E.39-BBA BAU+ LAU net39-BBA-a Bau-Fiji including bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" �centered on

the traditional idioms of Vitu-Levu-SE. island, and particularly on theoffshore island of Bau, the idiom of which formed the basis fordevelopment of the national Fijian language from 19th century⊕Viti-Levu-SE. + Bau islands; with extension throughout Fiji islands

Fiji; migration> New Zealand /Aotearoa ”

5

39-BBA-aa ✍fiji-F. "standard fijian", "standard" bau ⊕Viti-Levu+ Bau islands, withextension throughout Fiji islands �Bau model; Latin scriptčinfluenced by [39] Lau, [39]Tonga and [52]English;

Fiji 5

39-BBA-ab fiji-G. "generalised fijian", "urban fijian", "prestige fijian" ⊕throughout Fijiislands

Fiji

39-BBA-ac fiji-V. 'pijin fijian', "fijian contact vehicular" ⊕throughout Fiji islands Fiji39-BBA-ad bau m-bau, bau-fijian, bauan; part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE.

"traditional" �traditional idiom of Bau island, now submerged by theresulting generalised Fijian ⊕Bau island; plus migration> Viti-Levumainland island

Fiji (Viti-Levu)

39-BBA-ae naimasimasi part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" ⊕Naimasimasicoast

Fiji (Viti-Levu)

39-BBA-af nadrau part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" Fiji (Viti-Levu)39-BBA-ag waidina part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" Fiji (Viti-Levu)39-BBA-ah lutu part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" ⊕Lutu interior Fiji (Viti-Levu)


39-BBA-b Namena+ Lovoni* ⊕Viti-Levu-NE. island== činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Viti-Levu) 439-BBA-ba tokaimalo Fiji (Viti-Levu)39-BBA-bb namena Fiji (Viti-Levu)39-BBA-bc lovoni #distinction from Lovoni town on Ovalau island to be confirmed Fiji (Viti-Levu)39-BBA-c Lomaiviti ⊕Ovalau+ Gau+ Koro archipelago činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 439-BBA-ca koro ⊕Koro island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro)39-BBA-cb makogai ⊕Makogai island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro)39-BBA-cc levuka ⊕Levuka island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro)39-BBA-cd ovalau ⊕Ovalau island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro)39-BBA-ce batiki ⊕Batiki island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro)39-BBA-cf nairai ⊕Nairai island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro)39-BBA-cg gau ⊕Gau island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro)39-BBA-d Kadavu ⊕Kadavu+ Ono islands==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 439-BBA-da tavuki ⊕Kadavu island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 439-BBA-db nabukelevu ⊕Kadavu island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 339-BBA-dc ono ⊕Ono island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono)39-BBA-e Lau lauan ⊕Lau archipelago==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Lau) 439-BBA-ea matuku* ⊕Matuku island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-eb totoya* ⊕Totoya island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ec naitaba* ⊕Naitaba island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ed moala* ⊕Moala island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ee yacata* ⊕Yacata island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ef vanua-balavu ⊕Vanua-Balavu island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-eg mago* ⊕Mago island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-eh tuvuca* ⊕Tuvuca island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ei cicia* ⊕Cicia island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ej nayau ⊕Nayau island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ek lakeba ⊕Lakeba island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-el vanua-vatu ⊕Vanua-Vatu island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-em oneata ⊕Oneata island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-en moce ⊕Mothe, Moce island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-eo namuka ⊕Namuka-i-Lau island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ep kabara ⊕Kambara, Kabara island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-eq fulanga ⊕Fulanga, Fulaga, Vulaga island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-er ongea ⊕Ongea, Ogea-Levu Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-es vatoa ⊕Vatoa island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-et ono-i-lau* ⊕Ono-i-Lau island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-eu tuvana-i-ra* ⊕Tuvana-i-Ra island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-ev tuvana-i-colo* ⊕Tuvana-i-Colo island Fiji (Lau)39-BBA-f Vanua-Levu-W. ⊕Vanua-Levu-W.+ Yadua islands==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 439-BBA-fa navatu-W. Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-fb solevu Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-fc bua Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-fd navakasiga Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-g Vanua-Levu-C. ⊕Vanua-Levu-CS. island==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 439-BBA-ga baravi baaravi Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-gb seaqaqa seaqaaqaa Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-gc savusavu Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-gd nabalebale Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-h Vanua-Levu-SE. ⊕Vanua-Levu-SE. island==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 439-BBA-ha navatu-C.* Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-hb tunuloa Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-hc naweni Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-hd baumaa Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-i Vanua-Levu-NE. ⊕Vanua-Levu-NE. island==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 439-BBA-ia labasa Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-ib dogotuki Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-ic saqan Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-id koroalau Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-j Gone+ Dau ⊕Vanua-Levu-NW. island: Gone + Dau islands ==činfluenced by [39]

Bau-FijiFiji (Vanua Levu) 3

39-BBA-ja gone ⊕Gone island Fiji (Vanua Levu)39-BBA-jb dau ⊕Dau island Fiji (Vanua Levu)

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 32739-BBA-k Taveuni* ⊕Taveuni islands==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Taveuni) 339-BBA-ka taveuni Fiji (Taveuni) 339-BBA-l Okobia* ⊕Okobia island==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Okobia) 239-BBA-la okobia Fiji (Okobia) 2

39-C NUKUORO+RAPANUI set

POLYNESIAN

39-CA NUKUORO+RAPANUI chain

čwith complex internal relationships, resulting from interinsularmigrations �Latin script

39-CAA NUKUORO net39-CAA-a Nukuoro ⊕Nukuoro island; also migration> Ponape island Micronesia 139-CAA-aa nukuoro nukoro, nuguor Micronesia 139-CAB KAPINGAMARANGI

net39-CAB-a Kapingamarangi ⊕Kapingamarangi island also migration> Ponape island: Porakiet Micronesia 339-CAB-aa kapingamarangi Micronesia 339-CAC NUGURIA+ SIKIANA

net39-CAC-a Nuguria ⊕Nuguria, Nukuria, Feed islands Papua New Guinea 239-CAC-aa nuguria nukuria, nahoa, fead, feed Papua New Guinea 239-CAC-b Takuu ⊕Tauu island: Mortlock village Papua New Guinea 239-CAC-ba takuu tauu, taku, tau, mortlock Papua New Guinea 239-CAC-c Nukumanu ⊕Nukumanu, Tasman island Papua New Guinea 239-CAC-ca nukumanu "tasman" Papua New Guinea 239-CAC-d Ontong-Java ⊕Ontong Java, Luangiua, Lord Howe islands Solomon Islands 339-CAC-da luangiua leuangiua, "lord-howe" Solomon Islands39-CAC-db pelau Solomon Islands39-CAC-e Sikiana Solomon Islands 239-CAC-ea sikaiana sikayana Solomon Islands 239-CAD MUNGGAVA+

MUNGIKI net39-CAD-a Munggava+ Mungiki "rennellese"+ "bellonese" ⊕Rennell+ Bellona islands Solomon Islands 339-CAD-aa munggava "rennellese", ⊕Rennell islands Solomon Islands39-CAD-ab mungiki mugiki, bellona, "bellonese" ⊕Bellona island Solomon Islands39-CAE NUPANI+ MATEMA

net"pilenic"

39-CAE-a Nupani+ Aua "pilenic"-W. ⊕Reef islands Solomon Islands 239-CAE-aa nupani ⊕Nupani island Solomon Islands39-CAE-ab nukapu ⊕Nukapu island Solomon Islands39-CAE-ac pileni pilheni ⊕Pileni island Solomon Islands39-CAE-ad aua ⊕Nifioli* island Solomon Islands39-CAE-b Matema+ Taumako "pilenic"-E. ⊕Duff+ Reef islands Solomon Islands 239-CAE-ba matema ⊕Matema island Solomon Islands39-CAE-bb taumako "duff" ⊕Taumako island Solomon Islands39-CAF TIKOPIA+ ANUTA

net39-CAF-a Tikopia Solomon Islands 339-CAF-aa tikopia ⊕Tikopia island Solomon Islands 339-CAF-b Anuta+ Fataka ⊕Anuta+ Fataka islands Solomon Islands 239-CAF-ba anuta ⊕Anuta island Solomon Islands39-CAF-bb fataka* ⊕Fataka island Solomon Islands39-CAG EMAE net39-CAG-a Emae ⊕Emae, Emwae island Vanuatu 239-CAG-aa emae emwae, mae, mwae, emai, mai ⊕Three Hills+ Sesake islands Vanuatu 239-CAH MELE+ FILA net fila+ mele39-CAH-a Mele ⊕Efate island Vanuatu 339-CAH-aa mele ⊕Mele Vanuatu 339-CAH-b Fila ⊕Efate island Vanuatu 239-CAH-ba fila efira, fira, ifira ⊕Vila Harbor, Fila Harbor bay: Fila island Vanuatu 239-CAI FOTUNA+ ANIWA

net"futunan", "erronan"

39-CAI-a Fotuna ⊕West Futuna island (distinct from East Futuna island in Wallis-Futuna): Isavaï… Ikaokao

Vanuatu 2

39-CAI-aa fotuna futuna-W. �distinct from [39] Futuna (Futuna-E.) in Wallis-Futuna Vanuatu 239-CAI-b Aniwa ⊕Aniwa island: Ipao… Matin'gi Vanuatu 239-CAI-ba aniwa anewa Vanuatu 2


39-CAJ FAGA-UVEA net39-CAJ-a Faga-Uvea ⊕Loyauté, Loyalty islands: ⊕Ouvéa-Ouest, West Uvea island (distinct

from East Uvea island in Wallis-Futuna) �bilingual in [51] FrançaisNew Caledonia / Kanaky 3

39-CAJ-aa faga-uvea "uvean"-W., in [51] Français: faga-uvéan, ouvéan =�distinct from [39]Uvea (Uvea-E.)

New Caledonia / Kanaky 3

39-CAK TUVALU+ TOKELAUnet

"samoic outlier"-W. �bilingual in [52] English

39-CAK-a Tuvalu-N. "tuvaluan"-N., "ellician"-N., "ellice"-N. ⊕Ellice islands Tuvalu 439-CAK-aa nanumanga ⊕Nanumanga island Tuvalu39-CAK-ab nanumea ⊕Nanumea island Tuvalu39-CAK-ac niutao ⊕Niutao island Tuvalu39-CAK-b Tuvalu-S. "tuvaluan"-S., "ellician"-S., "ellice"-S. ⊕Ellice islands Tuvalu 439-CAK-ba funafuti "standard" tuvalu ⊕Funafuti island Tuvalu 439-CAK-bb vaitupu ⊕Vaitupu islands Tuvalu39-CAK-bc nukulaila ⊕Nukulaila islands Tuvalu39-CAK-bd nukufetau Tuvalu39-CAK-c Tokelau "tokelauan" ⊕Tokelau islands… Olosega island Tokelau; Samoa; migration> New

Zealand / Aotearoa ”3

39-CAK-ca atafu ⊕Atafu island Tokelau39-CAK-cb nukunono ⊕Nukunono island Tokelau39-CAK-cc fakaofo ⊕Fakaofo islands Tokelau39-CAK-cd olosega* ⊕Olosega, Swains island Samoa39-CAL UVEA net "uvean"39-CAL-a Uvea uvean-E., wallisian, in [51] Français: wallisien ⊕Wallis islands…

Vanuatu islands… Grande Terre island==činfluenced by [39] Tonga;distinct from [39] Faga-Uvea (Uvea-W.) �bilingual in [51] Français

Wallis & Futuna; migration>Vanuatu; New Caledonia / Kanaky”

4

39-CAL-aa uvea-wallis ⊕Ouvéa-Est, East Uvea island (distinct from West Uvea island in NewCaledonia)

Wallis & Futuna 3

39-CAL-ab uvea-vanuatu Vanuatu 239-CAL-ac uvea-kanaky ⊕Grande Terre island New Caledonia / Kanaky 339-CAM FUTUNA+

NIUAFO'OU net"futunian"

39-CAM-a Futuna+ Alofi ⊕Futuna islands; migration> Grande Terre island �bilingual in [51]Français

Wallis & Futuna; migration> NewCaledonia / Kanaky ”

3

39-CAM-aa futuna futuna-E. ⊕Futuna-E. island (distinct from West Futuna island inVanuatu):

Wallis & Futuna 3

39-CAM-ab futuna-kanaky ⊕Grande Terre island New Caledonia / Kanaky 339-CAM-ac alofi* ⊕Alofi island Wallis & Futuna 239-CAM-b Niuafo'ou ⊕Niuafo'ou island Tonga 239-CAM-ba niuafo'ou Tonga 239-CAN PUKAPUKA net39-CAN-a Pukapuka ⊕Cook islands: Pukapuka island Cook Islands; migration> New


39-CAN-aa pukapuka "bukabukan" Cook Islands; also New Zealand /Aotearoa ”

3

39-CAO SAMOA net "samoan"39-CAO-a Samoa ⊕Samoa islands �bilingual in [52] English Western Samoa; American

Samoa; migration from Samoa>New Zealand / Aotearoa; migrationfrom American Samoa> USA(Hawaii; California) ”

5

39-CAO-aa samoa-W. "samoan"-W. ⊕Savai'I… Upolu islands Western Samoa 539-CAO-aaa samoa-F. "formal" samoan39-CAO-aab samoa-G. "casual" samoan, "generalised" samoan39-CAO-ab samoa-E. "samoan"-E. ⊕Tutula… Manu'a islands American Samoa39-CAP TONGA+ NIUE net "tongic"39-CAP-a Niue ⊕Niue island Niue; migration> New Zealand /

Aotearoa ”3

39-CAP-aa niue "niuean", 'niuefekai' Niue; also New Zealand / Aotearoa”

3

39-CAP-b Tonga "tongan" ⊕Tonga islands Tonga; migration> New Zealand /Aotearoa; migration> USA (Hawaii;California; Utah) ”

5

39-CAP-ba tonga-niuatoputapu* čhaving submerged Niuatoputapu (extinct in 18th century) Tonga 339-CAP-bb vava'u ⊕Vava'u islands Tonga39-CAP-bc ha'apai ⊕Ha'apai islands Tonga39-CAP-bd tongatapu ⊕Tongatapu islands Tonga

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 32939-CAQ MAORI+ TAHITI net "tahitic"+ "marquesic" �bilingual in [52] English or [51] Français39-CAQ-a Maori new-zealand maori ⊕North + South islands ⊕formerly also Chatham

island (now extinct) �bilingual in [52] EnglishNew Zealand / Aotearoa 5

39-CAQ-aa ✍ maori-F. "formal" maori, "classical" maori New Zealand / Aotearoa 539-CAQ-ab maori-W. ⊕North Island-W. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 439-CAQ-aba te-aupouri+ ngapuhi "auckland"-N. ⊕Auckland-N. peninsula New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-abb waikato+ maniapoto ⊕Auckland southwards: Waikato valley New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-abc wanganui+ taranaki ⊕Wanganui valley… Taranaki Bight coast New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-ac maori-C. maori "transitional" ⊕North Island-C. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 439-CAQ-aca ngati-maru ⊕Coromandel peninsula: Harauki plains New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-acb te-arawa ⊕Rotorua New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-acc ngati-tuwharetoa ⊕Taupo lake New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-ad maori-E. ⊕North Island-E. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 439-CAQ-ada ngati-awa ngai-te-rangi+ ngati-awa+ te-whakatohea+ tuhoe ⊕Bay of Plenty

coast+ hinterlandNew Zealand / Aotearoa

39-CAQ-adb ngati-porou te-whanau-a-apanui+ ngati-porou ⊕East Coast peninsula New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-adc rongowhakaata rongowhakata ⊕Poverty Bay bay New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-add ngati-kahungunu ⊕Hawke's Bay bay+ Wairarapa New Zealand / Aotearoa39-CAQ-ae maori-S. "south-island" maori==¶extinct, now replaced by speakers from North

Island ⊕South Island islandNew Zealand / Aotearoa

39-CAQ-af moriori ⊕Chatham island New Zealand / Aotearoa 039-CAQ-b Rarotonga+

Mangaiakuki-airani, "rarotongan"+ "mangaian", "cook-islands" maori ⊕Cookislands; with migration & settlement (over 50% of speakers)> NewZealand / Aotearoa ==�bilingual in [52] English; some interintelligibilitywith [39] Maori

Cook Islands; large-scalemigration> New Zealand /Aotearoa ”

4

39-CAQ-ba rarotonga "rarotongan"=⊕Rarotonga island Cook Islands39-CAQ-bb mangaia "mangaian" ⊕Mangaia island Cook Islands39-CAQ-bc mauke ⊕Mauke island Cook Islands39-CAQ-bd aitutaki ⊕Aitutaki island Cook Islands39-CAQ-be atiu ⊕Atiu island Cook Islands39-CAQ-bf mitiaro Cook Islands39-CAQ-c Rakahanga+

Manihiki"cook-islands" maori 2=�bilingual in [52] English ⊕Cook islands Cook Islands; migration> New


39-CAQ-ca rakahanga ⊕Rakahanga island Cook Islands39-CAQ-cb manihiki ⊕Manihiki island Cook Islands39-CAQ-d Tongareva ⊕Cook islands �bilingual in [52] English Cook Islands 239-CAQ-da tongareva penrhyn, mangarongaro;⊕Tongareva, Penrhyn island Cook Islands 239-CAQ-e Hawai'i "marquesic"-N., "hawaiian"=�bilingual in [52] English ⊕Hawaiian

islandsUSA (Hawaii) 3

39-CAQ-ea ni'hau ⊕Ni'hau island USA (Hawaii)39-CAQ-eb hawai'i-A. ⊕Hawai'i island USA (Hawaii)39-CAQ-f Hatutu+ Nuku-Hiva "marquesan"-N. ⊕Marquesas-N. islands �translingual in [39] Tahiti &

bilingual in [51] Français==činfluenced by [39] TahitiFrench Polynesia 3

39-CAQ-fa hatutu ⊕Hatutu island French Polynesia39-CAQ-fb nuku-hiva ⊕Nuku-Hiva island French Polynesia39-CAQ-fc ua-huka ⊕Ua-Huka island French Polynesia39-CAQ-fd ua-pou ⊕Ua-Pou island French Polynesia39-CAQ-g Hiva-Oa+ Fatu-Hiva "marquesan"-S. ⊕Marquesas-S. islands �translingual in [39] Tahiti &

bilingual in [51] Français činfluenced by [39] TahitiFrench Polynesia 3

39-CAQ-ga hiva-oa ⊕Hiva-Oa island French Polynesia39-CAQ-gb tahuta tahuata ⊕Tahuata island French Polynesia39-CAQ-gc fatu-hiva ⊕Fatu-Hiva island French Polynesia39-CAQ-h Tahiti "tahitian", in [51] French: tahitien==�bilingual in [51] Français ⊕Société

islandsFrench Polynesia; migration>NewCaledonia / Kanaky ”

5

39-CAQ-ha tahiti-A. ⊕Tahiti island French Polynesia 539-CAQ-hb tahiti-V. "polynesian vehicular" ⊕vehicular extension throughout French

PolynesiaFrench Polynesia; also NewCaledonia / Kanaky ”

39-CAQ-hba maupiti* ⊕Maupiti island French Polynesia39-CAQ-hbb tupai* ⊕Tupai island French Polynesia39-CAQ-hbc borobora* ⊕Borobora island French Polynesia39-CAQ-hbd taha'a* ⊕Taha'a island French Polynesia39-CAQ-hbe ra'iatea* ⊕Ra'iatea island French Polynesia39-CAQ-hbf huahine* ⊕Huahine island French Polynesia39-CAQ-hbg tapuaemanu* ⊕Tapuaemanu island French Polynesia39-CAQ-hbh mo'orea* ⊕Mo'orea island French Polynesia39-CAQ-hbi mehetia* ⊕Mehetia island French Polynesia


39-CAQ-i Pa'umotu "tuamotuan"==činfluenced by [39] Tahiti �translingual in [39] Tahiti &bilingual in [51] Français ⊕Tuamotu archipelago

French Polynesia 4

39-CAQ-ia mihiroa taravaia ⊕Matahiva+ Tikahau+ Rangiroa+ Arutua+ Apataki+ Kaukura+Makatea+ Nieu islands

French Polynesia

39-CAQ-ib vahitu ⊕Ahe+ Manihi+ Takaroa+ Takapoto islands French Polynesia39-CAQ-ic napuka ⊕Tepoto+ Napuka islands French Polynesia39-CAQ-id fangatau tupitimoake ⊕Fangatau+ Fakahina+ Pukapuka islands French Polynesia39-CAQ-ie reao ⊕Reao+ Pukaroa islands French Polynesia39-CAQ-if marangai ⊕Tatakoto+ Akiaki+ Vahitahi+ Nukutavake+ Pinaki+ Vairaatea+

Ahunui+ Vanavana+ Tureia+ Marutea islandsFrench Polynesia

39-CAQ-ig tapuhoe ⊕Aratika+ Toau+ Kauehi+ Raraka+ Fakaraya+ Katiu+ Makemo+Taenga+ Raroia+ Nihiru+ Haraiki+ Hikueru+ Amanu+ Marokau+Ravahere+ Hao+ Nengonengo+ Perace islands

French Polynesia

39-CAQ-ih parata putahi ⊕Anaa+ Hereheretue islands French Polynesia39-CAQ-ii moruroa* ⊕Duke of Gloucester+ Tematangi+ Moruroa+ Fangataufa+ Actaeon+

Maria+ Morane islandsFrench Polynesia

39-CAQ-j Tubuai+ Rurutu "austral islands" ⊕Tubuai, Austral islands French Polynesia 339-CAQ-ja tubuai+ rurutu tupua'i+ rurutu ⊕Rurutu+ Tupua'i+ Rimatara+ Ra'ivavae islands French Polynesia 339-CAQ-k Mangareva "mangarevan" ⊕Tuamotu-SE. archipelago=�translingual in [39] Tahiti

& bilingual in [51] Français==činfluenced by [39] TahitiFrench Polynesia 3

39-CAQ-ka mangareva ⊕Mangareva+ Temoe islands French Polynesia 339-CAQ-l Rapa �bilingual in [39] Tahiti & [51] Français činfluenced by [39] Tahiti French Polynesia 239-CAQ-la rapa "rapan" ⊕Rapa island French Polynesia 239-CAR RAPANUI net �bilingual in [51] Español39-CAR-a Rapanui ⊕Easter island Chile 339-CAR-aa rapanui "easter island", pascuense Chile 3

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