2nd Quarter Study Guide

•SOME STUDY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

BY THE MANAGEMENT

•How many layers of the earth have we studied?

•4

•What is the outer later called, and what form is it?

•Crust

•It is solid as a rock

•What is the layer below the crust?

•The Mantle

•What form is the mantle?

•It is pliable and flows slowly, like Silly Putty

•What is the layer below the mantle, and what is its form?

•The outer core is liquid

•What is the outer core made of?

•Iron and nickel

•What is the lowest layer and what is its form?

•The inner core is solid iron and nickel

•What is the hottest part of the earth?

•The inner core

•If it is so hot, why is it solid?

•The pressure of the rest of the earth makes its molecules squeeze tightly together

•What part of the earth moves the outer plates?

•The mantle is flowing in currents and moves the plates that float on top of it

•What energy transfer method causes the mantle to flow?

•CONVECTION

•Are we allowed to talk during the quiz?

•NO!• Talking may earn you an E

•What is a divergent boundary?

•2 plates moving apart

•What is a convergent boundary?

•2 plates moving together

•What is a transform boundary?

•2 plates sliding past each other like 2 trains on parallel tracks

•What is a subduction zone?

•The place where one plate is sliding under another in a convergent boundary

•How fast do the plates move?

•Usually only a centimeter or 2 per year, but India is clocked at 20 cm/yr

•Where is a convergent boundary?

•Washington and Oregon

•Where is a transform boundary?

•Much of the coast of California

•Where is a Divergent boundary?

•The riff valley in Ethiopia

•How do we know Pangaea really existed?

• Coal in Antartica

• The shapes of the continents

• Identical fossils around the world

• Identical rocks around the world

• How often does the earth wobble on it’s axis?

•23,000 years

• Trade winds and ocean currents normally cause what water conditions off the coast of South America?

• Cold water and relatively dry air

• What happens to the water temperature off the South American coast during El Nino?

• It gets warm. The air gets much more humid. The fish go away

• During El Nino, what happens to our weather in the United states?

• Places that are normally dry get wet and places that are normally wet get dry.

• When hot water is poured into cold, what happens?

• What happens when salt water is poured into cold water?

• What will happen when muddy water is poured into cold water?

• what is the relationship between the average velocity of a slurry and its density?

• In the ocean, the denser the mixture, the faster it will go

• What happens to the density of a density current as it travels down a silt covered ocean bottom slope?

• The density increases.

• What happens to the speed of a density current in the ocean as it moves down the slope?

• It increases as it picks up more density.

• In the ocean, what happens to the speed of a density current as the slope of the ocean floor increases?

• The speed of the current increases.

Keep going

CLOSE OR FAR?

• The S wave starts pretty close to when the P wave started, so the epicenter is not too far away

CLOSE OR FAR?

• The S wave starts farther from when the P wave started, so the epicenter is farther away

•What is one thing a seismograph tells us?

•How far it is to the epicenter

•What is the other thing a seismograph tells us?

•How strong the quake was

•What is the focus of an earthquake?

•The focus is the place deep underground where the quake actually happened

•What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

• The place on the surface directly over the focus of the quake

• How many seismographs do we need to know exactly where an earthquake is located?

•THREE seismographs are used

• What is it called when we use 3 seismographs to determine the location of a quake?

TRIANGULATION

What is the amplitude?

• The distance from the ZERO line up to the highest point of the wave

• Do we have earthquakes in Maryland?

Yes, but they are small ones - -

SO FAR!

•Why are Maryland’s earthquakes so small?

• Because we don’t have any major tectonic zones nearby (that we know of)

How long does it take the S wave?

50 seconds

•What does high amplitude mean about the quake?

•Either the quake is large or it is very close

• What is the definition of a mineral?

A mineral is a

NATURALLY OCCURING

INORGANIC SOLID

that has

ONE CHEMICAL FORMULA

•What does naturally occurring mean?

• It occurs in nature and doesn’t have to be made by man

•What does inorganic mean?

• IT IS NOT CARBON BASED, like diamonds, coal, graphite and charcoal are

• Name 1 property that can be used to identify minerals.

• Name 1 property that can be used to identify minerals.

• COLOR

• LUSTER

• STREAK

• SPECIFIC GRAVITY

• HARDNESS

• CLEAVAGE

• CRYSTAL SHAPE

• Define specific gravity.

•Specific gravity is the density of the moneral compared to the density of water

•What is the specific gravity of water?

1

ONE

• What is Archimedes Principle that we use to determine the volume of a rock?

•An object in water will appear lighter by the weight of the volume of water it displaces

• Non metallic rocks usually have a specific gravity of less than _____.

5

• Metallic rocks usually have a specific gravity of Greater than than _____.

5

Where did it harden?

NO (OR SMALL) CRYSTALS

=

OUTSIDE THE EARTH

So what type is it?

EXTRUSIVE

Where did it harden?

LARGE CRYSTALS

=

INSIDE THE EARTH

So what type is it?

•INTRUSIVE

•Basaltic rocks are _________

•DARK COLORED

•Granitic rocks are _________

•LIGHT COLORED

•Andedcitic rocks are _________

•MEDIUM COLORED

•What is weathering?

•The natural breakdown of rocks

•What are the 3 types of weathering?

•MECHANICAL

•CHEMICAL

•BIOLOGICAL

•How do we know mechanical weathering?

•MOVEMENT INDICATES MECHANICAL

• How does “abrasion?” wear away rock?

•Bits of sand carried by wind or water scratch away the rock

• . Does air or water abrasion do more weathering?

•WATER

• . What is exfoliation?

•When rock peals away in layers

•What causes exfoliation?

• Rapid Heating and cooling cycles like you would have between day and night.

• . How does frost wedging work?

•Water enters a crack

•Freezes & expands

•Pries apart the rock

• How do landslides cause rock to weather?

•They break the rocks by crashing them down the hill

• What is “unloading,” and how does it affect rock?

• Unloading is when a deeply burried rock has the overlaying rock unloaded from on top of it.

• When the weight is removed, the lower rock will often expand and crack

•What is “Chemical Weathering?”

•Breakdown of a rock by chemicals such as acid rain or oxygen

• How does acid rain affect chemical weathering?

•It dissolves the rock

•What is a “sinkhole?”

•A hole in the ground often caused by the collapse of part of the roof of a cave

•What types of rock tends to support sinkholes?

•Carbonate rocks such as limestone, calcite, and marble

• What is a famous and beautiful example of chemical weathering?

•Luray Caverns

•Mammoth Cave

• . What can oxygen bring about in the rock?

• Rust

• Rust takes up more room than the unrusted metal, so it weakens the rock

•What is “Biological Weathering?”

•Breakdown of rock by living things like plants and animals

•How do lichens start the weathering process in rocks?

•They release acid that slowly etches the rock

• How does moss affect the weathering process?

• Moss follows lichens and builds up a soil base for larger plants to grow in.

• It can also hold acid rain against the rock like a wet sponge

•What is “Root Wedging?”

• Tree roots can get into a crack in the rock, grow larger and pry the rock apart

•What is “tallus”?

• Piles of rock chunks that are slowly moving down a mountain. They grind themselves into smaller pieces

• What rock is the first rock in the “Rock Cycle?”

• Igneous rock was the first to form on earth, so it is first in the rock cycle

• Why is one characteristic not enough to identify a mineral or rock?

•Because 100 different rocks could have that exact same trait

• How does weathering affect the crust of the earth?

• It breaks down rocks into sediment and allows it to wash away into bodies of water

What are “clasts?”

•Small bits and pieces that break off of weathered rock

• What is the main thing that tells you when weathering is Mechanical?

• There is movement - - like machines move

• What is the main thing that tells you when weathering is chemical?

• The thing doing the weathering is a chemical - - like acid rain or oxygen

•What is the main thing that tells you when weathering is biological?

• Whatever is causing the weathering is ALIVE. This over rides any other cause. If a living thing causes movement, it is still biological, NOT mechanical

Didn’t we learn a lot!

Keep Going!

Quiz review for the Rock Cycle

& Sedimentary & Metamorphic

Rocks

• Where does sedimentary rock almost always form?

•UNDER WATER

• Where does Metamorphic rock almost always form?

•Deep in the ground

• For any rock to become sedimentary rock, what process must happen to it first?

•It must be WEATHERED into small bits, like dust, sand or pebbles

• For any rock to become Metamorphic rock, what must happen to change it?

HEAT

Or

PRESSURE

Or

HOT WATER UNDER PRESSURE

Or all 3

• For any rock to become igneous rock, what must happen to it first?

•It must MELT

• What is Clastic sedimentary rock?

•Sedimentary rock made up of small pieces of weathered rock

• A Clastic sedimentary rock composed mostly of sand is called ________.

•SANDSTONE

• A Clastic sedimentary rock composed mostly of clay is called ________.

•CLAYSTONE

A Clastic sedimentary rock composed mostly of silt is called ________.

•SHALE

• A Clastic sedimentary rock composed mostly of sand and rounded pebbles is called ________.

•CONGLOMERATE

•Looks like concrete

• A Clastic sedimentary rock composed mostly of sand and small broken rocks is called ________.

•BRECCIA

• What makes a sedimentary rock Organic?

• If it is made of once living things, or contains once living things, it is ORGANIC

• An organic sedimentary rock composed mostly of tiny shells is called ________.

•Coquina

• An organic sedimentary rock that is made from disolved shells and deposited chemically by precipitation is called ________.

•LIMESTONE

• Rock that was precipitated by evaporating water and was never alive is called _________ sedimentary rock.

•CHEMICAL

• What are 2 examples of chemical sedimentary rock?

•Salt

•Gypsum

What is peat made of?

•Dead MOSS

•What is all coal made of?

•Mostly peat, ferns, and ancient conifer trees

• The first stage of coal that is a true rock is called _____________ or brown coal

•Lignite

• The second stage of coal that is a true sedimentary rock is called _________ Coal

• BITUMINOUS

(It is also referred to as soft coal)

• Sometime after a thick layer of plants formed in the coal fields, what had to have happened to cause them to be covered with sedimentary rock?

• The area had to be flooded underwater so that sediment could cover the dead plants

• Why must sedimentary rock always cover coal?

• The sedimentary rock is what provides the pressure to make coal from organic matter

• Bituminous coal that becomes metamorphic is called ______________

• Anthricite is the metamorphic type of coal

• (also called hard coal)

There are 2 main classes of metamorphic rock they are:

__________ metamorphic rocks and__________ metamorphic rocks

•Foliated

•Non-foliated

• Limestone that becomes metamorphic is called __________.

•Marble

• Shale that becomes metamorphic is called __________.

•SLATE

• Claystone that becomes metamorphic is called________

• Can become Slate, Phylite or mica depending on conditions

• Phylite, a metamorphic rock already, that is subjected to more heat and pressure becomes ______________

•Mica

• Sandstone that becomes metamorphic is called ____________________

•Quartzite

•Basalt that becomes metamorphic is called ________________.

•Amphibolite

•What is a foliated metamorphic rock?

•Metamorphic rock with layers or bands of different color flattened crystals

What is a Non-foliated metamorphic rock?

•Anthracite

•Marble

•Quartzite

What causes metamorphic rock to become foliated?

• The crystals in the rock flatten out and fuse together at 90 degrees to the direction of the pressure applied to them

• This can cause layering and can cause bands of different color crystals

• What sometimes happens to the crystals in a rock when they are exposed to extreme pressure?

•They flatten out

• When these crystals are squashed, in what direction do they go?

•sideways (90 degrees) from the direction the pressure is applied

• Banding and thin layers are both examples of ________

•FOLIATION

•Gneiss has what type of banding?

•Nice easy to see banding

•Shist has what type of banding?

• a good example of a foliated metamorphic rock is

• Gneiss

•Schist

•Slate

•Mica

•Phylite

• SOME STUDY IS HIGHLY

RECOMMENDED BY THE MANAGEMENT

•Keep going!

Mountain and Volcano Quiz

Prep

•SOME STUDY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

BY THE MANAGEMENT

What Type of Volcano?

•Cinder Cone

•What are cinder cones made of?

•Loose bubbly light weight chunks of rocks

•Rubble

•Why are cinder cones not steeper?

•Cinder Cones have moderately sloping sides because loose rubble doesn’t stack well.

What Type of Volcano?

Shield

•Why are shield volcanoes not steeper?

• The lava shield volcanoes are made of is very thin and travels long distances before it hardens.

What Type of Volcano?

Composite

•Why are composite volcanoes named composite?

They are composed of many different types of layers

•What is the tallest type of mountain on Earth?

• A shield Volcano named Mona Loa in the Hawaiian Islands.

•Which type of volcano is most likely to blow up?

•Composite

•Why do Composite volcanoes tend to blow up?

• They are very weak because many of their layers are nothing but ash or cinder. When too much pressure builds up, they blow their layers apart.

•Which type of volcano makes a lot of noise and fireworks, but isn’t too likely to explode?

•Cinder Cone

•What caused the Hawaiian Islands to form?

•Hot spots

•Why are there so many islands?

• The Earth’s crust is moving, but the hot spot is not. Consequently, new volcanoes form over the hot spot after the old ones move away.

•What type of volcano is found at Yellowstone?

•A Supervolcano

•Why did they have a hard time locating the Yellowstone Volcano?

•It is so big that you have to be in space to see the whole caldera.

•Where can we find some composite volcanoes in the USA?

• Along the Pacific coast in Washington and Oregon.

•What caused these coastal volcanoes to form?

• The Cascade range was formed by a subduction zone where the oceanic plate is sliding under the continental plate.

•What are island arc volcanoes caused by?

•Island arc volcanoes are caused by the convergence of 2 oceanic plates

•What does ISOSTASY refer to?

• The balance of the weight of a mountain against the buoyancy of its base which is submerged in the Earth’s mantle

•The Appalachian Mountains are what type of mountains?

•Folded Mountains

•Where are the Appalachian Mountains?

• They run from Georgia to Maine parallel to the Atlantic Coast

•What caused the Appalachian Mountains to form?

• They formed by continental/continental convergence when North America crashed into Africa.

• Why does Oceanic/Continental convergence usually only volcanoes while Continental/Continental convergence causes a few volcanoes AND folded mountains?

• Because oceanic crust forms a continuous subduction zone and almost no collision while continental collisions only form a limited subduction zone, as they make a great big crash

•What causes peaks and valleys in folded mountains?

• The softer layers of uplifted rock wear away quicker than the harder layers

What is an uplifted mountain?

• A mountain that was formed by being pushed upward by currents in the Earth’s mantle.

•Where can you find uplifted mountains?

•The closest ones are the Adirondacks in New York State.

• Why are the Adirondack mountains not in long chains like the Appalachian mountains?

• The Adirondacks were uplifted while the long folds of the Appalachians were caused by a collision of the whole coast of the continent.

•What causes a fault block mountain?

• Fault block mountains are caused by a continental plate that is trying to split apart. The mantle pushes it up and spreads it. As the 2 sides pull apart, huge blocks of rock drop along the fault lines, leaving mountains on one side of the fault.

•Where in the US can we find fault block mountains?

•The Grand Tetons in Wyoming