20 october, 2006 chapter 15 the genetic code. overview the genetic code specifies which codons...
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20 October, 2006
Chapter 15
The Genetic Code
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Overview• The genetic code specifies which codons translate to which amino acids.• The genetic code minimizes the effects of mutations.• Wobble allows the 5’ base of the anticodon to pair more freely than
other bases.• There are three stop codons.• The code was deciphered using synthetic polynucleotides.• tRNA binding to synthetic trinucleotides at the ribosome was also used
in deciphering the code.• The message is read 5’ to 3’, with nonoverlapping, nondelimited codons
in a fixed reading frame.• Mutations may be missense, nonsense, or frameshift.• The genetic code is nearly universal.
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Genetic Code
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The code minimizes the effects of mutations.
Mutations in the first base give similar amino acids.
Pyr second = hydrophobic, Pur second = polar.(transitions are more copmmon than transversions.)
GCn = same, AUn = different (GC is stronger than AU)
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The code minimizes errors.
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tRNA
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Wobble
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Wobble in the first anticodon position
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Anticodon Structure
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Polynucleotide Phosphorylaseand the synthesis of polyA
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Repeating Sequences
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Generating Repeating Sequences
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Deciphering the Code
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Multiple Frameshifts
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Second-Site Nonsense Suppression
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Mitochondrial Genetic Code
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