2 types of cells are present in our body 1) rulers a.cells of nervous system b.cells of endocrine...
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2 types of cells are present in our body
1)Rulers
a.cells of nervous system
b.cells of endocrine glands
2)To be ruled
all other cells of the body
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Endocrinology It is the study of hormones secreted by
glands which directly pour their secretion
into blood stream for controlling the action
of other cells of the body
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1. Neurotransmitters are released by axon terminals of neurons into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control nerve cell functions.
2. Endocrine hormones are released by glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood and influence the function of cells at another location in the body.
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3. Neuroendocrine hormones are
secreted by neurons into the circulating
blood and influence the function of cells at
another location in the body.
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4. Paracrines are secreted by cells into
the extracellular fluid and affect
neighboring cells of a different type.
5. Autocrines are secreted by cells into
the extracellular fluid and affect the
function of the same cells that produced
them by binding to cell surface
receptors.
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6. Cytokines are peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones. Examples of cytokines include the interleukins and other lymphokines that are secreted by helper cells and act on other cells of the immune system .Cytokine hormones (e.g., leptin) produced by adipocytes are sometimes called adipokines
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Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones
There are three general classes of hormones:
1. Proteins2. Steroids3. Tyrosine derivatives
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1. Proteins and polypeptides,
including hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, the pancreas (insulin and glucagon), the parathyroid gland (parathyroid hormone)
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2. Steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone), ovaries (estrogen and progesterone), testes (testosterone), placenta (estrogen and progesterone).
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3. Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine,
secreted by the thyroid (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) and the adrenal medullae (epinephrine and norepinephrine). There are no known polysaccharides or nucleic acid hormones
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Polypeptide and Protein Hormones Are Stored in Secretory Vesicles Until Needed.
In general, polypeptides with 100 or more amino
acids are called proteins, and those with fewer
than 100 amino acids are referred to as peptides
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Steroid Hormones Are Usually Synthesized from Cholesterol and Are Not Stored.
The chemical structure of steroid hormones is similar to that of cholesterol, and in most instances they are synthesized from cholesterol itself.
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Amine Hormones Are Derived from Tyrosine.
The two groups of hormones derived from tyrosine, the thyroid and the adrenal medullary hormones, are formed by theactions of enzymes in the cytoplasmic compartments of the glandular cells.
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Together, the nervous and endocrine systems coordinate functions of all body systems.
NERVOUS SYSTEM VS. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
NERVOUSneurotransmitters hormones
ENDOCRINE
muscle contractions and glandular secretions
metabolic activities of cells
acts in milliseconds acts in seconds to minutes to hours to days to months
brief effects long-lasting effects
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Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance from the Blood
Onset of Hormone Secretion After a Stimulus, and Duration of Action of Different Hormones
Concentrations of Hormones in the Circulating Blood, and Hormonal Secretion Rates
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Feedback Control of Hormone Secretion
Negative Feedback Prevents Overactivity of Hormone Systems
Surges of Hormones Can Occur with Positive Feedback.
Cyclical Variations Occur in Hormone Release.
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Transport of Hormones in the Blood
Water-soluble hormones
Steroid and thyroid hormones
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Clearance of Hormones from the BloodMetabolic clearance is expressed in terms of number of milliliters of plasma cleared of hormone per minute.
Metabolic clearance rate = Rate of disappearance of
hormone from the plasma/Concentration of hormone
in each milliliter of plasma
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Hormones are cleared from the plasma in several ways including
metabolic destruction by the tissues
binding with the tissues
excretion by the liver into the bile
excretion by the kidneys into the urine
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Mechanism of Action of Hormones
1. Hormone Receptors and Their Activation
2. Intracellular Signaling After Hormone
Receptor Activation
3. Second Messenger System
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Hormone Receptors and Their Activation
1 . In or on the surface of the cell
membrane.
2. In the cell cytoplasm
3. In the cell nucleus
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1 . In or on the surface of the cell membrane. The membrane receptors are specific mostly for the protein, peptide, and catecholamine hormones.
2. In the cell cytoplasm. The primary receptors for the different steroid hormones are found mainly in the cytoplasm.
3. In the cell nucleus. The receptors for the thyroid hormones are found in the nucleus and are believed to be located in direct association with one or more of the chromosomes.
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Intracellular Signaling After Hormone Receptor Activation
Ion Channel–Linked Receptors
G Protein–Linked Hormone Receptors
Enzyme-Linked Hormone Receptors
Intracellular Hormone Receptors and
Activation of Genes
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Second Messenger System
Adenylyl Cyclase–cAMP Second Messenger
System
The Cell Membrane Phospholipid Second
Messenger System
Calcium-Calmodulin Second Messenger System
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