2 thermal comfort 2012

8/12/2019 2 Thermal Comfort 2012

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.


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F A F HEDAC EEG BAACE

uwd EEE +=

: : / / . . / / .


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CONDUCTION

( )AttQ 2w1w =tw1 tw2

CONVECTION

Q

(((( ))))AttQ 1w1f1 ====Q

tf1

tw1

tw21

2 AttQ 2f2w2 ====HEAT TRANSMISSION

(((( ))))AttkQ 2f1f ====

Q

Qtf2


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?Ed= ?Eu= ?Ew=

= =?


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: . . : , . 2 , 0 2 ( 1 2 ) , 2 0 0 8


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: . . : , . 2 , 0 2 ( 1 2 ) , 2 0 0 8


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EB BEEE A FHE, EHEC AD EEG

HA CE F GH AD

HEAG


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C

D


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D

E ,

,

,

A,

,

,

.


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THE OTHER FACTORS THAT CAN INFLUENCE THERMALCOMFORT

VERTICAL TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE,

ASYMETRIC FIELD OF TEMPERATURE, DRAFT,

,

COLOURS,

AGE,

SEX,

ETHNIC DIFFERENCES,ETC.


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UPWARD FLOW SYSTEM DOWNWARD FLOW SYSTEM

SOURCE: F.PORGES-HVAC ENGINEERS HANDBOOK, IX ED,1991


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Vertical temperature distribution for the different types of heating


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: / / . . / / / .


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F

: / / . . / / / .

cb =


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,, ,, ,, ,,

, , , ,

. . . .

,, ,, ,, ,,


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,

,

.


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40

t=1K

.


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EVAPORATION

METABOLIC HEAT

RESPIRATION

uwd EEE +=

CONDUCTION

RADIATION

MECHANICAL WORK

CONVECTION

, , , ,

, , , ,


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coree t-t=tcoret=POINTSET

et=SIGNALINPUT

d

dt=Y-Y

pointsete


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CENTRAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM

INTERNAL ORGANSSKIN BLOOD

VESSELS

HEATA

NDCOLD

THERMORECEPTORS

MUSCLES

BREATHINGSYSTEM

SWEAT GLANDS

SKIN


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: / / . .


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HEA BAACE F HE HA BD

&

jQ&

uQ&

eQ&

dQ&

mQ&

(1)S=)Q+Q+Q+Q+Q+Q(-W-Q rkjuedm &&&&&&&&&

kQ&

W&

(2)W+Q=Qm

&&&

: , . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .


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(3)0=S&

&&&&&&&&

+==+++- rkPjued

A


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&

HE CF EEAE

c,r,,m,=


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EA HEA DC

(8)W- &&& mQQ=

(9)mQ

W&

&

=


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(10)AqVCQ Dum2Om == &&&

O2

(11)DuAmq)-1(mQ)-1(OV)-1(CQ 2 === &&&&

= 1 . 5- . 5 /cm


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Activity mq&

[W/m

2

]1 Lying down 472 Quietly seated 58

, ,

4 Standing, relaxed 705 Light activity (shopping, laboratory, light work) 936 Medium activity (shop work, domestic work,

machine work)117

7 Heavy activity (heavy machine work, garage work 1758 Heavy exercise (running) 525

, . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .


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(12))swp-sp(DuArdQ =&

)13(,3360st256sp =

, /

A

D B ,

,

,

, /


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: / / . . / .


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: / / . .

, . , , . ; , . . ; , .


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4,90E-08

5,10E-085,30E-08

5,50E-08

5,70E-08

5,90E-08

orationcoefficient,

[kg/m2

sPa]

810)v46,358,4( +=

4,50E-08

4,70E-08

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

Air velocity v, [m/s]

E

va

: . , . , . , 1 9 6 6 , , 1 9 7 1 .


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(14))swp-sp(DuArweQ =&

n wetness s e ne as:

{ [ )} (15)1-58mq(6,0-exp-14,002,0

maxeQ

eQw

+==

&

&

&

. , . .

, , 1 9 7 7 .


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0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

WETNESS

0,00

0,05

0,10

50 70 90 110 130 150

Metabolic activity, qm, [W/m2]

SKIN

+== 1

58

q6,0exp14,002,0

Q

Qw m

maxe

e &

&

&


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Dry respiratory heat loss results from the difference between the

expired and inspired gas temperatures:

(16))it-ext(DuApcmjQ = &&

pc - specific heat at the constant pressure, J/kgK

m& - mas rate of gas, kg/s

iex t,t - the temperature of the expired, inspired gas, oC


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)17)(inX-exX(DuAmq61043,1

)inX-exX(rmuQ

=

==

&

&&

m& - mas rate of gas, kg/s

r -heat of water evaporation, kJ/kg,inX,exX - humidity ratio of the expired, inspired gas


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)18(clR

DuA)clt-st(pQ =

&

DuA - Du Bois area,m

Icl - thermal resistance from skin to the surface of the clothing, clo,tcl, ts - the temperature of the outer surface of the clothing, skin

oC,Rcl - thermal resistance from skin to the surface of the clothing,m

2K/W

155,0cl

clI = Wm

0,1551clo=


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Thermal Insulation of Clothing

The addition of thermal resistance due to clothing affects heat

transfer mechanisms between the human body and the

environment.

Clo- value is a numerical representation of a clothing ensemble's

thermal resistance, 1 clo = 0.155 m2K / W.


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Thermal resistance of different clothyhing ensembles

Clothing Combination I cl, [clo] R cl [m2-K/W]Naked 0 0Shorts 0.1 0.016Tropical ensemble (briefs,shorts, open- necked shirt,light socks and sandals)

0.3 0.047

Light summer ensemble(briefs, long lightweighttrousers, short-sleeved shirt,light socks and shoes)

0.5 0.078

Workin attire briefs, lon -sleeved shirt, trousers, woolen

socks and shoes)

0.8 0.124

Typical indoor winter attire(briefs, long-sleeved shirt,trousers, long-sleevedsweater, heavy socks andshoes)

1.0 0.155

Heavy indoor winter attire(long underwear, long-sleevedshirt, suit with vest, heavysocks and shoes)

1.5 0.233

: , . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .


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(21)]4)15,273r(t-4)15,273clt[(DuAclf8-104RQ ++=&

fcl - the ratio of the surface area of the clothed body to the

surface of the nude body,

t , tr - the comfort , mean radiant temperature, o C,

ADu - Du Bois area , m2


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(22)t)-clt(DuAclfkQ =&

Cp - specific heat at the constant pressure, J/kgK

fcl - clothing factor,

p - total pressure of the breathing mixture, Pa,

v - relative velocity of gas , m/s

t , tr- the comfort , mean radiant temperature,o C,

- thermal conductivity of the breathing gas , W/mK,

xi - molar fraction of the inert gas

Convective heat transfer coefficient:


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)v,t,,,,pc(f =

Cp - specific heat at the constant pressure, J/kgK

v - relative velocity of gas , m/s

t - the comfort , mean temperature, o C

- thermal conductivity of the breathing gas , W/mK,

v - air velocity, m/s,

- dynamic viscosity coefficient , kg/ms


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=+

+

)text(pcm-)inX-exX(rmq6101,43

-)swp-sp(rw

)swp-sp(r-mq)1(

&&

&

-

]4)15,273r(t-4)15,273clt[(DuAclf8-104 +++

+=

= t)-clt(DuAclfclI155,0

cltst


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I,t,,,vft= &


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rt

t

DuA,h,m

m2oq,V &&

clI

pclF


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2m

W175q

m&

: , . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .


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2m

W58qm &

: , . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .


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2m

W116qm &

: , . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .


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: , . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .


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: , . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .


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AHAE :


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( )

.


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D

.

F D :


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: , . . , , , 1 9 7 0 .

E BE ECEAGE DAFED (D)

DE


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DE

D

.

.

A , D 6%.

HE EAE EEAE


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'

,

. , 7.6 /.

F


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:

; ( C),

; ( C),

; ( C),

, /.

: / / .

Effective Temperature


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E

50% ,

,

.


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2 thermal comfort 2012

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