2. fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients - centers for disease
TRANSCRIPT
871 Water-Soluble Vitamins 872 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Nutrients
Vitamins A and E and Carotenoidsbull VitaminAbull Retinylpalmitatebull Retinylstearatebull VitaminEbull gamma-Tocopherolbull alpha-Carotenebull trans-beta-Carotenebull cis-beta-Carotenebull beta-Cryptoxanthinbull Luteinandzeaxanthinbull trans-Lycopenebull Totallycopene(cis-andtrans-)
Vitamin Dbull 25-HydroxyvitaminD
Fatty AcidsSaturated
bull Myristicacid(140)bull Palmiticacid(160)bull Stearicacid(180)bull Arachidicacid(200)bull Docosanoicacid(220)bull Lignocericacid(240)
Monounsaturatedbull Myristoleicacid(141n-5)bull Palmitoleicacid(161n-7)bull cis-Vaccenicacid(181n-7)bull Oleicacid(181n-9)bull Eicosenoicacid(201n-9)bull Docosenoicacid(221n-9)bull Nervonicacid(241n-9)
Polyunsaturatedbull Linoleicacid(182n-6)bull alpha-Linolenicacid(183n-3)bull gamma-Linolenicacid(183n-6)bull Eicosadienoicacid(202n-6)bull homo-gamma-Linolenicacid
(203n-6)bull Arachidonicacid(204n-6)bull Eicosapentaenoicacid(205n-3)bull Docosatetraenoicacid(224n-6)bull Docosapentaenoicacid(225n-3)bull Docosapentaenoicacid(225n-6)bull Docosahexaenoicacid(226n-3)
88 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population88 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Vitamins A E and CarotenoidsBackground InformationSources and Physiological Functions VitaminsA(retinol)andE(alpha-tocopherol)andthecarotenoidsarefat-solublemicronutrientsfoundinmanyfoodsincludingsomevegetablesfruitsmeatsandanimalproductsFish-liveroilslivereggyolksbutterandcreamareknownfortheirhighercontentofvitaminANutsandseedsareparticularlyrichsourcesofvitaminE(Thomas2006)Atleast700carotenoidsmdashfat-solubleredandyellowpigmentsmdasharefoundinnature(Britton2004)Americansconsume40ndash50ofthesecarotenoidsprimarilyinfruitsandvegetables(Khachik1992)andsmalleramountsinpoultryproductsincludingeggyolksaswellasinseafoods(Boylston2007)Eightdifferentcarotenoidsareeasilymeasuredinhumanserumalpha-carotenecis-andtrans-beta-carotenebeta-cryptoxanthinluteincis-andtrans-lycopeneandzeaxanthinMainsourcesofcarotenesareorange-coloredfruitsandvegetablessuchascarrotspumpkinsandmangosLuteinandzeaxanthinarealsofoundindarkgreenleafyvegetableswhereanyorangecoloringisovershadowedbychlorophyllTrans-lycopeneisobtainedprimarilyfromtomatoesandtomatoproductsandsomefruitsForinformationonthecarotenoidcontentofUSfoodsseethe1998carotenoiddatabasecreatedbytheUSDepartmentofAgricultureandtheNutritionCoordinatingCenterattheUniversityofMinnesota(httpwwwnalusdagovfnicfoodcompDatacar98car98html)
VitaminAfoundinfoodsthatcomefromanimalsourcesiscalledpreformedvitaminASomecarotenoidsfoundincolorfulfruitsandvegetablesarecalledprovitaminAbecausetheyaremetabolizedinthebodytovitaminAAmongthecarotenoidsbeta-carotenearetinoldimerconsistingoftwolinkedretinolmoleculeshasthemostsignificantprovitaminAactivityApproximately12micrograms(microg)ofdietarybeta-carotenecanprovidetheequivalentof1microgofretinolOtherprovitaminAcarotenoidssuchasalpha-caroteneandbeta-cryptoxanthinarehalfasactiveasbeta-carotene(InstituteofMedicine2000)ThebioconversionofcarotenoidstovitaminAishighlyvariablefrompersontoperson(Krinsky2005)RetinylestersserveasthestorageformofvitaminAandaremostlyconcentratedintheliver
Theabsorptionoffat-solublemicronutrientsfromthegastrointestinaltractdependsonprocessesresponsibleforfatabsorptionormetabolismThuspeoplewithconditionsresultinginfatmalabsorption(egceliacdiseaseCrohnrsquosdiseasepancreaticdisorders)candevelopvitaminAdeficiencyovertimeVitaminAalsohasinteractionswithothernutrientsIronandzincdeficiencycanaffectvitaminAmetabolismandtransportofvitaminAstoresfromthelivertobodytissues(InstituteofMedicine2001)Theabsorptionofcarotenoidsfromfoodsishighlydependentoncookingtechniquesthatbreakdownplantcellwallsandreleasecarotenoidsitisalsodependentontheavailabilityofdietaryfattoenhancecarotenoiduptake(Krinsky2005)TheliverregulatestheconcentrationofvitaminAinthecirculationbyreleasingstoredretinylestersasneededonlywhenliverreservesarenearlyexhausteddoesserumvitaminAfallintothedeficientrange(Napoli2006)ThevariationinserumcarotenoidconcentrationsamongpeopleintheUnitedStatesisrelativelylargeprimarilyreflectingwide-rangingdifferencesindietaryintake(Lacher2005)
VitaminEactivityisderivedfromatleasteightnaturallyoccurringtocopherolsthemostpotentofwhichisalpha-tocopherolOtherlessactiveformsofvitaminEareplentifulintheUSdietwithgamma-tocopherolbeingthepredominantformThemostcommonlyconsumedsourcesofalpha-tocopherolinthedietofAmericanadultsaremixedfoods(spaghettisaucepizzaandchili)friedpotatoessaladdressingsandbakerygoods(Ahuja2004)Otherimportantsourcesare
891 Water-Soluble Vitamins 892 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
tomatoeseggsnutsandseedsandsnackfoodsPlasmaconcentrationsoftocopherolsvarywidelyamonghealthyindividualsandarehighlycorrelatedwithplasmalipidconcentrations(Ford1999Ford2006)
Health EffectsInadequateorexcessiveintakeofvitaminsAorEcanleadtovariousdisordersForexamplevitaminAdeficiencyconsideredtobethemaincauseofchildhoodblindnessinlow-incomecountries(Roodhooft2002)isarareconditionintheUnitedStatesProminentsignsofvitaminAdeficiencyincludenightblindnesscornealthinningandconjunctivalmetaplasiaVitaminAisalsoessentialforproperimmunefunctionepithelialgrowthandrepairbonegrowthreproductionandnormalembryonicandfetaldevelopment(West2006)Acutetoxicityresultingfromsingleorshort-termlargedosesofpreformedvitaminAischaracterizedbynauseavomitingheadachevertigoblurredvisionincreasedcerebrospinalfluidpressureandlackofmuscularcoordinationCentralnervoussystemeffectsliverabnormalitiesboneandskinchangesandothernonspecificadverseeffectscanbeindicativeofchronichypervitaminosisAConsumingexcessamountsofvitaminAduringearlypregnancymayleadtoseriousbirthdefects(InstituteofMedicine2001)
SerumorplasmaconcentrationsofcarotenoidsareconsideredamongthebestbiologicalmarkersforfruitandvegetableintakeThestrongestdietarypredictorsofserumcarotenoidconcentrationsarefruits(forsourcesofbeta-cryptoxanthin)carrotsandrootvegetables(forsourcesofcarotenes)andtomatoproducts(forsourcesoftrans-lycopene)(Al-Delaimy2005)ResearchstudieshaveshowninconsistenciesintherelationbetweencarotenoidintakeandprotectionfromcancerCarotenoidsinfoodsevenwhenconsumedoverlongperiodsandinlargeamountsarenotknowntoproduceadversehealtheffectsHoweverresultsofinterventionstudiesofsmokerswhoused20ndash30milligrams(mg)ofbeta-caroteneperdayshowedthatthisgrouphadmorelungcancersthanplacebo-treatedgroups(Albanes1996Redlich1998)
VitaminEdeficiencyoccursonlyrarelyinpeopleandovertdeficiencysymptomsinpeopleconsuminglow-vitaminEdietshaveneverbeendescribed(InstituteofMedicine2000)ThemainmanifestationofvitaminEdeficiencyisperipheralneuropathycharacterizedbythedegenerationofthelarge-caliberaxonsofsensoryneurons(InstituteofMedicine2000)Theupperlimit(UL)forvitaminEintake(1000mgday)isbasedonhemorrhagiceffectshoweveracausalassociationbetweenexcessalpha-tocopherolintakeinapparentlyhealthyindividualsandadversehealthoutcomeshasnotconsistentlybeenshown(InstituteofMedicine2000)Studiesevaluatingtocopherolstoreducetheriskforcardiovasculardiseasedemonstratedinconsistentfindings(AgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality2003)TheAmericanHeartAssociationcurrentlyadvisesthatantioxidantsupplements(suchasvitaminsEandCandbeta-carotene)shouldnotbeusedforprimaryorsecondarypreventionofcardiovasculardisease(Lichtenstein2006)NeverthelesstheAmericanHeartAssociationrecommendsconsumingfoodsourcesofantioxidantnutrientsprincipallyfromavarietyofplant-derivedfoodssuchasfruitsvegetableswholegrainsandvegetableoils
Intake Recommendations TheNationalAcademyofScienceshasestablisheddietary-requirementintakevaluesforvitaminsAandEbydeterminingtheAdequateIntake(AI)forinfantsandtherecommendeddietaryallowance(RDA)forolderagegroups(InstituteofMedicine2000and2001)TheRDAforvitaminAinretinolequivalentsis900microgdayformenand700microgdayforwomenforchildrenandadolescents(1ndash18years)theRDArangesfrom300ndash900microgdayForinfants(0ndash12months)theAIissetat400ndash500microgdayofretinolequivalentsTheTolerableUpperIntakeLevel(UL)foradultsissetat3000microgdayofpreformedvitaminAwhereastheULforinfants(600microgday)youngerchildren1ndash8years(600-900microgday)olderchildren9ndash13years(1700microgday)and
90 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population90 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
adolescents14ndash18years(2800microgday)areage-dependentForadultstheRDAforvitaminEis15mgdayofalpha-tocopherolforchildrenandadolescents(1ndash18years)theRDArangesfrom6ndash15mgdayThereisnoRDAforotherformsofvitaminEsuchasgamma-tocopherolTheULforvitaminEwhichappliestoalleightstereoisomersofalpha-tocopherolis1000mgdayforadultsaULforinfantscouldnotbeestablishedandthusonlyfoodandformulasourcesofdietaryintakearerecommendedTheULforchildrenandadolescentsrangesfrom200-800mgdayofvitaminEAlthoughnoquantitativerecommendationsareavailablefortheintakeofcarotenoidsexistingrecommendationssupportincreasedconsumptionofcarotenoid-richfruitsandvegetablesCurrentpublichealthguidelinesadvisethatpeopleconsumeatleast25cupsoffruitsandvegetablesadaydependingoncaloricneedtoensureadequatenutrientintake(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsThebestwaytodetermineinadequatevitaminAstatusisthroughhepaticbiopsybutthisinvasiveprocedureisunsuitableforpopulationstudiesSerumorplasmaretinolismeasuredbyuseofhighperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)withultraviolet(UV)detectionafterseparationfromitscarrierretinolbindingprotein(RBP)BecauseretinoliscloselycorrelatedwithRBPthemeasurementofthistransportproteinthroughenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)hasalsobeenusedtoassessvitaminAstatusInmostpopulationsserumRBPhasbeenshowntobeasuitablesurrogateforretinolSerumorplasmaconcentrationsofcarotenoidsaremeasuredbyuseofHPLCandvisiblelight(450nm)absorbance
Clinicallaboratoriestypicallyuseconventionalunitsforserumconcentrationsofthesefat-solublemicronutrients(microgperdeciliter[dL])Conversionfactorstointernationalsystem(SI)unitsare1microgdL=00349micromoleperliter(mmolL)forvitaminAand1microgdL=002322mmolLforvitaminEDependingonitsmolecularweighteachcarotenoidhasaspecificconversionfactor
InternationalreferencematerialsforvitaminsAandEandcarotenoidsareavailablefromtheUSNationalInstitutesofStandardsandTechnology(httpswww-snistgovsrmorsview_detailcfmsrm=968e)AmongmostlaboratoriesparticipatinginanexternalqualityassuranceprogramstandardizedHPLCmethodsformeasuringfat-solublemicronutrientsshowconsistentagreementofvalues(Duewer2000)
ThediagnosisofvitaminAorEdeficiencyissupportedbymeasuringtheseconcentrationsinthebodyPeoplewithserumretinolconcentrationsoflessthan20microgdLareconsideredvitaminAdeficientandthosewithserumconcentrationsoflessthan10microgdLareconsideredseverelydeficient(West2006)Serumretinolvaluesdonotalwaysreflecttotalbodystatusbecauseofhomeostatic
controlandthereforeareoftennotusefulforassessingthevitaminAstatusofindividualsAdditionaltestsmayberequiredtoconfirmvitaminAdeficiencywhen20microgdLisusedasacutoff(Gibson2005)ThedistributionofserumretinolvaluesinapopulationtogetherwiththeprevalenceofindividualswithserumretinolvaluesbelowagivencutoffpointprovideimportantinformationaboutthevitaminAstatusofapopulationWHO(2011)recommendsusingtheprevalenceofserumretinolconcentrationsoflessthanorequalto20microgdLtodefinepublichealthproblemsinvolvingvitaminAdeficiencyasmild(2ndash9)moderate(10ndash19)orsevere(ge20)InchronichypervitaminosisAserumconcentrationsaregenerallygreaterthan100microgdL(Bendich1989)Carotenoid
911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
deficiencyhasnodefinedserumconcentrationsThelaboratorydiagnosisofvitaminEdeficiencyisbasedonserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherol(lessthan500microgdLorlessthan08mgofalpha-tocopherolpergramoftotallipids)(Beers2006)Suchconcentrationsareassociatedwithinvitrohydrogenperoxide-inducedredbloodcelllysisnotwithclinicaldeficiencysymptoms(InstituteofMedicine2000)
Data in NHANESThefat-solublemicronutrientsvitaminAEandcarotenoidspresentedinthisreportweremeasuredbyasingleassaypanelemployingHPLCseparationanddetectionbyuseofUVorvisiblelight(HPLC-UVvis)ThisisthesamemethodusedduringthefirstfouryearsofthecontinuousNHANESsurvey(1999-2002)
Since1971variousfat-solublemicronutrientshavebeenmeasuredintheserumofNHANESparticipantsInNHANESIII(1988ndash1994)clinicallylowconcentrationsofserumretinolwereuncommoninUSresidentsaged4yearsandolderalthoughracialethnicandsocioeconomicdifferencesexisted(Ballew2001)Variationsinserumcarotenoidconcentrationsbyethnicityandsexwerefoundforadultschildrenandadolescents(Ford2000Ford2002)Fordetalalsofoundsociodemographicvariationsinserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherolamongUSadultsinNHANESIII(1999)andalpha-andgamma-tocopherolinNHANES1999ndash2000(2006)Applicationofthemostcommoncut-offvalueforserumalpha-tocopherolconcentrationsinNHANES1999ndash2000(500microgdL)demonstratedalowprevalenceofvitaminEdeficiencydespitethefactthattheUSDepartmentofAgriculture-estimateddietaryintakesofvitaminEwerelowandthatmostoftheUSpopulationdidnotmeetdietaryintakerecommendations
For more information on these fat-soluble micronutrientsseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryReferenceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2000and2001)andthevitaminfactsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements(httpodsodnihgovHealth_InformationVitamin_and_Mineral_Supplement_Fact_Sheetsaspx)
HighlightsSerumconcentrationsoffat-solublemicronutrients(vitaminAEandcarotenoids)intheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Withfewexceptionsthehighestconcentrationsoffat-solublemicronutrientswerefoundinpersons60yearsandolder
bull Noconsistentpatternwasobservedwithregardtogenderorraceethnicitybull ThelikelihoodofbeingvitaminAorEdeficientwasverylowthroughoutthe
populationbull ThelikelihoodofvitaminAexcesswasalsoverylowbutitincreasedwithincreasingage
Formorethan20yearsthemajorityoftheUSpopulation(greaterthan95)hashadadequateserumconcentrationsofvitaminA(gt20microgdL)andvitaminE(gt500microgdL)
DespiteNHANES2001ndash2002dietaryintakedatademonstratingthat93oftheUSpopulationconsumedlessthantheEstimatedAverageRequirement(EAR)forvitaminE(Moshfegh2005)fordecadesmeanserumvitaminEconcentrationshaveremainedconsistentlyadequate(FigureH2a)withlessthan1ofthepopulationvitaminEdeficientAnalysesofNHANESdatashowedthatin1999ndash200052ofadults(Rock2007)andin2003ndash200649ofthetotalUSpopulation(Bailey2011)useddietarysupplementsthustheintakedata(foodandsupplements)forvitaminEseemtobeinconsistentwiththebiomarkerdataSeveralexplanatorypossibilitieshavebeenraisedincludingasuggestionthattheintakeoffats(and
92 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population92 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
fat-solublenutrients)isunder-reportedinoverweightandobesesubjectsthedatabaseoffoodvaluesisnotaccurateandorthattheEARforvitaminEneedsadjustmentLowintakewithoutwidespreadmanifestationofdeficiencysuggeststheneedforfurtherevaluationstodeterminewhetherimprovedestimatesarenecessaryeitherinthenutrienttablesorindietaryintake
Figure H2aAge-adjustedgeometricmeanconcentrationsofserumvitaminE(alpha-tocopherol)intheUSpopulationaged6yearsandolderbygenderorraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithinademographicgroupbarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
Detailed ObservationsTheselectedobservationsmentionedbelowarederivedfromthetablesandfigurespresentednextStatementsaboutcategoricaldifferencesbetweendemographicgroupsnotedbelowarebasedonnon-overlappingconfidencelimitsfromunivariateanalysiswithoutadjustingfordemographicvariables(egagegenderraceethnicity)orotherbloodconcentrationdeterminants(egdietaryintakesupplementusagesmokingBMI)AmultivariateanalysismayalterthesizeandstatisticalsignificanceofthesecategoricaldifferencesFurthermoreadditionalsignificantdifferencesofsmallermagnitudemaybepresentdespitetheirlackofmentionhere(egifconfidencelimitsslightlyoverlaporifdifferencesarenotstatisticallysignificantbeforecovariateadjustmenthasoccurred)ForaselectionofcitationsofdescriptiveNHANESpapersrelatedtothesebiochemicalindicatorsofdietandnutritionseeAppendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2005ndash2006)bull SerumvitaminAconcentrationsincreasedwithage(Table21a1andFigure21a)bull Serumretinylpalmitateconcentrationsweresimilaracrossagerangeswithaslight
decreaseintheadolescentyears(Table22a1andFigure22a)bull SerumvitaminEconcentrationsdecreasedthroughoutchildhoodthenincreasedwith
agetoconcentrationshigherthanthoseseeninearlychildhood(Table24a1andFigure24a)whileserumgamma-tocopherolconcentrationsremainedrelativelyconstantthroughoutthelifecycledecreasingslightlyinolderpersons(Table25a1andFigure25a)
a a a a a
a b b b
b
b
b c c
b b
b
c
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Total population
Males Females Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
1988-1994 1999-2002 2005-2006
931 Water-Soluble Vitamins 932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
bull Serumalpha-carotenetrans-beta-caroteneandluteinzeaxanthinconcentrationsdecreasedthroughoutchildhoodthenincreasedwithagetoconcentrationshigherthanthoseseeninearlychildhood(Tables26a127a1and210a1andFigures26a27a210a)
bull Serumbeta-cryptoxanthinconcentrationsdecreasedinearlychildhoodandthenremainedsteady(Table29a1andFigure29a)
bull Serumtrans-lycopeneandtotallycopeneconcentrationswerehighestinyoungadultsandlowestinolderpersons(Tables211a1and212a1andFigures211a212a)
bull FemaleshadhigherserumvitaminEthanmaleswhilemaleshadhigherserumvitaminAconcentrationsthanfemales(Tables24a1and21a1)
bull Femaleshadhigherserumalpha-caroteneandtrans-beta-caroteneconcentrationsthanmalesandmaleshadhigherserumtotallycopeneconcentrationsthanfemales(Tables26a127a1and212a1)
bull Non-HispanicwhiteshadthehighestconcentrationsofserumvitaminAandvitaminEandthelowestconcentrationsofserumgamma-tocopherolNon-HispanicwhiteshadthelowestconcentrationsofserumluteinzeaxanthinNon-Hispanicblackshadthelowestconcentrationsofserumalpha-caroteneMexicanAmericanshadthehighestconcentrationsofserumbeta-cryptoxanthinandthelowestconcentrationsofserumtrans-lycopeneandtotallycopene(Tables21a124a125a1210a126a129a1211a1and212a1)
Changes in geometric mean concentrations across survey cyclesbull SerumvitaminAconcentrationsincreasedbetween1999ndash2000and2001ndash2002then
heldsteadythroughthe2005ndash2006surveyperiod(Table21b)bull SerumvitaminEandgamma-tocopherolconcentrationsheldsteadybetween1999ndash
2000and2005ndash2006(Tables24band25b)bull Serumalpha-carotenetrans-beta-carotenebeta-cryptoxanthinluteinzeaxanthin
andtrans-lycopeneconcentrationsdidnotchangeappreciablyacrossthesurveycycles(Tables26b27b29b210band211b)
bull Prevalenceestimatesofloworhighbiochemicalindicatorconcentrationsbull In2005ndash2006lessthan1ofthepopulationaged6yearsandolderhadavitaminA
orvitaminEdeficiencydefinedaslt20microgdLandlt500microgdLrespectively(Tables21c1and24c)About2howeverwereatriskforanexcessofvitaminAorgt100microgdL(Table21c2)
bull Between1999and2006theprevalenceoflowserumvitaminAwaslessthan1ofallpersons(Table21d1)andtheprevalenceofhighserumvitaminAwas1ndash2ofallpersons(Table21d2)
bull Between1999and2006theprevalenceoflowserumvitaminEwas2orlessforalmostallgroupsexceptforadolescentsforwhomtheprevalencewas2ndash4(Table24d)
94 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population94 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
1a
1 S
erum
vit
amin
A C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
547
(53
8 ndash
556
)29
6(2
87
ndash 30
5)
325
(31
8 ndash
332
)55
2(5
42
ndash 56
1)
878
(85
6 ndash
905
)96
7(9
31
ndash 10
1)7
254
Age
gro
up6ndash
11 y
ears
364
(35
6 ndash
372
)22
8(1
99
ndash 24
8)
256
(24
3 ndash
269
)36
6(3
59
ndash 37
3)
524
(49
1 ndash
543
)54
4(5
33
ndash 57
3)
860
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
465
(45
4 ndash
477
)28
9(2
86
ndash 29
6)
320
(30
6 ndash
330
)46
0(4
46
ndash 47
5)
696
(66
9 ndash
731
)75
7(7
14
ndash 82
9)
195
420
ndash39
year
s54
3(5
33
ndash 55
3)
312
(29
2 ndash
321
)33
9(3
22
ndash 35
1)
547
(53
5 ndash
556
)84
4(8
19
ndash 87
9)
891
(87
2 ndash
933
)1
688
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
587
(57
7 ndash
597
)33
1(3
14
ndash 34
2)
368
(36
0 ndash
380
)59
5(5
81
ndash 60
4)
903
(87
2 ndash
943
)10
0(9
47
ndash 10
7)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er64
4(6
28
ndash 66
1)
364
(31
6 ndash
388
)40
2(3
82
ndash 43
0)
649
(63
1 ndash
670
)99
8(9
62
ndash 10
2)10
8(1
05 ndash
115
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es57
2(5
63
ndash 58
2)
303
(29
2 ndash
312
)33
6(3
27
ndash 34
8)
580
(57
1 ndash
590
)89
0(8
65
ndash 93
0)
100
(93
3 ndash
104)
354
7Fe
mal
es52
4(5
13
ndash 53
5)
289
(27
7 ndash
301
)31
9(3
12
ndash 32
6)
524
(50
8 ndash
538
)85
9(8
33
ndash 88
7)
948
(89
8 ndash
103)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
484
(47
3 ndash
495
)27
8(2
62
ndash 28
6)
303
(29
3 ndash
312
)48
8(4
68
ndash 50
2)
737
(71
9 ndash
770
)82
1(7
62
ndash 88
4)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks48
3(4
73
ndash 49
3)
257
(23
8 ndash
275
)28
8(2
76
ndash 29
8)
481
(47
0 ndash
495
)82
0(7
84
ndash 85
5)
897
(86
1 ndash
936
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s57
4(5
64
ndash 58
4)
315
(30
6 ndash
324
)34
8(3
30
ndash 36
2)
579
(56
8 ndash
590
)89
8(8
76
ndash 93
3)
100
(95
6 ndash
104)
297
3
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Serum vita
min A
(μgdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 21a Serum vitamin A Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Serum vita
min A
Serum vita
min A
(μgdL
) (μgdL
) 0
20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 9595
96 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population96 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21a2 Serum vitamin A Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 547 (538 ndash 556) 366 (358 ndash 374) 552 (542 ndash 561) 800 (781 ndash 822) 72546ndash11 years 364 (356 ndash 372) 280 (275 ndash 291) 366 (359 ndash 373) 475 (457 ndash 501) 86012ndash19 years 465 (454 ndash 477) 352 (339 ndash 359) 460 (446 ndash 475) 632 (607 ndash 669) 195420ndash39 years 543 (533 ndash 553) 381 (365 ndash 392) 547 (535 ndash 556) 777 (741 ndash 816) 168840ndash59 years 587 (577 ndash 597) 412 (395 ndash 430) 595 (581 ndash 604) 810 (790 ndash 852) 136560 years and older 644 (628 ndash 661) 464 (447 ndash 479) 649 (631 ndash 670) 884 (860 ndash 917) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 572 (563 ndash 582) 385 (378 ndash 392) 580 (571 ndash 590) 818 (797 ndash 850) 35476ndash11 years 364 (354 ndash 373) 281 (264 ndash 291) 363 (350 ndash 372) 475 (457 ndash 516) 42712ndash19 years 482 (469 ndash 496) 364 (353 ndash 377) 481 (463 ndash 498) 645 (629 ndash 674) 98020ndash39 years 591 (577 ndash 605) 444 (423 ndash 460) 584 (568 ndash 602) 809 (768 ndash 845) 73840ndash59 years 618 (607 ndash 630) 442 (416 ndash 471) 632 (624 ndash 642) 845 (801 ndash 920) 67360 years and older 660 (639 ndash 681) 484 (460 ndash 500) 664 (637 ndash 687) 904 (863 ndash 972) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 524 (513 ndash 535) 356 (343 ndash 364) 524 (508 ndash 538) 775 (750 ndash 790) 37076ndash11 years 365 (353 ndash 378) 280 (275 ndash 294) 369 (359 ndash 380) 470 (451 ndash 523) 43312ndash19 years 447 (435 ndash 459) 337 (333 ndash 350) 438 (427 ndash 451) 607 (570 ndash 666) 97420ndash39 years 500 (487 ndash 513) 345 (327 ndash 361) 493 (483 ndash 509) 726 (695 ndash 759) 95040ndash59 years 559 (541 ndash 577) 399 (369 ndash 412) 558 (538 ndash 585) 784 (742 ndash 828) 69260 years and older 632 (613 ndash 652) 451 (430 ndash 472) 639 (625 ndash 657) 877 (840 ndash 912) 658
Table 21a3 Serum vitamin A Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 484 (473 ndash 495) 334 (326 ndash 342) 488 (468 ndash 502) 686 (667 ndash 703) 18446ndash11 years 356 (344 ndash 370) 276 (248 ndash 289) 358 (338 ndash 376) 462 (450 ndash 482) 29512ndash19 years 449 (433 ndash 464) 341 (334 ndash 350) 444 (432 ndash 461) 588 (556 ndash 647) 64620ndash39 years 501 (491 ndash 512) 360 (333 ndash 373) 503 (487 ndash 533) 691 (668 ndash 727) 44940ndash59 years 536 (524 ndash 548) 390 (366 ndash 410) 526 (507 ndash 556) 717 (672 ndash 853) 24660 years and older 555 (528 ndash 583) 408 (373 ndash 428) 570 (547 ndash 584) 781 (729 ndash 854) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 519 (500 ndash 539) 365 (337 ndash 385) 533 (502 ndash 559) 707 (688 ndash 733) 8836ndash11 years 356 (339 ndash 374) 272 (240 ndash 288) 354 (330 ndash 387) 468 (456 ndash 491) 14512ndash19 years 474 (456 ndash 493) 361 (338 ndash 380) 470 (450 ndash 486) 609 (587 ndash 657) 31320ndash39 years 548 (524 ndash 573) 413 (366 ndash 439) 560 (540 ndash 590) 706 (680 ndash 743) 19840ndash59 years 591 (560 ndash 623) 458 (429 ndash 474) 579 (539 ndash 631) 777 (705 ndash 110) 12260 years and older 576 (533 ndash 623) 426dagger (198 ndash 474) 576 (551 ndash 620) 795dagger (706 ndash 930) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 447 (440 ndash 455) 321 (313 ndash 327) 437 (427 ndash 452) 642 (621 ndash 670) 9616ndash11 years 357 (346 ndash 368) 280 (240 ndash 294) 360 (343 ndash 376) 457 (422 ndash 527) 15012ndash19 years 423 (410 ndash 437) 333 (322 ndash 338) 416 (402 ndash 430) 559 (523 ndash 615) 33320ndash39 years 450 (439 ndash 462) 319 (298 ndash 338) 432 (417 ndash 466) 666 (612 ndash 695) 25140ndash59 years 484 (471 ndash 497) 356 (324 ndash 374) 491 (465 ndash 502) 639 (577 ndash 813) 12460 years and older 538 (509 ndash 569) 394dagger (329 ndash 423) 535 (514 ndash 589) 759dagger (729 ndash 830) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
971 Water-Soluble Vitamins 972 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21a4 Serum vitamin A Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 483 (473 ndash 493) 320 (312 ndash 328) 481 (470 ndash 495) 721 (700 ndash 751) 18916ndash11 years 356 (340 ndash 373) 266 (240 ndash 285) 357 (345 ndash 368) 473 (446 ndash 518) 24012ndash19 years 411 (400 ndash 422) 305 (294 ndash 313) 409 (397 ndash 426) 542 (528 ndash 575) 66520ndash39 years 473 (458 ndash 489) 323 (298 ndash 353) 479 (449 ndash 505) 677 (636 ndash 716) 36840ndash59 years 532 (514 ndash 550) 354 (333 ndash 372) 537 (503 ndash 572) 771 (728 ndash 857) 33560 years and older 599 (563 ndash 637) 401 (362 ndash 456) 607 (566 ndash 645) 851 (788 ndash 914) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 512 (499 ndash 525) 340 (329 ndash 352) 519 (502 ndash 536) 748 (709 ndash 790) 9496ndash11 years 354 (341 ndash 368) 262 (232 ndash 287) 353 (335 ndash 366) 462 (437 ndash 519) 12812ndash19 years 422 (408 ndash 437) 306 (288 ndash 320) 420 (397 ndash 447) 581 (551 ndash 607) 34320ndash39 years 533 (521 ndash 545) 389 (357 ndash 404) 541 (523 ndash 555) 712 (659 ndash 777) 17040ndash59 years 573 (549 ndash 598) 390 (358 ndash 426) 584 (540 ndash 629) 848 (748 ndash 927) 15660 years and older 608 (570 ndash 649) 400 (339 ndash 467) 625 (599 ndash 647) 860 (784 ndash 110) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 459 (447 ndash 471) 311 (294 ndash 321) 449 (435 ndash 467) 701 (659 ndash 746) 9426ndash11 years 358 (330 ndash 390) 267 (198 ndash 288) 361 (330 ndash 388) 476 (442 ndash 542) 11212ndash19 years 399 (387 ndash 412) 301 (294 ndash 308) 402 (387 ndash 417) 511 (499 ndash 531) 32220ndash39 years 427 (411 ndash 443) 292 (243 ndash 320) 424 (404 ndash 445) 604 (574 ndash 635) 19840ndash59 years 499 (468 ndash 533) 334 (319 ndash 343) 488 (459 ndash 535) 733 (681 ndash 847) 17960 years and older 593 (554 ndash 634) 398 (367 ndash 438) 603 (546 ndash 645) 849 (779 ndash 902) 131
Table 21a5 Serum vitamin A Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 574 (564 ndash 584) 390 (378 ndash 400) 579 (568 ndash 590) 820 (798 ndash 853) 29736ndash11 years 368 (355 ndash 382) 286 (266 ndash 301) 371 (354 ndash 382) 476 (453 ndash 530) 23112ndash19 years 485 (468 ndash 502) 370 (355 ndash 384) 483 (459 ndash 500) 662 (631 ndash 693) 49920ndash39 years 575 (559 ndash 591) 414 (391 ndash 430) 571 (560 ndash 586) 814 (771 ndash 856) 71440ndash59 years 604 (592 ndash 616) 433 (412 ndash 456) 605 (593 ndash 626) 819 (792 ndash 880) 68360 years and older 654 (638 ndash 670) 471 (453 ndash 488) 660 (638 ndash 679) 895 (867 ndash 926) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 597 (585 ndash 609) 409 (394 ndash 419) 604 (589 ndash 621) 841 (807 ndash 878) 14726ndash11 years 370 (356 ndash 386) 286 (251 ndash 303) 370 (351 ndash 384) 474 (453 ndash 532) 11212ndash19 years 502 (483 ndash 522) 385 (352 ndash 404) 498 (475 ndash 520) 668 (643 ndash 697) 25420ndash39 years 618 (599 ndash 638) 471 (451 ndash 484) 608 (583 ndash 635) 838 (798 ndash 878) 30940ndash59 years 633 (615 ndash 652) 453 (401 ndash 499) 640 (627 ndash 661) 850 (800 ndash 101) 35160 years and older 668 (646 ndash 690) 497 (461 ndash 504) 671 (638 ndash 702) 906 (873 ndash 990) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 553 (541 ndash 564) 376 (362 ndash 392) 556 (544 ndash 566) 798 (782 ndash 824) 15016ndash11 years 366 (345 ndash 389) 282 (260 ndash 305) 371 (349 ndash 389) 481 (443 ndash 547) 11912ndash19 years 466 (446 ndash 488) 359 (334 ndash 374) 455 (431 ndash 485) 637 (595 ndash 701) 24520ndash39 years 535 (516 ndash 553) 367 (342 ndash 397) 531 (512 ndash 549) 761 (728 ndash 831) 40540ndash59 years 577 (560 ndash 594) 416 (402 ndash 435) 577 (556 ndash 596) 791 (756 ndash 839) 33260 years and older 643 (622 ndash 665) 464 (445 ndash 483) 648 (627 ndash 674) 879 (841 ndash 950) 400
98 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population98 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21b Serum vitamin A Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 528 (518 ndash 538) 307 (298 ndash 316) 535 (522 ndash 549) 856 (839 ndash 872) 7102 2001ndash2002 552 (541 ndash 564) 326 (318 ndash 335) 560 (547 ndash 573) 884 (866 ndash 916) 7935 2005ndash2006 547 (538 ndash 556) 325 (318 ndash 332) 552 (542 ndash 561) 878 (856 ndash 905) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 323 (316 ndash 331) 220 (190 ndash 231) 331 (315 ndash 346) 462 (411 ndash 663) 352 2001ndash2002 338 (331 ndash 346) 243 (165 ndash 255) 340 (331 ndash 352) 471 (443 ndash 503) 4306ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 351 (345 ndash 356) 253 (236 ndash 261) 354 (350 ndash 358) 485 (461 ndash 523) 866 2001ndash2002 373 (362 ndash 385) 265 (258 ndash 274) 373 (362 ndash 390) 516 (501 ndash 540) 1014 2005ndash2006 364 (356 ndash 372) 256 (243 ndash 269) 366 (359 ndash 373) 524 (491 ndash 543) 86012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 457 (447 ndash 466) 301 (291 ndash 309) 458 (450 ndash 469) 694 (669 ndash 718) 2111 2001ndash2002 480 (471 ndash 489) 318 (304 ndash 333) 485 (476 ndash 493) 712 (690 ndash 742) 2206 2005ndash2006 465 (454 ndash 477) 320 (306 ndash 330) 460 (446 ndash 475) 696 (669 ndash 731) 195420ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 521 (508 ndash 534) 330 (311 ndash 343) 528 (512 ndash 545) 803 (779 ndash 830) 1461 2001ndash2002 548 (533 ndash 563) 342 (326 ndash 353) 558 (544 ndash 575) 834 (809 ndash 866) 1716 2005ndash2006 543 (533 ndash 553) 339 (322 ndash 351) 547 (535 ndash 556) 844 (819 ndash 879) 168840ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 590 (576 ndash 606) 359 (342 ndash 381) 598 (579 ndash 615) 904 (864 ndash 968) 1191 2001ndash2002 603 (592 ndash 615) 375 (348 ndash 399) 612 (598 ndash 627) 946 (903 ndash 978) 1474 2005ndash2006 587 (577 ndash 597) 368 (360 ndash 380) 595 (581 ndash 604) 903 (872 ndash 943) 136560 years and older 1999ndash2000 625 (611 ndash 640) 397 (363 ndash 419) 630 (613 ndash 650) 943 (901 ndash 995) 1473 2001ndash2002 650 (636 ndash 665) 403 (380 ndash 414) 654 (641 ndash 674) 102 (986 ndash 108) 1525 2005ndash2006 644 (628 ndash 661) 402 (382 ndash 430) 649 (631 ndash 670) 998 (962 ndash 102) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 558 (544 ndash 573) 319 (301 ndash 338) 575 (558 ndash 588) 863 (846 ndash 906) 3450 2001ndash2002 585 (572 ndash 598) 344 (334 ndash 355) 598 (580 ndash 617) 915 (887 ndash 937) 3841 2005ndash2006 572 (563 ndash 582) 336 (327 ndash 348) 580 (571 ndash 590) 890 (865 ndash 930) 3547Females 1999ndash2000 501 (491 ndash 511) 302 (287 ndash 312) 500 (488 ndash 510) 841 (812 ndash 870) 3652 2001ndash2002 523 (511 ndash 535) 317 (309 ndash 324) 525 (510 ndash 539) 866 (840 ndash 883) 4094 2005ndash2006 524 (513 ndash 535) 319 (312 ndash 326) 524 (508 ndash 538) 859 (833 ndash 887) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 470 (461 ndash 478) 290 (280 ndash 297) 469 (455 ndash 483) 756 (736 ndash 790) 2410 2001ndash2002 486 (472 ndash 500) 298 (288 ndash 307) 488 (474 ndash 504) 766 (734 ndash 821) 1991 2005ndash2006 484 (473 ndash 495) 303 (293 ndash 312) 488 (468 ndash 502) 737 (719 ndash 770) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 458 (442 ndash 474) 278 (264 ndash 283) 454 (431 ndash 476) 757 (725 ndash 811) 1590 2001ndash2002 472 (461 ndash 483) 282 (274 ndash 289) 470 (453 ndash 486) 802 (773 ndash 857) 1864 2005ndash2006 483 (473 ndash 493) 288 (276 ndash 298) 481 (470 ndash 495) 820 (784 ndash 855) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 556 (542 ndash 571) 334 (312 ndash 347) 568 (550 ndash 582) 873 (854 ndash 905) 2456 2001ndash2002 579 (564 ndash 595) 347 (331 ndash 362) 589 (568 ndash 607) 913 (889 ndash 935) 3455 2005ndash2006 574 (564 ndash 584) 348 (330 ndash 362) 579 (568 ndash 590) 898 (876 ndash 933) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
i
i i
70
i i i
i i
i
i
i
i
i i
i i
i
i
i i
i i i
i i
i
i i
i
i i i
40
60
80
100
95th
Per
cent
ile
i i i
i i
i i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i i i
i
i i
i
i i
Figure 21b Serum vitamin A Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
60
50
40
30
40
35
30
25
20
15
i
i i
i
i i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i i i
i i i
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 9999
100 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population100 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21c1 Serum vitamin A PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin A concentration (lt 20 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence
(95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 03 (01 ndash 05) 711000Age group 6ndash11 years 860 10 (06 ndash 15) 231000 12ndash19 years 1954 sect sect 20ndash39 years 1688 sect sect 40ndash59 years 1365 sect sect 60 years and older 1387 sect sectGender Males 3547 sect sect Females 3707 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 317000DaggerRaceethnicity Mexican Americans 1844 sect sect Non-Hispanic Blacks 1891 05 (03 ndash 07) 145000 Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 386000DaggerDagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1011 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1012 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21c2 Serum vitamin A PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of high serum vitamin A concentration (gt 100 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 21 (16 ndash 27) 5573000Age group 6ndash11 years 860 sect sect 12ndash19 years 1954 sect sect 20ndash39 years 1688 11Dagger (05 ndash 23) 847000Dagger 40ndash59 years 1365 27 (18 ndash 39) 2182000 60 years and older 1387 48 (38 ndash 60) 2301000Gender Males 3547 25 (18 ndash 34) 3265000 Females 3707 17 (10 ndash 29) 2306000Raceethnicity Mexican Americans 1844 05Dagger (03 ndash 11) 129000Dagger Non-Hispanic Blacks 1891 11 (06 ndash 20) 348000 Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 26 (20 ndash 35) 4752000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
102 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population102 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21d1 Serum vitamin A Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin A concentration (lt 20 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7102 01 (01 ndash 02) 360000 2001ndash2002 7935 03 (02 ndash 04) 698000 2005ndash2006 7254 03 (01 ndash 05) 711000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 352 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 866 10 (06 ndash 16) 243000 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 10 (06 ndash 15) 23100012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2111 sect sect 2001ndash2002 2206 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1954 sect sect20ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1461 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1716 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1191 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1474 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1365 sect sect60 years and older 1999ndash2000 1473 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1525 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1387 sect sectGender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3450 01Dagger (01 ndash 03) 179000Dagger 2001ndash2002 3841 04 (02 ndash 07) 456000 2005ndash2006 3547 sect sectFemales 1999ndash2000 3652 01 (01 ndash 02) 181000 2001ndash2002 4094 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 242000Dagger 2005ndash2006 3707 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 317000DaggerRaceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 04Dagger (02 ndash 08) 75000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1991 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1590 05 (03 ndash 08) 153000 2001ndash2002 1864 07 (03 ndash 12) 201000 2005ndash2006 1891 05 (03 ndash 07) 145000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2456 sect sect 2001ndash2002 3455 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 398000Dagger 2005ndash2006 2973 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 386000DaggerDagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1031 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1032 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21d2 Serum vitamin A Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of high serum vitamin A concentration (gt 100 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7102 13 (10 ndash 18) 3312000 2001ndash2002 7935 20 (16 ndash 25) 5242000 2005ndash2006 7254 21 (16 ndash 27) 5573000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 352 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 866 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 sect sect12ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2111 sect sect 2001ndash2002 2206 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1954 sect sect20ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1461 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1716 06Dagger (02 ndash 13) 437000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1688 11Dagger (05 ndash 23) 847000Dagger40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1191 24 (14 ndash 40) 1688000 2001ndash2002 1474 29 (20 ndash 44) 2222000 2005ndash2006 1365 27 (18 ndash 39) 218200060 years and older 1999ndash2000 1473 32 (21 ndash 48) 1381000 2001ndash2002 1525 59 (43 ndash 80) 2628000 2005ndash2006 1387 48 (38 ndash 60) 2301000Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3450 14 (09 ndash 24) 1741000 2001ndash2002 3841 24 (19 ndash 30) 3013000 2005ndash2006 3547 25 (18 ndash 34) 3265000Females 1999ndash2000 3652 12 (07 ndash 20) 1570000 2001ndash2002 4094 17 (12 ndash 24) 2226000 2005ndash2006 3707 17 (10 ndash 29) 2306000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1991 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1844 05Dagger (03 ndash 11) 129000DaggerNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1590 12 (07 ndash 22) 376000 2001ndash2002 1864 17Dagger (08 ndash 37) 519000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1891 11 (06 ndash 20) 348000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2456 17 (12 ndash 24) 2962000 2001ndash2002 3455 24 (19 ndash 29) 4296000 2005ndash2006 2973 26 (20 ndash 35) 4752000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
104 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population104 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
2a
1 S
erum
reti
nyl p
alm
itat
e C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
211
(20
5 ndash
217
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
08(1
99
ndash 2
17)
567
(53
5 ndash
603
)7
35(6
93
ndash 7
96)
694
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs2
15(2
01
ndash 2
29)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
214
(19
3 ndash
227
)5
01(4
70
ndash 5
81)
618
(56
7 ndash
884
)82
712
ndash19
year
s1
90(1
84
ndash 1
97)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
183
(17
4 ndash
194
)4
78(4
51
ndash 5
37)
619
(57
7 ndash
677
)1
865
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
213
(20
4 ndash
223
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
18(2
03
ndash 2
29)
500
(46
7 ndash
536
)6
31(5
70
ndash 7
62)
162
040
ndash59
year
s2
14(2
04
ndash 2
25)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
212
(20
0 ndash
224
)6
15(5
46
ndash 6
80)
758
(67
4 ndash
910
)1
315
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
14(2
01
ndash 2
28)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
204
(18
8 ndash
223
)6
87(6
04
ndash 8
01)
880
(78
6 ndash
117
)1
319
Gen
der
Mal
es2
15(2
08
ndash 2
23)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
214
(20
4 ndash
224
)5
89(5
50
ndash 6
32)
726
(67
8 ndash
826
)3
397
Fem
ales
207
(20
1 ndash
212
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
01(1
94
ndash 2
11)
551
(49
6 ndash
612
)7
45(6
53
ndash 8
14)
354
9Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
185
(17
8 ndash
191
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D1
78(1
69
ndash 1
88)
477
(44
0 ndash
518
)5
69(5
19
ndash 7
49)
174
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks2
04(1
90
ndash 2
19)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
203
(18
4 ndash
220
)5
00(4
65
ndash 5
76)
636
(57
0 ndash
756
)1
842
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s2
17(2
10
ndash 2
25)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
217
(20
4 ndash
227
)6
02(5
60
ndash 6
49)
782
(70
4 ndash
874
)2
838
lt LO
D m
eans
less
than
the
limit
of d
etec
tion
whi
ch m
ay v
ary
for s
ome
com
poun
ds b
y ye
ar S
ee A
ppen
dix
D fo
r LO
D
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
2 3
4
Seru
m re
tinyl
pal
mita
te(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 22a Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by age group Geometric Mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m re
tinyl
pal
mita
teSe
rum
retin
yl p
alm
itate
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
01
23
4 0
12
3
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 105105
106 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population106 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 22a2 Serum retinyl palmitate Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 211 (205 ndash 217) lt LOD 208 (199 ndash 217) 440 (428 ndash 454) 69466ndash11 years 215 (201 ndash 229) lt LOD 214 (193 ndash 227) 419 (402 ndash 462) 82712ndash19 years 190 (184 ndash 197) lt LOD 183 (174 ndash 194) 379 (360 ndash 410) 186520ndash39 years 213 (204 ndash 223) lt LOD 218 (203 ndash 229) 416 (386 ndash 443) 162040ndash59 years 214 (204 ndash 225) lt LOD 212 (200 ndash 224) 457 (423 ndash 515) 131560 years and older 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 204 (188 ndash 223) 499 (454 ndash 560) 1319MalesTotal 6 years and older 215 (208 ndash 223) lt LOD 214 (204 ndash 224) 452 (439 ndash 469) 33976ndash11 years 226 (205 ndash 248) lt LOD 222 (202 ndash 236) 456 (413 ndash 545) 41112ndash19 years 193 (182 ndash 205) lt LOD 185 (172 ndash 202) 384 (355 ndash 426) 93520ndash39 years 224 (209 ndash 239) lt LOD 230 (214 ndash 243) 442 (404 ndash 469) 71440ndash59 years 215 (201 ndash 230) lt LOD 214 (201 ndash 227) 466 (429 ndash 553) 65060 years and older 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 203 (187 ndash 225) 504 (447 ndash 560) 687FemalesTotal 6 years and older 207 (201 ndash 212) lt LOD 201 (194 ndash 211) 429 (413 ndash 444) 35496ndash11 years 205 (186 ndash 225) lt LOD 203 (181 ndash 225) 402 (376 ndash 441) 41612ndash19 years 188 (180 ndash 195) lt LOD 182 (169 ndash 192) 369 (344 ndash 431) 93020ndash39 years 202 (194 ndash 211) lt LOD 203 (191 ndash 218) 387 (365 ndash 431) 90640ndash59 years 213 (203 ndash 224) lt LOD 210 (197 ndash 224) 448 (400 ndash 550) 66560 years and older 214 (197 ndash 233) lt LOD 205 (178 ndash 231) 495 (436 ndash 643) 632lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 22a3 Serum retinyl palmitate Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 185 (178 ndash 191) lt LOD 178 (169 ndash 188) 384 (360 ndash 409) 17466ndash11 years 179 (167 ndash 191) lt LOD 168 (158 ndash 180) 366 (309 ndash 425) 27512ndash19 years 165 (156 ndash 174) lt LOD 162 (157 ndash 167) 311 (287 ndash 351) 61420ndash39 years 190 (177 ndash 204) lt LOD 187 (168 ndash 204) 394 (368 ndash 449) 43240ndash59 years 189 (178 ndash 202) lt LOD 181 (167 ndash 200) 408 (350 ndash 479) 23360 years and older 195 (178 ndash 214) lt LOD 179 (163 ndash 206) 457 (378 ndash 589) 192MalesTotal 6 years and older 191 (180 ndash 203) lt LOD 184 (169 ndash 200) 399 (370 ndash 470) 8326ndash11 years 173 (156 ndash 191) lt LOD 160 (151 ndash 179) 368 (285 ndash 504) 13612ndash19 years 169 (156 ndash 183) lt LOD 164 (156 ndash 175) 312 (270 ndash 394) 29420ndash39 years 199 (174 ndash 227) lt LOD 195 (167 ndash 227) 421 (382 ndash 531) 19340ndash59 years 205 (186 ndash 226) lt LOD 198 (155 ndash 244) 435 (376 ndash 544) 11460 years and older 186 (156 ndash 222) lt LODdagger 176 (135 ndash 241) 445dagger (355 ndash 543) 95FemalesTotal 6 years and older 178 (170 ndash 185) lt LOD 172 (163 ndash 183) 356 (344 ndash 371) 9146ndash11 years 185 (170 ndash 202) lt LOD 176 (163 ndash 194) 364 (314 ndash 487) 13912ndash19 years 161 (152 ndash 170) lt LOD 160 (147 ndash 169) 309 (279 ndash 366) 32020ndash39 years 179 (163 ndash 198) lt LOD 177 (153 ndash 203) 356 (332 ndash 389) 23940ndash59 years 175 (163 ndash 188) lt LOD 172 (152 ndash 195) 352 (324 ndash 447) 11960 years and older 202 (177 ndash 232) lt LODdagger 179 (158 ndash 224) 459dagger (330 ndash 850) 97lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1071 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1072 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 22a4 Serum retinyl palmitate Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 204 (190 ndash 219) lt LOD 203 (184 ndash 220) 413 (385 ndash 448) 18426ndash11 years 249 (219 ndash 282) lt LOD 249 (213 ndash 301) 482 (458 ndash 544) 23812ndash19 years 203 (188 ndash 221) lt LOD 199 (184 ndash 223) 405 (358 ndash 459) 64320ndash39 years 212 (192 ndash 235) lt LOD 210 (191 ndash 227) 423 (381 ndash 467) 36340ndash59 years 196 (182 ndash 212) lt LOD 194 (173 ndash 221) 388 (359 ndash 461) 32660 years and older 177 (160 ndash 196) lt LOD 165 (144 ndash 189) 395 (326 ndash 467) 272MalesTotal 6 years and older 215 (199 ndash 232) lt LOD 216 (200 ndash 230) 445 (388 ndash 502) 9216ndash11 years 266 (234 ndash 303) lt LOD 271 (235 ndash 296) 534 (454 ndash 633) 12712ndash19 years 217 (198 ndash 238) lt LOD 213 (188 ndash 236) 449 (367 ndash 539) 33020ndash39 years 229 (205 ndash 256) lt LOD 228 (205 ndash 256) 445 (373 ndash 585) 16840ndash59 years 199 (180 ndash 221) lt LOD 212 (169 ndash 230) 384 (342 ndash 734) 15360 years and older 179 (159 ndash 201) lt LOD 162 (132 ndash 199) 464 (340 ndash 535) 143FemalesTotal 6 years and older 195 (179 ndash 212) lt LOD 192 (174 ndash 214) 393 (380 ndash 422) 9216ndash11 years 232 (194 ndash 277) lt LODdagger 237 (187 ndash 287) 460dagger (424 ndash 512) 11112ndash19 years 190 (171 ndash 212) lt LOD 191 (165 ndash 219) 355 (339 ndash 426) 31320ndash39 years 199 (175 ndash 225) lt LOD 201 (173 ndash 224) 392 (370 ndash 467) 19540ndash59 years 194 (176 ndash 214) lt LOD 188 (169 ndash 211) 392 (361 ndash 447) 17360 years and older 176 (152 ndash 203) lt LOD 166 (143 ndash 202) 354 (307 ndash 422) 129lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 22a5 Serum retinyl palmitate Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 217 (210 ndash 225) lt LOD 217 (204 ndash 227) 454 (439 ndash 471) 28386ndash11 years 218 (197 ndash 241) lt LOD 216 (187 ndash 230) 419 (382 ndash 482) 22412ndash19 years 193 (184 ndash 203) lt LOD 185 (170 ndash 201) 392 (356 ndash 447) 47520ndash39 years 221 (207 ndash 236) lt LOD 230 (212 ndash 244) 432 (385 ndash 466) 67640ndash59 years 220 (208 ndash 233) lt LOD 221 (202 ndash 234) 466 (433 ndash 545) 65860 years and older 220 (205 ndash 237) lt LOD 212 (191 ndash 235) 516 (463 ndash 586) 805MalesTotal 6 years and older 222 (212 ndash 232) lt LOD 221 (208 ndash 230) 466 (445 ndash 499) 14076ndash11 years 228 (197 ndash 263) lt LODdagger 222 (195 ndash 261) 452dagger (380 ndash 592) 10712ndash19 years 194 (179 ndash 210) lt LOD 187 (168 ndash 210) 380 (340 ndash 467) 24520ndash39 years 235 (214 ndash 257) lt LOD 240 (222 ndash 259) 449 (409 ndash 504) 29340ndash59 years 221 (206 ndash 236) lt LOD 220 (202 ndash 235) 477 (435 ndash 602) 33960 years and older 220 (204 ndash 238) lt LOD 210 (189 ndash 236) 516 (450 ndash 579) 423FemalesTotal 6 years and older 213 (205 ndash 221) lt LOD 213 (196 ndash 226) 441 (425 ndash 465) 14316ndash11 years 207 (177 ndash 243) lt LOD 210 (175 ndash 239) 405 (350 ndash 451) 11712ndash19 years 192 (181 ndash 204) lt LOD 181 (167 ndash 198) 398 (330 ndash 457) 23020ndash39 years 208 (194 ndash 223) lt LOD 221 (191 ndash 236) 407 (357 ndash 465) 38340ndash59 years 220 (206 ndash 234) lt LOD 221 (197 ndash 240) 454 (405 ndash 585) 31960 years and older 220 (199 ndash 242) lt LOD 215 (180 ndash 241) 515 (445 ndash 671) 382lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
108 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population108 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 22b Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 123 (104 ndash 146) lt LOD 147 (127 ndash 170) 495 (458 ndash 583) 5589 2001ndash2002 192 (183 ndash 202) 690 (537 ndash 696) 193 (185 ndash 201) 549 (516 ndash 586) 7641 2005ndash2006 211 (205 ndash 217) lt LOD 208 (199 ndash 217) 567 (535 ndash 603) 6946Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 146 (116 ndash 184) lt LOD 167 (133 ndash 197) 539 (482 ndash 878) 278 2001ndash2002 188 (171 ndash 206) 482 (lt LOD ndash 710) 182 (169 ndash 202) 562 (479 ndash 877) 4126ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 133 (107 ndash 167) lt LOD 164 (129 ndash 202) 575 (455 ndash 888) 651 2001ndash2002 202 (190 ndash 215) 700 (462 ndash 801) 215 (203 ndash 225) 532 (479 ndash 585) 967 2005ndash2006 215 (201 ndash 229) lt LOD 214 (193 ndash 227) 501 (470 ndash 581) 82712ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 117 (963 ndash 141) lt LOD 141 (112 ndash 168) 411 (371 ndash 477) 1620 2001ndash2002 171 (161 ndash 180) 560 (500 ndash 692) 177 (166 ndash 187) 421 (398 ndash 447) 2122 2005ndash2006 190 (184 ndash 197) lt LOD 183 (174 ndash 194) 478 (451 ndash 537) 186520ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 114 (928 ndash 139) lt LOD 140 (121 ndash 162) 458 (414 ndash 567) 1201 2001ndash2002 191 (177 ndash 206) 643 (543 ndash 720) 191 (179 ndash 203) 514 (465 ndash 579) 1655 2005ndash2006 213 (204 ndash 223) lt LOD 218 (203 ndash 229) 500 (467 ndash 536) 162040ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 130 (106 ndash 159) lt LOD 155 (130 ndash 184) 549 (461 ndash 683) 959 2001ndash2002 199 (187 ndash 211) 623 (529 ndash 698) 196 (189 ndash 206) 570 (519 ndash 653) 1429 2005ndash2006 214 (204 ndash 225) lt LOD 212 (200 ndash 224) 615 (546 ndash 680) 131560 years and older 1999ndash2000 134 (111 ndash 162) lt LOD 154 (129 ndash 189) 578 (487 ndash 647) 1158 2001ndash2002 196 (182 ndash 211) 522 (453 ndash 580) 191 (175 ndash 213) 679 (611 ndash 783) 1468 2005ndash2006 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 204 (188 ndash 223) 687 (604 ndash 801) 1319Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 138 (117 ndash 163) lt LOD 161 (140 ndash 182) 522 (465 ndash 594) 2676 2001ndash2002 201 (190 ndash 212) 636 (544 ndash 687) 201 (191 ndash 212) 571 (531 ndash 620) 3698 2005ndash2006 215 (208 ndash 223) lt LOD 214 (204 ndash 224) 589 (550 ndash 632) 3397
Females 1999ndash2000 111 (922 ndash 133) lt LOD 136 (116 ndash 161) 479 (447 ndash 580) 2913 2001ndash2002 185 (176 ndash 195) 582 (515 ndash 695) 184 (175 ndash 192) 511 (478 ndash 568) 3943 2005ndash2006 207 (201 ndash 212) lt LOD 201 (194 ndash 211) 551 (496 ndash 612) 3549Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 759 (635 ndash 906) lt LOD 945 (808 ndash 114) 369 (332 ndash 435) 1463 2001ndash2002 162 (147 ndash 178) 503 (398 ndash 575) 165 (150 ndash 185) 428 (395 ndash 480) 1980 2005ndash2006 185 (178 ndash 191) lt LOD 178 (169 ndash 188) 477 (440 ndash 518) 1746Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 118 (848 ndash 164) lt LOD 148 (107 ndash 199) 506 (441 ndash 581) 1422 2001ndash2002 192 (182 ndash 202) 628 (390 ndash 709) 196 (188 ndash 206) 544 (471 ndash 644) 1734 2005ndash2006 204 (190 ndash 219) lt LOD 203 (184 ndash 220) 500 (465 ndash 576) 1842Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 132 (108 ndash 160) lt LOD 157 (133 ndash 184) 512 (460 ndash 648) 2121 2001ndash2002 197 (187 ndash 208) 636 (584 ndash 684) 195 (186 ndash 206) 557 (514 ndash 599) 3318 2005ndash2006 217 (210 ndash 225) lt LOD 217 (204 ndash 227) 602 (560 ndash 649) 2838lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Figure 22b Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 10
8
(
( ( (
( ( (
(
( (
( (
( (
(
( (
( (
(
(
(
( (
( ( (
( (
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
6
4
2
25
20
15
10
05
08
07
06
05
04
03
(
(
(
(
(
(
( (
(
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
( (
(
(
(
( (
(
(
(
(
(
( (
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 109109
110 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population110 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
3a
1 S
erum
reti
nyl s
tear
ate
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
131
(12
3 ndash
148
)1
95(1
79
ndash 2
09)
669
8A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
33(1
08
ndash 1
97)
197
(16
5 ndash
408
)79
212
ndash19
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D9
11(7
43 ndash
11
4)1
48(1
18
ndash 2
00)
180
120
ndash39
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D9
47(8
50 ndash
10
9)1
32(1
14
ndash 1
76)
155
540
ndash59
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
35(1
23
ndash 1
63)
200
(16
8 ndash
231
)1
262
60 y
ears
and
old
er
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
93(1
59
ndash 2
58)
277
(22
6 ndash
358
)1
288
Gen
der
Mal
es
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
40(1
29
ndash 1
54)
194
(18
6 ndash
205
)3
276
Fem
ales
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
125
(10
9 ndash
148
)1
99(1
62
ndash 2
34)
342
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
933
(792
ndash 1
19)
135
(10
8 ndash
207
)1
739
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
896
(829
ndash 1
10)
138
(11
0 ndash
171
)1
699
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
50(1
36
ndash 1
64)
206
(19
3 ndash
236
)2
747
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
Not
cal
cula
ted
Pro
port
ion
of re
sults
bel
ow li
mit
of d
etec
tion
was
too
high
to p
rovi
de a
val
id re
sult
1111 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1112 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Noserumretinylstearatefigureforconcentrationsbyagegroupispresentedbecausethegeometricmeanswerenotcalculatedduetotheproportionofresultsbelowthelimitofdetectionbeingtoohighforvalidresults(seeTable23a1)
112 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population112 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 23a2 Serum retinyl stearate Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 894 (794 ndash 102) 66986ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 972 (730 ndash 121) 79212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 180120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 155540ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 944 (810 ndash 116) 126260 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 132 (113 ndash 158) 1288MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 964 (871 ndash 108) 32766ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 103 (lt LOD ndash 176) 39412ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 89820ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 813 (709 ndash 968) 68240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 993 (842 ndash 117) 62460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 133 (116 ndash 153) 678FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 839 (741 ndash 960) 34226ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 896 (lt LOD ndash 117) 39812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 90320ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 87340ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 903 (764 ndash 121) 63860 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 132 (106 ndash 174) 610lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
Table 23a3 Serum retinyl stearate Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 17396ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 27212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 60420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 42840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 766 (lt LOD ndash 123) 23860 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 902 (707 ndash 132) 197MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 736 (lt LOD ndash 877) 8326ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 13512ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 700 (lt LOD ndash 965) 19040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 851 (lt LOD ndash 195) 11860 years and older lt LODdagger lt LOD 780dagger (lt LOD ndash 326) 99FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 9076ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 13712ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 31420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 23840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 12060 years and older lt LODdagger lt LOD 102dagger (lt LOD ndash 197) 98lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1131 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1132 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 23a4 Serum retinyl stearate Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 16996ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 21912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 59720ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 32240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 781 (lt LOD ndash 931) 30160 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 770 (lt LOD ndash 139) 260MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 746 (lt LOD ndash 868) 8496ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 11812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 30020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 15240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 813 (lt LOD ndash 106) 14160 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 106 (lt LOD ndash 155) 138FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 8506ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD lt LODdagger 10112ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 29720ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 17040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 701 (lt LOD ndash 962) 16060 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 122lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 23a5 Serum retinyl stearate Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 101 (932 ndash 110) 27476ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 106 (756 ndash 199) 21212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 46520ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 727 (lt LOD ndash 878) 66040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 100 (869 ndash 120) 62760 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 140 (117 ndash 173) 783MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 109 (967 ndash 118) 13706ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 109dagger (lt LOD ndash 758) 10312ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 740 (lt LOD ndash 105) 24420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 927 (740 ndash 116) 28340ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 107 (862 ndash 124) 32460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 139 (119 ndash 165) 416FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 948 (855 ndash 107) 13776ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 104dagger (755 ndash 295) 10912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 22120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 37740ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 953 (798 ndash 131) 30360 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 141 (108 ndash 201) 367lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
114 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population114 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 23b Serum retinyl stearate Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 112 (983 ndash 144) 4148 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 108 (988 ndash 119) 7690 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 131 (123 ndash 148) 6698Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 lt LODdagger lt LOD 243dagger (172 ndash 365) 212 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 175 (137 ndash 349) 4166ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 174 (109 ndash 103) 434 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 114 (964 ndash 134) 981 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 133 (108 ndash 197) 79212ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 829 (lt LOD ndash 130) 1194 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 2145 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 911 (743 ndash 114) 180120ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 928 (651 ndash 136) 872 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 721 (693 ndash 893) 1658 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 947 (850 ndash 109) 155540ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 132 (944 ndash 240) 716 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 115 (104 ndash 146) 1422 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 135 (123 ndash 163) 126260 years and older 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 183 (139 ndash 290) 932 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 177 (152 ndash 208) 1484 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 193 (159 ndash 258) 1288Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 113 (987 ndash 166) 2008 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 119 (109 ndash 142) 3710 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 140 (129 ndash 154) 3276Females 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 110 (951 ndash 142) 2140 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 953 (856 ndash 109) 3980 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 125 (109 ndash 148) 3422Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 695 (lt LOD ndash 214) 1002 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 587 (lt LOD ndash 880) 1921 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 933 (792 ndash 119) 1739Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 962 (590 ndash 150) 1060 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 733 (619 ndash 963) 1827 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 896 (829 ndash 110) 1699Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 127 (100 ndash 181) 1608 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 113 (102 ndash 130) 3331 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 150 (136 ndash 164) 2747lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to cell size
1151 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1152 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
2
4
6
8
10
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
2
4
6
8
10
50th
Per
cent
ile
0
5
10
15
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 23b Serum retinyl stearate Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
116 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population116 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
4a
1 S
erum
vit
amin
E C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
109
0(1
070
ndash 1
120
)57
8(5
63 ndash
587
)63
1(6
20 ndash
642
)1
060
(10
30 ndash
10
80)
209
0(2
010
ndash 2
180
)2
460
(23
10 ndash
26
00)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs82
0(8
00 ndash
841
)54
6(5
18 ndash
573
)58
3(5
63 ndash
601
)80
6(7
88 ndash
826
)1
200
(11
20 ndash
13
70)
136
0(1
230
ndash 1
510
)86
012
ndash19
year
s77
0(7
57 ndash
783
)49
7(4
66 ndash
519
)52
7(5
16 ndash
541
)75
9(7
49 ndash
767
)1
160
(11
30 ndash
12
00)
132
0(1
240
ndash 1
450
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
102
0(9
98 ndash
10
40)
590
(559
ndash 6
19)
645
(621
ndash 6
68)
100
0(9
80 ndash
10
20)
173
0(1
620
ndash 1
900
)1
940
(18
10 ndash
23
80)
168
840
ndash59
year
s1
230
(11
90 ndash
12
60)
702
(656
ndash 7
21)
749
(724
ndash 7
69)
120
0(1
160
ndash 1
240
)2
210
(20
80 ndash
24
00)
251
0(2
260
ndash 3
110
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er1
400
(13
60 ndash
14
40)
704
(611
ndash 7
50)
783
(733
ndash 8
35)
139
0(1
330
ndash 1
430
)2
600
(25
10 ndash
26
60)
290
0(2
710
ndash 3
130
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es1
060
(10
40 ndash
10
90)
559
(543
ndash 5
75)
610
(594
ndash 6
25)
103
0(1
010
ndash 1
070
)2
010
(19
30 ndash
20
90)
236
0(2
160
ndash 2
520
)3
547
Fem
ales
112
0(1
090
ndash 1
140
)59
6(5
85 ndash
612
)65
3(6
39 ndash
664
)1
080
(10
50 ndash
11
00)
217
0(2
080
ndash 2
260
)2
510
(23
70 ndash
26
60)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
101
0(9
80 ndash
10
40)
581
(553
ndash 5
99)
623
(602
ndash 6
37)
976
(945
ndash 1
000
)1
790
(17
50 ndash
18
70)
212
0(1
960
ndash 2
330
)1
844
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
933
(915
ndash 9
51)
548
(530
ndash 5
59)
588
(581
ndash 6
01)
903
(884
ndash 9
18)
166
0(1
560
ndash 1
750
)1
800
(17
40 ndash
20
80)
189
1N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
114
0(1
110
ndash 1
160
)58
4(5
66 ndash
596
)64
3(6
24 ndash
658
)1
110
(10
80 ndash
11
40)
217
0(2
090
ndash 2
270
)2
520
(24
20 ndash
26
90)
297
3
1171 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1172 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 24a Serum vitamin E Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
118 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population118 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24a2 Serum vitamin E Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1090 (1070 ndash 1120) 702 (686 ndash 716) 1060 (1030 ndash 1080) 1790 (1730 ndash 1840) 72546ndash11 years 820 (800 ndash 841) 629 (621 ndash 638) 806 (788 ndash 826) 1070 (1040 ndash 1180) 86012ndash19 years 770 (757 ndash 783) 578 (557 ndash 587) 759 (749 ndash 767) 1050 (1000 ndash 1070) 195420ndash39 years 1020 (998 ndash 1040) 710 (683 ndash 727) 1000 (980 ndash 1020) 1520 (1410 ndash 1610) 168840ndash59 years 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 824 (799 ndash 848) 1200 (1160 ndash 1240) 1870 (1790 ndash 2040) 136560 years and older 1400 (1360 ndash 1440) 897 (828 ndash 949) 1390 (1330 ndash 1430) 2190 (2130 ndash 2270) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 1060 (1040 ndash 1090) 682 (664 ndash 704) 1030 (1010 ndash 1070) 1730 (1640 ndash 1770) 35476ndash11 years 817 (789 ndash 847) 629 (593 ndash 642) 807 (766 ndash 843) 1070 (1030 ndash 1180) 42712ndash19 years 753 (739 ndash 768) 553 (527 ndash 580) 747 (733 ndash 759) 1030 (986 ndash 1070) 98020ndash39 years 1030 (1010 ndash 1050) 699 (671 ndash 728) 1010 (984 ndash 1030) 1570 (1440 ndash 1730) 73840ndash59 years 1210 (1180 ndash 1250) 798 (767 ndash 848) 1190 (1160 ndash 1240) 1820 (1740 ndash 1950) 67360 years and older 1300 (1230 ndash 1370) 827 (762 ndash 887) 1290 (1220 ndash 1330) 2070 (1950 ndash 2310) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 717 (705 ndash 723) 1080 (1050 ndash 1100) 1840 (1790 ndash 1910) 37076ndash11 years 823 (792 ndash 856) 628 (608 ndash 647) 805 (784 ndash 837) 1090 (1020 ndash 1230) 43312ndash19 years 788 (772 ndash 804) 594 (570 ndash 611) 771 (755 ndash 788) 1050 (991 ndash 1120) 97420ndash39 years 1010 (981 ndash 1040) 717 (679 ndash 738) 997 (956 ndash 1030) 1470 (1360 ndash 1580) 95040ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1290) 841 (818 ndash 860) 1210 (1160 ndash 1240) 1920 (1820 ndash 2120) 69260 years and older 1490 (1440 ndash 1540) 966 (926 ndash 987) 1500 (1430 ndash 1540) 2260 (2190 ndash 2470) 658
Table 24a3 Serum vitamin E Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (980 ndash 1040) 671 (656 ndash 695) 976 (945 ndash 1000) 1580 (1530 ndash 1630) 18446ndash11 years 793 (770 ndash 816) 623 (599 ndash 644) 779 (755 ndash 800) 1010 (977 ndash 1110) 29512ndash19 years 760 (740 ndash 781) 587 (578 ndash 597) 750 (723 ndash 773) 991 (970 ndash 1050) 64620ndash39 years 1020 (991 ndash 1060) 727 (676 ndash 755) 997 (968 ndash 1020) 1520 (1420 ndash 1640) 44940ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1280) 836 (808 ndash 861) 1220 (1160 ndash 1270) 1790 (1730 ndash 1950) 24660 years and older 1360 (1250 ndash 1470) 913 (816 ndash 996) 1300 (1240 ndash 1370) 2000 (1720 ndash 3120) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (970 ndash 1050) 671 (640 ndash 701) 972 (925 ndash 999) 1570 (1510 ndash 1610) 8836ndash11 years 786 (762 ndash 811) 622 (598 ndash 643) 763 (745 ndash 802) 989 (962 ndash 1060) 14512ndash19 years 748 (718 ndash 778) 591 (573 ndash 603) 733 (690 ndash 775) 978 (930 ndash 1060) 31320ndash39 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1080) 753 (703 ndash 772) 990 (967 ndash 1020) 1590 (1460 ndash 1700) 19840ndash59 years 1270 (1190 ndash 1350) 863 (814 ndash 908) 1260 (1140 ndash 1350) 1670 (1610 ndash 2030) 12260 years and older 1260 (1140 ndash 1390) 845dagger (650 ndash 931) 1240 (1100 ndash 1340) 1970dagger (1570 ndash 3130) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (984 ndash 1030) 670 (649 ndash 696) 985 (949 ndash 1020) 1610 (1530 ndash 1670) 9616ndash11 years 800 (763 ndash 838) 625 (514 ndash 658) 787 (760 ndash 799) 1050 (958 ndash 1240) 15012ndash19 years 774 (750 ndash 798) 583 (570 ndash 597) 763 (748 ndash 784) 1020 (960 ndash 1090) 33320ndash39 years 1000 (955 ndash 1050) 700 (634 ndash 742) 1000 (947 ndash 1060) 1490 (1340 ndash 1650) 25140ndash59 years 1210 (1170 ndash 1260) 808 (778 ndash 859) 1200 (1110 ndash 1240) 1840 (1710 ndash 2100) 12460 years and older 1450 (1300 ndash 1610) 1000dagger (872 ndash 1090) 1410 (1240 ndash 1540) 2040dagger (1720 ndash 4610) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1191 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1192 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 24a4 Serum vitamin E Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 933 (915 ndash 951) 644 (630 ndash 656) 903 (884 ndash 918) 1400 (1360 ndash 1470) 18916ndash11 years 771 (743 ndash 801) 587 (550 ndash 634) 762 (735 ndash 800) 1010 (941 ndash 1090) 24012ndash19 years 731 (715 ndash 748) 575 (551 ndash 591) 727 (717 ndash 736) 945 (913 ndash 990) 66520ndash39 years 926 (896 ndash 957) 665 (620 ndash 686) 893 (865 ndash 933) 1340 (1250 ndash 1450) 36840ndash59 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1070) 736 (688 ndash 779) 1010 (998 ndash 1050) 1540 (1420 ndash 1670) 33560 years and older 1110 (1060 ndash 1160) 752 (709 ndash 791) 1080 (993 ndash 1150) 1680 (1560 ndash 1780) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 915 (897 ndash 933) 636 (618 ndash 651) 882 (870 ndash 895) 1390 (1310 ndash 1460) 9496ndash11 years 768 (740 ndash 799) 588 (558 ndash 634) 752 (726 ndash 799) 1030 (928 ndash 1110) 12812ndash19 years 732 (714 ndash 751) 582 (558 ndash 606) 727 (712 ndash 737) 940 (904 ndash 981) 34320ndash39 years 937 (888 ndash 989) 650 (603 ndash 687) 896 (862 ndash 939) 1400 (1240 ndash 1670) 17040ndash59 years 1010 (972 ndash 1050) 718 (632 ndash 743) 988 (960 ndash 1020) 1520 (1390 ndash 1640) 15660 years and older 1050 (1000 ndash 1100) 726 (580 ndash 770) 980 (894 ndash 1080) 1680 (1410 ndash 2250) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 949 (923 ndash 976) 651 (638 ndash 673) 916 (897 ndash 944) 1450 (1350 ndash 1560) 9426ndash11 years 775 (735 ndash 817) 579 (400 ndash 643) 776 (746 ndash 803) 1000 (931 ndash 1140) 11212ndash19 years 731 (706 ndash 757) 567 (517 ndash 596) 726 (712 ndash 750) 957 (906 ndash 1050) 32220ndash39 years 917 (893 ndash 941) 677 (613 ndash 704) 892 (862 ndash 925) 1270 (1190 ndash 1490) 19840ndash59 years 1070 (1030 ndash 1110) 761 (707 ndash 808) 1040 (1000 ndash 1110) 1540 (1400 ndash 1740) 17960 years and older 1150 (1080 ndash 1230) 774 (650 ndash 848) 1130 (1040 ndash 1230) 1670 (1560 ndash 1770) 131
Table 24a5 Serum vitamin E Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1140 (1110 ndash 1160) 718 (706 ndash 729) 1110 (1080 ndash 1140) 1870 (1810 ndash 1940) 29736ndash11 years 840 (815 ndash 866) 627 (612 ndash 642) 826 (805 ndash 854) 1120 (1060 ndash 1260) 23112ndash19 years 779 (761 ndash 797) 579 (544 ndash 589) 765 (751 ndash 784) 1060 (1010 ndash 1140) 49920ndash39 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1070) 711 (671 ndash 741) 1030 (1000 ndash 1060) 1550 (1410 ndash 1710) 71440ndash59 years 1260 (1220 ndash 1300) 846 (817 ndash 866) 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 1910 (1800 ndash 2100) 68360 years and older 1430 (1390 ndash 1480) 919 (856 ndash 976) 1430 (1390 ndash 1480) 2230 (2170 ndash 2330) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 1100 (1070 ndash 1130) 703 (671 ndash 725) 1080 (1050 ndash 1120) 1770 (1740 ndash 1850) 14726ndash11 years 839 (801 ndash 879) 629 (562 ndash 680) 830 (791 ndash 880) 1080 (1030 ndash 1300) 11212ndash19 years 757 (737 ndash 778) 542 (523 ndash 572) 754 (730 ndash 783) 1060 (1000 ndash 1110) 25420ndash39 years 1040 (1020 ndash 1070) 687 (640 ndash 735) 1030 (1020 ndash 1060) 1590 (1430 ndash 1770) 30940ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1270) 818 (769 ndash 865) 1230 (1180 ndash 1260) 1840 (1750 ndash 2040) 35160 years and older 1330 (1240 ndash 1420) 862 (733 ndash 930) 1300 (1250 ndash 1360) 2100 (1970 ndash 2460) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1170 (1150 ndash 1200) 727 (718 ndash 746) 1140 (1100 ndash 1170) 1930 (1870 ndash 2050) 15016ndash11 years 841 (792 ndash 892) 624 (597 ndash 656) 819 (774 ndash 878) 1160 (1050 ndash 1470) 11912ndash19 years 803 (780 ndash 827) 601 (562 ndash 641) 779 (750 ndash 805) 1060 (985 ndash 1200) 24520ndash39 years 1040 (1000 ndash 1080) 720 (699 ndash 754) 1020 (978 ndash 1060) 1510 (1360 ndash 1630) 40540ndash59 years 1270 (1230 ndash 1320) 862 (842 ndash 894) 1240 (1190 ndash 1280) 2000 (1850 ndash 2190) 33260 years and older 1530 (1480 ndash 1590) 985 (964 ndash 1020) 1530 (1470 ndash 1590) 2320 (2240 ndash 2500) 400
120 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population120 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24b Serum vitamin E Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 1070 (1040 ndash 1110) 597 (575 ndash 612) 1010 (986 ndash 1040) 2350 (2280 ndash 2500) 7054 2001ndash2002 1110 (1090 ndash 1140) 637 (623 ndash 649) 1050 (1010 ndash 1090) 2380 (2260 ndash 2520) 7935 2005ndash2006 1090 (1070 ndash 1120) 631 (620 ndash 642) 1060 (1030 ndash 1080) 2090 (2010 ndash 2180) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 785 (752 ndash 820) 559 (514 ndash 585) 772 (734 ndash 829) 1160 (1120 ndash 1400) 347 2001ndash2002 814 (780 ndash 850) 577 (553 ndash 601) 796 (760 ndash 824) 1200 (1090 ndash 1670) 4306ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 783 (754 ndash 814) 545 (519 ndash 557) 781 (749 ndash 824) 1130 (1090 ndash 1210) 859 2001ndash2002 804 (788 ndash 821) 576 (560 ndash 591) 798 (780 ndash 819) 1140 (1090 ndash 1220) 1014 2005ndash2006 820 (800 ndash 841) 583 (563 ndash 601) 806 (788 ndash 826) 1200 (1120 ndash 1370) 86012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 736 (717 ndash 756) 513 (491 ndash 530) 729 (712 ndash 744) 1100 (1020 ndash 1240) 2108 2001ndash2002 782 (768 ndash 796) 550 (540 ndash 559) 771 (761 ndash 786) 1170 (1110 ndash 1280) 2206 2005ndash2006 770 (757 ndash 783) 527 (516 ndash 541) 759 (749 ndash 767) 1160 (1130 ndash 1200) 195420ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 973 (952 ndash 995) 615 (590 ndash 630) 938 (911 ndash 972) 1750 (1640 ndash 1860) 1452 2001ndash2002 1010 (987 ndash 1030) 646 (627 ndash 661) 979 (960 ndash 1000) 1720 (1620 ndash 1880) 1716 2005ndash2006 1020 (998 ndash 1040) 645 (621 ndash 668) 1000 (980 ndash 1020) 1730 (1620 ndash 1900) 168840ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1300 (1250 ndash 1360) 753 (716 ndash 791) 1230 (1200 ndash 1280) 2670 (2470 ndash 2940) 1181 2001ndash2002 1310 (1270 ndash 1340) 776 (751 ndash 793) 1260 (1220 ndash 1300) 2530 (2380 ndash 3030) 1474 2005ndash2006 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 749 (724 ndash 769) 1200 (1160 ndash 1240) 2210 (2080 ndash 2400) 136560 years and older 1999ndash2000 1510 (1470 ndash 1560) 788 (749 ndash 825) 1450 (1390 ndash 1510) 3020 (2920 ndash 3290) 1454 2001ndash2002 1540 (1490 ndash 1590) 830 (763 ndash 869) 1500 (1440 ndash 1550) 3290 (3030 ndash 3540) 1525 2005ndash2006 1400 (1360 ndash 1440) 783 (733 ndash 835) 1390 (1330 ndash 1430) 2600 (2510 ndash 2660) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 1050 (1010 ndash 1090) 580 (557 ndash 604) 993 (976 ndash 1020) 2280 (2130 ndash 2470) 3426 2001ndash2002 1090 (1060 ndash 1130) 623 (607 ndash 646) 1030 (986 ndash 1080) 2300 (2160 ndash 2470) 3841 2005ndash2006 1060 (1040 ndash 1090) 610 (594 ndash 625) 1030 (1010 ndash 1070) 2010 (1930 ndash 2090) 3547Females 1999ndash2000 1100 (1070 ndash 1140) 605 (580 ndash 627) 1030 (990 ndash 1070) 2450 (2300 ndash 2690) 3628 2001ndash2002 1130 (1110 ndash 1150) 646 (629 ndash 660) 1060 (1040 ndash 1100) 2480 (2280 ndash 2700) 4094 2005ndash2006 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 653 (639 ndash 664) 1080 (1050 ndash 1100) 2170 (2080 ndash 2260) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 962 (932 ndash 994) 572 (558 ndash 587) 918 (895 ndash 947) 1810 (1740 ndash 2010) 2410 2001ndash2002 994 (954 ndash 1040) 606 (584 ndash 625) 949 (917 ndash 979) 1810 (1690 ndash 2080) 1991 2005ndash2006 1010 (980 ndash 1040) 623 (602 ndash 637) 976 (945 ndash 1000) 1790 (1750 ndash 1870) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 904 (869 ndash 941) 566 (539 ndash 580) 869 (835 ndash 910) 1700 (1620 ndash 1910) 1584 2001ndash2002 930 (907 ndash 953) 601 (573 ndash 617) 897 (883 ndash 915) 1690 (1540 ndash 1940) 1864 2005ndash2006 933 (915 ndash 951) 588 (581 ndash 601) 903 (884 ndash 918) 1660 (1560 ndash 1750) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 1130 (1100 ndash 1170) 618 (600 ndash 634) 1060 (1040 ndash 1100) 2540 (2380 ndash 2720) 2414 2001ndash2002 1160 (1130 ndash 1200) 653 (626 ndash 674) 1110 (1060 ndash 1150) 2510 (2380 ndash 2690) 3455 2005ndash2006 1140 (1110 ndash 1160) 643 (624 ndash 658) 1110 (1080 ndash 1140) 2170 (2090 ndash 2270) 2973
1211 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1212 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
400
500
600
700
800
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
600
800
1000
1200
50th
Per
cent
ile
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 24b Serum vitamin E Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
122 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population122 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24c Serum vitamin E PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin E concentration (lt 500 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence
(95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 07 (05 ndash 09) 1835000Age group6ndash11 years 860 09Dagger (04 ndash 20) 221000Dagger12ndash19 years 1954 26 (16 ndash 43) 88500020ndash39 years 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1365 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 237000Dagger60 years and older 1387 04 (03 ndash 07) 209000GenderMales 3547 09 (06 ndash 12) 1110000Females 3707 05 (03 ndash 08) 725000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1891 12 (09 ndash 17) 396000Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 06 (04 ndash 08) 1059000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1231 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1232 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 24d Serum vitamin E Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin E concentration (lt 500 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7054 10 (07 ndash 16) 2558000 2001ndash2002 7935 04 (03 ndash 06) 1108000 2005ndash2006 7254 07 (05 ndash 09) 1835000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 347 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 859 20Dagger (10 ndash 41) 492000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 09Dagger (04 ndash 20) 221000Dagger12ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2108 38 (21 ndash 68) 1202000 2001ndash2002 2206 16 (10 ndash 26) 509000 2005ndash2006 1954 26 (16 ndash 43) 88500020ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1452 09Dagger (05 ndash 18) 730000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1716 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1181 01Dagger (01 ndash 02) 80000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1474 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1365 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 237000Dagger60 years and older 1999ndash2000 1454 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1525 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1387 04 (03 ndash 07) 209000Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3426 14 (08 ndash 23) 1660000 2001ndash2002 3841 06 (04 ndash 10) 781000 2005ndash2006 3547 09 (06 ndash 12) 1110000Females 1999ndash2000 3628 07 (04 ndash 11) 895000 2001ndash2002 4094 02 (01 ndash 05) 325000 2005ndash2006 3707 05 (03 ndash 08) 725000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 13 (09 ndash 18) 227000 2001ndash2002 1991 07Dagger (04 ndash 15) 156000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1584 17 (09 ndash 32) 520000 2001ndash2002 1864 07 (04 ndash 11) 207000 2005ndash2006 1891 12 (09 ndash 17) 396000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2414 08 (05 ndash 13) 1491000 2001ndash2002 3455 03 (02 ndash 05) 556000 2005ndash2006 2973 06 (04 ndash 08) 1059000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
124 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population124 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
5a
1 S
erum
gam
ma-
toco
pher
ol C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
188
(180
ndash 1
96)
535
(49
6 ndash
599
)70
4(6
29
ndash 75
4)
196
(187
ndash 2
04)
424
(408
ndash 4
46)
489
(464
ndash 5
19)
721
7A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs18
2(1
71 ndash
193
)68
1(5
52
ndash 85
2)
915
(71
3 ndash
992
)17
9(1
69 ndash
193
)35
3(3
33 ndash
390
)39
2(3
67 ndash
455
)85
812
ndash19
year
s17
9(1
71 ndash
188
)75
5(6
20
ndash 81
8)
890
(79
8 ndash
938
)18
4(1
75 ndash
194
)32
4(3
11 ndash
343
)37
6(3
44 ndash
413
)1
942
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
194
(184
ndash 2
05)
654
(50
6 ndash
767
)81
9(7
53
ndash 93
8)
200
(192
ndash 2
09)
423
(401
ndash 4
60)
489
(447
ndash 5
53)
167
540
ndash59
year
s20
1(1
92 ndash
212
)53
0(4
65
ndash 61
2)
690
(56
1 ndash
800
)21
3(2
03 ndash
221
)45
2(4
37 ndash
498
)54
5(4
92 ndash
604
)1
358
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
5(1
54 ndash
177
)45
1(4
14
ndash 49
8)
524
(49
7 ndash
575
)17
6(1
61 ndash
192
)42
2(4
03 ndash
462
)48
6(4
61 ndash
539
)1
384
Gen
der
Mal
es19
2(1
84 ndash
200
)54
9(4
86
ndash 63
3)
745
(62
4 ndash
808
)19
8(1
89 ndash
206
)43
4(4
11 ndash
471
)50
5(4
78 ndash
564
)3
528
Fem
ales
184
(175
ndash 1
94)
524
(49
4 ndash
585
)67
7(6
01
ndash 73
5)
194
(183
ndash 2
03)
419
(400
ndash 4
41)
464
(444
ndash 4
97)
368
9Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
204
(192
ndash 2
17)
804
(64
2 ndash
863
)93
8(8
40
ndash 10
2)20
9(1
95 ndash
222
)43
7(3
90 ndash
503
)50
4(4
63 ndash
585
)1
841
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
214
(198
ndash 2
31)
706
(52
2 ndash
855
)92
0(6
74
ndash 10
6)21
9(2
04 ndash
235
)42
9(4
08 ndash
488
)50
9(4
57 ndash
550
)1
865
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s18
2(1
73 ndash
191
)51
2(4
67
ndash 55
0)
651
(57
4 ndash
723
)19
0(1
79 ndash
200
)42
3(4
07 ndash
445
)48
5(4
54 ndash
531
)2
965
1251 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1252 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 25a Serum gammaminustocopherol Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
126 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population126 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 25a2 Serum gamma-tocopherol Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 188 (180 ndash 196) 932 (868 ndash 980) 196 (187 ndash 204) 361 (347 ndash 385) 72176ndash11 years 182 (171 ndash 193) 106 (102 ndash 111) 179 (169 ndash 193) 311 (298 ndash 341) 85812ndash19 years 179 (171 ndash 188) 106 (981 ndash 114) 184 (175 ndash 194) 288 (276 ndash 304) 194220ndash39 years 194 (184 ndash 205) 106 (947 ndash 114) 200 (192 ndash 209) 353 (330 ndash 393) 167540ndash59 years 201 (192 ndash 212) 952 (844 ndash 102) 213 (203 ndash 221) 400 (376 ndash 423) 135860 years and older 165 (154 ndash 177) 686 (609 ndash 734) 176 (161 ndash 192) 358 (340 ndash 397) 1384MalesTotal 6 years and older 192 (184 ndash 200) 987 (893 ndash 107) 198 (189 ndash 206) 359 (349 ndash 389) 35286ndash11 years 177 (166 ndash 189) 105 (940 ndash 109) 176 (163 ndash 189) 304 (276 ndash 349) 42512ndash19 years 173 (162 ndash 184) 103 (896 ndash 114) 177 (168 ndash 188) 284 (266 ndash 306) 97420ndash39 years 202 (193 ndash 211) 113 (105 ndash 119) 203 (194 ndash 215) 386 (349 ndash 414) 73240ndash59 years 207 (194 ndash 221) 990 (860 ndash 113) 215 (202 ndash 230) 403 (365 ndash 442) 66960 years and older 171 (157 ndash 185) 737 (669 ndash 772) 184 (159 ndash 204) 354 (336 ndash 396) 728FemalesTotal 6 years and older 184 (175 ndash 194) 882 (800 ndash 938) 194 (183 ndash 203) 362 (338 ndash 388) 36896ndash11 years 187 (174 ndash 201) 110 (936 ndash 122) 183 (169 ndash 199) 323 (299 ndash 346) 43312ndash19 years 187 (177 ndash 197) 110 (101 ndash 119) 191 (184 ndash 201) 292 (274 ndash 313) 96820ndash39 years 187 (173 ndash 202) 972 (799 ndash 110) 196 (180 ndash 207) 331 (312 ndash 383) 94340ndash59 years 197 (186 ndash 208) 905 (755 ndash 990) 207 (195 ndash 223) 398 (377 ndash 423) 68960 years and older 161 (148 ndash 175) 639 (539 ndash 726) 168 (155 ndash 188) 375 (328 ndash 405) 656
Table 25a3 Serum gamma-tocopherol Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 204 (192 ndash 217) 113 (106 ndash 117) 209 (195 ndash 222) 363 (343 ndash 403) 18416ndash11 years 199 (178 ndash 221) 114 (916 ndash 122) 202 (181 ndash 234) 323 (303 ndash 388) 29312ndash19 years 189 (179 ndash 200) 115 (106 ndash 124) 197 (183 ndash 207) 292 (279 ndash 316) 64520ndash39 years 203 (190 ndash 217) 111 (107 ndash 116) 209 (190 ndash 223) 366 (333 ndash 429) 44940ndash59 years 218 (202 ndash 237) 114 (917 ndash 125) 226 (213 ndash 240) 410 (357 ndash 478) 24660 years and older 210 (196 ndash 225) 997 (901 ndash 117) 211 (194 ndash 224) 406 (365 ndash 464) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 206 (196 ndash 216) 114 (109 ndash 118) 210 (193 ndash 224) 363 (339 ndash 417) 8816ndash11 years 196 (175 ndash 219) 116 (906 ndash 128) 189 (171 ndash 221) 329 (290 ndash 448) 14312ndash19 years 180 (169 ndash 191) 109 (979 ndash 115) 187 (166 ndash 208) 282 (264 ndash 310) 31320ndash39 years 207 (195 ndash 221) 112 (107 ndash 118) 216 (191 ndash 228) 375 (316 ndash 522) 19840ndash59 years 226 (199 ndash 256) 118 (964 ndash 141) 227 (201 ndash 265) 376 (345 ndash 582) 12260 years and older 213 (187 ndash 242) 100dagger (833 ndash 119) 205 (182 ndash 266) 412dagger (353 ndash 496) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 202 (185 ndash 220) 112 (962 ndash 120) 207 (194 ndash 221) 363 (334 ndash 407) 9606ndash11 years 201 (171 ndash 237) 113 (808 ndash 128) 219 (172 ndash 262) 322 (303 ndash 373) 15012ndash19 years 199 (187 ndash 213) 128 (113 ndash 137) 202 (191 ndash 212) 308 (286 ndash 375) 33220ndash39 years 197 (177 ndash 219) 109 (938 ndash 118) 202 (180 ndash 219) 362 (315 ndash 443) 25140ndash59 years 211 (187 ndash 237) 103 (615 ndash 121) 223 (184 ndash 259) 423 (351 ndash 515) 12460 years and older 208 (188 ndash 229) 988dagger (851 ndash 120) 213 (192 ndash 224) 398dagger (315 ndash 506) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1271 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1272 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 25a4 Serum gamma-tocopherol Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 214 (198 ndash 231) 119 (984 ndash 135) 219 (204 ndash 235) 383 (357 ndash 407) 18656ndash11 years 198 (183 ndash 214) 128 (967 ndash 141) 198 (189 ndash 210) 317 (291 ndash 360) 24012ndash19 years 197 (180 ndash 215) 126 (105 ndash 142) 198 (180 ndash 215) 308 (279 ndash 338) 65420ndash39 years 213 (196 ndash 231) 114 (935 ndash 137) 216 (202 ndash 231) 379 (334 ndash 420) 35940ndash59 years 221 (198 ndash 247) 115 (723 ndash 140) 233 (208 ndash 254) 404 (378 ndash 476) 33160 years and older 231 (204 ndash 261) 109 (606 ndash 139) 255 (216 ndash 286) 413 (392 ndash 466) 281MalesTotal 6 years and older 209 (192 ndash 227) 120 (102 ndash 136) 210 (195 ndash 225) 362 (335 ndash 402) 9356ndash11 years 191 (171 ndash 213) 116 (690 ndash 142) 193 (182 ndash 205) 297 (263 ndash 360) 12812ndash19 years 192 (176 ndash 210) 127 (111 ndash 141) 187 (170 ndash 208) 302 (278 ndash 335) 33720ndash39 years 218 (197 ndash 241) 119 (101 ndash 136) 220 (195 ndash 240) 386 (326 ndash 500) 16640ndash59 years 209 (182 ndash 241) 109 (712 ndash 141) 213 (187 ndash 239) 401 (311 ndash 526) 15360 years and older 223 (193 ndash 259) 122 (539 ndash 147) 234 (202 ndash 276) 393 (341 ndash 498) 151FemalesTotal 6 years and older 218 (203 ndash 234) 116 (933 ndash 134) 228 (213 ndash 242) 396 (375 ndash 410) 9306ndash11 years 205 (191 ndash 221) 131 (995 ndash 143) 204 (189 ndash 229) 327 (292 ndash 433) 11212ndash19 years 202 (183 ndash 223) 123 (985 ndash 147) 205 (195 ndash 218) 314 (279 ndash 354) 31720ndash39 years 209 (188 ndash 231) 110 (818 ndash 141) 213 (195 ndash 236) 377 (329 ndash 426) 19340ndash59 years 231 (210 ndash 255) 116 (723 ndash 134) 249 (217 ndash 285) 404 (399 ndash 443) 17860 years and older 236 (207 ndash 270) 103 (545 ndash 145) 261 (219 ndash 299) 448 (393 ndash 505) 130
Table 25a5 Serum gamma-tocopherol Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 182 (173 ndash 191) 864 (796 ndash 920) 190 (179 ndash 200) 356 (340 ndash 387) 29656ndash11 years 175 (159 ndash 192) 105 (997 ndash 109) 170 (157 ndash 191) 304 (272 ndash 349) 23112ndash19 years 174 (165 ndash 184) 102 (908 ndash 108) 179 (171 ndash 188) 284 (274 ndash 301) 49920ndash39 years 191 (178 ndash 205) 105 (836 ndash 116) 196 (183 ndash 207) 349 (320 ndash 401) 71040ndash59 years 196 (184 ndash 207) 916 (803 ndash 978) 207 (195 ndash 220) 396 (368 ndash 424) 68060 years and older 158 (148 ndash 169) 659 (594 ndash 721) 168 (154 ndash 183) 353 (326 ndash 392) 845MalesTotal 6 years and older 187 (178 ndash 197) 947 (817 ndash 104) 194 (184 ndash 204) 355 (344 ndash 388) 14696ndash11 years 174 (153 ndash 197) 105 (826 ndash 111) 170 (150 ndash 192) 307 (269 ndash 378) 11212ndash19 years 167 (155 ndash 180) 950 (767 ndash 113) 173 (163 ndash 181) 280 (250 ndash 314) 25420ndash39 years 200 (190 ndash 210) 117 (105 ndash 126) 201 (188 ndash 212) 370 (346 ndash 414) 30740ndash59 years 201 (185 ndash 218) 955 (803 ndash 106) 214 (195 ndash 230) 398 (350 ndash 448) 35060 years and older 165 (151 ndash 180) 716 (622 ndash 765) 177 (150 ndash 199) 351 (331 ndash 380) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 177 (167 ndash 188) 799 (738 ndash 875) 186 (173 ndash 197) 359 (324 ndash 391) 14966ndash11 years 177 (160 ndash 195) 104 (864 ndash 114) 171 (155 ndash 197) 300 (260 ndash 349) 11912ndash19 years 182 (171 ndash 195) 103 (896 ndash 118) 187 (175 ndash 200) 289 (270 ndash 312) 24520ndash39 years 183 (163 ndash 204) 928 (714 ndash 110) 191 (169 ndash 210) 323 (296 ndash 403) 40340ndash59 years 190 (178 ndash 204) 836 (681 ndash 983) 203 (186 ndash 217) 392 (373 ndash 427) 33060 years and older 153 (141 ndash 165) 611 (535 ndash 696) 161 (148 ndash 174) 357 (319 ndash 400) 399
128 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population128 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 25b Serum gamma-tocopherol Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 199 (184 ndash 216) 651 (582 ndash 717) 215 (197 ndash 230) 464 (432 ndash 529) 6129 2001ndash2002 199 (191 ndash 207) 671 (594 ndash 738) 212 (204 ndash 220) 461 (436 ndash 485) 7879 2005ndash2006 188 (180 ndash 196) 704 (629 ndash 754) 196 (187 ndash 204) 424 (408 ndash 446) 7217Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 170 (140 ndash 206) 500 (162 ndash 908) 180 (158 ndash 200) 363 (308 ndash 455) 301 2001ndash2002 181 (170 ndash 193) 633 (522 ndash 822) 194 (178 ndash 205) 365 (342 ndash 430) 4296ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 202 (183 ndash 223) 933 (723 ndash 107) 213 (184 ndash 231) 407 (356 ndash 569) 725 2001ndash2002 211 (203 ndash 219) 102 (954 ndash 109) 218 (211 ndash 227) 380 (361 ndash 414) 1005 2005ndash2006 182 (171 ndash 193) 915 (713 ndash 992) 179 (169 ndash 193) 353 (333 ndash 390) 85812ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 197 (183 ndash 211) 990 (804 ndash 112) 198 (186 ndash 214) 372 (363 ndash 389) 1821 2001ndash2002 197 (190 ndash 205) 994 (902 ndash 107) 201 (191 ndash 209) 368 (346 ndash 391) 2188 2005ndash2006 179 (171 ndash 188) 890 (798 ndash 938) 184 (175 ndash 194) 324 (311 ndash 343) 194220ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 205 (189 ndash 222) 756 (605 ndash 873) 220 (199 ndash 237) 438 (414 ndash 477) 1299 2001ndash2002 206 (197 ndash 216) 856 (735 ndash 953) 217 (205 ndash 227) 445 (425 ndash 474) 1706 2005ndash2006 194 (184 ndash 205) 819 (753 ndash 938) 200 (192 ndash 209) 423 (401 ndash 460) 167540ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 208 (185 ndash 232) 598 (519 ndash 700) 231 (204 ndash 253) 549 (507 ndash 631) 1028 2001ndash2002 204 (192 ndash 217) 604 (522 ndash 683) 221 (208 ndash 238) 507 (463 ndash 576) 1463 2005ndash2006 201 (192 ndash 212) 690 (561 ndash 800) 213 (203 ndash 221) 452 (437 ndash 498) 135860 years and older 1999ndash2000 178 (160 ndash 197) 476 (429 ndash 544) 196 (171 ndash 216) 496 (443 ndash 573) 1256 2001ndash2002 172 (162 ndash 184) 482 (438 ndash 520) 185 (170 ndash 201) 497 (469 ndash 534) 1517 2005ndash2006 165 (154 ndash 177) 524 (497 ndash 575) 176 (161 ndash 192) 422 (403 ndash 462) 1384Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 199 (184 ndash 217) 653 (559 ndash 747) 213 (197 ndash 230) 462 (426 ndash 532) 2974 2001ndash2002 202 (193 ndash 211) 665 (560 ndash 771) 213 (207 ndash 222) 472 (445 ndash 499) 3815 2005ndash2006 192 (184 ndash 200) 745 (624 ndash 808) 198 (189 ndash 206) 434 (411 ndash 471) 3528Females 1999ndash2000 200 (184 ndash 217) 648 (576 ndash 718) 217 (196 ndash 232) 468 (433 ndash 536) 3155 2001ndash2002 196 (187 ndash 205) 676 (606 ndash 747) 210 (200 ndash 220) 447 (420 ndash 483) 4064 2005ndash2006 184 (175 ndash 194) 677 (601 ndash 735) 194 (183 ndash 203) 419 (400 ndash 441) 3689Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 222 (210 ndash 235) 104 (891 ndash 113) 225 (213 ndash 236) 468 (414 ndash 504) 1772 2001ndash2002 198 (190 ndash 206) 898 (805 ndash 926) 203 (190 ndash 214) 422 (390 ndash 458) 1987 2005ndash2006 204 (192 ndash 217) 938 (840 ndash 102) 209 (195 ndash 222) 437 (390 ndash 503) 1841Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 213 (200 ndash 226) 945 (731 ndash 104) 217 (201 ndash 238) 437 (417 ndash 473) 1515 2001ndash2002 235 (222 ndash 248) 107 (835 ndash 118) 248 (233 ndash 261) 450 (426 ndash 478) 1843 2005ndash2006 214 (198 ndash 231) 920 (674 ndash 106) 219 (204 ndash 235) 429 (408 ndash 488) 1865Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 198 (179 ndash 219) 613 (528 ndash 701) 217 (192 ndash 234) 477 (439 ndash 542) 2240 2001ndash2002 193 (183 ndash 205) 604 (514 ndash 680) 209 (198 ndash 220) 472 (442 ndash 495) 3426 2005ndash2006 182 (173 ndash 191) 651 (574 ndash 723) 190 (179 ndash 200) 423 (407 ndash 445) 2965
1291 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1292 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
0
50
100
150
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
150
200
250
300
50th
Per
cent
ile
300
400
500
600
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 25b Serum gammaminustocopherol Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
130 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population130 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
6a
1 S
erum
alp
ha-c
arot
ene
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
276
(25
4 ndash
299
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
63(2
40
ndash 2
84)
141
(12
4 ndash
165
)19
5(1
76
ndash 23
7)
724
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs2
64(2
32
ndash 3
01)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
259
(23
1 ndash
290
)11
5(9
30
ndash 15
1)
157
(11
6 ndash
347
)86
012
ndash19
year
s1
85(1
69
ndash 2
03)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
172
(15
3 ndash
191
)7
91(6
65
ndash 10
2)
108
(89
6 ndash
152
)1
950
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
248
(22
4 ndash
274
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
36(2
06
ndash 2
69)
113
(10
1 ndash
147
)16
3(1
27
ndash 23
6)
168
440
ndash59
year
s3
15(2
85
ndash 3
47)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
301
(27
2 ndash
336
)17
0(1
45
ndash 21
9)
271
(20
3 ndash
359
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
42(3
05
ndash 3
83)
lt LO
D7
11(lt
LO
D ndash
811
)3
33(2
86
ndash 3
86)
170
(14
0 ndash
198
)21
6(1
93
ndash 25
9)
138
7G
ende
rM
ales
237
(22
0 ndash
255
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
23(2
06
ndash 2
39)
115
(99
2 ndash
139
)16
1(1
32
ndash 20
9)
354
4Fe
mal
es3
18(2
89
ndash 3
50)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
301
(27
4 ndash
332
)16
4(1
46
ndash 18
4)
239
(19
4 ndash
300
)3
702
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s2
99(2
79
ndash 3
21)
lt LO
D8
24(7
49 ndash
889
)2
87(2
61
ndash 3
21)
108
(10
5 ndash
125
)14
8(1
39
ndash 16
6)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks1
98(1
74
ndash 2
26)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
171
(14
9 ndash
199
)11
0(8
83
ndash 14
8)
152
(12
4 ndash
331
)1
890
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s2
80(2
60
ndash 3
02)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
267
(24
7 ndash
289
)14
4(1
28
ndash 16
7)
202
(18
1 ndash
242
)2
966
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
4 6
Seru
m a
lpha
minuscar
oten
e(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 26a Serum alphaminuscarotene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m a
lpha
minuscar
oten
eSe
rum
alp
haminusc
arot
ene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
02
46
02
4
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 131131
132 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population132 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 26a2 Serum alpha-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 276 (254 ndash 299) 772 (718 ndash 823) 263 (240 ndash 284) 948 (858 ndash 106) 72466ndash11 years 264 (232 ndash 301) 865 (766 ndash 966) 259 (231 ndash 290) 834 (674 ndash 109) 86012ndash19 years 185 (169 ndash 203) lt LOD 172 (153 ndash 191) 555 (498 ndash 667) 195020ndash39 years 248 (224 ndash 274) 702 (lt LOD ndash 793) 236 (206 ndash 269) 865 (755 ndash 972) 168440ndash59 years 315 (285 ndash 347) 836 (lt LOD ndash 963) 301 (272 ndash 336) 118 (100 ndash 133) 136560 years and older 342 (305 ndash 383) 102 (832 ndash 117) 333 (286 ndash 386) 108 (964 ndash 131) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 237 (220 ndash 255) lt LOD 223 (206 ndash 239) 774 (673 ndash 937) 35446ndash11 years 268 (232 ndash 310) 885 (780 ndash 985) 259 (236 ndash 291) 827 (598 ndash 120) 42712ndash19 years 160 (146 ndash 176) lt LOD 140 (129 ndash 161) 451 (369 ndash 554) 97920ndash39 years 210 (195 ndash 227) lt LOD 200 (179 ndash 219) 691 (614 ndash 726) 73640ndash59 years 266 (238 ndash 296) 711 (lt LOD ndash 910) 247 (224 ndash 276) 879 (713 ndash 115) 67360 years and older 301 (261 ndash 346) 838 (754 ndash 923) 309 (255 ndash 354) 976 (773 ndash 129) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 318 (289 ndash 350) 895 (807 ndash 983) 301 (274 ndash 332) 108 (983 ndash 123) 37026ndash11 years 260 (226 ndash 299) 854 (712 ndash 972) 259 (214 ndash 297) 839 (699 ndash 111) 43312ndash19 years 217 (198 ndash 239) 709 (lt LOD ndash 777) 208 (189 ndash 230) 643 (553 ndash 715) 97120ndash39 years 292 (251 ndash 339) 859 (lt LOD ndash 969) 274 (241 ndash 331) 980 (853 ndash 119) 94840ndash59 years 369 (325 ndash 417) 992 (764 ndash 123) 354 (307 ndash 397) 137 (117 ndash 167) 69260 years and older 380 (333 ndash 432) 118 (101 ndash 132) 350 (294 ndash 436) 116 (102 ndash 150) 658lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 26a3 Serum alpha-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 299 (279 ndash 321) 107 (952 ndash 121) 287 (261 ndash 321) 796 (758 ndash 867) 18446ndash11 years 253 (221 ndash 289) 918 (702 ndash 114) 247 (203 ndash 300) 679 (510 ndash 928) 29512ndash19 years 206 (182 ndash 233) 847 (723 ndash 952) 189 (170 ndash 222) 519 (456 ndash 591) 64620ndash39 years 309 (278 ndash 342) 122 (107 ndash 133) 288 (256 ndash 337) 774 (718 ndash 874) 44940ndash59 years 372 (331 ndash 419) 144 (784 ndash 177) 357 (324 ndash 421) 105 (826 ndash 140) 24660 years and older 376 (331 ndash 427) 128 (767 ndash 160) 360 (322 ndash 431) 980 (851 ndash 160) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 272 (250 ndash 295) 997 (890 ndash 109) 257 (222 ndash 300) 727 (699 ndash 773) 8836ndash11 years 246 (216 ndash 281) 904 (lt LOD ndash 125) 249 (194 ndash 320) 558 (447 ndash 107) 14512ndash19 years 192 (168 ndash 219) 785 (lt LOD ndash 874) 175 (150 ndash 205) 516 (385 ndash 620) 31320ndash39 years 271 (230 ndash 320) 108 (902 ndash 124) 247 (201 ndash 318) 732 (606 ndash 864) 19840ndash59 years 349 (295 ndash 413) 143 (lt LOD ndash 176) 335 (271 ndash 408) 979 (700 ndash 150) 12260 years and older 323 (273 ndash 383) 939dagger (lt LOD ndash 150) 318 (262 ndash 423) 807dagger (641 ndash 208) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 333 (307 ndash 361) 120 (106 ndash 130) 326 (295 ndash 350) 908 (835 ndash 984) 9616ndash11 years 260 (217 ndash 312) 923 (lt LOD ndash 115) 243 (199 ndash 317) 744 (570 ndash 989) 15012ndash19 years 222 (195 ndash 253) 937 (732 ndash 109) 208 (181 ndash 251) 521 (455 ndash 657) 33320ndash39 years 361 (316 ndash 413) 147 (116 ndash 162) 345 (284 ndash 413) 906 (693 ndash 132) 25140ndash59 years 399 (338 ndash 470) 139 (lt LOD ndash 183) 382 (337 ndash 447) 106 (774 ndash 335) 12460 years and older 427 (370 ndash 493) 152dagger (lt LOD ndash 202) 413 (336 ndash 544) 987dagger (865 ndash 225) 103lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1331 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1332 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 26a4 Serum alpha-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 198 (174 ndash 226) lt LOD 171 (149 ndash 199) 699 (549 ndash 949) 18906ndash11 years 197 (168 ndash 230) 782 (lt LOD ndash 865) 173 (147 ndash 211) 497 (384 ndash 731) 24012ndash19 years 133 (122 ndash 146) lt LOD 117 (108 ndash 127) 323 (279 ndash 425) 66420ndash39 years 176 (147 ndash 210) lt LOD 154 (127 ndash 185) 549 (381 ndash 109) 36840ndash59 years 260 (218 ndash 310) lt LOD 240 (186 ndash 311) 963 (777 ndash 124) 33560 years and older 228 (205 ndash 254) 727 (lt LOD ndash 860) 209 (172 ndash 238) 735 (625 ndash 909) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 179 (156 ndash 206) lt LOD 155 (130 ndash 184) 612 (482 ndash 767) 9486ndash11 years 211 (180 ndash 246) 934 (761 ndash 100) 190 (151 ndash 250) 511 (403 ndash 681) 12812ndash19 years 128 (117 ndash 140) lt LOD 118 (110 ndash 127) 265 (227 ndash 364) 34220ndash39 years 151 (127 ndash 180) lt LOD 126 (108 ndash 143) 423 (353 ndash 101) 17040ndash59 years 234 (184 ndash 296) lt LOD 210 (165 ndash 305) 808 (639 ndash 180) 15660 years and older 204 (178 ndash 234) lt LOD 175 (148 ndash 232) 611 (537 ndash 768) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 217 (191 ndash 247) lt LOD 191 (161 ndash 224) 809 (612 ndash 109) 9426ndash11 years 184 (147 ndash 230) lt LOD 156 (131 ndash 206) 455 (338 ndash 346) 11212ndash19 years 140 (124 ndash 157) lt LOD 116 (101 ndash 135) 398 (308 ndash 495) 32220ndash39 years 200 (163 ndash 245) lt LOD 183 (146 ndash 217) 748 (392 ndash 148) 19840ndash59 years 285 (240 ndash 337) 763 (lt LOD ndash 998) 259 (191 ndash 359) 102 (796 ndash 128) 17960 years and older 247 (208 ndash 294) 778 (lt LOD ndash 932) 228 (169 ndash 306) 843 (557 ndash 139) 131lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 26a5 Serum alpha-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 280 (260 ndash 302) 770 (lt LOD ndash 835) 267 (247 ndash 289) 964 (879 ndash 107) 29666ndash11 years 278 (238 ndash 324) 860 (769 ndash 988) 277 (237 ndash 315) 880 (705 ndash 117) 23112ndash19 years 195 (178 ndash 213) lt LOD 185 (165 ndash 202) 610 (530 ndash 719) 49620ndash39 years 239 (216 ndash 265) lt LOD 231 (197 ndash 265) 810 (723 ndash 964) 71040ndash59 years 312 (284 ndash 344) 832 (lt LOD ndash 971) 295 (263 ndash 336) 119 (101 ndash 135) 68360 years and older 344 (305 ndash 388) 105 (832 ndash 124) 334 (282 ndash 389) 107 (959 ndash 129) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 238 (220 ndash 256) lt LOD 227 (208 ndash 242) 773 (650 ndash 942) 14706ndash11 years 280 (234 ndash 335) 853 (749 ndash 102) 280 (240 ndash 299) 852 (574 ndash 237) 11212ndash19 years 162 (147 ndash 178) lt LOD 146 (126 ndash 172) 433 (363 ndash 581) 25420ndash39 years 202 (187 ndash 218) lt LOD 190 (165 ndash 222) 623 (568 ndash 729) 30740ndash59 years 260 (233 ndash 290) lt LOD 242 (219 ndash 268) 871 (682 ndash 102) 35160 years and older 300 (257 ndash 349) 844 (761 ndash 959) 309 (246 ndash 354) 936 (753 ndash 128) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 328 (300 ndash 359) 920 (790 ndash 104) 310 (282 ndash 339) 112 (104 ndash 127) 14966ndash11 years 275 (229 ndash 331) 864 (lt LOD ndash 110) 276 (193 ndash 326) 909 (710 ndash 124) 11912ndash19 years 239 (219 ndash 260) 723 (lt LOD ndash 838) 222 (206 ndash 249) 693 (625 ndash 887) 24220ndash39 years 283 (238 ndash 337) 826 (lt LOD ndash 962) 269 (220 ndash 336) 945 (782 ndash 118) 40340ndash59 years 373 (327 ndash 426) 964 (lt LOD ndash 123) 357 (304 ndash 401) 144 (126 ndash 167) 33260 years and older 386 (334 ndash 447) 124 (105 ndash 142) 354 (285 ndash 447) 120 (104 ndash 159) 400
134 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population134 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 26b Serum alpha-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 248 (222 ndash 277) lt LOD 239 (210 ndash 270) 122 (107 ndash 141) 7929 2005ndash2006 276 (254 ndash 299) lt LOD 263 (240 ndash 284) 141 (124 ndash 165) 7246Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 241 (213 ndash 274) lt LOD 214 (189 ndash 248) 122 (103 ndash 146) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 224 (200 ndash 251) lt LOD 204 (184 ndash 228) 854 (694 ndash 133) 1014 2005ndash2006 264 (232 ndash 301) lt LOD 259 (231 ndash 290) 115 (930 ndash 151) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 168 (152 ndash 186) lt LOD 150 (137 ndash 174) 768 (661 ndash 952) 2206 2005ndash2006 185 (169 ndash 203) lt LOD 172 (153 ndash 191) 791 (665 ndash 102) 195020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 222 (193 ndash 256) lt LOD 211 (182 ndash 249) 980 (896 ndash 126) 1716 2005ndash2006 248 (224 ndash 274) lt LOD 236 (206 ndash 269) 113 (101 ndash 147) 168440ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 298 (260 ndash 342) lt LOD 285 (247 ndash 328) 160 (128 ndash 207) 1470 2005ndash2006 315 (285 ndash 347) lt LOD 301 (272 ndash 336) 170 (145 ndash 219) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 308 (274 ndash 346) lt LOD 314 (271 ndash 361) 127 (120 ndash 137) 1523 2005ndash2006 342 (305 ndash 383) 711 (lt LOD ndash 811) 333 (286 ndash 386) 170 (140 ndash 198) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 222 (198 ndash 249) lt LOD 207 (187 ndash 244) 103 (930 ndash 123) 3835 2005ndash2006 237 (220 ndash 255) lt LOD 223 (206 ndash 239) 115 (992 ndash 139) 3544Females 2001ndash2002 276 (247 ndash 307) lt LOD 267 (235 ndash 297) 133 (118 ndash 162) 4094 2005ndash2006 318 (289 ndash 350) lt LOD 301 (274 ndash 332) 164 (146 ndash 184) 3702Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 273 (238 ndash 314) 726 (lt LOD ndash 805) 263 (238 ndash 299) 101 (846 ndash 141) 1990 2005ndash2006 299 (279 ndash 321) 824 (749 ndash 889) 287 (261 ndash 321) 108 (105 ndash 125) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 177 (150 ndash 209) lt LOD 158 (136 ndash 191) 101 (764 ndash 145) 1864 2005ndash2006 198 (174 ndash 226) lt LOD 171 (149 ndash 199) 110 (883 ndash 148) 1890Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 257 (225 ndash 295) lt LOD 248 (211 ndash 286) 128 (112 ndash 155) 3450 2005ndash2006 280 (260 ndash 302) lt LOD 267 (247 ndash 289) 144 (128 ndash 167) 2966lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
1351 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1352 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
075
080
085
090
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
10
15
20
25
30
35
50th
Per
cent
ile
5
10
15
20
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 26b Serum alphaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
136 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population136 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
7a
1 S
erum
tran
s-be
ta-c
arot
ene
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
121
(11
5 ndash
128
)2
32(1
98
ndash 2
67)
318
(29
2 ndash
342
)11
6(1
11
ndash 12
3)
533
(49
1 ndash
593
)74
1(6
81
ndash 83
3)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs13
0(1
21
ndash 14
0)
414
(26
7 ndash
505
)5
15(4
11
ndash 5
61)
127
(11
8 ndash
136
)37
7(2
99
ndash 49
2)
476
(39
6 ndash
100)
860
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
924
(87
6 ndash
975
)2
59(2
05
ndash 2
96)
320
(28
7 ndash
352
)8
96(8
30
ndash 9
66)
283
(26
3 ndash
307
)35
3(3
13
ndash 41
8)
195
420
ndash39
year
s10
4(9
63
ndash 11
3)
241
(14
0 ndash
281
)3
01(2
79
ndash 3
23)
997
(91
4 ndash
109
)41
6(3
69
ndash 53
3)
595
(48
7 ndash
851
)1
688
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
128
(11
9 ndash
139
)1
94(1
36
ndash 2
20)
269
(21
5 ndash
341
)12
4(1
16
ndash 13
4)
630
(53
5 ndash
738
)79
2(7
33
ndash 97
9)
136
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
164
(15
1 ndash
177
)2
80(2
64
ndash 3
20)
390
(34
3 ndash
417
)15
9(1
45
ndash 17
8)
746
(66
3 ndash
834
)10
2(8
59
ndash 14
3)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es10
3(9
89
ndash 10
8)
196
(14
0 ndash
225
)2
77(2
28
ndash 3
06)
103
(96
2 ndash
109
)40
8(3
68
ndash 46
4)
543
(49
4 ndash
662
)3
547
Fem
ales
142
(13
3 ndash
151
)2
93(2
45
ndash 3
23)
377
(35
1 ndash
405
)13
2(1
20
ndash 14
4)
645
(58
3 ndash
736
)84
7(7
59
ndash 10
2)3
707
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s11
5(1
05
ndash 12
7)
267
(21
9 ndash
306
)3
49(3
15
ndash 3
86)
113
(10
4 ndash
124
)39
2(3
51
ndash 46
5)
486
(46
2 ndash
594
)1
844
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
108
(97
2 ndash
120
)2
29(2
00
ndash 2
54)
302
(25
7 ndash
336
)10
5(9
31
ndash 11
4)
450
(38
3 ndash
537
)57
4(5
14
ndash 73
5)
189
1N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
123
(11
6 ndash
131
)2
20(1
90
ndash 2
65)
306
(28
0 ndash
341
)11
8(1
12
ndash 12
6)
569
(50
4 ndash
649
)76
2(7
23
ndash 93
3)
297
3
1371 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1372 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 27a Serum transminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
138 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population138 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 27a2 Serum trans-beta-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 121 (115 ndash 128) 426 (402 ndash 453) 116 (111 ndash 123) 371 (342 ndash 407) 72546ndash11 years 130 (121 ndash 140) 621 (549 ndash 689) 127 (118 ndash 136) 274 (251 ndash 317) 86012ndash19 years 924 (876 ndash 975) 421 (386 ndash 452) 896 (830 ndash 966) 203 (189 ndash 227) 195420ndash39 years 104 (963 ndash 113) 385 (350 ndash 419) 997 (914 ndash 109) 304 (265 ndash 358) 168840ndash59 years 128 (119 ndash 139) 412 (359 ndash 455) 124 (116 ndash 134) 427 (391 ndash 475) 136560 years and older 164 (151 ndash 177) 527 (447 ndash 608) 159 (145 ndash 178) 510 (459 ndash 591) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 103 (989 ndash 108) 376 (348 ndash 402) 103 (962 ndash 109) 282 (264 ndash 314) 35476ndash11 years 137 (126 ndash 150) 693 (562 ndash 794) 131 (121 ndash 143) 274 (235 ndash 347) 42712ndash19 years 846 (793 ndash 903) 382 (327 ndash 429) 826 (775 ndash 890) 178 (172 ndash 187) 98020ndash39 years 889 (836 ndash 946) 336 (302 ndash 380) 851 (791 ndash 914) 239 (222 ndash 267) 73840ndash59 years 105 (938 ndash 117) 343 (220 ndash 420) 108 (945 ndash 123) 318 (279 ndash 360) 67360 years and older 133 (119 ndash 148) 447 (375 ndash 533) 130 (115 ndash 144) 415 (338 ndash 511) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 142 (133 ndash 151) 500 (460 ndash 530) 132 (120 ndash 144) 439 (412 ndash 489) 37076ndash11 years 124 (113 ndash 135) 561 (456 ndash 675) 118 (105 ndash 136) 274 (246 ndash 335) 43312ndash19 years 101 (948 ndash 109) 473 (426 ndash 495) 976 (895 ndash 107) 246 (209 ndash 291) 97420ndash39 years 122 (107 ndash 139) 439 (379 ndash 508) 114 (102 ndash 129) 370 (286 ndash 502) 95040ndash59 years 155 (142 ndash 170) 507 (461 ndash 533) 145 (127 ndash 162) 532 (440 ndash 644) 69260 years and older 195 (174 ndash 218) 630 (512 ndash 704) 194 (165 ndash 231) 623 (505 ndash 752) 658
Table 27a3 Serum trans-beta-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 115 (105 ndash 127) 448 (414 ndash 481) 113 (104 ndash 124) 297 (259 ndash 350) 18446ndash11 years 114 (106 ndash 124) 574 (457 ndash 628) 110 (992 ndash 120) 242 (210 ndash 311) 29512ndash19 years 902 (839 ndash 970) 407 (359 ndash 464) 905 (835 ndash 101) 186 (173 ndash 227) 64620ndash39 years 115 (984 ndash 133) 445 (401 ndash 485) 113 (945 ndash 137) 299 (235 ndash 372) 44940ndash59 years 128 (111 ndash 148) 415 (363 ndash 503) 127 (111 ndash 147) 325 (277 ndash 471) 24660 years and older 148 (132 ndash 165) 531 (302 ndash 779) 147 (127 ndash 156) 431 (379 ndash 474) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 104 (929 ndash 116) 415 (363 ndash 446) 103 (920 ndash 115) 253 (226 ndash 304) 8836ndash11 years 120 (112 ndash 128) 615 (440 ndash 762) 115 (104 ndash 126) 231 (197 ndash 344) 14512ndash19 years 818 (737 ndash 907) 371 (332 ndash 425) 834 (690 ndash 963) 177 (153 ndash 196) 31320ndash39 years 103 (845 ndash 126) 420 (300 ndash 471) 964 (783 ndash 128) 266 (220 ndash 369) 19840ndash59 years 109 (897 ndash 132) 382 (255 ndash 431) 113 (945 ndash 134) 263 (216 ndash 359) 12260 years and older 124 (106 ndash 146) 447dagger (251 ndash 670) 120 (945 ndash 159) 357dagger (198 ndash 154) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 129 (119 ndash 141) 508 (451 ndash 560) 125 (116 ndash 137) 344 (302 ndash 393) 9616ndash11 years 109 (963 ndash 123) 510 (398 ndash 596) 102 (854 ndash 119) 243 (194 ndash 328) 15012ndash19 years 100 (935 ndash 107) 483 (412 ndash 513) 102 (947 ndash 106) 209 (180 ndash 287) 33320ndash39 years 130 (111 ndash 153) 515 (369 ndash 618) 126 (112 ndash 155) 338 (246 ndash 458) 25140ndash59 years 153 (126 ndash 185) 506 (342 ndash 668) 144 (122 ndash 183) 412 (292 ndash 108) 12460 years and older 170 (147 ndash 197) 597dagger (310 ndash 819) 151 (143 ndash 194) 445dagger (393 ndash 509) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1391 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1392 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 27a4 Serum trans-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 108 (972 ndash 120) 400 (353 ndash 434) 105 (931 ndash 114) 312 (265 ndash 383) 18916ndash11 years 119 (106 ndash 133) 630 (486 ndash 703) 116 (109 ndash 126) 230 (183 ndash 377) 24012ndash19 years 846 (785 ndash 911) 409 (371 ndash 435) 813 (788 ndash 842) 179 (157 ndash 213) 66520ndash39 years 932 (828 ndash 105) 385 (327 ndash 422) 849 (761 ndash 102) 234 (195 ndash 308) 36840ndash59 years 121 (103 ndash 141) 346 (233 ndash 466) 123 (103 ndash 152) 409 (343 ndash 502) 33560 years and older 147 (128 ndash 169) 460 (381 ndash 504) 153 (121 ndash 187) 448 (370 ndash 515) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 949 (862 ndash 104) 348 (300 ndash 395) 892 (805 ndash 995) 265 (230 ndash 324) 9496ndash11 years 127 (111 ndash 145) 679 (553 ndash 749) 127 (107 ndash 149) 229 (187 ndash 551) 12812ndash19 years 847 (778 ndash 921) 415 (318 ndash 470) 823 (785 ndash 876) 173 (158 ndash 197) 34320ndash39 years 800 (709 ndash 902) 339 (251 ndash 399) 716 (635 ndash 795) 220 (193 ndash 264) 17040ndash59 years 983 (814 ndash 119) 265 (198 ndash 342) 946 (715 ndash 131) 367 (262 ndash 667) 15660 years and older 128 (113 ndash 145) 377 (346 ndash 461) 124 (107 ndash 151) 353 (291 ndash 520) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 121 (107 ndash 136) 449 (405 ndash 488) 115 (103 ndash 134) 355 (277 ndash 461) 9426ndash11 years 111 (952 ndash 130) 532 (352 ndash 663) 113 (967 ndash 125) 223 (169 ndash 370) 11212ndash19 years 845 (774 ndash 922) 400 (350 ndash 437) 803 (759 ndash 849) 186 (155 ndash 243) 32220ndash39 years 106 (908 ndash 124) 427 (346 ndash 515) 108 (850 ndash 122) 254 (186 ndash 461) 19840ndash59 years 144 (121 ndash 171) 485 (270 ndash 642) 145 (116 ndash 184) 449 (393 ndash 490) 17960 years and older 163 (135 ndash 197) 483 (386 ndash 568) 176 (116 ndash 256) 465 (387 ndash 557) 131
Table 27a5 Serum trans-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 123 (116 ndash 131) 421 (381 ndash 460) 118 (112 ndash 126) 390 (348 ndash 434) 29736ndash11 years 136 (124 ndash 149) 631 (542 ndash 709) 132 (121 ndash 143) 278 (249 ndash 362) 23112ndash19 years 958 (894 ndash 103) 436 (385 ndash 471) 914 (812 ndash 105) 209 (190 ndash 266) 49920ndash39 years 101 (908 ndash 111) 353 (318 ndash 394) 978 (870 ndash 106) 305 (252 ndash 391) 71440ndash59 years 129 (118 ndash 140) 410 (354 ndash 459) 124 (114 ndash 135) 434 (394 ndash 484) 68360 years and older 163 (149 ndash 178) 529 (422 ndash 619) 159 (142 ndash 181) 509 (448 ndash 642) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 104 (987 ndash 110) 371 (335 ndash 402) 105 (956 ndash 114) 286 (260 ndash 330) 14726ndash11 years 143 (127 ndash 161) 716 (460 ndash 903) 134 (121 ndash 147) 263 (232 ndash 488) 11212ndash19 years 877 (814 ndash 946) 391 (292 ndash 460) 849 (753 ndash 958) 179 (166 ndash 204) 25420ndash39 years 865 (803 ndash 932) 313 (285 ndash 348) 830 (747 ndash 944) 238 (209 ndash 269) 30940ndash59 years 106 (934 ndash 120) 345 (206 ndash 426) 110 (961 ndash 124) 306 (266 ndash 359) 35160 years and older 130 (115 ndash 147) 439 (331 ndash 539) 126 (110 ndash 143) 410 (328 ndash 517) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 145 (135 ndash 156) 495 (433 ndash 545) 134 (122 ndash 150) 464 (415 ndash 533) 15016ndash11 years 129 (112 ndash 148) 561 (270 ndash 713) 126 (976 ndash 151) 277 (248 ndash 406) 11912ndash19 years 105 (971 ndash 115) 486 (427 ndash 537) 987 (871 ndash 113) 268 (218 ndash 301) 24520ndash39 years 117 (995 ndash 138) 415 (318 ndash 499) 109 (935 ndash 127) 365 (266 ndash 607) 40540ndash59 years 156 (141 ndash 172) 500 (417 ndash 544) 142 (120 ndash 171) 571 (440 ndash 692) 33260 years and older 197 (174 ndash 223) 635 (512 ndash 718) 195 (162 ndash 235) 643 (502 ndash 755) 400
140 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population140 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 27b Serum trans-beta-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 122 (115 ndash 129) 321 (295 ndash 346) 120 (113 ndash 126) 477 (442 ndash 521) 7929 2005ndash2006 121 (115 ndash 128) 318 (292 ndash 342) 116 (111 ndash 123) 533 (491 ndash 593) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 136 (125 ndash 146) 460 (379 ndash 500) 136 (121 ndash 152) 451 (358 ndash 563) 4296ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 133 (127 ndash 139) 544 (500 ndash 596) 132 (125 ndash 139) 329 (304 ndash 388) 1012 2005ndash2006 130 (121 ndash 140) 515 (411 ndash 561) 127 (118 ndash 136) 377 (299 ndash 492) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 969 (920 ndash 102) 334 (297 ndash 359) 963 (897 ndash 104) 282 (254 ndash 325) 2206 2005ndash2006 924 (876 ndash 975) 320 (287 ndash 352) 896 (830 ndash 966) 283 (263 ndash 307) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 103 (938 ndash 112) 290 (213 ndash 320) 981 (910 ndash 108) 398 (352 ndash 426) 1716 2005ndash2006 104 (963 ndash 113) 301 (279 ndash 323) 997 (914 ndash 109) 416 (369 ndash 533) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 133 (121 ndash 147) 330 (274 ndash 365) 130 (120 ndash 142) 600 (499 ndash 797) 1471 2005ndash2006 128 (119 ndash 139) 269 (215 ndash 341) 124 (116 ndash 134) 630 (535 ndash 738) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 165 (149 ndash 183) 351 (288 ndash 413) 175 (153 ndash 196) 614 (560 ndash 661) 1524 2005ndash2006 164 (151 ndash 177) 390 (343 ndash 417) 159 (145 ndash 178) 746 (663 ndash 834) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 109 (102 ndash 116) 301 (268 ndash 325) 110 (103 ndash 116) 421 (375 ndash 455) 3837 2005ndash2006 103 (989 ndash 108) 277 (228 ndash 306) 103 (962 ndash 109) 408 (368 ndash 464) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 136 (127 ndash 146) 357 (337 ndash 383) 131 (122 ndash 142) 541 (476 ndash 620) 4092 2005ndash2006 142 (133 ndash 151) 377 (351 ndash 405) 132 (120 ndash 144) 645 (583 ndash 736) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 125 (116 ndash 134) 356 (312 ndash 383) 129 (116 ndash 139) 385 (345 ndash 475) 1990 2005ndash2006 115 (105 ndash 127) 349 (315 ndash 386) 113 (104 ndash 124) 392 (351 ndash 465) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 108 (990 ndash 118) 283 (242 ndash 322) 107 (993 ndash 116) 403 (354 ndash 456) 1864 2005ndash2006 108 (972 ndash 120) 302 (257 ndash 336) 105 (931 ndash 114) 450 (383 ndash 537) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 125 (115 ndash 136) 335 (306 ndash 361) 121 (113 ndash 130) 508 (458 ndash 569) 3450 2005ndash2006 123 (116 ndash 131) 306 (280 ndash 341) 118 (112 ndash 126) 569 (504 ndash 649) 2973
1411 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1412 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
2
3
4
5
6
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
8
10
12
14
16
50th
Per
cent
ile
20
40
60
80
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 27b Serum transminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
142 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population142 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
8a
1 S
erum
cis
-bet
a-ca
rote
ne C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
320
(28
7 ndash
364
)4
48(3
93
ndash 5
11)
661
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
95(1
63
ndash 2
68)
267
(21
6 ndash
422
)77
912
ndash19
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
47(1
33
ndash 1
81)
187
(15
8 ndash
239
)1
785
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
251
(20
8 ndash
319
)3
74(2
88
ndash 5
09)
152
840
ndash59
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
730
(lt L
OD
ndash 7
83)
373
(32
1 ndash
444
)4
84(4
34
ndash 5
50)
125
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
108
(985
ndash 1
17)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
903
(811
ndash 9
92)
459
(39
3 ndash
532
)6
53(5
17
ndash 8
65)
127
0G
ende
rM
ales
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
226
(19
9 ndash
260
)3
09(2
67
ndash 3
91)
320
4Fe
mal
es
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
759
(708
ndash 8
16)
388
(36
0 ndash
448
)5
27(4
71
ndash 6
32)
341
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
226
(19
7 ndash
259
)2
80(2
48
ndash 3
46)
170
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D2
81(2
37
ndash 3
38)
351
(31
7 ndash
461
)1
673
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D3
44(3
06
ndash 3
82)
471
(41
1 ndash
520
)2
725
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
Not
cal
cula
ted
Pro
port
ion
of re
sults
bel
ow li
mit
of d
etec
tion
was
too
high
to p
rovi
de a
val
id re
sult
1431 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1432 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Nocis-beta-carotenefigureforconcentrationsbyagegroupispresentedbecausethegeometricmeanswerenotcalculatedduetotheproportionofresultsbelowthelimitofdetectionbeingtoohighforvalidresults(seeTable28a1)
144 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population144 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 28a2 Serum cis-beta-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 210 (192 ndash 239) 66166ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 147 (128 ndash 178) 77912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 112 (995 ndash 126) 178520ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 178 (155 ndash 203) 152840ndash59 years lt LOD 730 (lt LOD ndash 783) 249 (218 ndash 286) 125460 years and older 108 (985 ndash 117) lt LOD 903 (811 ndash 992) 309 (262 ndash 364) 1270MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 159 (143 ndash 186) 32046ndash11 years lt LOD 704 (lt LOD ndash 757) 152 (126 ndash 233) 38612ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 935 (878 ndash 102) 88620ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 137 (123 ndash 159) 65240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 175 (150 ndash 205) 61660 years and older lt LOD 726 (lt LOD ndash 817) 237 (191 ndash 299) 664FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 759 (708 ndash 816) 270 (235 ndash 310) 34126ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 144 (121 ndash 174) 39312ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (113 ndash 159) 89920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 215 (177 ndash 304) 87640ndash59 years 104 (954 ndash 113) lt LOD 827 (745 ndash 963) 330 (272 ndash 378) 63860 years and older 126 (111 ndash 141) lt LOD 115 (904 ndash 136) 369 (323 ndash 471) 606lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
Table 28a3 Serum cis-beta-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 170 (152 ndash 191) 17076ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 134 (109 ndash 167) 26912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 975 (899 ndash 115) 60920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 173 (142 ndash 202) 40240ndash59 years 880 (780 ndash 992) lt LOD 751 (lt LOD ndash 864) 197 (165 ndash 275) 22860 years and older 964 (878 ndash 106) lt LOD 854 (778 ndash 919) 248 (205 ndash 355) 199MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 147 (121 ndash 171) 8146ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 134 (106 ndash 198) 13112ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 900 (833 ndash 109) 29920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 158 (116 ndash 207) 17140ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 157 (129 ndash 219) 11460 years and older lt LODdagger 718 (lt LOD ndash 904) 161dagger (108 ndash 108) 99FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 720 (lt LOD ndash 789) 195 (176 ndash 224) 8936ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (106 ndash 172) 13812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 110 (944 ndash 146) 31020ndash39 years lt LOD 774 (lt LOD ndash 960) 188 (157 ndash 236) 23140ndash59 years 100 (839 ndash 119) lt LOD 870 (703 ndash 106) 223 (171 ndash 640) 11460 years and older 109 (959 ndash 124) lt LODdagger 923 (853 ndash 106) 285dagger (237 ndash 406) 100lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1451 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1452 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 28a4 Serum cis-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 187 (159 ndash 249) 16736ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 133 (112 ndash 211) 20812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 105 (916 ndash 120) 58020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 141 (124 ndash 184) 32740ndash59 years lt LOD 778 (lt LOD ndash 937) 254 (216 ndash 311) 29860 years and older 104 (906 ndash 119) lt LOD 965 (778 ndash 109) 280 (223 ndash 345) 260MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 161 (133 ndash 194) 8276ndash11 years 807 (695 ndash 937) lt LOD 738 (lt LOD ndash 876) 145 (113 ndash 680) 11212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 997 (882 ndash 117) 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 127 (962 ndash 184) 14940ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 228 (151 ndash 329) 13660 years and older lt LOD 784 (lt LOD ndash 927) 195 (164 ndash 314) 140FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 717 (lt LOD ndash 832) 220 (183 ndash 277) 8466ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 119dagger (103 ndash 199) 9612ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 108 (914 ndash 142) 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 162 (125 ndash 276) 17840ndash59 years 101 (886 ndash 116) lt LOD 877 (765 ndash 103) 282 (225 ndash 343) 16260 years and older 117 (947 ndash 144) lt LOD 110 (720 ndash 158) 316 (259 ndash 384) 120lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 28a5 Serum cis-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 217 (192 ndash 255) 27256ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 146 (121 ndash 242) 21212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 116 (979 ndash 139) 46220ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 174 (144 ndash 215) 65340ndash59 years lt LOD 720 (lt LOD ndash 779) 250 (211 ndash 314) 63460 years and older 107 (967 ndash 118) lt LOD 892 (783 ndash 100) 309 (257 ndash 370) 764MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 159 (142 ndash 192) 13366ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 149dagger (116 ndash 517) 10212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 926 (842 ndash 119) 23120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (118 ndash 159) 27840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 169 (146 ndash 199) 32460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 239 (182 ndash 314) 401FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 761 (704 ndash 828) 279 (234 ndash 348) 13896ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 143dagger (119 ndash 198) 11012ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 139 (112 ndash 185) 23120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 214 (162 ndash 370) 37540ndash59 years 103 (941 ndash 113) lt LOD 795 (718 ndash 966) 355 (273 ndash 396) 31060 years and older 126 (110 ndash 145) lt LOD 116 (875 ndash 138) 370 (316 ndash 480) 363lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
146 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population146 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 28b Serum cis-beta-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 264 (241 ndash 287) 7929 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 320 (287 ndash 364) 6616Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 207 (188 ndash 262) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 164 (150 ndash 184) 1014 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 195 (163 ndash 268) 77912ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 139 (130 ndash 155) 2206 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 147 (133 ndash 181) 178520ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 205 (182 ndash 246) 1716 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 251 (208 ndash 319) 152840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 330 (277 ndash 439) 1470 2005ndash2006 lt LOD 730 (lt LOD ndash 783) 373 (321 ndash 444) 125460 years and older 2001ndash2002 102 (943 ndash 111) lt LOD 899 (803 ndash 102) 350 (311 ndash 394) 1523 2005ndash2006 108 (985 ndash 117) lt LOD 903 (811 ndash 992) 459 (393 ndash 532) 1270Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 213 (194 ndash 241) 3835 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 226 (199 ndash 260) 3204Females 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 308 (273 ndash 370) 4094 2005ndash2006 lt LOD 759 (708 ndash 816) 388 (360 ndash 448) 3412Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 206 (185 ndash 242) 1990 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 226 (197 ndash 259) 1707Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 229 (196 ndash 269) 1864 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 281 (237 ndash 338) 1673Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 279 (248 ndash 328) 3450 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 344 (306 ndash 382) 2725lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
1471 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1472 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
070
075
080
085
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
070
075
080
085
50th
Per
cent
ile
1
2
3
4
5
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 28b Serum cisminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
148 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population148 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
9a
1 S
erum
bet
a-cr
ypto
xant
hin
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
770
(73
4 ndash
808
)1
90(1
63
ndash 2
06)
246
(22
6 ndash
263
)7
62(7
24
ndash 7
99)
241
(22
5 ndash
264
)30
5(2
87
ndash 33
2)
719
5A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs9
47(8
88
ndash 10
1)
341
(26
8 ndash
369
)3
90(3
32
ndash 4
23)
914
(85
2 ndash
966
)24
9(2
30
ndash 28
7)
304
(27
1 ndash
423
)85
512
ndash19
year
s7
82(7
42
ndash 8
23)
256
(21
3 ndash
297
)3
20(2
91
ndash 3
50)
749
(70
1 ndash
799
)20
3(1
88
ndash 23
4)
255
(23
6 ndash
272
)1
924
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
795
(75
2 ndash
840
)2
33(1
84
ndash 2
53)
278
(25
0 ndash
297
)7
81(7
31
ndash 8
18)
245
(21
7 ndash
288
)31
7(2
88
ndash 38
0)
167
940
ndash59
year
s7
24(6
60
ndash 7
94)
148
(11
4 ndash
192
)2
16(1
80
ndash 2
40)
703
(65
0 ndash
782
)24
8(2
15
ndash 29
2)
303
(27
7 ndash
411
)1
357
60 y
ears
and
old
er7
39(6
86
ndash 7
97)
152
(13
8 ndash
162
)1
98(1
62
ndash 2
25)
748
(70
3 ndash
813
)24
2(2
27
ndash 27
6)
319
(27
8 ndash
352
)1
380
Gen
der
Mal
es7
51(7
10
ndash 7
94)
186
(14
2 ndash
214
)2
41(2
10
ndash 2
70)
749
(71
2 ndash
788
)22
8(2
15
ndash 25
0)
284
(26
4 ndash
309
)3
514
Fem
ales
789
(75
3 ndash
827
)1
93(1
68
ndash 2
10)
254
(22
4 ndash
269
)7
74(7
28
ndash 8
14)
255
(23
4 ndash
281
)32
5(3
00
ndash 37
1)
368
1Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
130
(11
8 ndash
143
)3
45(3
15
ndash 3
89)
442
(38
7 ndash
486
)12
9(1
19
ndash 14
2)
362
(32
4 ndash
454
)46
2(4
07
ndash 63
0)
184
2N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks8
34(7
88
ndash 8
84)
232
(20
2 ndash
251
)2
89(2
59
ndash 3
11)
823
(78
0 ndash
881
)23
6(2
08
ndash 27
8)
298
(26
9 ndash
356
)1
848
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s6
94(6
59
ndash 7
32)
166
(14
7 ndash
192
)2
26(2
07
ndash 2
44)
696
(66
2 ndash
738
)20
5(1
97
ndash 21
9)
255
(23
3 ndash
282
)2
960
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
20
Seru
m b
etaminus
cryp
toxa
nthi
n(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
20 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 29a Serum betaminuscryptoxanthin Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m b
etaminus
cryp
toxa
nthi
nSe
rum
bet
aminuscr
ypto
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 5
1015
20
0 5
1015
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 149149
150 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population150 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 29a2 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 770 (734 ndash 808) 317 (295 ndash 336) 762 (724 ndash 799) 185 (175 ndash 197) 71956ndash11 years 947 (888 ndash 101) 447 (395 ndash 523) 914 (852 ndash 966) 195 (178 ndash 217) 85512ndash19 years 782 (742 ndash 823) 386 (364 ndash 401) 749 (701 ndash 799) 165 (152 ndash 178) 192420ndash39 years 795 (752 ndash 840) 342 (306 ndash 376) 781 (731 ndash 818) 182 (167 ndash 200) 167940ndash59 years 724 (660 ndash 794) 276 (248 ndash 306) 703 (650 ndash 782) 193 (172 ndash 212) 135760 years and older 739 (686 ndash 797) 282 (240 ndash 301) 748 (703 ndash 813) 190 (174 ndash 207) 1380MalesTotal 6 years and older 751 (710 ndash 794) 313 (287 ndash 338) 749 (712 ndash 788) 180 (171 ndash 193) 35146ndash11 years 970 (887 ndash 106) 486 (391 ndash 570) 933 (848 ndash 102) 192 (173 ndash 217) 42612ndash19 years 789 (736 ndash 846) 395 (355 ndash 437) 765 (702 ndash 842) 169 (150 ndash 186) 96120ndash39 years 786 (738 ndash 838) 349 (311 ndash 388) 774 (716 ndash 822) 179 (160 ndash 195) 73540ndash59 years 684 (609 ndash 769) 258 (216 ndash 291) 674 (612 ndash 768) 188 (167 ndash 219) 66860 years and older 701 (637 ndash 770) 287 (236 ndash 305) 716 (644 ndash 789) 176 (167 ndash 205) 724FemalesTotal 6 years and older 789 (753 ndash 827) 321 (299 ndash 340) 774 (728 ndash 814) 191 (179 ndash 202) 36816ndash11 years 923 (867 ndash 983) 421 (349 ndash 498) 882 (830 ndash 960) 197 (178 ndash 234) 42912ndash19 years 773 (726 ndash 823) 377 (348 ndash 396) 732 (678 ndash 801) 163 (149 ndash 178) 96320ndash39 years 804 (752 ndash 859) 332 (293 ndash 381) 787 (727 ndash 851) 193 (170 ndash 234) 94440ndash59 years 763 (694 ndash 839) 308 (266 ndash 333) 735 (662 ndash 825) 197 (172 ndash 209) 68960 years and older 773 (704 ndash 848) 279 (234 ndash 303) 773 (723 ndash 879) 200 (181 ndash 229) 656
Table 29a3 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 130 (118 ndash 143) 553 (521 ndash 591) 129 (119 ndash 142) 297 (259 ndash 340) 18426ndash11 years 124 (114 ndash 135) 601 (482 ndash 678) 123 (110 ndash 140) 248 (230 ndash 278) 29512ndash19 years 111 (103 ndash 121) 577 (511 ndash 634) 110 (102 ndash 121) 228 (192 ndash 261) 64620ndash39 years 136 (117 ndash 160) 547 (492 ndash 641) 135 (117 ndash 157) 319 (265 ndash 453) 44840ndash59 years 133 (117 ndash 152) 534 (480 ndash 581) 136 (119 ndash 158) 298 (258 ndash 353) 24560 years and older 133 (114 ndash 156) 560 (279 ndash 753) 134 (113 ndash 158) 297 (247 ndash 429) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 126 (112 ndash 141) 538 (494 ndash 592) 127 (114 ndash 144) 279 (245 ndash 327) 8816ndash11 years 125 (113 ndash 138) 602 (382 ndash 686) 125 (112 ndash 144) 243 (222 ndash 320) 14512ndash19 years 107 (974 ndash 119) 600 (502 ndash 651) 105 (942 ndash 116) 217 (185 ndash 260) 31320ndash39 years 135 (111 ndash 164) 538 (443 ndash 671) 138 (116 ndash 160) 296 (226 ndash 456) 19740ndash59 years 126 (105 ndash 150) 506 (345 ndash 565) 130 (104 ndash 155) 306 (250 ndash 450) 12160 years and older 120 (950 ndash 151) 424dagger (140 ndash 766) 114 (988 ndash 150) 269dagger (211 ndash 375) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 134 (122 ndash 146) 564 (531 ndash 610) 131 (122 ndash 142) 308 (268 ndash 393) 9616ndash11 years 123 (113 ndash 135) 587 (489 ndash 683) 118 (109 ndash 133) 260 (219 ndash 288) 15012ndash19 years 116 (106 ndash 127) 549 (435 ndash 631) 121 (109 ndash 130) 234 (199 ndash 304) 33320ndash39 years 138 (117 ndash 162) 549 (469 ndash 654) 130 (110 ndash 160) 347 (297 ndash 472) 25140ndash59 years 142 (122 ndash 164) 567 (359 ndash 724) 137 (125 ndash 163) 295 (249 ndash 365) 12460 years and older 145 (118 ndash 180) 579dagger (311 ndash 770) 154 (122 ndash 174) 301dagger (255 ndash 599) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1511 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1512 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 29a4 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 834 (788 ndash 884) 372 (351 ndash 402) 823 (780 ndash 881) 181 (172 ndash 193) 18486ndash11 years 119 (111 ndash 128) 605 (513 ndash 676) 117 (106 ndash 132) 228 (197 ndash 250) 23712ndash19 years 869 (799 ndash 946) 454 (416 ndash 492) 847 (765 ndash 940) 174 (157 ndash 190) 63720ndash39 years 826 (776 ndash 878) 397 (362 ndash 426) 795 (747 ndash 871) 163 (150 ndash 189) 36340ndash59 years 789 (695 ndash 897) 290 (254 ndash 355) 798 (688 ndash 910) 188 (172 ndash 223) 33260 years and older 738 (655 ndash 831) 316 (261 ndash 371) 731 (635 ndash 823) 168 (155 ndash 218) 279MalesTotal 6 years and older 823 (764 ndash 887) 358 (320 ndash 389) 803 (738 ndash 890) 190 (177 ndash 209) 9226ndash11 years 125 (112 ndash 140) 669 (492 ndash 769) 126 (106 ndash 147) 239 (215 ndash 256) 12712ndash19 years 880 (801 ndash 967) 443 (392 ndash 496) 850 (775 ndash 940) 182 (158 ndash 207) 32520ndash39 years 826 (773 ndash 883) 400 (365 ndash 431) 741 (704 ndash 798) 182 (153 ndash 216) 16840ndash59 years 749 (622 ndash 903) 263 (242 ndash 281) 764 (642 ndash 909) 190 (171 ndash 246) 15360 years and older 673 (608 ndash 745) 292 (243 ndash 329) 606 (509 ndash 720) 170 (156 ndash 178) 149FemalesTotal 6 years and older 844 (804 ndash 886) 387 (356 ndash 440) 839 (801 ndash 886) 173 (164 ndash 185) 9266ndash11 years 112 (974 ndash 130) 533dagger (418 ndash 655) 108 (990 ndash 122) 196dagger (178 ndash 300) 11012ndash19 years 859 (779 ndash 946) 466 (422 ndash 504) 846 (740 ndash 963) 166 (149 ndash 180) 31220ndash39 years 825 (769 ndash 886) 373 (350 ndash 418) 814 (780 ndash 894) 156 (137 ndash 201) 19540ndash59 years 824 (742 ndash 914) 364 (254 ndash 452) 822 (690 ndash 923) 185 (163 ndash 215) 17960 years and older 789 (667 ndash 933) 367 (229 ndash 400) 796 (664 ndash 920) 165 (147 ndash 262) 130dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 29a5 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 694 (659 ndash 732) 293 (272 ndash 314) 696 (662 ndash 738) 163 (153 ndash 174) 29606ndash11 years 829 (773 ndash 889) 421 (343 ndash 488) 812 (760 ndash 869) 157 (145 ndash 179) 23012ndash19 years 712 (660 ndash 768) 372 (331 ndash 393) 682 (607 ndash 764) 142 (131 ndash 161) 49720ndash39 years 690 (660 ndash 721) 301 (273 ndash 340) 693 (669 ndash 724) 151 (133 ndash 165) 71140ndash59 years 663 (599 ndash 733) 263 (235 ndash 288) 661 (611 ndash 728) 172 (146 ndash 200) 67960 years and older 705 (651 ndash 764) 275 (228 ndash 296) 726 (666 ndash 779) 177 (168 ndash 196) 843MalesTotal 6 years and older 683 (642 ndash 728) 292 (250 ndash 323) 690 (658 ndash 729) 159 (146 ndash 175) 14686ndash11 years 845 (744 ndash 960) 443 (350 ndash 565) 799 (729 ndash 915) 159 (140 ndash 210) 11212ndash19 years 738 (660 ndash 826) 387 (320 ndash 440) 710 (614 ndash 839) 145 (126 ndash 175) 25320ndash39 years 694 (651 ndash 740) 315 (280 ndash 353) 706 (675 ndash 753) 140 (121 ndash 167) 30940ndash59 years 639 (562 ndash 726) 242 (199 ndash 282) 631 (575 ndash 696) 176 (146 ndash 216) 35060 years and older 666 (602 ndash 737) 278 (223 ndash 304) 694 (582 ndash 773) 170 (152 ndash 188) 444FemalesTotal 6 years and older 705 (669 ndash 743) 294 (270 ndash 320) 704 (659 ndash 755) 166 (154 ndash 181) 14926ndash11 years 811 (734 ndash 895) 385 (304 ndash 445) 814 (769 ndash 860) 150 (133 ndash 220) 11812ndash19 years 684 (625 ndash 748) 357 (293 ndash 386) 657 (573 ndash 738) 140 (128 ndash 164) 24420ndash39 years 686 (645 ndash 728) 292 (253 ndash 338) 673 (629 ndash 741) 157 (135 ndash 182) 40240ndash59 years 687 (618 ndash 764) 284 (252 ndash 324) 684 (609 ndash 785) 165 (144 ndash 199) 32960 years and older 739 (669 ndash 817) 273 (226 ndash 294) 750 (674 ndash 869) 195 (170 ndash 212) 399
152 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population152 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 29b Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 746 (706 ndash 787) 245 (220 ndash 268) 740 (700 ndash 782) 230 (209 ndash 255) 7890 2005ndash2006 770 (734 ndash 808) 246 (226 ndash 263) 762 (724 ndash 799) 241 (225 ndash 264) 7195Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 943 (840 ndash 106) 330 (188 ndash 396) 909 (781 ndash 104) 307 (253 ndash 431) 4276ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 940 (871 ndash 102) 392 (328 ndash 422) 905 (829 ndash 102) 261 (219 ndash 316) 1006 2005ndash2006 947 (888 ndash 101) 390 (332 ndash 423) 914 (852 ndash 966) 249 (230 ndash 287) 85512ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 763 (720 ndash 808) 305 (258 ndash 331) 745 (700 ndash 799) 198 (185 ndash 223) 2199 2005ndash2006 782 (742 ndash 823) 320 (291 ndash 350) 749 (701 ndash 799) 203 (188 ndash 234) 192420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 711 (657 ndash 769) 240 (204 ndash 273) 683 (625 ndash 750) 229 (200 ndash 266) 1707 2005ndash2006 795 (752 ndash 840) 278 (250 ndash 297) 781 (731 ndash 818) 245 (217 ndash 288) 167940ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 728 (675 ndash 786) 239 (202 ndash 271) 716 (666 ndash 777) 232 (204 ndash 261) 1459 2005ndash2006 724 (660 ndash 794) 216 (180 ndash 240) 703 (650 ndash 782) 248 (215 ndash 292) 135760 years and older 2001ndash2002 744 (684 ndash 809) 194 (171 ndash 222) 764 (706 ndash 828) 235 (209 ndash 278) 1519 2005ndash2006 739 (686 ndash 797) 198 (162 ndash 225) 748 (703 ndash 813) 242 (227 ndash 276) 1380Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 728 (689 ndash 769) 241 (210 ndash 266) 732 (682 ndash 781) 223 (204 ndash 250) 3815 2005ndash2006 751 (710 ndash 794) 241 (210 ndash 270) 749 (712 ndash 788) 228 (215 ndash 250) 3514Females 2001ndash2002 763 (720 ndash 808) 248 (229 ndash 275) 745 (705 ndash 784) 238 (211 ndash 262) 4075 2005ndash2006 789 (753 ndash 827) 254 (224 ndash 269) 774 (728 ndash 814) 255 (234 ndash 281) 3681Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 121 (112 ndash 132) 414 (371 ndash 453) 121 (109 ndash 135) 345 (321 ndash 385) 1988 2005ndash2006 130 (118 ndash 143) 442 (387 ndash 486) 129 (119 ndash 142) 362 (324 ndash 454) 1842Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 803 (738 ndash 874) 299 (266 ndash 327) 792 (732 ndash 855) 230 (199 ndash 277) 1859 2005ndash2006 834 (788 ndash 884) 289 (259 ndash 311) 823 (780 ndash 881) 236 (208 ndash 278) 1848Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 680 (643 ndash 719) 236 (205 ndash 253) 671 (629 ndash 716) 196 (182 ndash 222) 3422 2005ndash2006 694 (659 ndash 732) 226 (207 ndash 244) 696 (662 ndash 738) 205 (197 ndash 219) 2960
Figure 29b Serum betaminuscryptoxanthin Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 50
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
40
30
20
10
16
14
12
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 153153
154 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population154 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
10a
1 S
erum
lute
inz
eaxa
nthi
n C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
138
(13
4 ndash
142
)4
95(4
69
ndash 5
19)
590
(56
8 ndash
618
)13
7(1
32
ndash 14
1)
313
(30
3 ndash
332
)38
5(3
70
ndash 40
0)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs13
1(1
26
ndash 13
7)
574
(41
3 ndash
647
)6
70(5
50
ndash 7
67)
133
(12
8 ndash
139
)24
5(2
35
ndash 27
4)
290
(27
3 ndash
302
)86
012
ndash19
year
s10
7(1
03
ndash 11
1)
491
(43
9 ndash
518
)5
67(5
21
ndash 5
91)
106
(10
0 ndash
111
)20
0(1
91
ndash 21
1)
227
(21
4 ndash
251
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
136
(13
1 ndash
141
)4
94(4
24
ndash 5
46)
591
(51
9 ndash
641
)13
6(1
29
ndash 14
4)
293
(27
7 ndash
321
)35
2(3
17
ndash 40
0)
168
840
ndash59
year
s14
5(1
38
ndash 15
2)
462
(40
2 ndash
531
)5
82(5
28
ndash 6
13)
145
(13
7 ndash
152
)35
7(3
33
ndash 37
8)
408
(38
5 ndash
461
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er15
5(1
49
ndash 16
2)
527
(47
2 ndash
583
)6
44(6
02
ndash 6
69)
157
(15
0 ndash
165
)35
9(3
28
ndash 40
3)
425
(39
7 ndash
512
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es13
6(1
31
ndash 14
0)
492
(44
8 ndash
530
)5
93(5
42
ndash 6
35)
135
(13
0 ndash
141
)30
7(2
87
ndash 31
4)
357
(33
3 ndash
390
)3
547
Fem
ales
140
(13
5 ndash
144
)4
98(4
62
ndash 5
26)
589
(56
9 ndash
613
)13
8(1
33
ndash 14
4)
328
(31
0 ndash
357
)39
9(3
84
ndash 41
5)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
151
(14
5 ndash
158
)6
36(5
62
ndash 6
79)
741
(67
9 ndash
783
)15
0(1
44
ndash 15
6)
313
(29
2 ndash
341
)35
5(3
32
ndash 40
8)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks15
3(1
48
ndash 15
8)
588
(52
0 ndash
637
)7
03(6
33
ndash 7
71)
154
(15
0 ndash
158
)31
5(2
94
ndash 35
1)
380
(34
8 ndash
417
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s13
2(1
28
ndash 13
6)
474
(44
6 ndash
496
)5
70(5
33
ndash 5
88)
129
(12
5 ndash
134
)30
9(2
91
ndash 32
8)
375
(34
4 ndash
399
)2
973
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 210a Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by age group Geometric Mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 155155
156 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population156 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 210a2 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 138 (134 ndash 142) 724 (691 ndash 749) 137 (132 ndash 141) 265 (257 ndash 273) 72546ndash11 years 131 (126 ndash 137) 793 (684 ndash 854) 133 (128 ndash 139) 207 (201 ndash 220) 86012ndash19 years 107 (103 ndash 111) 650 (619 ndash 674) 106 (100 ndash 111) 176 (169 ndash 184) 195420ndash39 years 136 (131 ndash 141) 740 (664 ndash 783) 136 (129 ndash 144) 251 (234 ndash 271) 168840ndash59 years 145 (138 ndash 152) 723 (670 ndash 758) 145 (137 ndash 152) 294 (275 ndash 310) 136560 years and older 155 (149 ndash 162) 789 (752 ndash 813) 157 (150 ndash 165) 290 (273 ndash 319) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 136 (131 ndash 140) 722 (678 ndash 761) 135 (130 ndash 141) 256 (245 ndash 262) 35476ndash11 years 134 (127 ndash 141) 808 (762 ndash 869) 136 (125 ndash 142) 205 (190 ndash 225) 42712ndash19 years 105 (101 ndash 109) 649 (606 ndash 686) 103 (991 ndash 109) 173 (167 ndash 183) 98020ndash39 years 134 (128 ndash 140) 726 (651 ndash 796) 134 (128 ndash 142) 238 (224 ndash 260) 73840ndash59 years 142 (134 ndash 150) 722 (599 ndash 790) 141 (131 ndash 151) 276 (266 ndash 310) 67360 years and older 155 (147 ndash 164) 794 (726 ndash 826) 159 (152 ndash 170) 278 (262 ndash 312) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 140 (135 ndash 144) 727 (677 ndash 756) 138 (133 ndash 144) 275 (267 ndash 285) 37076ndash11 years 129 (121 ndash 137) 763 (598 ndash 850) 131 (126 ndash 137) 214 (199 ndash 236) 43312ndash19 years 109 (103 ndash 114) 652 (598 ndash 693) 108 (101 ndash 115) 180 (169 ndash 191) 97420ndash39 years 138 (132 ndash 145) 742 (659 ndash 780) 138 (129 ndash 148) 257 (239 ndash 280) 95040ndash59 years 147 (139 ndash 156) 717 (676 ndash 756) 150 (138 ndash 162) 296 (289 ndash 322) 69260 years and older 156 (148 ndash 164) 780 (740 ndash 817) 156 (141 ndash 167) 298 (280 ndash 328) 658
Table 210a3 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 151 (145 ndash 158) 860 (807 ndash 917) 150 (144 ndash 156) 268 (252 ndash 286) 18446ndash11 years 132 (124 ndash 140) 843 (689 ndash 935) 133 (122 ndash 141) 211 (193 ndash 235) 29512ndash19 years 121 (115 ndash 127) 764 (722 ndash 801) 123 (117 ndash 129) 189 (180 ndash 200) 64620ndash39 years 154 (143 ndash 166) 896 (809 ndash 965) 154 (142 ndash 173) 262 (234 ndash 305) 44940ndash59 years 172 (160 ndash 185) 978 (736 ndash 110) 172 (162 ndash 185) 304 (273 ndash 363) 24660 years and older 186 (167 ndash 207) 996 (759 ndash 120) 187 (169 ndash 203) 322 (301 ndash 344) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 154 (145 ndash 163) 881 (800 ndash 951) 151 (144 ndash 160) 281 (256 ndash 311) 8836ndash11 years 130 (121 ndash 139) 875 (633 ndash 971) 131 (121 ndash 139) 196 (175 ndash 220) 14512ndash19 years 117 (110 ndash 125) 762 (685 ndash 820) 120 (109 ndash 129) 182 (174 ndash 192) 31320ndash39 years 160 (146 ndash 175) 947 (802 ndash 101) 158 (149 ndash 174) 285 (242 ndash 331) 19840ndash59 years 177 (157 ndash 199) 869 (555 ndash 116) 176 (161 ndash 199) 311 (270 ndash 521) 12260 years and older 191 (160 ndash 227) 107dagger (638 ndash 122) 185 (145 ndash 254) 341dagger (299 ndash 454) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 149 (142 ndash 156) 846 (768 ndash 934) 147 (141 ndash 155) 244 (233 ndash 270) 9616ndash11 years 134 (125 ndash 144) 794 (666 ndash 897) 136 (119 ndash 144) 234 (198 ndash 271) 15012ndash19 years 125 (119 ndash 131) 761 (708 ndash 814) 128 (123 ndash 131) 197 (183 ndash 208) 33320ndash39 years 147 (137 ndash 159) 818 (742 ndash 974) 147 (131 ndash 169) 231 (222 ndash 270) 25140ndash59 years 167 (156 ndash 180) 101 (740 ndash 109) 166 (145 ndash 184) 286 (237 ndash 442) 12460 years and older 182 (161 ndash 207) 982dagger (745 ndash 117) 188 (162 ndash 217) 306dagger (283 ndash 336) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1571 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1572 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 210a4 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 153 (148 ndash 158) 861 (821 ndash 904) 154 (150 ndash 158) 266 (252 ndash 284) 18916ndash11 years 158 (153 ndash 164) 105 (930 ndash 110) 162 (156 ndash 168) 239 (225 ndash 274) 24012ndash19 years 129 (123 ndash 135) 794 (737 ndash 838) 130 (121 ndash 137) 209 (195 ndash 221) 66520ndash39 years 145 (137 ndash 153) 829 (674 ndash 945) 144 (135 ndash 154) 253 (240 ndash 283) 36840ndash59 years 164 (155 ndash 174) 877 (781 ndash 951) 170 (158 ndash 182) 286 (266 ndash 302) 33560 years and older 174 (160 ndash 191) 899 (824 ndash 101) 177 (160 ndash 191) 315 (271 ndash 365) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 154 (149 ndash 159) 869 (826 ndash 942) 156 (149 ndash 163) 266 (256 ndash 284) 9496ndash11 years 159 (149 ndash 169) 111 (103 ndash 119) 159 (150 ndash 172) 231 (219 ndash 269) 12812ndash19 years 131 (124 ndash 138) 808 (727 ndash 868) 133 (122 ndash 146) 208 (196 ndash 219) 34320ndash39 years 146 (138 ndash 155) 848 (656 ndash 965) 142 (131 ndash 157) 263 (232 ndash 291) 17040ndash59 years 169 (158 ndash 181) 921 (766 ndash 997) 182 (156 ndash 193) 306 (275 ndash 360) 15660 years and older 171 (162 ndash 181) 883 (779 ndash 964) 179 (172 ndash 188) 290 (259 ndash 340) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 152 (145 ndash 158) 851 (769 ndash 912) 153 (148 ndash 159) 264 (246 ndash 291) 9426ndash11 years 158 (151 ndash 165) 957 (786 ndash 107) 165 (148 ndash 171) 240 (223 ndash 289) 11212ndash19 years 127 (119 ndash 136) 770 (662 ndash 868) 127 (114 ndash 136) 211 (191 ndash 235) 32220ndash39 years 144 (134 ndash 155) 803 (521 ndash 963) 147 (136 ndash 154) 246 (232 ndash 285) 19840ndash59 years 160 (150 ndash 171) 872 (723 ndash 934) 166 (156 ndash 176) 269 (246 ndash 299) 17960 years and older 177 (152 ndash 205) 908 (795 ndash 106) 173 (151 ndash 202) 332 (263 ndash 579) 131
Table 210a5 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 132 (128 ndash 136) 680 (648 ndash 716) 129 (125 ndash 134) 258 (251 ndash 269) 29736ndash11 years 125 (118 ndash 133) 768 (604 ndash 834) 127 (122 ndash 136) 198 (183 ndash 231) 23112ndash19 years 988 (946 ndash 103) 616 (575 ndash 648) 980 (934 ndash 103) 162 (150 ndash 171) 49920ndash39 years 127 (122 ndash 131) 656 (593 ndash 739) 124 (117 ndash 132) 236 (221 ndash 269) 71440ndash59 years 138 (130 ndash 146) 687 (626 ndash 725) 137 (126 ndash 151) 279 (267 ndash 302) 68360 years and older 150 (144 ndash 157) 759 (725 ndash 797) 152 (142 ndash 158) 285 (264 ndash 314) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 130 (125 ndash 134) 687 (645 ndash 722) 128 (122 ndash 135) 244 (235 ndash 257) 14726ndash11 years 129 (118 ndash 142) 795 (577 ndash 867) 130 (122 ndash 141) 189 (171 ndash 319) 11212ndash19 years 975 (924 ndash 103) 623 (555 ndash 675) 971 (933 ndash 100) 156 (143 ndash 169) 25420ndash39 years 124 (119 ndash 129) 655 (575 ndash 769) 123 (117 ndash 130) 227 (218 ndash 248) 30940ndash59 years 136 (128 ndash 144) 696 (583 ndash 771) 134 (123 ndash 149) 266 (245 ndash 299) 35160 years and older 150 (142 ndash 159) 759 (711 ndash 805) 154 (144 ndash 165) 266 (255 ndash 306) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 134 (129 ndash 138) 675 (620 ndash 726) 130 (124 ndash 137) 274 (260 ndash 281) 15016ndash11 years 121 (111 ndash 132) 673 (507 ndash 832) 124 (111 ndash 132) 199 (182 ndash 281) 11912ndash19 years 100 (921 ndash 109) 608 (523 ndash 657) 990 (918 ndash 111) 165 (153 ndash 181) 24520ndash39 years 129 (122 ndash 136) 660 (582 ndash 742) 126 (112 ndash 144) 250 (223 ndash 285) 40540ndash59 years 140 (130 ndash 150) 678 (598 ndash 728) 140 (125 ndash 157) 292 (275 ndash 307) 33260 years and older 151 (143 ndash 159) 758 (696 ndash 805) 147 (136 ndash 162) 292 (276 ndash 326) 400
158 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population158 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 210b Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 131 (125 ndash 136) 577 (553 ndash 600) 129 (122 ndash 135) 304 (286 ndash 322) 7923 2005ndash2006 138 (134 ndash 142) 590 (568 ndash 618) 137 (132 ndash 141) 313 (303 ndash 332) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 125 (118 ndash 132) 638 (582 ndash 704) 125 (120 ndash 131) 246 (222 ndash 315) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 125 (119 ndash 132) 661 (588 ndash 706) 123 (116 ndash 131) 248 (224 ndash 260) 1014 2005ndash2006 131 (126 ndash 137) 670 (550 ndash 767) 133 (128 ndash 139) 245 (235 ndash 274) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 104 (991 ndash 110) 499 (464 ndash 554) 104 (980 ndash 110) 209 (194 ndash 232) 2205 2005ndash2006 107 (103 ndash 111) 567 (521 ndash 591) 106 (100 ndash 111) 200 (191 ndash 211) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 121 (115 ndash 129) 547 (516 ndash 573) 120 (112 ndash 127) 271 (257 ndash 307) 1714 2005ndash2006 136 (131 ndash 141) 591 (519 ndash 641) 136 (129 ndash 144) 293 (277 ndash 321) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 144 (136 ndash 152) 647 (569 ndash 704) 141 (135 ndash 149) 326 (310 ndash 355) 1468 2005ndash2006 145 (138 ndash 152) 582 (528 ndash 613) 145 (137 ndash 152) 357 (333 ndash 378) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 152 (143 ndash 162) 614 (554 ndash 668) 153 (143 ndash 166) 351 (333 ndash 410) 1522 2005ndash2006 155 (149 ndash 162) 644 (602 ndash 669) 157 (150 ndash 165) 359 (328 ndash 403) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 130 (125 ndash 136) 567 (535 ndash 601) 130 (124 ndash 136) 298 (283 ndash 317) 3832 2005ndash2006 136 (131 ndash 140) 593 (542 ndash 635) 135 (130 ndash 141) 307 (287 ndash 314) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 131 (125 ndash 137) 587 (559 ndash 603) 127 (121 ndash 135) 314 (288 ndash 330) 4091 2005ndash2006 140 (135 ndash 144) 589 (569 ndash 613) 138 (133 ndash 144) 328 (310 ndash 357) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 137 (133 ndash 142) 658 (615 ndash 684) 136 (132 ndash 141) 285 (268 ndash 307) 1988 2005ndash2006 151 (145 ndash 158) 741 (679 ndash 783) 150 (144 ndash 156) 313 (292 ndash 341) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 142 (131 ndash 155) 680 (620 ndash 720) 141 (128 ndash 155) 307 (285 ndash 346) 1864 2005ndash2006 153 (148 ndash 158) 703 (633 ndash 771) 154 (150 ndash 158) 315 (294 ndash 351) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 126 (120 ndash 132) 560 (514 ndash 590) 124 (117 ndash 131) 288 (272 ndash 318) 3447 2005ndash2006 132 (128 ndash 136) 570 (533 ndash 588) 129 (125 ndash 134) 309 (291 ndash 328) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
35
30
25
20
15
16
14
12
10
8
8
7
6
5
4
i i
i i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i i i
i
i i i
i
i i i
i
i
i i
i i
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Figure 210b Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 40
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 159159
160 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population160 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
11a
1 S
erum
tran
s-ly
cope
ne C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
212
(20
7 ndash
217
)5
64(4
99
ndash 6
25)
781
(73
3 ndash
840
)22
7(2
22
ndash 23
2)
436
(42
4 ndash
449
)48
4(4
75
ndash 49
8)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs21
7(2
05
ndash 22
9)
767
(52
7 ndash
929
)9
48(7
38
ndash 10
9)
225
(21
1 ndash
237
)42
8(4
00
ndash 46
0)
461
(44
0 ndash
548
)86
012
ndash19
year
s21
9(2
11
ndash 22
6)
842
(73
1 ndash
878
)9
91(8
98
ndash 11
0)
223
(21
8 ndash
229
)42
6(4
02
ndash 45
1)
468
(44
4 ndash
527
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
239
(23
3 ndash
244
)8
24(7
38
ndash 8
96)
107
(89
7 ndash
114
)25
1(2
43
ndash 25
6)
461
(44
1 ndash
472
)51
6(4
89
ndash 53
5)
168
840
ndash59
year
s21
6(2
04
ndash 22
8)
513
(37
6 ndash
634
)7
69(6
02
ndash 8
98)
232
(22
1 ndash
244
)44
6(4
25
ndash 47
1)
500
(47
2 ndash
559
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
4(1
54
ndash 17
4)
375
(26
9 ndash
436
)5
19(4
32
ndash 5
97)
178
(16
8 ndash
190
)38
8(3
73
ndash 40
7)
444
(40
7 ndash
465
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es21
8(2
10
ndash 22
6)
579
(45
4 ndash
670
)7
85(6
99
ndash 8
89)
234
(22
6 ndash
243
)44
7(4
37
ndash 47
0)
521
(49
0 ndash
557
)3
547
Fem
ales
206
(20
0 ndash
212
)5
47(4
93
ndash 6
39)
776
(70
9 ndash
840
)22
2(2
15
ndash 22
6)
423
(41
2 ndash
439
)46
3(4
51
ndash 48
8)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
195
(19
1 ndash
200
)7
04(6
09
ndash 7
33)
880
(78
3 ndash
929
)20
2(1
96
ndash 20
9)
380
(36
4 ndash
402
)42
5(3
98
ndash 49
9)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks22
0(2
09
ndash 23
2)
629
(54
6 ndash
699
)8
11(7
39
ndash 8
77)
235
(22
6 ndash
247
)47
0(4
47
ndash 49
5)
535
(51
0 ndash
573
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s21
3(2
08
ndash 21
9)
546
(48
3 ndash
626
)7
69(7
04
ndash 8
47)
230
(22
4 ndash
235
)43
8(4
24
ndash 45
2)
485
(47
3 ndash
506
)2
973
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 211a Serum transminuslycopene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 161161
162 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population162 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 211a2 Serum trans-lycopene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 212 (207 ndash 217) 107 (101 ndash 113) 227 (222 ndash 232) 389 (377 ndash 398) 72546ndash11 years 217 (205 ndash 229) 116 (105 ndash 129) 225 (211 ndash 237) 383 (363 ndash 403) 86012ndash19 years 219 (211 ndash 226) 129 (122 ndash 136) 223 (218 ndash 229) 372 (358 ndash 391) 195420ndash39 years 239 (233 ndash 244) 134 (118 ndash 148) 251 (243 ndash 256) 402 (395 ndash 412) 168840ndash59 years 216 (204 ndash 228) 110 (950 ndash 119) 232 (221 ndash 244) 399 (384 ndash 418) 136560 years and older 164 (154 ndash 174) 714 (648 ndash 769) 178 (168 ndash 190) 337 (323 ndash 361) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 218 (210 ndash 226) 112 (103 ndash 118) 234 (226 ndash 243) 396 (381 ndash 410) 35476ndash11 years 226 (214 ndash 239) 128 (110 ndash 144) 231 (218 ndash 243) 386 (369 ndash 408) 42712ndash19 years 222 (214 ndash 230) 134 (115 ndash 142) 227 (220 ndash 236) 372 (363 ndash 387) 98020ndash39 years 251 (240 ndash 262) 146 (119 ndash 158) 262 (249 ndash 274) 414 (400 ndash 437) 73840ndash59 years 219 (201 ndash 239) 109 (858 ndash 124) 239 (223 ndash 256) 406 (373 ndash 439) 67360 years and older 163 (151 ndash 176) 744 (633 ndash 778) 178 (164 ndash 191) 335 (313 ndash 368) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 206 (200 ndash 212) 103 (956 ndash 111) 222 (215 ndash 226) 382 (367 ndash 395) 37076ndash11 years 208 (189 ndash 228) 104 (868 ndash 128) 217 (203 ndash 235) 373 (352 ndash 419) 43312ndash19 years 215 (201 ndash 230) 128 (107 ndash 137) 219 (210 ndash 232) 371 (346 ndash 406) 97420ndash39 years 227 (221 ndash 233) 129 (111 ndash 142) 237 (230 ndash 246) 390 (359 ndash 413) 95040ndash59 years 213 (201 ndash 225) 110 (950 ndash 119) 224 (210 ndash 243) 393 (386 ndash 408) 69260 years and older 164 (153 ndash 176) 689 (629 ndash 773) 179 (166 ndash 193) 342 (315 ndash 383) 658
Table 211a3 Serum trans-lycopene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 195 (191 ndash 200) 107 (101 ndash 112) 202 (196 ndash 209) 337 (328 ndash 344) 18446ndash11 years 196 (185 ndash 208) 110 (947 ndash 130) 201 (191 ndash 212) 324 (312 ndash 340) 29512ndash19 years 200 (192 ndash 209) 120 (101 ndash 128) 209 (198 ndash 221) 335 (323 ndash 352) 64620ndash39 years 209 (197 ndash 221) 116 (965 ndash 135) 220 (210 ndash 233) 347 (334 ndash 381) 44940ndash59 years 184 (173 ndash 195) 100 (904 ndash 110) 188 (182 ndash 194) 328 (306 ndash 370) 24660 years and older 155 (140 ndash 171) 771 (524 ndash 887) 161 (147 ndash 177) 286 (261 ndash 332) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 201 (194 ndash 208) 110 (996 ndash 120) 211 (201 ndash 222) 344 (322 ndash 376) 8836ndash11 years 190 (178 ndash 202) 109 (933 ndash 127) 195 (182 ndash 205) 321 (289 ndash 361) 14512ndash19 years 206 (192 ndash 221) 123 (872 ndash 136) 221 (199 ndash 234) 340 (327 ndash 355) 31320ndash39 years 219 (200 ndash 239) 132 (892 ndash 151) 231 (215 ndash 249) 351 (321 ndash 444) 19840ndash59 years 186 (171 ndash 202) 101 (736 ndash 113) 193 (178 ndash 207) 327 (289 ndash 399) 12260 years and older 155 (129 ndash 186) 741dagger (271 ndash 877) 162 (139 ndash 193) 313dagger (252 ndash 560) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 190 (184 ndash 195) 105 (100 ndash 110) 194 (185 ndash 202) 333 (321 ndash 341) 9616ndash11 years 204 (189 ndash 220) 114 (953 ndash 134) 212 (193 ndash 230) 325 (312 ndash 350) 15012ndash19 years 194 (186 ndash 203) 118 (101 ndash 122) 200 (194 ndash 209) 329 (315 ndash 357) 33320ndash39 years 197 (186 ndash 208) 108 (995 ndash 127) 200 (185 ndash 234) 341 (325 ndash 367) 25140ndash59 years 181 (168 ndash 196) 100 (901 ndash 110) 180 (169 ndash 191) 328 (305 ndash 345) 12460 years and older 155 (140 ndash 172) 798dagger (524 ndash 105) 160 (133 ndash 181) 267dagger (250 ndash 312) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1631 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1632 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 211a4 Serum trans-lycopene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 220 (209 ndash 232) 108 (977 ndash 118) 235 (226 ndash 247) 400 (391 ndash 417) 18916ndash11 years 256 (233 ndash 282) 137 (111 ndash 170) 270 (246 ndash 289) 418 (387 ndash 459) 24012ndash19 years 248 (235 ndash 262) 143 (129 ndash 154) 258 (236 ndash 274) 416 (391 ndash 449) 66520ndash39 years 257 (242 ndash 272) 145 (124 ndash 156) 263 (250 ndash 278) 424 (396 ndash 471) 36840ndash59 years 204 (191 ndash 218) 989 (868 ndash 108) 213 (199 ndash 233) 386 (362 ndash 434) 33560 years and older 143 (131 ndash 157) 620 (494 ndash 693) 153 (145 ndash 165) 312 (275 ndash 357) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 231 (219 ndash 243) 112 (987 ndash 124) 249 (233 ndash 264) 418 (398 ndash 449) 9496ndash11 years 262 (234 ndash 292) 164 (104 ndash 180) 270 (234 ndash 298) 401 (384 ndash 463) 12812ndash19 years 255 (241 ndash 270) 149 (135 ndash 161) 262 (239 ndash 278) 432 (395 ndash 517) 34320ndash39 years 280 (265 ndash 296) 153 (136 ndash 168) 279 (262 ndash 302) 478 (425 ndash 527) 17040ndash59 years 205 (183 ndash 229) 919 (670 ndash 109) 221 (189 ndash 264) 386 (356 ndash 513) 15660 years and older 146 (133 ndash 159) 556 (494 ndash 614) 155 (150 ndash 171) 321 (300 ndash 381) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 212 (198 ndash 227) 106 (930 ndash 116) 225 (211 ndash 237) 390 (372 ndash 410) 9426ndash11 years 251 (224 ndash 281) 124 (915 ndash 151) 267 (249 ndash 289) 421 (384 ndash 497) 11212ndash19 years 241 (219 ndash 266) 139 (105 ndash 155) 248 (221 ndash 276) 398 (366 ndash 439) 32220ndash39 years 238 (218 ndash 261) 136 (109 ndash 157) 250 (221 ndash 272) 391 (374 ndash 416) 19840ndash59 years 203 (192 ndash 216) 999 (903 ndash 113) 209 (181 ndash 233) 390 (348 ndash 443) 17960 years and older 141 (121 ndash 165) 671 (354 ndash 789) 150 (130 ndash 174) 281 (246 ndash 391) 131
Table 211a5 Serum trans-lycopene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 213 (208 ndash 219) 108 (101 ndash 113) 230 (224 ndash 235) 391 (375 ndash 406) 29736ndash11 years 214 (196 ndash 234) 111 (963 ndash 129) 221 (204 ndash 240) 375 (337 ndash 424) 23112ndash19 years 216 (206 ndash 226) 130 (111 ndash 137) 221 (214 ndash 227) 370 (350 ndash 399) 49920ndash39 years 246 (236 ndash 256) 137 (114 ndash 164) 256 (248 ndash 264) 407 (396 ndash 423) 71440ndash59 years 223 (209 ndash 239) 117 (954 ndash 130) 242 (229 ndash 253) 405 (383 ndash 422) 68360 years and older 166 (156 ndash 176) 732 (645 ndash 811) 180 (169 ndash 192) 342 (323 ndash 370) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 219 (210 ndash 229) 113 (103 ndash 119) 236 (227 ndash 248) 396 (379 ndash 416) 14726ndash11 years 226 (207 ndash 246) 128 (841 ndash 149) 230 (211 ndash 248) 383 (334 ndash 432) 11212ndash19 years 218 (206 ndash 232) 132 (100 ndash 143) 225 (211 ndash 243) 366 (358 ndash 384) 25420ndash39 years 257 (242 ndash 272) 148 (118 ndash 171) 265 (251 ndash 284) 415 (396 ndash 461) 30940ndash59 years 228 (206 ndash 252) 118 (802 ndash 140) 250 (232 ndash 270) 412 (381 ndash 440) 35160 years and older 163 (150 ndash 178) 749 (636 ndash 808) 177 (160 ndash 192) 337 (313 ndash 370) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 208 (200 ndash 217) 102 (948 ndash 111) 224 (215 ndash 231) 385 (365 ndash 403) 15016ndash11 years 201 (176 ndash 231) 966 (460 ndash 129) 207 (192 ndash 232) 367 (308 ndash 500) 11912ndash19 years 213 (194 ndash 233) 127 (921 ndash 142) 216 (203 ndash 235) 372 (339 ndash 415) 24520ndash39 years 235 (225 ndash 245) 130 (102 ndash 162) 246 (233 ndash 253) 402 (359 ndash 427) 40540ndash59 years 218 (203 ndash 236) 117 (946 ndash 129) 234 (214 ndash 253) 397 (379 ndash 411) 33260 years and older 169 (158 ndash 180) 700 (617 ndash 828) 183 (171 ndash 201) 344 (321 ndash 385) 400
164 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population164 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 211b Serum trans-lycopene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 206 (199 ndash 213) 787 (749 ndash 827) 222 (213 ndash 231) 425 (410 ndash 439) 7921 2005ndash2006 212 (207 ndash 217) 781 (733 ndash 840) 227 (222 ndash 232) 436 (424 ndash 449) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 161 (152 ndash 171) 616 (373 ndash 747) 173 (162 ndash 181) 339 (328 ndash 379) 4276ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 216 (207 ndash 225) 931 (820 ndash 983) 227 (214 ndash 236) 405 (377 ndash 470) 1012 2005ndash2006 217 (205 ndash 229) 948 (738 ndash 109) 225 (211 ndash 237) 428 (400 ndash 460) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 216 (211 ndash 221) 105 (969 ndash 111) 222 (218 ndash 227) 405 (381 ndash 432) 2205 2005ndash2006 219 (211 ndash 226) 991 (898 ndash 110) 223 (218 ndash 229) 426 (402 ndash 451) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 227 (215 ndash 239) 103 (902 ndash 115) 237 (225 ndash 249) 449 (424 ndash 471) 1714 2005ndash2006 239 (233 ndash 244) 107 (897 ndash 114) 251 (243 ndash 256) 461 (441 ndash 472) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 211 (201 ndash 221) 782 (702 ndash 861) 227 (214 ndash 241) 426 (412 ndash 438) 1468 2005ndash2006 216 (204 ndash 228) 769 (602 ndash 898) 232 (221 ndash 244) 446 (425 ndash 471) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 154 (146 ndash 163) 415 (292 ndash 513) 171 (161 ndash 179) 390 (364 ndash 413) 1522 2005ndash2006 164 (154 ndash 174) 519 (432 ndash 597) 178 (168 ndash 190) 388 (373 ndash 407) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 214 (206 ndash 223) 802 (731 ndash 880) 233 (223 ndash 242) 442 (428 ndash 463) 3832 2005ndash2006 218 (210 ndash 226) 785 (699 ndash 889) 234 (226 ndash 243) 447 (437 ndash 470) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 198 (192 ndash 205) 782 (713 ndash 834) 212 (204 ndash 220) 403 (389 ndash 421) 4089 2005ndash2006 206 (200 ndash 212) 776 (709 ndash 840) 222 (215 ndash 226) 423 (412 ndash 439) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 200 (192 ndash 208) 889 (784 ndash 962) 207 (201 ndash 217) 398 (381 ndash 420) 1987 2005ndash2006 195 (191 ndash 200) 880 (783 ndash 929) 202 (196 ndash 209) 380 (364 ndash 402) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 217 (210 ndash 223) 803 (683 ndash 911) 234 (222 ndash 243) 466 (449 ndash 490) 1864 2005ndash2006 220 (209 ndash 232) 811 (739 ndash 877) 235 (226 ndash 247) 470 (447 ndash 495) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 208 (201 ndash 216) 817 (755 ndash 872) 224 (213 ndash 235) 425 (409 ndash 440) 3446 2005ndash2006 213 (208 ndash 219) 769 (704 ndash 847) 230 (224 ndash 235) 438 (424 ndash 452) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
12
10
8
6
4
2
i i
i
i
i
i
i i i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i i i i
i i i
i i i
i
i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i i i i
i i
i i i i
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Figure 211b Serum transminuslycopene Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 165165
166 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population166 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
12a
1 S
erum
tota
l lyc
open
e C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
394
(38
5 ndash
402
)11
3(1
04
ndash 12
6)
154
(14
6 ndash
161
)41
8(4
10
ndash 42
6)
808
(78
8 ndash
825
)90
7(8
79
ndash 94
7)
714
9A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs39
7(3
75
ndash 42
0)
149
(10
7 ndash
178
)18
8(1
51
ndash 19
9)
409
(38
5 ndash
441
)78
4(7
48
ndash 82
5)
830
(80
6 ndash
105)
851
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
395
(38
2 ndash
408
)15
4(1
29
ndash 17
4)
191
(17
2 ndash
209
)40
6(3
96
ndash 42
0)
739
(71
5 ndash
790
)82
8(7
81
ndash 93
4)
190
720
ndash39
year
s43
8(4
27
ndash 44
9)
159
(14
0 ndash
178
)20
0(1
70
ndash 21
8)
452
(43
8 ndash
466
)83
3(8
14
ndash 86
1)
927
(87
4 ndash
993
)1
667
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
405
(38
2 ndash
429
)10
6(7
35
ndash 13
2)
150
(12
4 ndash
171
)43
1(4
11
ndash 45
3)
841
(79
9 ndash
892
)97
2(9
07
ndash 10
3)1
346
60 y
ears
and
old
er31
5(2
98
ndash 33
2)
808
(69
6 ndash
957
)10
7(9
50
ndash 12
4)
335
(31
4 ndash
359
)72
8(6
95
ndash 76
4)
817
(76
3 ndash
894
)1
378
Gen
der
Mal
es40
6(3
93
ndash 42
0)
114
(92
8 ndash
132
)15
6(1
39
ndash 17
3)
435
(42
2 ndash
447
)84
5(8
16
ndash 86
9)
952
(89
9 ndash
103)
349
3Fe
mal
es38
2(3
71
ndash 39
3)
111
(10
3 ndash
129
)15
3(1
42
ndash 16
4)
401
(38
9 ndash
416
)77
6(7
51
ndash 80
5)
860
(81
9 ndash
921
)3
656
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s36
2(3
53
ndash 37
1)
137
(11
8 ndash
143
)16
6(1
53
ndash 17
9)
374
(36
1 ndash
389
)70
5(6
70
ndash 74
0)
793
(74
1 ndash
913
)1
818
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
413
(39
2 ndash
435
)12
9(1
09
ndash 14
2)
167
(14
3 ndash
180
)43
1(4
11
ndash 45
5)
864
(83
0 ndash
895
)97
2(9
15
ndash 10
7)1
846
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s39
6(3
86
ndash 40
6)
109
(97
2 ndash
125
)15
1(1
42
ndash 16
0)
424
(41
3 ndash
433
)81
1(7
89
ndash 82
9)
897
(87
2 ndash
948
)2
943
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
60
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 212a Serum total lycopene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 2
0 40
60
0 2
0 40
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 167167
168 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population168 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 212a2 Serum total lycopene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 394 (385 ndash 402) 205 (195 ndash 213) 418 (410 ndash 426) 712 (695 ndash 727) 71496ndash11 years 397 (375 ndash 420) 215 (193 ndash 254) 409 (385 ndash 441) 676 (635 ndash 749) 85112ndash19 years 395 (382 ndash 408) 235 (218 ndash 246) 406 (396 ndash 420) 663 (631 ndash 696) 190720ndash39 years 438 (427 ndash 449) 246 (219 ndash 272) 452 (438 ndash 466) 740 (725 ndash 758) 166740ndash59 years 405 (382 ndash 429) 210 (186 ndash 229) 431 (411 ndash 453) 728 (703 ndash 771) 134660 years and older 315 (298 ndash 332) 143 (133 ndash 159) 335 (314 ndash 359) 628 (602 ndash 675) 1378MalesTotal 6 years and older 406 (393 ndash 420) 212 (201 ndash 222) 435 (422 ndash 447) 729 (709 ndash 756) 34936ndash11 years 414 (392 ndash 438) 237 (203 ndash 264) 421 (397 ndash 449) 695 (634 ndash 782) 42112ndash19 years 401 (385 ndash 418) 238 (213 ndash 260) 411 (400 ndash 425) 663 (646 ndash 694) 95520ndash39 years 464 (445 ndash 485) 268 (229 ndash 306) 483 (455 ndash 510) 785 (746 ndash 819) 73040ndash59 years 412 (377 ndash 450) 209 (152 ndash 239) 449 (426 ndash 471) 750 (710 ndash 814) 66360 years and older 313 (291 ndash 337) 143 (126 ndash 159) 344 (316 ndash 364) 620 (590 ndash 693) 724FemalesTotal 6 years and older 382 (371 ndash 393) 199 (188 ndash 211) 401 (389 ndash 416) 693 (670 ndash 717) 36566ndash11 years 379 (348 ndash 413) 194 (163 ndash 247) 398 (357 ndash 439) 662 (598 ndash 740) 43012ndash19 years 388 (362 ndash 415) 234 (200 ndash 246) 401 (378 ndash 427) 653 (601 ndash 726) 95220ndash39 years 413 (402 ndash 424) 226 (207 ndash 262) 427 (415 ndash 437) 716 (664 ndash 740) 93740ndash59 years 398 (376 ndash 421) 209 (189 ndash 228) 411 (378 ndash 450) 713 (688 ndash 756) 68360 years and older 316 (297 ndash 335) 142 (129 ndash 164) 330 (308 ndash 358) 646 (580 ndash 697) 654
Table 212a3 Serum total lycopene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 362 (353 ndash 371) 205 (195 ndash 217) 374 (361 ndash 389) 615 (588 ndash 635) 18186ndash11 years 355 (338 ndash 373) 210 (187 ndash 225) 355 (338 ndash 373) 584 (557 ndash 631) 29212ndash19 years 357 (345 ndash 370) 218 (196 ndash 234) 374 (360 ndash 387) 585 (556 ndash 618) 63920ndash39 years 388 (365 ndash 411) 227 (187 ndash 247) 410 (391 ndash 425) 638 (588 ndash 712) 44140ndash59 years 348 (327 ndash 371) 196 (174 ndash 211) 351 (326 ndash 385) 607 (573 ndash 655) 24060 years and older 299 (273 ndash 328) 147 (119 ndash 179) 301 (279 ndash 338) 547 (488 ndash 658) 206MalesTotal 6 years and older 376 (363 ndash 390) 214 (199 ndash 230) 392 (369 ndash 408) 631 (595 ndash 680) 8676ndash11 years 344 (326 ndash 364) 202 (178 ndash 224) 343 (317 ndash 361) 574 (505 ndash 734) 14212ndash19 years 369 (346 ndash 394) 225 (192 ndash 246) 391 (368 ndash 407) 597 (559 ndash 639) 31020ndash39 years 413 (378 ndash 451) 246 (166 ndash 277) 426 (406 ndash 456) 661 (583 ndash 944) 19240ndash59 years 356 (326 ndash 388) 190 (144 ndash 226) 364 (334 ndash 405) 587 (560 ndash 743) 12060 years and older 299 (251 ndash 357) 145dagger (580 ndash 182) 302 (260 ndash 361) 619dagger (480 ndash 863) 103FemalesTotal 6 years and older 348 (338 ndash 358) 200 (187 ndash 214) 353 (335 ndash 373) 595 (568 ndash 620) 9516ndash11 years 367 (344 ndash 391) 211 (177 ndash 244) 367 (343 ndash 404) 588 (563 ndash 622) 15012ndash19 years 345 (332 ndash 358) 206 (190 ndash 226) 348 (338 ndash 368) 578 (519 ndash 620) 32920ndash39 years 359 (339 ndash 381) 202 (175 ndash 227) 374 (333 ndash 419) 614 (561 ndash 686) 24940ndash59 years 340 (316 ndash 367) 196 (161 ndash 214) 330 (302 ndash 383) 610 (559 ndash 678) 12060 years and older 299 (273 ndash 328) 161dagger (121 ndash 205) 292 (266 ndash 357) 527dagger (480 ndash 599) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1691 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1692 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 212a4 Serum total lycopene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 413 (392 ndash 435) 214 (195 ndash 231) 431 (411 ndash 455) 755 (721 ndash 796) 18466ndash11 years 479 (433 ndash 529) 274 (205 ndash 318) 496 (446 ndash 563) 785 (739 ndash 844) 23612ndash19 years 443 (423 ndash 464) 269 (239 ndash 290) 458 (428 ndash 478) 731 (692 ndash 782) 63620ndash39 years 470 (442 ndash 501) 264 (232 ndash 296) 490 (455 ndash 523) 796 (761 ndash 829) 36340ndash59 years 392 (364 ndash 422) 200 (171 ndash 214) 408 (377 ndash 434) 737 (669 ndash 842) 33160 years and older 282 (260 ndash 306) 127 (104 ndash 154) 291 (266 ndash 327) 590 (530 ndash 684) 280MalesTotal 6 years and older 436 (410 ndash 463) 229 (195 ndash 245) 458 (428 ndash 484) 812 (764 ndash 878) 9226ndash11 years 495 (444 ndash 551) 306 (153 ndash 359) 504 (424 ndash 587) 768 (709 ndash 918) 12612ndash19 years 457 (431 ndash 486) 289 (256 ndash 302) 467 (436 ndash 504) 763 (693 ndash 902) 32420ndash39 years 516 (484 ndash 551) 297 (259 ndash 319) 514 (481 ndash 549) 863 (812 ndash 905) 16940ndash59 years 400 (353 ndash 453) 184 (132 ndash 229) 411 (368 ndash 474) 829 (672 ndash 975) 15360 years and older 289 (265 ndash 316) 125 (111 ndash 130) 311 (283 ndash 347) 595 (529 ndash 660) 150FemalesTotal 6 years and older 393 (370 ndash 418) 208 (185 ndash 222) 410 (394 ndash 430) 714 (687 ndash 741) 9246ndash11 years 463 (412 ndash 521) 246dagger (179 ndash 275) 485 (446 ndash 548) 785dagger (728 ndash 846) 11012ndash19 years 429 (395 ndash 464) 256 (201 ndash 281) 441 (398 ndash 480) 704 (673 ndash 753) 31220ndash39 years 434 (398 ndash 473) 236 (210 ndash 280) 445 (404 ndash 506) 726 (684 ndash 767) 19440ndash59 years 386 (363 ndash 410) 201 (171 ndash 215) 402 (367 ndash 430) 686 (636 ndash 758) 17860 years and older 277 (241 ndash 319) 128 (809 ndash 172) 286 (248 ndash 324) 576 (454 ndash 822) 130dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 212a5 Serum total lycopene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 396 (386 ndash 406) 204 (194 ndash 213) 424 (413 ndash 433) 715 (694 ndash 738) 29436ndash11 years 393 (359 ndash 431) 207 (189 ndash 249) 406 (377 ndash 449) 648 (587 ndash 780) 23012ndash19 years 392 (375 ndash 409) 233 (208 ndash 248) 407 (393 ndash 421) 662 (628 ndash 702) 48920ndash39 years 448 (432 ndash 465) 253 (215 ndash 293) 459 (440 ndash 484) 754 (725 ndash 778) 70640ndash59 years 416 (388 ndash 446) 222 (178 ndash 244) 447 (426 ndash 470) 739 (704 ndash 785) 67460 years and older 317 (300 ndash 335) 144 (133 ndash 162) 339 (317 ndash 367) 629 (602 ndash 674) 844MalesTotal 6 years and older 407 (392 ndash 423) 210 (197 ndash 220) 439 (425 ndash 452) 732 (709 ndash 760) 14616ndash11 years 415 (381 ndash 453) 236dagger (197 ndash 264) 423 (395 ndash 457) 660dagger (588 ndash 815) 11112ndash19 years 398 (371 ndash 426) 232 (199 ndash 270) 410 (384 ndash 430) 663 (635 ndash 698) 25120ndash39 years 472 (447 ndash 498) 268 (217 ndash 316) 494 (459 ndash 523) 787 (739 ndash 850) 30840ndash59 years 426 (384 ndash 471) 224 (150 ndash 273) 463 (440 ndash 490) 753 (709 ndash 827) 34660 years and older 312 (286 ndash 340) 144 (123 ndash 161) 339 (308 ndash 365) 620 (588 ndash 697) 445FemalesTotal 6 years and older 385 (369 ndash 401) 197 (182 ndash 213) 407 (389 ndash 425) 696 (668 ndash 726) 14826ndash11 years 370 (327 ndash 418) 191 (137 ndash 253) 391 (338 ndash 433) 619 (546 ndash 780) 11912ndash19 years 386 (351 ndash 423) 236 (180 ndash 256) 404 (370 ndash 434) 644 (579 ndash 756) 23820ndash39 years 425 (406 ndash 444) 229 (199 ndash 287) 432 (419 ndash 442) 721 (665 ndash 770) 39840ndash59 years 407 (376 ndash 440) 216 (175 ndash 245) 424 (390 ndash 474) 721 (687 ndash 787) 32860 years and older 322 (303 ndash 342) 143 (129 ndash 166) 338 (316 ndash 371) 645 (590 ndash 687) 399dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
170 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population170 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityEffectofsupplementalantioxidantsvitaminCvitaminEandcoenzymeQ10forthepreventionandtreatmentofcardiovasculardiseaseEvidenceReportTechnologyAssessmentNumber832003
AhujaJKGoldmanJDMoshfeghAJCurrentstatusofvitaminEnutritureAnnNYAcadSci20041031387ndash390
AlbanesDHeinonenOPTaylorPRVirtamoJEdwardsBKRautalahtiMetalAlpha-tocopherolandbeta-carotenesupplementandlungcancerincidenceinthealpha-tocopherolbeta-carotenecancerpreventionstudyeffectsofbase-linecharacteristicsandstudycomplianceJNatlCancerInst1996881560ndash1570
Al-DelaimyWKFerrariPSlimaniNPalaVJohanssonINilssonSetalPlasmacarotenoidsasbiomarkersofintakeoffruitsandvegetablesindividual-levelcorrelationsintheEuropeanProspectiveInvestigationintoCancerandNutrition(EPIC)EurJClinNutr2005591387ndash1396
BaileyRLGahcheJJLentinoCVDwyerJTEngelJSThomasPTetalDietarySupplementUseintheUnitedStates2003-2006JournalofNutrition2011141261-6
BallewCBowmanBASowellALGillespieCSerumretinoldistributionsinresidentsoftheUnitedStatesThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash1994AmJClinNutr200173586ndash593
BeersMHeditorVitamindeficiencydependencyandtoxicityInMerckManualofDiagnosisandTherapy18thedWhitehouseStation(NJ)MerckampCoInc2006[cited2011]Availableathttpwwwmerckcommmpesec01ch004ch004lhtml
BendichALangsethLSafetyofvitaminAAmJClinNutr1989Feb49(2)358-71
BoylstonTNolletLMLChemicalandbiochemicalaspectsofcolorinmusclefoodsInPerez-AlvarezJAandFernandez-LopezJeditorsHandbookofmeatpoultryandseafoodqualityAmes(IA)BlackwellPublishing2007pp25ndash44
BrittonGLiaaen-JensenSPfanderHeditorsCarotenoidshandbookBasel(Switzerland)Birkhaumluser2004
DuewerDLKlineMCSharplessKEThomasJBNISTmicronutrientsmeasurementqualityassuranceprogramcharacterizingthemeasurementcommunitylsquosperformanceovertimeAnalChem2000724163ndash4170
FordESSowellASerum prop-tocopherolstatusintheUnitedStatespopulationfindingsfromtheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyAmJEpidemiol1999150290ndash300
FordESVariationsinserumcarotenoidconcentrationsamongUnitedStatesadultsbyethnicityandsexEthnDis200010208ndash217
FordESGillespieCBallewCSowellAManninoDMSerumcarotenoidconcentrationsinUSchildrenandadolescentsAmJClinNutr200276818ndash827
FordESSchleicherRLMokdadAHAjaniUALiuSDistributionofserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherolandgamma-tocopherolintheUSpopulationAmJClinNutr200684375ndash383
GibsonRSPrinciplesofnutritionalassessment(2ndedn)NewYorkOxfordUniversityPress2005
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesvitaminCvitaminEseleniumandcarotenoidsWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2000
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesvitaminAvitaminKarsenicboronchromiumcopperiodineironmanganesemolybdenumnickelsiliconvanadiumandzincWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2001
KhachikFBeecherGRGoliMBLusbyWRSeparationandquantitationofcarotenoidsinfoodsMethodsEnzymol1992213347ndash359
KrinskyNIJohnsonEJCarotenoidactionsandtheirrelationtohealthanddiseaseMolAspectsMed200526459ndash516
LacherDAHughesJPCarrollMDEstimateofbiologicalvariationoflaboratoryanalytesbasedontheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyClinChem200551450ndash452
1711 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1712 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
LichtensteinAHAppelLJBrandsMCarnethonMDanielsSFranchHAetalSummaryofAmericanHeartAssociationdietandlifestylerecommendationsrevisionArteriosclerThrombVascBiol2006262186ndash2191MoshfeghAGoldmanJClevelandLWhatweeatinAmericaNHANES2001ndash02UsualnutrientintakesfromfoodcomparedtodietaryreferenceintakesBeltsville(MD)USDepartmentofAgricultureAgriculturalResearchService2005[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwarsusdagovSP2UserFilesPlace12355000pdf0102usualintaketables2001-02pdf
NapoliJLVitaminAbiochemistryandphysiologicalroleInCaballeroBAllenLPrenticeAeditorsEncyclopediaofhumannutrition2ndedAmsterdamElsevierLtd2006pp339ndash347
RedlichCABlanerWSVanBennekumAMChungJSCleverSLHolmCTetalEffectofsupplementationwithbeta-caroteneandvitaminAonlungnutrientlevelsCancerEpidemiolBiomarkersPrev19987211ndash214
RockCLMultivitamin-multimineralsupplementswhousesthemAmJClinNutr200785(suppl)277S-9S
RoodhooftJMLeadingcausesofblindnessworldwideBullSocBelgeOphthalmol200228319ndash25
ThomasRGGebhardtSENutsandseedsassourcesofalphaandgammatocopherolsICRWCRFInternationalResearchConference2006Jul13-14WashingtonDC[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwarsusdagovSP2UserFilesPlace12354500ArticlesAICR06_NutSeedpdf
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
WestJrKPVitaminAdeficiencyandinterventionsInCaballeroBAllenLPrenticeAeditorsEncyclopediaofhumannutrition2ndedAmsterdamElsevierLtd2006pp348ndash359
WHOSerumretinolconcentrationsfordeterminingtheprevalenceofvitaminAdeficiencyinpopulationsVitaminandMineralNutritionInformationSystemGenevaWorldHealthOrganization2011(WHONMHNHDMNM113)Availableathttpwwwwhointvmnisindicatorsretinolpdf
172 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population172 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Vitamin DBackground InformationSources and Physiological FunctionsVitaminD(calciferol)comprisesagroupoffatsolubleseco-sterolsfoundnaturallyinonlyafewfoodssuchasfish-liveroilsfattyfishesmushroomseggyolksandliverThetwomajorphysiologicallyrelevantformsofvitaminDareD2(ergocalciferol)andD3(cholecalciferol)VitaminD3isphotosynthesizedintheskinofvertebratesbytheactionofsolarultraviolet(UV)Bradiationon7-dehydrocholesterolpresentintheskin(Fieser1959)VitaminD2isproducedbyUVirradiationofergosterolwhichoccursinmoldsyeastandhigher-orderplantsUnderconditionsofregularsunexposuredietaryvitaminDintakeisofminorimportanceHoweverlatitudeseasonagingsunscreenuseandskinpigmentationinfluencetheproductionofvitaminD3bytheskin(InstituteofMedicine2011)IntheUnitedStatesmostofthedietaryintakeofvitaminDcomesfromfortifiedmilkproductsandotherfortifiedfoodssuchasbreakfastcerealsandorangejuice(InstituteofMedicine2011)BothvitaminD2andD3areusedinnonprescriptionvitaminDsupplementsbutvitaminD2istheonlyformavailablebyprescriptionintheUnitedStates(Holick2007)
VitaminDwithoutasubscriptrepresentseitherD2orD3orbothVitaminDperseisbiologicallyinertWhetherderivedfromtheskinordietvitaminDisonlyshort-livedincirculation(withahalf-lifeof1ndash2days)asitiseitherstoredinfatcellsormetabolizedintheliver(Mawer1972)IncirculationvitaminDisboundtovitaminD-bindingproteinandtransportedtotheliverwhereitisconvertedto25-hydroxyvitaminD[25(OH)D](DeLuca1984)ThismajorcirculatingformofvitaminDisagoodreflectionofcumulativeeffectsofexposuretosunlightanddietaryintakeofvitaminD(Haddad1973Holick1995)andisthereforeusedbyclinicianstodeterminevitaminDstatusTobebiologicallyactivatedatphysiologicconcentrations25(OH)Dmustbeconvertedinthekidneysto125-dihydroxyvitaminD[125(OH)2D]whichisthoughttoberesponsibleformostifnotallofthebiologicfunctionsofvitaminD(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)Theproductionof25(OH)DintheliverisafunctionofvitaminDavailabilityfromdietaryintakeandsunexposurewhereasproductionof125(OH)2DinthekidneyistightlyregulatedbymineralrequirementsInthelivervitaminD-25-hydroxylaseisdown-regulatedbyvitaminDanditsmetabolitestherebylimitinganyincreaseinthecirculatingconcentrationof25(OH)DfollowingintakesorfollowingproductionofvitaminDafterexposuretosunlightInthekidneyinresponsetoserumcalciumandphosphorusconcentrationstheproductionof125(OH)2Disregulatedthroughtheactionofparathyroidhormone(PTH)(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)
Health EffectsActivevitaminD(125-dihydroxyvitaminD)functionsasahormoneanditsmainbiologicfunctioninpeopleistomaintainserumcalciumandphosphorusconcentrationswithinthenormalrangebyenhancingtheefficiencyofthesmallintestinetoabsorbthesemineralsfromthediet(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)Whendietarycalciumintakeisinadequatetosatisfythebodyrsquoscalciumrequirement125(OH)2DalongwithPTHmobilizescalciumstoresfromtheboneInthekidney125(OH)2DincreasescalciumreabsorptionbythedistalrenaltubulesApartfromthesetraditionalcalcium-relatedactions125(OH)2Danditssyntheticanalogsareincreasinglyrecognizedfortheirpotentanti-proliferativepro-differentiativeandimmunomodulatoryactivities(Nagpal2005)
VitaminDdeficiencyischaracterizedbyinadequatemineralizationorbydemineralizationoftheskeletonAmongchildrenvitaminDdeficiencyisacommoncauseofbonedeformitiesknownasricketsVitaminDdeficiencyinadultsleadstoamineralizationdefectintheskeleton
1731 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1732 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
causingosteomalaciaanditinducessecondaryhyperparathyroidismwithconsequentbonelossandosteoporosisPotentialrolesforvitaminDbeyondbonehealthsuchaseffectsonmusclestrengththeriskforcancerandtheriskfortype2diabetesareunderintenseinvestigationTheAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality(AHRQ)reviewedtheeffectivenessandsafetyofvitaminDonoutcomesrelatedtobonehealth(Cranney2007)ThereportsuggeststhatvitaminDsupplementationhaspositiveeffectsonbonehealthinpostmenopausalwomenandoldermenAnotherAHRQsystematicreviewofvitaminDstatusandhealthoutcomesfoundnosignificantassociationsbetweenvitaminDstatusandtotalcancermortalitynordiditfindanyconclusiveevidencefortheassociationofvitaminDstatuswithcancerriskorcanceroutcome(Chung2009)ItalsofoundnoclearassociationbetweenvitaminDstatusandcardiometabolicoutcomesincludingfastingglucosebloodpressuremyocardialinfarctionorstrokeRandomizedtrialsshowednoclinicallysignificantconsistenteffectsofvitaminDsupplementationatthedosagesgiven(Pittas2010)
Intake RecommendationsWhatconstitutestheoptimalintakeofvitaminDremainsamatterofsomedisagreementCurrentrecommendationsfromtheInstituteofMedicine(2011)callfor400internationalunits(IU)[10micrograms(microg)]ofvitaminDdailyfrombirththroughage1yearforadequateintake(AI)]TheRecommendedDietaryAllowance(RDA)forthoseaged1ndash70yearsis600IU(15microg)and800IU(20microg)forthoseolderthan70yearsAccordingtotheDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthHumanServices2010)moderateevidenceshowsthatintakeofmilkandmilkproductsislinkedtoimprovedbonehealthespeciallyinchildrenandadolescentsIntheUnitedStatesmostdietaryvitaminDisobtainedfromfortifiedfoodsespeciallymilkTheTolerableUpperIntakeLevelforvitaminDis4000IU(100microg)perdayinNorthAmericaforindividuals9yearsofageandolderandrangesfrom1000IUto3000IUforinfantsandchildrenlessthan9yearsofageasintakeincreasesabovethisamountthepotentialriskforadverseconsequencesincreases
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsToassessvitaminDstatusonemeasurestheconcentrationof25(OH)Dinserumusingeitherantibody-basedmethodssuchasradioisotope-enzyme-linked-orchemiluminescence-immunoassaysorusingchemistry-basedmethodssuchasHPLCseparationwithUVortandemmassspectrometrydetectionStudieshaveshownthatstandardizedchemistry-basedmethodsareequivalentbutthatantibody-basedmethodsmayshowsignificantbiasSomeclinicallaboratoriesuseconventionalunitsfor25(OH)D(nanogrampermilliliter[ngmL])whereasotherlaboratoriesuseinternationalsystem(SI)units(nanomoleperliter[nmolL])TheconversionfactortoSIunitsis1ngmL=25nmolL
TheInstituteofMedicine(2011)committeetoreviewdietaryreferenceintakesforvitaminDandcalciumsuggestedthatpersonswithserum25(OH)Dconcentrationsoflessthan30nmolL(12ngmL)areatriskfordeficiencythosewithconcentrationsofatleast30butlessthan50nmolL(12tolessthan20ngmL)areatriskforinadequacyandthosewithconcentrationsbetween50ndash75nmolL(20ndash30ngmL)areconsideredsufficientTheCommitteeindicatedthatconcentrationsgreaterthan125nmolL(50ngmL)maybereasonforconcernOfinterest
174 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population174 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
topublichealthscientiststhereportindicatedthataserum25(OH)DlevelconsistentwiththeEstimatedAverageRequirementfordietaryintake(EAR)liesbetween30and50nmolLandthat40nmolLwasselectedfromthemiddleoftherangetoserveasthetargetedlevelformediandietaryrequirements(InstituteofMedicine2011)
Anumberofexternalqualityassuranceprogramsexistforserumorplasma25(OH)DconcentrationmeasurementsincludingthosesponsoredbyDEQAS(VitaminDExternalQualityAssessmentScheme)CollegeofAmericanPathologists(BoneandGrowthSurveyandAccuracy-BasedVitaminDSurvey)andNISTNIH(VitaminDMetabolitesQualityAssuranceProgram)Standardreferencematerials(SRM972)withcertifiedvaluesfor25(OH)D225(OH)D3andC3-epimerof25(OH)D3areavailablefromtheUSNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)Anadditionalsolvent-basedreferencematerialset(SRM2972)withcertifiedvaluesfor25(OH)D2and25(OH)D3isalsoavailable(httpswww-snistgovsrmorsview_detailcfmsrm=972)FurtherimprovementintheagreementbetweenlaboratoriesandmethodsisexpectedasmorelaboratoriesusetheseSRMs
Data in NHANESThedatainthisreportwereobtainedbyuseofanantibody-basedmethodspecificallyaradioimmunoassay(DiaSorinStillwaterMN)Themanufacturerreformulatedthekitinthelate1990sresultingindatathatwereonaverage12lowerthanthosegeneratedwiththeoriginalkitTomakeNHANESIIIdata(originalkit)comparabletodatafrom2001ndash2006(reformulatedkit)wefollowedtherecommendationsofapanelofexperts(Yetley2010)touseapublishedadjustmentequationfortheNHANESIIIdata(seeAnalyticNoteathttpwwwcdcgovnchsnhanesnhanes2005-2006VID_Dhtm)TheAnalyticNotealsoreportedthatthereformulatedkitshowedsomeassaydriftsbetween2001and2006Togenerate2003ndash2004and2005ndash2006tablesandfiguresweusedthepublicreleasedatafilesfromNovember2010Usingdatathatwerealreadyadjustedfortheseassaydriftswasthemostappropriatewaytomakecomparisonsacrosssurveycycles
Since1988NHANEShasmonitoredthevitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulationBydesignthissurveycollectsinformationandbiologicalsamplesinthesummerfrompeoplelivingathigherlatitudesandinthewinterfrompeoplelivingatlowerlatitudesBecausethedifferentracialandethnicgroupsarenotevenlydistributedacrossallgeographicregionsintheUnitedStatestheseason-latitudestructureofthesurveycanaffectcomparisonsbyraceorethnicityIntwoseasonalsubpopulationsfromNHANESIII(1988ndash1994)Lookeretal(2002)showedthatinthewinterandlowerlatitudesubpopulation1ndash5and25ndash57had25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan25nmolL(10ngmL)andlessthan625nmolL(25ngmL)respectivelyInthesummerandhigherlatitudesubpopulation1ndash3and21ndash49had25(OH)DconcentrationsbelowthesecutoffsMean25(OH)Dconcentrationswerehighestinnon-HispanicwhitesintermediateinMexicanAmericansandlowestinnon-HispanicblacksAmorerecentanalysisofNHANESIIIandNHANES2000ndash2004(Looker2008)demonstratedthatoverallmeanserum25(OH)Dwere5ndash9nmolLlowerin2000ndash2004thanin1988ndash1994inmostmalesbutnotinmostfemalesFactorsrelatedtochangesinvitaminDstatuswereincreasedbodymassindexdecreasedmilkintakeandincreasedusageofsunprotectioninthemorerecentsurveys
For more information about vitamin DseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryReferenceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2011)factsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements
(httpodsodnihgovHealth_InformationInformation_About_Individual_Dietary_Supplementsaspx)
1751 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1752 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
HighlightsSerum25-hydroxyvitaminD[25(OH)D]concentrationsintheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Concentrationsgenerallydecreasedwithincreasingagebull Noconsistentpatternwasobservedwithregardtogenderbull Amongthethreeraceethnicgroupsnon-Hispanicblackshadthelowest25(OH)D
concentrationsandnon-Hispanicwhiteshadthehighestconcentrationsbull ThelikelihoodofbeingvitaminDdeficientwassignificantlyinfluencedbyrace
ethnicityDuringthepastseveralyearsthevitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulationwasunderintensiveinvestigationtodeterminewhetheradownwardtrendwasapparentIntheanalysisbelowweuseddatathatwereadjustedforradioimmunoassayreformulationandassaydriftsaccordingtorecommendationsmadebyapanelofexperts(Yetley2010)Theage-adjustedmean25(OH)DconcentrationsintheUSpopulationdecreasedbyapproximately10betweenNHANESIIIandtheperiods2001ndash2002and2003ndash2006(FigureH2b)Decreaseswereseeninallgroupsshown(totalorstratifiedbygenderorraceethnicity)Similarlyarecentreportfoundthattheage-andseason-adjustedprevalenceatriskofdeficiency(serum25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan30nmolL)increasedbetween1988ndash1994and2001ndash2002from4to7formalesaged12yearsandolderandfrom7to11forfemalesaged12yearsandolder(Looker2011)
Figure H2bAge-adjustedgeometricmeanconcentrationsofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDintheUSpopulationaged12yearsandolderbygenderorraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithinademographicgroupbarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
Itisinterestingtonotethatnon-HispanicblacksoneyearandolderhadthehighestprevalenceofvitaminDdeficiency(serum25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan30nmolL)(FigureH2c)despiteclinicaldatashowingsuperiorbonehealthwithgreaterdensityandfewerfracturesthanotherraceethnicgroupsfurtherresearchisneededtoexplainthisunusualfinding(Aloia2008)HigherpeakbonemasshigherobesityratesgreatermusclemassandlowerboneturnoveraresomeofthefactorsthathavebeensuggestedtoprotectAfricanAmericansagainstfracture
a a
a a
a
a
b b b
b
b
b
b b b
b
c
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Total population
Males Females Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Seru
m 2
5-hy
drox
yvita
min
D (n
mol
L)
1988-1994 2001-2002 2003-2006
176 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population176 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
(Aloia2008)Non-HispanicblacksandMexicanAmericanshadthehighestprevalenceoflowserum25(OH)Dconcentrationscategorizedatriskforinadequacy(30tolessthan50nmolL)comparedtonon-Hispanicwhites(FigureH2c)
Figure H2cAge-adjustedprevalenceestimatesofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDconcentrationslessthan30and30tolessthan50nmolLintheUSpopulationaged1yearandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithineachvitaminDstatuscategorybarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
TheInstituteofMedicine(2011)reportconcludedthatserum25(OH)Dlevelsof40nmolLareatalevelconsistentwithadesirablemedianintakeofvitaminDNon-Hispanicblackshadsignificantlyhigherprevalenceofserumconcentrationslessthan40nmolL(FigureH2d)whichcorrespondstothetargetedlevelforthemediandietaryrequirementThemedianmeetstherequirementofapproximatelyhalfthepopulationthusindividualswithconcentrationslessthan40nmolLareatincreasedriskofadversehealthoutcomes
Figure H2dAge-adjustedprevalenceestimatesofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDconcentrationslessthan40nmolLintheUSpopulationaged1yearsandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsBarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
lt 30 nmolL 30 to lt 50 nmolL
a
b
c
a
b
c
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Prev
alen
ce (
)
lt 30 nmolL 30 to lt 50 nmolL
a
b
c
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Prev
alen
ce (
)
Mexican American Non-Hispanic black
lt 40 nmolL
Non-Hispanic white
1771 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1772 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Detailed ObservationsTheselectedobservationsmentionedbelowarederivedfromthetablesandfigurespresentednextStatementsaboutcategoricaldifferencesbetweendemographicgroupsnotedbelowarebasedonnon-overlappingconfidencelimitsfromunivariateanalysiswithoutadjustingfordemographicvariables(egagegenderraceethnicity)orotherbloodconcentrationdeterminants(egdietaryintakesupplementusagesmokingBMI)AmultivariateanalysismayalterthesizeandstatisticalsignificanceofthesecategoricaldifferencesFurthermoreadditionalsignificantdifferencesofsmallermagnitudemaybepresentdespitetheirlackofmentionhere(egifconfidencelimitsslightlyoverlaporifdifferencesarenotstatisticallysignificantbeforecovariateadjustmenthasoccurred)ForaselectionofcitationsofdescriptiveNHANESpapersrelatedtothesebiochemicalindicatorsofdietandnutritionseeAppendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2003ndash2006)bull Serum25(OH)Dconcentrationsdecreasedthroughadolescenceandthenstabilized
(Table213a1)bull Non-Hispanicblackshadthelowestconcentrationsofserum25(OH)D(Table
213a1)
Changes in geometric mean concentrations across surveysbull Geometricmean25(OH)Dconcentrationsremainedsteadyacrossthesurveycycles
from2001ndash2006(Table213b)
Prevalence estimates of low or high biochemical indicator concentrationsbull Between2003and20068ofthepopulationaged1yearandolderwereatriskfor
vitaminDdeficiencyasdefinedbyaserumconcentrationlt30nmolLwhereas24hadserumconcentrationsbetween30andlessthan50nmolLlevelsthatplacedthematriskforinadequacy(Tables213c1and213c2)Approximately17ofthepopulationhadconcentrationslt40nmolLwhichisconsideredthelevelassociatedwithdesirableintake(Tables213c3)Lessthan1hadserumconcentrationsgt125nmolLalevelthatmaybereasonforconcernaboutexcess(Tables213c4)
bull Lessthan2ofchildren(1ndash11years)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiency(Table213c1)
bull Morefemales(10)thanmales(6)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiency(Table213c1)
bull Morenon-Hispanicblacks(31)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiencythannon-Hispanicwhites(4)orMexicanAmericans(11)(Table213c1)
bull TheprevalenceofriskforvitaminDdeficiencyremainedsteadyacrossthe2001ndash2006surveycycles(Table213d1)
178 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population178 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
13a
1 S
erum
25-
hydr
oxyv
itam
in D
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n nm
olL
) for
the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
1 y
ear a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 1
year
and
old
er55
6(5
36
ndash 57
6)
185
(17
4 ndash
197
)23
2(2
14
ndash 25
0)
580
(56
3 ndash
599
)96
6(9
39
ndash 10
1)10
8(1
05 ndash
112
)16
604
Age
gro
up1ndash
5 ye
ars
686
(66
7 ndash
705
)36
9(3
29
ndash 38
8)
416
(39
5 ndash
434
)68
8(6
69
ndash 70
6)
996
(95
7 ndash
107)
107
(102
ndash 1
21)
179
96ndash
11 y
ears
638
(61
6 ndash
661
)30
5(2
73
ndash 31
6)
353
(32
0 ndash
387
)64
5(6
30
ndash 66
1)
972
(92
5 ndash
108)
105
(98
4 ndash
122)
176
812
ndash19
year
s55
1(5
24
ndash 58
0)
180
(15
6 ndash
201
)22
7(1
98
ndash 25
1)
576
(55
3 ndash
601
)98
4(9
43
ndash 10
8)11
1(1
06 ndash
123
)4
044
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
545
(52
1 ndash
570
)17
6(1
59
ndash 19
0)
218
(20
3 ndash
233
)56
6(5
44
ndash 58
9)
102
(97
2 ndash
108)
115
(110
ndash 1
22)
326
240
ndash59
year
s53
6(5
13
ndash 56
0)
178
(16
3 ndash
189
)21
7(1
98
ndash 23
6)
560
(54
1 ndash
581
)94
3(9
05
ndash 98
3)
103
(98
0 ndash
110)
266
060
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
541
(52
4 ndash
558
)19
1(1
81
ndash 20
1)
231
(21
6 ndash
246
)56
9(5
54
ndash 58
5)
919
(89
5 ndash
950
)10
0(9
66
ndash 10
6)3
071
Gen
der
Mal
es56
7(5
47
ndash 58
7)
207
(18
6 ndash
223
)25
8(2
38
ndash 27
3)
589
(57
1 ndash
607
)94
0(9
07
ndash 97
7)
103
(98
6 ndash
109)
814
5Fe
mal
es54
5(5
25
ndash 56
6)
176
(16
2 ndash
185
)21
2(1
98
ndash 22
5)
572
(55
2 ndash
592
)99
4(9
61
ndash 10
6)11
2(1
08 ndash
117
)8
459
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s48
7(4
63
ndash 51
2)
182
(16
8 ndash
194
)21
5(1
96
ndash 23
3)
499
(47
7 ndash
534
)81
8(7
92
ndash 84
7)
882
(85
4 ndash
920
)4
275
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
361
(34
3 ndash
380
)12
0(1
10
ndash 12
8)
143
(13
5 ndash
151
)36
6(3
42
ndash 39
1)
709
(68
5 ndash
737
)79
0(7
49
ndash 82
2)
434
9N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
619
(60
3 ndash
634
)24
9(2
33
ndash 25
9)
310
(29
1 ndash
326
)63
2(6
18
ndash 64
6)
102
(97
8 ndash
106)
113
(110
ndash 1
17)
669
8
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
(nmolL)
Overall
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 213a Serum 25minushydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
(nmolL)
(nmolL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 179179
180 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population180 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213a2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for the total US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 556 (536 ndash 576) 232 (214 ndash 250) 580 (563 ndash 599) 966 (939 ndash 101) 166041ndash5 years 686 (667 ndash 705) 416 (395 ndash 434) 688 (669 ndash 706) 996 (957 ndash 107) 17996ndash11 years 638 (616 ndash 661) 353 (320 ndash 387) 645 (630 ndash 661) 972 (925 ndash 108) 176812ndash19 years 551 (524 ndash 580) 227 (198 ndash 251) 576 (553 ndash 601) 984 (943 ndash 108) 404420ndash39 years 545 (521 ndash 570) 218 (203 ndash 233) 566 (544 ndash 589) 102 (972 ndash 108) 326240ndash59 years 536 (513 ndash 560) 217 (198 ndash 236) 560 (541 ndash 581) 943 (905 ndash 983) 266060 years and older 541 (524 ndash 558) 231 (216 ndash 246) 569 (554 ndash 585) 919 (895 ndash 950) 3071MalesTotal 1 year and older 567 (547 ndash 587) 258 (238 ndash 273) 589 (571 ndash 607) 940 (907 ndash 977) 81451ndash5 years 692 (670 ndash 715) 417 (401 ndash 435) 693 (667 ndash 716) 101 (967 ndash 106) 9046ndash11 years 655 (632 ndash 679) 369 (325 ndash 403) 658 (643 ndash 676) 980 (924 ndash 116) 86212ndash19 years 566 (540 ndash 593) 253 (225 ndash 280) 587 (564 ndash 612) 952 (888 ndash 105) 204920ndash39 years 537 (514 ndash 561) 236 (209 ndash 257) 559 (537 ndash 578) 906 (877 ndash 967) 147240ndash59 years 558 (533 ndash 584) 253 (224 ndash 270) 580 (558 ndash 608) 924 (881 ndash 987) 131160 years and older 556 (537 ndash 577) 260 (238 ndash 279) 575 (556 ndash 597) 919 (891 ndash 972) 1547FemalesTotal 1 year and older 545 (525 ndash 566) 212 (198 ndash 225) 572 (552 ndash 592) 994 (961 ndash 106) 84591ndash5 years 679 (658 ndash 700) 413 (374 ndash 443) 684 (663 ndash 703) 981 (933 ndash 113) 8956ndash11 years 619 (596 ndash 644) 340 (314 ndash 376) 628 (601 ndash 653) 964 (925 ndash 103) 90612ndash19 years 536 (506 ndash 569) 206 (180 ndash 229) 564 (531 ndash 595) 106 (965 ndash 114) 199520ndash39 years 553 (524 ndash 583) 205 (191 ndash 218) 576 (544 ndash 607) 110 (106 ndash 116) 179040ndash59 years 516 (492 ndash 542) 194 (183 ndash 206) 541 (508 ndash 570) 951 (915 ndash 992) 134960 years and older 529 (511 ndash 547) 217 (202 ndash 232) 564 (545 ndash 582) 920 (891 ndash 958) 1524
Table 213a3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 487 (463 ndash 512) 215 (196 ndash 233) 499 (477 ndash 534) 818 (792 ndash 847) 42751ndash5 years 648 (631 ndash 666) 425 (394 ndash 447) 643 (623 ndash 661) 938 (895 ndash 997) 5846ndash11 years 569 (550 ndash 588) 327 (309 ndash 349) 582 (563 ndash 598) 829 (807 ndash 869) 58912ndash19 years 468 (442 ndash 496) 220 (202 ndash 234) 478 (456 ndash 507) 748 (712 ndash 836) 128820ndash39 years 466 (436 ndash 497) 206 (176 ndash 235) 480 (454 ndash 515) 780 (756 ndash 831) 78940ndash59 years 444 (414 ndash 477) 194 (174 ndash 212) 458 (419 ndash 490) 798 (724 ndash 877) 47260 years and older 450 (424 ndash 478) 201 (176 ndash 214) 459 (436 ndash 481) 795 (734 ndash 895) 553MalesTotal 1 year and older 511 (487 ndash 537) 245 (217 ndash 266) 527 (494 ndash 555) 817 (790 ndash 852) 20731ndash5 years 652 (639 ndash 665) 446 (405 ndash 458) 644 (631 ndash 656) 949 (886 ndash 109) 2826ndash11 years 588 (568 ndash 608) 360 (323 ndash 388) 597 (578 ndash 623) 833 (805 ndash 922) 28612ndash19 years 495 (466 ndash 526) 238 (215 ndash 262) 500 (474 ndash 540) 780 (727 ndash 858) 64120ndash39 years 491 (455 ndash 528) 243 (197 ndash 262) 498 (471 ndash 541) 770 (731 ndash 865) 35340ndash59 years 474 (440 ndash 510) 209 (153 ndash 259) 474 (446 ndash 543) 798 (722 ndash 928) 23960 years and older 480 (440 ndash 522) 214 (183 ndash 250) 483 (436 ndash 543) 812 (744 ndash 967) 272FemalesTotal 1 year and older 462 (437 ndash 488) 198 (189 ndash 206) 477 (454 ndash 503) 821 (786 ndash 854) 22021ndash5 years 645 (618 ndash 672) 405 (360 ndash 443) 642 (599 ndash 675) 929 (891 ndash 986) 3026ndash11 years 548 (523 ndash 575) 311 (250 ndash 337) 566 (540 ndash 588) 823 (745 ndash 938) 30312ndash19 years 441 (414 ndash 471) 204 (173 ndash 225) 456 (424 ndash 480) 732 (677 ndash 803) 64720ndash39 years 439 (407 ndash 473) 185 (164 ndash 204) 449 (416 ndash 482) 802 (748 ndash 871) 43640ndash59 years 415 (379 ndash 453) 187 (175 ndash 200) 428 (373 ndash 468) 796 (709 ndash 850) 23360 years and older 427 (396 ndash 461) 191 (154 ndash 211) 443 (405 ndash 470) 780 (715 ndash 889) 281
1811 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1812 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213a4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 361 (343 ndash 380) 143 (135 ndash 151) 366 (342 ndash 391) 709 (685 ndash 737) 43491ndash5 years 555 (527 ndash 585) 294 (210 ndash 334) 575 (545 ndash 596) 866 (821 ndash 913) 5036ndash11 years 481 (457 ndash 506) 248 (234 ndash 257) 494 (473 ndash 522) 738 (715 ndash 802) 56112ndash19 years 342 (314 ndash 372) 138 (130 ndash 146) 346 (313 ndash 382) 683 (642 ndash 722) 142120ndash39 years 325 (304 ndash 348) 137 (127 ndash 148) 315 (292 ndash 342) 640 (611 ndash 704) 71640ndash59 years 341 (320 ndash 363) 133 (116 ndash 148) 347 (324 ndash 377) 662 (620 ndash 716) 62660 years and older 362 (341 ndash 383) 150 (132 ndash 159) 363 (338 ndash 397) 729 (676 ndash 803) 522MalesTotal 1 year and older 380 (359 ndash 403) 155 (140 ndash 166) 386 (359 ndash 414) 718 (690 ndash 786) 21661ndash5 years 565 (525 ndash 607) 300 (217 ndash 340) 584 (543 ndash 616) 891 (819 ndash 984) 2486ndash11 years 510 (481 ndash 541) 260 (230 ndash 284) 530 (493 ndash 565) 750 (705 ndash 887) 27712ndash19 years 369 (340 ndash 400) 146 (132 ndash 159) 381 (349 ndash 410) 708 (666 ndash 759) 74520ndash39 years 324 (298 ndash 351) 138 (116 ndash 152) 305 (284 ndash 333) 649 (590 ndash 823) 33940ndash59 years 374 (348 ndash 402) 159 (140 ndash 171) 382 (342 ndash 422) 696 (624 ndash 772) 29360 years and older 375 (349 ndash 403) 150 (128 ndash 166) 385 (347 ndash 427) 723 (661 ndash 792) 264FemalesTotal 1 year and older 345 (327 ndash 363) 136 (129 ndash 143) 349 (324 ndash 377) 696 (659 ndash 730) 21831ndash5 years 546 (512 ndash 582) 284 (132 ndash 352) 560 (533 ndash 588) 831 (797 ndash 944) 2556ndash11 years 453 (423 ndash 484) 236 (194 ndash 253) 460 (424 ndash 497) 730 (710 ndash 769) 28412ndash19 years 315 (288 ndash 345) 133 (125 ndash 142) 313 (277 ndash 343) 647 (593 ndash 715) 67620ndash39 years 327 (304 ndash 351) 137 (118 ndash 151) 324 (293 ndash 362) 630 (606 ndash 706) 37740ndash59 years 315 (292 ndash 340) 122 (105 ndash 132) 325 (286 ndash 352) 632 (587 ndash 753) 33360 years and older 353 (328 ndash 379) 150 (130 ndash 158) 347 (316 ndash 393) 735 (644 ndash 963) 258
Table 213a5 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 619 (603 ndash 634) 310 (291 ndash 326) 632 (618 ndash 646) 102 (978 ndash 106) 66981ndash5 years 736 (713 ndash 760) 490 (441 ndash 517) 723 (707 ndash 742) 105 (978 ndash 118) 5166ndash11 years 711 (682 ndash 741) 461 (435 ndash 481) 696 (675 ndash 718) 103 (961 ndash 119) 45712ndash19 years 652 (630 ndash 674) 374 (356 ndash 401) 647 (629 ndash 666) 107 (100 ndash 113) 105020ndash39 years 641 (618 ndash 665) 333 (298 ndash 363) 643 (618 ndash 666) 110 (107 ndash 115) 145840ndash59 years 589 (568 ndash 610) 274 (259 ndash 302) 604 (580 ndash 632) 967 (925 ndash 103) 136060 years and older 574 (559 ndash 589) 260 (242 ndash 277) 597 (583 ndash 611) 929 (908 ndash 972) 1857MalesTotal 1 year and older 624 (608 ndash 641) 337 (318 ndash 354) 636 (621 ndash 650) 974 (939 ndash 103) 33031ndash5 years 741 (717 ndash 766) 471 (415 ndash 523) 727 (704 ndash 748) 105 (992 ndash 116) 2796ndash11 years 726 (691 ndash 763) 471dagger (416 ndash 525) 709 (680 ndash 748) 105dagger (964 ndash 136) 21912ndash19 years 654 (632 ndash 677) 406 (373 ndash 427) 653 (635 ndash 671) 996 (935 ndash 112) 52820ndash39 years 616 (595 ndash 638) 335 (307 ndash 365) 623 (596 ndash 647) 968 (909 ndash 104) 64140ndash59 years 607 (585 ndash 630) 318 (284 ndash 340) 626 (599 ndash 648) 961 (900 ndash 104) 69160 years and older 587 (569 ndash 605) 305 (267 ndash 333) 600 (581 ndash 615) 927 (901 ndash 987) 945FemalesTotal 1 year and older 613 (596 ndash 631) 279 (256 ndash 303) 629 (610 ndash 645) 107 (102 ndash 111) 33951ndash5 years 731 (698 ndash 765) 498 (455 ndash 528) 719 (693 ndash 758) 105 (949 ndash 122) 2376ndash11 years 694 (666 ndash 724) 456 (427 ndash 476) 683 (656 ndash 708) 999 (948 ndash 109) 23812ndash19 years 649 (617 ndash 683) 349 (311 ndash 375) 639 (614 ndash 670) 112 (106 ndash 127) 52220ndash39 years 667 (635 ndash 700) 330 (264 ndash 371) 666 (635 ndash 696) 117 (112 ndash 128) 81740ndash59 years 571 (546 ndash 597) 248 (199 ndash 270) 584 (556 ndash 619) 972 (934 ndash 105) 66960 years and older 563 (546 ndash 580) 239 (220 ndash 257) 595 (578 ndash 612) 931 (900 ndash 998) 912dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
182 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population182 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213b Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 547 (526 ndash 568) 226 (204 ndash 249) 571 (551 ndash 593) 968 (924 ndash 105) 7807 2003ndash2004 555 (525 ndash 587) 242 (209 ndash 263) 575 (547 ndash 606) 972 (928 ndash 104) 7403 2005ndash2006 543 (515 ndash 573) 218 (201 ndash 235) 572 (548 ndash 597) 959 (919 ndash 103) 7402Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 682 (659 ndash 705) 413 (376 ndash 444) 687 (668 ndash 706) 978 (963 ndash 101) 895 2005ndash2006 690 (657 ndash 725) 418 (393 ndash 440) 691 (647 ndash 721) 103 (942 ndash 121) 9046ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 638 (605 ndash 673) 369 (319 ndash 397) 637 (604 ndash 668) 101 (901 ndash 138) 991 2003ndash2004 634 (602 ndash 667) 348 (312 ndash 405) 645 (618 ndash 669) 943 (875 ndash 109) 846 2005ndash2006 642 (608 ndash 677) 358 (319 ndash 386) 644 (626 ndash 668) 988 (925 ndash 129) 92212ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 551 (525 ndash 578) 245 (208 ndash 272) 567 (542 ndash 591) 961 (918 ndash 102) 2167 2003ndash2004 562 (522 ndash 606) 248 (210 ndash 273) 579 (539 ndash 618) 101 (941 ndash 112) 2059 2005ndash2006 540 (501 ndash 583) 212 (176 ndash 239) 573 (540 ndash 607) 963 (886 ndash 111) 198520ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 541 (518 ndash 565) 212 (194 ndash 231) 564 (540 ndash 590) 102 (948 ndash 110) 1691 2003ndash2004 544 (509 ndash 581) 225 (190 ndash 254) 561 (519 ndash 599) 104 (959 ndash 110) 1559 2005ndash2006 546 (511 ndash 584) 211 (190 ndash 233) 570 (542 ndash 601) 992 (955 ndash 113) 170340ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 540 (514 ndash 566) 214 (187 ndash 244) 568 (546 ndash 598) 949 (905 ndash 104) 1449 2003ndash2004 547 (511 ndash 585) 236 (187 ndash 269) 565 (536 ndash 602) 945 (890 ndash 102) 1278 2005ndash2006 526 (496 ndash 559) 208 (188 ndash 228) 555 (529 ndash 584) 941 (889 ndash 100) 138260 years and older 2001ndash2002 525 (499 ndash 553) 231 (211 ndash 244) 551 (524 ndash 577) 918 (884 ndash 950) 1509 2003ndash2004 552 (529 ndash 575) 242 (218 ndash 258) 576 (552 ndash 597) 941 (901 ndash 102) 1661 2005ndash2006 531 (504 ndash 559) 223 (204 ndash 243) 564 (541 ndash 589) 904 (875 ndash 939) 1410Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 565 (545 ndash 586) 258 (238 ndash 272) 583 (563 ndash 607) 960 (912 ndash 105) 3782 2003ndash2004 568 (536 ndash 602) 270 (237 ndash 294) 586 (558 ndash 617) 921 (888 ndash 982) 3638 2005ndash2006 551 (524 ndash 580) 238 (215 ndash 256) 577 (557 ndash 601) 941 (881 ndash 102) 3603Females 2001ndash2002 530 (506 ndash 555) 205 (180 ndash 227) 558 (535 ndash 581) 984 (926 ndash 108) 4025 2003ndash2004 543 (514 ndash 573) 213 (192 ndash 235) 563 (533 ndash 595) 103 (973 ndash 109) 3765 2005ndash2006 536 (505 ndash 569) 205 (186 ndash 223) 566 (538 ndash 595) 971 (931 ndash 107) 3799Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 489 (462 ndash 518) 230 (213 ndash 245) 501 (471 ndash 527) 816 (773 ndash 912) 1961 2003ndash2004 487 (460 ndash 516) 228 (194 ndash 255) 502 (471 ndash 534) 805 (772 ndash 841) 1802 2005ndash2006 459 (419 ndash 502) 200 (163 ndash 226) 473 (433 ndash 528) 785 (730 ndash 845) 1889Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 326 (313 ndash 340) 133 (109 ndash 144) 325 (311 ndash 342) 662 (639 ndash 685) 1821 2003ndash2004 363 (335 ndash 394) 143 (128 ndash 156) 370 (340 ndash 407) 691 (658 ndash 739) 1914 2005ndash2006 338 (316 ndash 362) 139 (130 ndash 148) 334 (307 ndash 371) 684 (645 ndash 711) 1932Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 609 (587 ndash 631) 299 (282 ndash 312) 622 (602 ndash 642) 102 (959 ndash 110) 3416 2003ndash2004 617 (593 ndash 642) 302 (270 ndash 336) 632 (608 ndash 652) 103 (973 ndash 109) 3155 2005ndash2006 610 (590 ndash 631) 310 (275 ndash 324) 623 (603 ndash 641) 990 (959 ndash 108) 3027
140
120
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
100
80
60
80
70
60
50
40
30
50
40
30
20
10
Total 1minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
Figure 213b Serum 25minushydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in nmolL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 183183
184 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population184 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213c1 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 30 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 81 (67 ndash 98) 23004000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 07 (04 ndash 13) 1460006ndash11 years 1768 18 (13 ndash 26) 44200012ndash19 years 4044 85 (65 ndash 112) 282300020ndash39 years 3262 95 (76 ndash 118) 753800040ndash59 years 2660 93 (74 ndash 117) 734300060 years and older 3071 88 (73 ndash 105) 4084000GenderMales 8145 63 (50 ndash 79) 8735000Females 8459 99 (81 ndash 119) 14288000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 113 (87 ndash 146) 2919000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 311 (274 ndash 351) 10623000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 36 (30 ndash 44) 6929000
1851 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1852 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213c2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (between 30ndash50 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 236 (216 ndash 258) 66859000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 89 (71 ndash 110) 17990006ndash11 years 1768 141 (115 ndash 172) 340700012ndash19 years 4044 242 (213 ndash 273) 800500020ndash39 years 3262 262 (236 ndash 290) 2090800040ndash59 years 2660 250 (222 ndash 280) 1972900060 years and older 3071 255 (237 ndash 274) 11879000GenderMales 8145 231 (208 ndash 256) 31909000Females 8459 241 (221 ndash 263) 34955000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 329 (296 ndash 364) 8514000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 395 (373 ndash 417) 13483000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 181 (162 ndash 202) 34769000
186 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population186 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213c3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 40 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 172 (147 ndash 200) 49431000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 27 (18 ndash 40) 5410006ndash11 years 1768 57 (42 ndash 77) 135800012ndash19 years 4044 171 (138 ndash 210) 572900020ndash39 years 3262 197 (164 ndash 234) 1572200040ndash59 years 2660 200 (166 ndash 239) 1640000060 years and older 3071 178 (155 ndash 204) 8602000GenderMales 8145 146 (123 ndash 174) 20576000Females 8459 196 (169 ndash 227) 28869000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 244 (201 ndash 293) 6635000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 516 (467 ndash 565) 17968000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 94 (79 ndash 112) 18114000
1871 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1872 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213c4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (gt 125 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 09 (06 ndash 12) 2449000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 sect sect6ndash11 years 1768 sect sect12ndash19 years 4044 14 (09 ndash 21) 45000020ndash39 years 3262 15 (09 ndash 24) 119300040ndash59 years 2660 06Dagger (03 ndash 12) 498000Dagger60 years and older 3071 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 134000DaggerGenderMales 8145 04 (03 ndash 07) 587000Females 8459 13 (09 ndash 19) 1867000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 4349 sect sectNon-Hispanic Whites 6698 12 (08 ndash 17) 2283000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
188 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population188 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213d1 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 30 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 84 (68 ndash 103) 21467000 2003ndash2004 7403 76 (55 ndash 105) 20049000 2005ndash2006 7402 95 (73 ndash 122) 25318000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 sect sect 2005ndash2006 904 07Dagger (03 ndash 15) 137000Dagger6ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 sect sect 2003ndash2004 846 15 (08 ndash 26) 350000 2005ndash2006 922 22 (14 ndash 35) 52400012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 70 (44 ndash 111) 2266000 2003ndash2004 2059 70 (46 ndash 107) 2327000 2005ndash2006 1985 100 (68 ndash 145) 335300020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 95 (77 ndash 115) 7498000 2003ndash2004 1559 93 (66 ndash 128) 7391000 2005ndash2006 1703 96 (69 ndash 133) 770000040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 94 (72 ndash 122) 7125000 2003ndash2004 1278 75 (48 ndash 114) 5910000 2005ndash2006 1382 110 (83 ndash 145) 905400060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 88 (67 ndash 113) 3921000 2003ndash2004 1661 83 (61 ndash 111) 3841000 2005ndash2006 1410 93 (72 ndash 118) 4488000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 62 (49 ndash 79) 7774000 2003ndash2004 3638 53 (35 ndash 81) 6830000 2005ndash2006 3603 80 (60 ndash 106) 10419000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 104 (82 ndash 130) 13726000 2003ndash2004 3765 98 (73 ndash 131) 13254000 2005ndash2006 3799 109 (82 ndash 142) 14894000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 89 (67 ndash 116) 1863000 2003ndash2004 1802 97 (71 ndash 133) 2218000 2005ndash2006 1889 150 (102 ndash 215) 3604000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 378 (345 ndash 412) 11654000 2003ndash2004 1914 285 (226 ndash 352) 8872000 2005ndash2006 1932 374 (322 ndash 429) 11915000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 37 (29 ndash 47) 6654000 2003ndash2004 3155 36 (26 ndash 49) 6423000 2005ndash2006 3027 40 (31 ndash 51) 7240000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1891 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1892 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213d2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (between 30ndash50 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 240 (217 ndash 264) 61533000 2003ndash2004 7403 245 (212 ndash 281) 64338000 2005ndash2006 7402 245 (217 ndash 275) 65423000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 86 (64 ndash 115) 1741000 2005ndash2006 904 92 (65 ndash 128) 18570006ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 147 (109 ndash 196) 3639000 2003ndash2004 846 133 (94 ndash 184) 3199000 2005ndash2006 922 150 (115 ndash 193) 355800012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 236 (204 ndash 271) 7638000 2003ndash2004 2059 238 (194 ndash 289) 7881000 2005ndash2006 1985 246 (208 ndash 288) 821400020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 248 (218 ndash 281) 19655000 2003ndash2004 1559 275 (231 ndash 324) 21959000 2005ndash2006 1703 249 (219 ndash 281) 1986600040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 243 (213 ndash 275) 18368000 2003ndash2004 1278 251 (210 ndash 296) 19828000 2005ndash2006 1382 248 (208 ndash 294) 2036500060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 269 (230 ndash 312) 12040000 2003ndash2004 1661 238 (216 ndash 260) 11054000 2005ndash2006 1410 273 (241 ndash 306) 13167000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 228 (204 ndash 254) 28420000 2003ndash2004 3638 236 (198 ndash 279) 30162000 2005ndash2006 3603 243 (212 ndash 278) 31683000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 251 (225 ndash 279) 33130000 2003ndash2004 3765 254 (221 ndash 289) 34190000 2005ndash2006 3799 246 (216 ndash 278) 33739000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 356 (310 ndash 405) 7496000 2003ndash2004 1802 349 (306 ndash 395) 7963000 2005ndash2006 1889 355 (300 ndash 413) 8515000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 400 (375 ndash 426) 12350000 2003ndash2004 1914 422 (381 ndash 463) 13140000 2005ndash2006 1932 390 (361 ndash 420) 12422000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 187 (166 ndash 210) 33627000 2003ndash2004 3155 186 (156 ndash 221) 33594000 2005ndash2006 3027 189 (160 ndash 222) 34271000
190 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population190 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213d3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 40 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 182 (155 ndash 213) 46723000 2003ndash2004 7403 172 (133 ndash 219) 45025000 2005ndash2006 7402 189 (153 ndash 231) 50461000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 30 (16 ndash 55) 612000 2005ndash2006 904 23 (14 ndash 37) 4670006ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 53 (32 ndash 87) 1313000 2003ndash2004 846 58 (34 ndash 97) 1399000 2005ndash2006 922 56 (40 ndash 79) 133800012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 175 (132 ndash 228) 5660000 2003ndash2004 2059 153 (112 ndash 206) 5078000 2005ndash2006 1985 189 (138 ndash 254) 632500020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 197 (162 ndash 236) 15557000 2003ndash2004 1559 199 (151 ndash 256) 15829000 2005ndash2006 1703 195 (149 ndash 252) 1558700040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 191 (160 ndash 227) 14488000 2003ndash2004 1278 185 (136 ndash 246) 14620000 2005ndash2006 1382 215 (168 ndash 270) 1759500060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 209 (169 ndash 257) 9371000 2003ndash2004 1661 164 (134 ndash 200) 7646000 2005ndash2006 1410 191 (155 ndash 234) 9241000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 148 (126 ndash 173) 18450000 2003ndash2004 3638 142 (104 ndash 191) 18138000 2005ndash2006 3603 166 (134 ndash 204) 21606000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 214 (181 ndash 253) 28325000 2003ndash2004 3765 200 (159 ndash 248) 26932000 2005ndash2006 3799 210 (168 ndash 260) 28849000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 233 (190 ndash 282) 4904000 2003ndash2004 1802 245 (191 ndash 308) 5582000 2005ndash2006 1889 289 (213 ndash 379) 6943000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 606 (571 ndash 641) 18708000 2003ndash2004 1914 510 (439 ndash 581) 15900000 2005ndash2006 1932 577 (503 ndash 647) 18374000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 104 (86 ndash 124) 18638000 2003ndash2004 3155 95 (70 ndash 128) 17121000 2005ndash2006 3027 101 (81 ndash 126) 18342000
1911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213d4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (gt 125 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 08 (05 ndash 12) 1998000 2003ndash2004 7403 10 (05 ndash 17) 2547000 2005ndash2006 7402 08 (06 ndash 12) 2224000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 sect sect 2005ndash2006 904 sect sect6ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 sect sect 2003ndash2004 846 sect sect 2005ndash2006 922 sect sect12ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 sect sect 2003ndash2004 2059 13 (07 ndash 23) 427000 2005ndash2006 1985 14Dagger (07 ndash 29) 478000Dagger20ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 10 (06 ndash 18) 821000 2003ndash2004 1559 17Dagger (08 ndash 34) 1334000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1703 13 (07 ndash 24) 105000040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 08Dagger (04 ndash 16) 616000Dagger 2003ndash2004 1278 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1382 sect sect60 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1661 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1410 sect sectGender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 sect sect 2003ndash2004 3638 sect sect 2005ndash2006 3603 05Dagger (02 ndash 10) 649000DaggerFemales 2001ndash2002 4025 11 (07 ndash 17) 1395000 2003ndash2004 3765 15 (08 ndash 29) 2071000 2005ndash2006 3799 11 (07 ndash 19) 1574000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1802 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1889 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1914 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1932 sect sectNon-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 10 (07 ndash 15) 1859000 2003ndash2004 3155 13 (07 ndash 25) 2391000 2005ndash2006 3027 11 (07 ndash 17) 2047000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
192 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population192 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAloiaJFAfricanAmericans25-hydroxyvitaminDandosteoporosisaparadoxAmJClinNutr200888(2)545Sndash550S
ChungMBalkEMBrendelMIpSLauJLeeJetalVitaminDandcalciumSystematicreviewofhealthoutcomesEvidRepTechnolAssessNo183AHRQPublicationNo09-E015RockvilleMDAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityAugust2009
CranneyAHorsleyTOrsquoDonnellSWeilerHAPuilLOoiDSetalEffectivenessandsafetyofvitaminDinrelationtobonehealthEvidRepTechnolAssessNo158AHRQPublicationNo07-E013RockvilleMDAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityAugust2007
DeLucaHFThemetabolismphysiologyandfunctionofvitaminDInKumarReditorVitaminDbasicandclinicalaspectsBoston(MA)MNijhoffPublishers1984pp1ndash68
DeLucaHFThevitaminDstoryacollaborativeeffortofbasicscienceandclinicalmedicineFASEBJ19882224ndash236
FieserLFFieserMVitaminDInSteroids1stedNewYorkReinholdPublishingCorporation1959pp90ndash168
HaddadJGHahnTJNaturalandsyntheticsourcesofcirculating25-hydroxy-vitaminDinmanNature1973244515ndash517
HolickMFVitaminDphotobiologymetabolismandclinicalapplicationsInDeGrootLJeditorEndocrinologyVol23rdedPhiladelphia(PA)WBSaunders1995pp990ndash1013
HolickMFVitaminDdeficiencyNEnglJMed2007357266ndash281
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesforcalciumandvitaminDWashingtonDCNationalAcademiesPress2011
LookerACDawson-HughsBCalvoMSGunterEWSayhounNRSerum25-hydroxyvitaminDstatusofadolescentsandadultsintwoseasonalsubpopulationsfromNHANESIIIBone200230771ndash777
LookerACPfeifferCMLacherDASchleicherRLPiccianoMFYetleyEASerum25-hydroxyvitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulation1988ndash1994comparedwith2000ndash2004AmJClinNutr2008881519ndash1527
LookerACJohnsonCLLacherDAPfeifferCMSchleicherRLSemposCTVitaminDstatusUnitedStates2001ndash2006NCHSDataBriefNo59HyattsvilleMDNationalCenterforHealthStatistics2011
MawerEBBlackhouseJHolmanCALumbGAStanburyDWThedistributionandstorageofvitaminDanditsmetabolitesinhumantissuesClinSci197243413ndash431
NagpalSNaSRathnachalamRNoncalcemicactionsofvitaminDreceptorligandsEndocrRev200526662ndash687
PittasAGChungMTrikalinosTMitriJBrendelMPatelKetalSystematicreviewVitaminDandcardiometabolicoutcomesAnnInternMed2010152307ndash314
ReichelHKoefflerHPNormanAWTheroleofvitaminDendocrinesysteminhealthanddiseaseNEnglJMed1989320980ndash991
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
YetleyEAPfeifferCMSchleicherRLPhinneyKWLacherDAChristakosSetalNHANESmonitoringofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDaroundtablesummaryJNutr20101402030Sndash2045S
1931 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Fatty AcidsBackground InformationNomenclatureFattyacidsareorganicacidscharacterizedbylongunbranchedaliphatictails(4-28carbons)attachedtoacarboxylgroupFattyacidsusuallypossessanevennumberofcarbonatomsandthecarbonchainmaycontainseveralunsaturatedorexclusivelysaturatedbondsThusfattyacidsdifferinchainlengthdegreeofsaturationlocationofthedoublebond(s)alongthechainandwhethertheorientationofhydrogenatomsadjacenttothedoublebondiscisortransFattyacidswithnodoublebondsarereferredtoassaturatedfattyacids(SFA)whilethosewithonedoublebondaremonounsaturatedfattyacids(MUFA)Fattyacidswithtwoormoredoublebondsaretermedpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFA)PUFAaremostoftencategorizedintotwogroupsdistinguishedbyadifferenceinlocationofthefirstdoublebondfromthemethylendoftheacylchainnamelyn-6andn-3Linoleicacid(182n-6)andalpha-linolenicacid(183n-3)arerepresentativesofthesetwogroupsEachcontains18carbonatomsbutdiffersinthenumberofdoublebonds(182n-6vs183n-3)andthelocationofthefirstdoublebond(182n-6 vs183n-3)Inthisreportunlessmarkedallunsaturatedfattyacidsareassumedtobeinthecisconfiguration
Sources and Physiological FunctionsGoodsourcesofPUFAincludesoybeancornandcottonseedoils(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)OilsthatarerichinMUFAincludeolivecanolaandsaffloweroils(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)RecentNHANESdataprovideinformationonthemajorfoodsourcesofvariousfattyacidsconsumedintheUnitedStates(USNationalInstitutesofHealth 2010aand2010b)Chickendishesdessertssaladdressingschipsnutsseedsandpizzaarethemainsourcesofn-6PUFAThemainsourcesofn-3PUFA(C183n-3)intheAmericandietaresaladdressingschickendishesdessertspizzabreadmayonnaiseandpastadisheswhereasthemainsourcesoflong-chainn-3PUFA(C205n-3andC226n-3)arefishandfishmixeddishesThechiefdietarysourcesofMUFA(C181)aredessertsmeatsnutsseedspizzaFrenchfriesandMexicanfoodsThemainsourcesofSFAintheAmericandietarefull-fatcheesepizzaanddessertsothersourcesincludechickendishescuredmeatsribsandburgers
Triacylglycerols(triglycerides)thebasicbuildingblocksoffatsandoilsaremadeupofthreefattyacidsesterifiedtoaglycerolmolecule(Lichtenstein2005)Theyareusuallycomposedof2ndash3differentkindsoffattyacidspermoleculeDuringdigestiondietarytriglyceridesfromanimalandvegetablefatsarehydrolyzedinthesmallintestinetoreleasefreefattyacidsTheseacidsentertheintestinalcellsandareusedtoresynthesizetriglycerideswhichbecomeincorporatedintolargelipoproteinparticlescalledchylomicronstheseinturnarereleasedintothelymphpriortoenteringtheplasmaFattyacidswith10orfewercarbonatomscanbeabsorbedfromthegutdirectlyintothebloodstreamwheretheyareboundtoalbuminintheplasmaAtdistalsitestriglyceridesareagainhydrolyzedbylipasesbeforefattyacidscanentercellsforfurthermetabolismOnceinsideperipheralcellsfreefattyacidsprovideanimmediatesourceofenergy(fattyacidsarethebodyrsquosmajorfuelsource)oractassubstrateforthebiosynthesisofsignalingmoleculessuchaseicosanoidsFreefattyacidsarealsoincorporatedintootherlipidclassessuchasphospholipidssphingolipidsandcholesterylestersortheymayberesynthesizedintotriglyceridesandstoredforlaterusePhospholipidswhicharecriticalstructuralcomponentsofcellularmembranestendtoincorporateunsaturatedfattyacidsandsoserveasareservoirforMUFAandPUFA
194 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population194 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Humansareincapableofdenovosynthesisofn-6andn-3PUFAbecausetheylacktheabilitytoinsertadoublebondanycloserthan9carbonsfromthemethylendThuslinoleic(182n-6)andalpha-linolenic(183n-3)acidarecalledldquoessentialrdquoPUFAinthattheyarerequiredforgoodhealthbutmustbederivedfromfoodsourcesratherthanthroughendogenousbiosynthesisormetabolismBothofthesefattyacidsaremetabolizedtolonger-chainmorehighlyunsaturatedformsNotethatSFAandMUFAinplasmaarenotexpectedtocloselyreflectdietaryintakebecausethesetwoclassesoffattyacidscanbeendogenouslysynthesizedfromcarbohydratesThestrongestcorrelationswithdietaryintakeareprovidedbyplasmaconcentrationsofn-3PUFAandtrans-fattyacids(Sun2007)
Health EffectsThemostcommonMUFAisoleicacid(C181n-9)althoughhumanscansynthesizethisfattyaciditisobtainedlargelythroughthedietEvidencesuggeststhatreplacingdietarycarbohydrateswithMUFAdecreasesLDL-cholesterolconcentrationbutthereislittleevidencethatMUFAareassociatedwithcoronaryheartdisease(Astrup2011)CurrentlyintensedebatesurroundsthequestionwhetherreductionindietarySFAreducesriskofcardiovasculardisease(Zelman2011)AtpresenttheDietaryGuidelinesforAmericansrecommendreducedintakeofSFA(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)RestrictingfatintakeandreplacingSFAwithothernutrientshasrevealedaddedcomplexityinthediet-heartissueAccordingtoevidencefromhumanstudiesreplacingSFAwithPUFAlowerscoronaryheartdiseaseriskwhereasreplacingSFAwithcarbohydrateeitherhasnobenefit(Micha2010)ormaybeharmfulorbeneficialdependinguponthequalityofthecarbohydrate(Jakobsen2009Jakobsen2010)CarbohydrateseitherrapidlyorslowlyincreasebloodglucosehighlyrefinedcarbohydratesareamongsttheformerandhigherintakeoftheseisassociatedwithgreaterriskfordevelopmentofdiabetesReplacingSFAwithhighlyrefinedcarbohydratesandaddedsugarsmaybeincreasingheartdiseaseriskthroughpromotionofobesityanddiabetes(Hu2010)
ThehearthealthyeffectsofPUFAaremostoftenassessedbasedontheireffectsontheconcentrationsoftotalcholesterolHDL-andLDL-cholesterolcholesterolratiosandortriglyceridesIntakeofn-6PUFAhelpstolowertotalcholesterolandLDL-cholesterolhoweverhighintakeofn-6fattyacidsmaysuppressHDL-cholesterollevelsIncontrastn-3fattyacidconsumptionhasbeenshowntomaintainandevenincreaseHDLstatus(InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute2001)IntheUnitedStatestheFDApermitsqualifiedhealthclaimstobemadeaboutadiet-diseaserelationshipforcardiovasculardiseasecurrently6ofthe7permittedclaimsforcardiovasculardiseasearerelatedtotheMUFAorPUFAcontentofnutsoilsandspreadsorfishoilsupplements
Deficiencyintheessentialfattyacidsisdeterminedbyuseofaplasmatriene-to-tetraeneratio(eicosatrienoic[C203n-9]arachidonic[C204n-6]acid)aratiogreaterthan02indicatesdeficiency(InstituteofMedicine2005)(NoteeicosatrienoicwasnotpartoftheplasmafattyacidprofilemeasuredforNHANES2003-2004)PUFAdeficiencymaymanifestwithneuropathyandskinproblemssuchasroughorscalyskinanddermatitis(InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute2001)
Intake RecommendationsBecausethebodymakesmorethanenoughSFAtomeetmetabolicneedspeoplehavenorequirementforthesefattyacidsEvidencesuggeststhatSFAarepositivelyassociatedwithtotalcholesterolandLDL-cholesterolconcentrationsandthuswithcardiovasculardiseaseriskLoweringdietaryintakeofSFAtonomorethan10ofcaloricintakeandreplacingthemwithMUFAandPUFAisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcardiovasculardiseasemoreoverloweringthepercentageofcaloriesderivedfromSFAto7ofcaloriescanfurtherreduceriskofcardiovasculardisease(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010Cleeman2001)TheNationalCholesterolEducationProgramExpertPanelonDetectionEvaluationandTreatmentofHighBloodCholesterolinAdults(ATPIII)recommends
1951 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1952 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
thatMUFAnotexceed20ofcalories(Cleeman2001)Guidanceaboutadequateintake(AI)isavailablefortheessentialfattyacidsTheAIoflinoleicacidis17gdformenand12gdforwomenForalpha-linolenicacidtheAIis16gdformenand11gdforwomenModerateevidenceshowsthatconsumptionofabout8ozofseafoodperweekwhichprovidesanaverageof250mgperdayofeicosapentaenoicacid(C205n-3)anddocosahexaenoicacid(C226n-3)reducescardiacdeathsamongpersonswithandwithoutcardiovasculardisease(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)Thisamountofseafoodisalsoassociatedwithimprovedinfanthealthoutcomessuchasvisualandcognitivedevelopmentwhenconsumedbypregnantorlactatingwomen(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)Currentlythereisnotenoughevidencetoestablishuppertolerablelimitsforn-3orn-6PUFA(InstituteofMedicine2005)
AccordingtotheAmericanHeartAssociationpatientswithcoronaryheartdiseaseshouldbeencouragedtoincreasetheirconsumptionofeicosapentaenoicacid(C205n-3)anddocosahexaenoicacid(C226n-3)toabout1gramperdaypreferablyfromoilyfishTheAmericanHeartAssociationDietaryGuidelinesrecommendatleasttwoservingsoffishperweek(particularlyfattyfish)forpatientswithoutdocumentedcoronaryheartdiseaseInadditioninclusionofvegetableoils(egsoybeancanolawalnutflaxseed)andfoodsources(egwalnutsflaxseeds)highinalpha-linolenicacid(C183n-3)isrecommendedinahealthydietforthegeneralpopulation(Kris-Etherton2002)TheAmericanHeartAssociationrecommends5-10ofenergyfromn-6fattyacids(Harris2009)whileAdultTreatmentPanelIIIrecommendsupto10oftotalcaloriesmaybeconsumedfrompolyunsaturatedfats(Cleeman2001)
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsThelongtermfattyacidcontentofthedietisbestrepresentedbytheadiposetissuetriglyceridecontentowingtothetwo-yearhalf-lifeofadiposetissuefattyacidsErythrocytesduetotheir120dayhalf-lifereflectintermediateterm(weeks-to-months)dietaryintakealthoughthisideahasbeenchallengedbydatademonstratinglargechangesinthefattyacidcompositionoferthyrocyteswithindaysofalteringdietaryfatintake(Hodson2008)Serumorplasmaconcentrationsrepresentmorerecentintake(days-to-weeks)FewstudieshavecomparedthefattyacidcompositionofplasmawithredbloodcellstoassesswhichsubstratebestreflectsdietaryintakeInonestudyfattyacidcorrelationswithfoodfrequencyquestionnairedatawereonlyslightlystrongerforerythrocytesthanforplasma(Sun2007)Thetriglyceridefractionofplasmaappearstodemonstratethegreatestday-to-dayvariationofanycirculatinglipidfractionThuswheneverserumorplasmaiscollectedforfattyacidanalysisfastingispreferredtominimizethewithin-andbetween-personvariabilityatthetimeofspecimencollection
Capillarygaschromatography(GC)isthetechniquemostfrequentlyusedtoseparatefattyacidsforquantitativeanalysisDetectionmethodsincludeflameionizationorelectroncapturenegativechemicalionizationmassspectrometryInternalstandardsareusedtocorrectforlossesduringsamplepreparationandimprovetheaccuracyandprecisionofmeasurements
Data in NHANESThedatainthisreportweregeneratedforfasted(ge8hours)adults(ge20years)byuseofgaschromatography-massspectrometry(GC-MS)basedonamodificationofthemethodofLagerstedtetal(2001)PlasmafattyacidconcentrationsarereportedinmicromolLunits
196 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population196 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Generallyfattyaciddataareexpressedaspercentagebyweightoftotalfattyacids(wt)althoughpercentagebymole(mol)wouldbemoremeaningfulThepossibleadvantagesofusingabsoluteconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidshavenotbeenwellinvestigated(Hodson2008)NodataexistonplasmaconcentrationsoffattyacidsinNHANESpriorto2003Thisreportshowsfirst-timeNHANESdatafor24plasmafattyacidsincluding6SFA7MUFAand11PUFAthesedatawereacquiredusingsurplusplasmafromNHANES2003-2004Theserumspecimenswerestoredat-70degCuntilfattyacidsweremeasuredduringtheperiod2010ndash2011Basedonlimitedinformationintheliteratureaboutabsoluteconcentrationsthese24fattyacidsareestimatedtocompriseatleast90ofthetotalfattyacidscirculatingintheplasmainalllipidclasses(fattyacylsglycerolipidsglycerophospholipidssphingolipidsandsterols)Allunsaturatedfattyacidsareassumedtobeinthecisconfigurationtrans-fattyacidswerenotmeasured
FormoreinformationaboutpolyunsaturatedfattyacidsseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryRefer-enceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2005)andfactsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements(httpodsodnihgovFactSheetsOmega3FattyAcidsandHealthasp)
HighlightsThesefirst-timeplasmaconcentrationsofsaturated(SFA)monounsaturated(MUFA)andpolyunsaturated(PUFA)fattyacidsintheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Ingeneralfattyacidscirculatedatlowerconcentrationsinyoungeradultsbull Plasmaconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidsweregenerallysimilarinmenandwomenbull Noconsistentraceethnicpatternwasobservedforplasmafattyacidconcentrations
howeverheart-healthypolyunsaturatedfattyacidsshowedraceethnicdifferencesAllthreeclassesoffattyacidscontainedrepresentativesatlow(lt100micromolL)andhighconcentrations(gt1000micromolL)(FigureH2e)
1971 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1972 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Figure H2eGeometricmeanplasmaconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidsintheUSpopulationfromfastedadultsaged20yearsandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003-2004
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsThey-axisisdisplayedonthelogarithmicscale
Saturated (SFA) Monounsaturated (MUFA) Polyunsaturated (PUFA)200 Arachidic acid 221n-9 Docosenoic acid 225n-6 Docosapentaenoic acid240 Lignoceric acid 141n-5 Myristoleic acid 202n-6 Eicosadienoic acid220 Doconsanoic acid 201n-9 Eicosenoic acid 224n-6 Docosatetraenoic acid140 Myristic acid 241n-9 Nervonic acid 225n-3 Docosapentaenoic acid180 Stearic acid 181n-9 cis-Vaccenic acid 205n-3 Eicosapentaenoic acid160 Palmitic acid 161n-9 Palmitoleic acid 183n-6 gamma-Linolenic acid
181n-9 Oleic acid 183n-3 alpha-Linolenic acid226n-3 Docosahexaenoic acid203n-6 homo-gamma-Linolenic acid204n-6 Arachidonic acid182n-6 Linoleic acid
Plasmaconcentrationsofheart-healthyPUFAshowedraceethnicdifferencesGeometricmeanconcentrationsofeicosapentaenoicacid(EPA)whichistypicallyderivedfromseafoodandsupplementswerehigherinfastednon-HispanicblacksandwhitescomparedwithMexican-Americanadults(FigureH2f )
Inadditionplasmaconcentrationsoftherelatedlong-chainpolyunsaturateddocosahexaenoicacid(DHA)werehigherinnon-HispanicblackcomparedwithMexican-Americanandnon-Hispanicwhiteadults(FigureH2g)
Trackingplasmafattyacidconcentrationsovertimewillshowprogresstowardmoreheart-healthydiets
1
10
100
1000
10000
200 240 220 140 180 160 221n-9 141n-5 201n-9 241n-9 181n-7 161n-7 181n-9 225n-6 202n-6 224n-6 225n-3 205n-3 183n-6 183n-3 226n-3 203n-6 204n-6 182n-6
Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated G
eom
etric
mea
n (
mol
L)
20
30
40
50
60
A
b
a a
10
0 Mexican American Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white
EPA
( m
olL
)
180
160
40
20
0
b
a
b
Mexican American Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white
DH
A (
mol
L)
140
120
100
80
60
Figure H2f (FPNFUSJDNFBOQMBTNBDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGFJDPTBQFOUBFOPJD Figure H2g (FPNFUSJDNFBOQMBTNBDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGEPDPTBIFYBFOPJD BDJEamp1JOUIF64QPQVMBUJPOGSPNGBTUFEBEVMUTBHFEZFBSTBOE BDJE)JOUIF64QPQVMBUJPOGSPNGBTUFEBEVMUTBHFEZFBSTBOE PMEFSCZSBDFFUIOJDJUZ13BUJPOBM)FBMUIBOEVUSJUJPOampYBNJOBUJPO4VSWFZ13 PMEFSCZSBDFFUIOJDJUZ13BUJPOBM)FBMUIBOEVUSJUJPOampYBNJOBUJPO 4VSWFZ13
ampSSPSCBSTSFQSFTFOUDPOiacuteEFODFJOUFSWBMTBSTOPUTIBSJOHBDPNNPOMFUUFSEJigraveFS ampSSPSCBSTSFQSFTFOUDPOiacuteEFODFJOUFSWBMTBSTOPUTIBSJOHBDPNNPOMFUUFS Q EJigraveFSQ
Detailed Observations ɨF TFMFDUFE PCTFSWBUJPOT NFOUJPOFE CFMPX BSF UBLFO GSPN UIF UBCMFT BOE eumlHVSFT QSFTFOUFE OFYU 4UBUFNFOUT BCPVU DBUFHPSJDBM EJecircFSFODFT CFUXFFO EFNPHSBQIJD HSPVQT OPUFE CFMPX BSF CBTFE PO OPOPWFSMBQQJOH DPOeumlEFODF MJNJUT GSPN VOJWBSJBUF BOBMZTJT XJUIPVU BEKVTUJOH GPS EFNPHSBQIJD WBSJBCMFT FH13 BHF13 HFOEFS13 SBDFFUIOJDJUZ PS PUIFS CMPPE DPODFOUSBUJPO EFUFSNJOBOUT FH13 EJFUBSZ JOUBLF13 TVQQMFNFOU VTBHF13 TNPLJOH13 NVMUJWBSJBUF BOBMZTJT NBZ BMUFS UIF TJ[F BOE TUBUJTUJDBM TJHOJeumlDBODF PG UIFTF DBUFHPSJDBM EJecircFSFODFT VSUIFSNPSF13 BEEJUJPOBM TJHOJeumlDBOU EJecircFSFODFT PG TNBMMFS NBHOJUVEF NBZ CF QSFTFOU EFTQJUF UIFJS MBDL PG NFOUJPO IFSF FH13 JG DPOeumlEFODF MJNJUT TMJHIUMZ PWFSMBQ PS JG EJecircFSFODFT BSF OPU TUBUJTUJDBMMZ TJHOJeumlDBOU CFGPSF DPWBSJBUF BEKVTUNFOU IBT PDDVSSFE PS B TFMFDUJPO PG DJUBUJPOT PG EFTDSJQUJWF )amp4 QBQFST SFMBUFE UP UIFTF CJPDIFNJDBM JOEJDBUPST PG EJFU BOE OVUSJUJPO13 TFF Appendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2003ndash2004) t ɨF NBKPSJUZ PG GBUUZ BDJET DJSDVMBUFE JO QMBTNB BU MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT JO ZPVOHFS
BEVMUT Z DPNQBSFE XJUI UIPTF JO UIF PMEFS BHF HSPVQT BOEPS Z 5BCMFT BB
t 8IJMF JO HFOFSBM13 QMBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG GBUUZ BDJET XFSF TJNJMBS JO NFO BOE XPNFO13 UIFSF XFSF B GFX MPOH DIBJO $$ FYDFQUJPOT JO XIJDI DPODFOUSBUJPOT XFSF IJHIFS JO XPNFO UIBO JO NFO 5BCMFT BB
t 1MBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ POFUIJSE PG 4 BOE UISFFRVBSUFST PG 6 XFSF GPVOE BU MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT JO OPO)JTQBOJD CMBDLT DPNQBSFE XJUI OPO)JTQBOJD XIJUFT BOEPS FYJDBO NFSJDBOT PUBCMZ13 OPO)JTQBOJD CMBDLT IBE TVCTUBOUJBMMZ MPXFS QMBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG NZSJTUJD 4 BOE NZSJTUPMFJD 6 BDJE UIBO OPO)JTQBOJD XIJUFT PS FYJDBO NFSJDBOT 5BCMFT B BOE B PS 1613 UIF QJDUVSF XBT NJYFE XJUI FBDI SBDFFUIOJD HSPVQ IBWJOH IJHIFS PS MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG BU MFBTU POF 16 DPNQBSFE XJUI POF PS CPUI SBDFFUIOJD HSPVQT
198198 22ndnd Nat National Rional Reporeport on Biochemict on Biochemical Indical Indicatorators of Diet and Nutrs of Diet and Nutritition in the Uion in the USS P Populatopulationion
1991 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1992 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
200 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population200 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
14a
1 P
lasm
a m
yris
tic
acid
(14
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
119
(113
ndash 1
25)
425
(39
9 ndash
451
)48
1(4
62
ndash 50
5)
116
(108
ndash 1
23)
308
(282
ndash 3
53)
392
(360
ndash 4
38)
179
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
110
(104
ndash 1
17)
390
(31
1 ndash
425
)45
0(4
25
ndash 46
8)
106
(99
0 ndash
118)
301
(252
ndash 3
70)
370
(330
ndash 5
33)
603
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
126
(117
ndash 1
36)
462
(41
4 ndash
479
)51
8(4
72
ndash 56
4)
120
(109
ndash 1
32)
329
(287
ndash 4
01)
410
(383
ndash 4
81)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er12
1(1
12 ndash
131
)44
5(3
79
ndash 47
5)
502
(46
3 ndash
545
)12
0(1
12 ndash
127
)30
0(2
43 ndash
366
)32
9(3
07 ndash
426
)67
9G
ende
rM
ales
120
(112
ndash 1
29)
406
(34
0 ndash
451
)47
6(4
48
ndash 52
6)
118
(105
ndash 1
29)
320
(285
ndash 3
84)
414
(366
ndash 5
08)
856
Fem
ales
117
(111
ndash 1
24)
446
(39
5 ndash
459
)48
3(4
59
ndash 50
8)
115
(107
ndash 1
21)
303
(258
ndash 3
59)
365
(325
ndash 4
34)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s12
6(1
10 ndash
144
)41
6dagger
(39
1 ndash
475
)48
5(4
06
ndash 52
3)
124
(108
ndash 1
44)
342
(304
ndash 4
70)
408dagger
(349
ndash 1
810
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks85
8(7
89
ndash 93
3)
328
dagger(2
79
ndash 38
3)
398
(30
2 ndash
435
)84
3(7
20
ndash 95
0)
223
(178
ndash 2
83)
261dagger
(229
ndash 4
10)
309
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s12
3(1
16 ndash
131
)45
6(3
84
ndash 47
8)
509
(46
5 ndash
558
)11
9(1
10 ndash
127
)31
0(2
86 ndash
364
)39
6(3
58 ndash
464
)98
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0
Plas
ma
myr
istic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
200 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 214a Plasma myristic acid (140) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
myr
istic
aci
dPl
asm
a m
yris
tic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 0
50
100
150
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 201201
202 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population202 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 214a2 Plasma myristic acid (140) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 119 (113 ndash 125) 579 (552 ndash 611) 116 (108 ndash 123) 248 (237 ndash 266) 179620ndash39 years 110 (104 ndash 117) 528 (494 ndash 559) 106 (990 ndash 118) 240 (209 ndash 260) 60340ndash59 years 126 (117 ndash 136) 618 (561 ndash 660) 120 (109 ndash 132) 266 (248 ndash 294) 51460 years and older 121 (112 ndash 131) 614 (546 ndash 670) 120 (112 ndash 127) 238 (224 ndash 256) 679MalesTotal 20 years and older 120 (112 ndash 129) 588 (547 ndash 615) 118 (105 ndash 129) 260 (243 ndash 272) 85620ndash39 years 112 (102 ndash 122) 534 (476 ndash 578) 106 (935 ndash 122) 245 (209 ndash 284) 27740ndash59 years 133 (120 ndash 147) 618 (575 ndash 706) 124 (109 ndash 154) 279 (265 ndash 336) 24760 years and older 115 (106 ndash 126) 582 (473 ndash 679) 119 (112 ndash 123) 226 (201 ndash 244) 332FemalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (111 ndash 124) 566 (536 ndash 615) 115 (107 ndash 121) 242 (225 ndash 270) 94020ndash39 years 109 (101 ndash 117) 513 (492 ndash 554) 106 (959 ndash 119) 226 (193 ndash 308) 32640ndash59 years 120 (111 ndash 131) 615 (516 ndash 649) 115 (107 ndash 123) 249 (226 ndash 301) 26760 years and older 126 (114 ndash 139) 641 (510 ndash 737) 121 (109 ndash 143) 244 (227 ndash 302) 347
Table 214a3 Plasma myristic acid (140) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (110 ndash 144) 546 (492 ndash 620) 124 (108 ndash 144) 277 (244 ndash 352) 37520ndash39 years 122 (951 ndash 155) 510 (454 ndash 561) 123 (839 ndash 158) 259 (212 ndash 1990) 13240ndash59 years 133 (112 ndash 159) 612dagger (465 ndash 760) 130 (953 ndash 155) 313dagger (248 ndash 387) 9360 years and older 135 (124 ndash 146) 680 (642 ndash 751) 133 (112 ndash 160) 252 (224 ndash 315) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (102 ndash 156) 563 (496 ndash 624) 123 (959 ndash 153) 282 (228 ndash 410) 18820ndash39 years 123 (864 ndash 175) 518dagger (466 ndash 572) 123 (678 ndash 214) 274dagger (202 ndash 556) 6740ndash59 years 136 (104 ndash 179) 685dagger (541 ndash 827) 125 (905 ndash 177) 305dagger (201 ndash 721) 4860 years and older 117 (104 ndash 131) 656dagger (482 ndash 714) 117 (104 ndash 135) 199dagger (164 ndash 390) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (110 ndash 145) 514 (407 ndash 653) 127 (108 ndash 152) 268 (240 ndash 339) 18720ndash39 years 119 (929 ndash 153) 505dagger (397 ndash 661) 121 (936 ndash 150) 245dagger (173 ndash 2410) 6540ndash59 years 130 (995 ndash 169) 500dagger (369 ndash 746) 134 (831 ndash 193) 313dagger (248 ndash 460) 4560 years and older 154 (131 ndash 180) 816dagger (545 ndash 951) 153 (120 ndash 195) 274dagger (228 ndash 391) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2031 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2032 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 214a4 Plasma myristic acid (140) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 858 (789 ndash 933) 448 (380 ndash 501) 843 (720 ndash 950) 161 (146 ndash 201) 30920ndash39 years 819 (727 ndash 922) 436 (337 ndash 481) 767 (669 ndash 921) 149 (128 ndash 249) 12540ndash59 years 919 (828 ndash 102) 445dagger (284 ndash 516) 934 (825 ndash 106) 184dagger (150 ndash 249) 9860 years and older 849 (763 ndash 945) 469dagger (362 ndash 587) 797 (718 ndash 952) 154dagger (129 ndash 188) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 873 (766 ndash 994) 409 (318 ndash 466) 853 (672 ndash 987) 170 (148 ndash 270) 14220ndash39 years 827 (677 ndash 101) 397dagger (285 ndash 470) 716 (615 ndash 101) 167dagger (128 ndash 466) 5740ndash59 years 988 (788 ndash 124) 412dagger (292 ndash 557) 978 (840 ndash 115) 229dagger (148 ndash 479) 4260 years and older 780 (642 ndash 946) 437dagger (360 ndash 528) 674 (589 ndash 104) 143dagger (121 ndash 187) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 847 (762 ndash 942) 465 (392 ndash 518) 830 (692 ndash 991) 153 (135 ndash 189) 16720ndash39 years 812 (724 ndash 912) 442dagger (339 ndash 515) 788 (646 ndash 987) 144dagger (110 ndash 259) 6840ndash59 years 870 (722 ndash 105) 466dagger (278 ndash 515) 865 (648 ndash 106) 160dagger (123 ndash 690) 5660 years and older 896 (783 ndash 103) 535dagger (398 ndash 638) 826 (735 ndash 103) 158dagger (120 ndash 194) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 214a5 Plasma myristic acid (140) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 123 (116 ndash 131) 616 (562 ndash 655) 119 (110 ndash 127) 250 (236 ndash 280) 98220ndash39 years 118 (110 ndash 126) 569 (501 ndash 640) 115 (103 ndash 123) 244 (216 ndash 303) 29440ndash59 years 127 (115 ndash 140) 638 (564 ndash 691) 120 (108 ndash 136) 266 (238 ndash 299) 27960 years and older 124 (114 ndash 136) 618 (535 ndash 708) 121 (116 ndash 134) 241 (225 ndash 301) 409MalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (115 ndash 137) 615 (560 ndash 672) 121 (107 ndash 141) 263 (243 ndash 273) 46520ndash39 years 119 (107 ndash 133) 583 (354 ndash 670) 115 (982 ndash 140) 245 (206 ndash 337) 12440ndash59 years 134 (120 ndash 151) 656 (578 ndash 723) 124 (108 ndash 163) 272 (264 ndash 317) 13960 years and older 120 (108 ndash 134) 588 (467 ndash 723) 121 (115 ndash 127) 229 (203 ndash 262) 202FemalesTotal 20 years and older 121 (114 ndash 128) 615 (556 ndash 642) 118 (110 ndash 123) 247 (223 ndash 303) 51720ndash39 years 116 (104 ndash 129) 555 (489 ndash 633) 114 (973 ndash 128) 240 (197 ndash 361) 17040ndash59 years 121 (108 ndash 135) 622 (483 ndash 690) 115 (104 ndash 123) 237 (195 ndash 399) 14060 years and older 128 (114 ndash 145) 641 (476 ndash 747) 124 (110 ndash 146) 248 (229 ndash 314) 207
204 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population204 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
15a
1 P
lasm
a pa
lmit
ic a
cid
(16
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
271
0(2
640
ndash 2
780
)1
570
(14
20 ndash
16
10)
169
0(1
610
ndash 1
770
)2
630
(25
40 ndash
27
30)
471
0(4
500
ndash 5
030
)5
370
(51
80 ndash
56
30)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
254
0(2
470
ndash 2
610
)1
440
(13
30 ndash
15
50)
159
0(1
480
ndash 1
670
)2
450
(23
80 ndash
25
40)
455
0(4
000
ndash 5
330
)5
340
(47
40 ndash
68
60)
609
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
278
0(2
680
ndash 2
880
)1
600
(13
30 ndash
17
50)
183
0(1
650
ndash 1
910
)2
650
(25
30 ndash
28
00)
475
0(4
560
ndash 5
320
)5
410
(52
60 ndash
57
60)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
890
(27
90 ndash
29
90)
175
0(1
610
ndash 1
860
)1
910
(17
60 ndash
19
70)
282
0(2
740
ndash 2
940
)4
630
(43
90 ndash
51
60)
522
0(4
830
ndash 5
790
)68
2G
ende
rM
ales
270
0(2
590
ndash 2
810
)1
560
(13
80 ndash
16
50)
167
0(1
570
ndash 1
790
)2
610
(25
00 ndash
27
10)
473
0(4
400
ndash 5
320
)5
630
(50
90 ndash
60
90)
863
Fem
ales
272
0(2
640
ndash 2
800
)1
570
(14
00 ndash
16
10)
171
0(1
660
ndash 1
780
)2
640
(25
40 ndash
27
60)
466
0(4
450
ndash 5
270
)5
350
(49
70 ndash
55
00)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s2
880
(27
10 ndash
30
50)
150
0dagger(1
310
ndash 1
710
)1
750
(15
00 ndash
18
30)
275
0(2
620
ndash 2
970
)5
430
(45
80 ndash
63
10)
598
0dagger(5
640
ndash 6
380
)37
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks2
450
(23
40 ndash
25
70)
154
0dagger(1
250
ndash 1
580
)1
590
(13
20 ndash
17
30)
233
0(2
240
ndash 2
480
)4
020
(36
10 ndash
45
10)
457
0dagger(4
050
ndash 8
480
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
272
0(2
630
ndash 2
810
)1
570
(13
80 ndash
16
10)
169
0(1
600
ndash 1
780
)2
650
(25
50 ndash
27
30)
472
0(4
430
ndash 5
270
)5
350
(49
30 ndash
56
40)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 215a Plasma palmitic acid (160) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
0
1000
20
00
3000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 205205
206 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population206 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 215a2 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2710 (2640 ndash 2780) 1890 (1820 ndash 1930) 2630 (2540 ndash 2730) 3990 (3820 ndash 4360) 180520ndash39 years 2540 (2470 ndash 2610) 1750 (1660 ndash 1810) 2450 (2380 ndash 2540) 3790 (3540 ndash 4260) 60940ndash59 years 2780 (2680 ndash 2880) 1950 (1910 ndash 1990) 2650 (2530 ndash 2800) 4160 (3840 ndash 4570) 51460 years and older 2890 (2790 ndash 2990) 2050 (1960 ndash 2140) 2820 (2740 ndash 2940) 4050 (3840 ndash 4430) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 2700 (2590 ndash 2810) 1880 (1760 ndash 1920) 2610 (2500 ndash 2710) 4010 (3790 ndash 4430) 86320ndash39 years 2540 (2400 ndash 2690) 1740 (1580 ndash 1820) 2470 (2340 ndash 2600) 3690 (3420 ndash 4540) 28240ndash59 years 2840 (2690 ndash 3000) 1950 (1890 ndash 2010) 2700 (2480 ndash 2870) 4420 (4030 ndash 4760) 24760 years and older 2750 (2640 ndash 2860) 1960 (1820 ndash 2070) 2730 (2620 ndash 2830) 3790 (3530 ndash 4380) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2720 (2640 ndash 2800) 1920 (1820 ndash 1970) 2640 (2540 ndash 2760) 3960 (3810 ndash 4370) 94220ndash39 years 2530 (2440 ndash 2640) 1760 (1670 ndash 1840) 2440 (2350 ndash 2580) 3870 (3510 ndash 4530) 32740ndash59 years 2730 (2620 ndash 2840) 1960 (1820 ndash 2090) 2590 (2530 ndash 2760) 3850 (3620 ndash 4630) 26760 years and older 3010 (2870 ndash 3150) 2180 (2050 ndash 2230) 2950 (2760 ndash 3150) 4340 (4000 ndash 4570) 348
Table 215a3 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2880 (2710 ndash 3050) 1900 (1720 ndash 2050) 2750 (2620 ndash 2970) 4540 (4130 ndash 5550) 37420ndash39 years 2730 (2510 ndash 2970) 1820 (1390 ndash 1970) 2700 (2350 ndash 2890) 4410 (3700 ndash 5680) 13140ndash59 years 3090 (2820 ndash 3380) 2000dagger (1480 ndash 2330) 2840 (2610 ndash 3290) 4940dagger (4130 ndash 6470) 9360 years and older 3140 (3010 ndash 3280) 2250 (1970 ndash 2420) 3150 (3010 ndash 3300) 4530 (3910 ndash 5350) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 2850 (2580 ndash 3160) 1890 (1570 ndash 2010) 2690 (2510 ndash 3180) 4500 (4020 ndash 5950) 18820ndash39 years 2730 (2320 ndash 3220) 1770dagger (1460 ndash 1940) 2540 (2090 ndash 3270) 4400dagger (3600 ndash 6350) 6740ndash59 years 3110 (2670 ndash 3630) 1950dagger (1790 ndash 2530) 2830 (2580 ndash 3400) 4580dagger (3880 ndash 7970) 4860 years and older 2910 (2740 ndash 3080) 2090dagger (1500 ndash 2420) 2900 (2580 ndash 3230) 3810dagger (3500 ndash 5010) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2900 (2660 ndash 3170) 1930 (1330 ndash 2180) 2790 (2450 ndash 3280) 4570 (4060 ndash 5360) 18620ndash39 years 2730 (2430 ndash 3070) 1840dagger (1300 ndash 2150) 2740 (2230 ndash 3080) 4330dagger (3560 ndash 6760) 6440ndash59 years 3060 (2650 ndash 3530) 2050dagger (1480 ndash 2330) 2890 (2460 ndash 3500) 4950dagger (3540 ndash 6010) 4560 years and older 3370 (3050 ndash 3740) 2370dagger (2060 ndash 2540) 3370 (2780 ndash 3790) 5020dagger (4210 ndash 6170) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2071 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2072 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 215a4 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2340 ndash 2570) 1750 (1600 ndash 1830) 2330 (2240 ndash 2480) 3430 (3330 ndash 3630) 31020ndash39 years 2350 (2170 ndash 2530) 1680 (1410 ndash 1810) 2190 (2070 ndash 2480) 3390 (3140 ndash 3730) 12640ndash59 years 2520 (2370 ndash 2680) 1790dagger (1620 ndash 1890) 2350 (2270 ndash 2590) 3430dagger (3370 ndash 4090) 9860 years and older 2620 (2490 ndash 2760) 2030dagger (1870 ndash 2180) 2510 (2430 ndash 2760) 3450dagger (3280 ndash 3770) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2280 ndash 2640) 1690 (1550 ndash 1810) 2340 (2180 ndash 2500) 3550 (3170 ndash 4270) 14320ndash39 years 2320 (2080 ndash 2600) 1570dagger (1310 ndash 1770) 2140 (1930 ndash 2710) 3410dagger (2940 ndash 9940) 5840ndash59 years 2620 (2330 ndash 2940) 1770dagger (1380 ndash 1950) 2370 (2290 ndash 2620) 4060dagger (2900 ndash 8390) 4260 years and older 2520 (2260 ndash 2820) 1740dagger (1640 ndash 1910) 2440 (2150 ndash 2980) 3290dagger (3000 ndash 4330) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2300 ndash 2620) 1800 (1690 ndash 1870) 2330 (2230 ndash 2570) 3380 (3210 ndash 3680) 16720ndash39 years 2370 (2170 ndash 2580) 1700dagger (1390 ndash 1850) 2230 (2030 ndash 2590) 3350dagger (3110 ndash 4210) 6840ndash59 years 2450 (2230 ndash 2680) 1780dagger (1260 ndash 1940) 2330 (2140 ndash 2650) 3370dagger (2930 ndash 6230) 5660 years and older 2690 (2520 ndash 2870) 2180dagger (1950 ndash 2240) 2530 (2400 ndash 2790) 3510dagger (3260 ndash 4220) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 215a5 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2720 (2630 ndash 2810) 1900 (1800 ndash 1950) 2650 (2550 ndash 2730) 3960 (3810 ndash 4420) 99120ndash39 years 2550 (2450 ndash 2640) 1720 (1600 ndash 1810) 2450 (2370 ndash 2590) 3790 (3510 ndash 4490) 30040ndash59 years 2750 (2630 ndash 2870) 1950 (1900 ndash 1990) 2640 (2500 ndash 2800) 4040 (3790 ndash 4700) 27960 years and older 2910 (2790 ndash 3030) 2040 (1950 ndash 2140) 2840 (2730 ndash 2990) 4150 (3840 ndash 4520) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 2700 (2580 ndash 2840) 1890 (1750 ndash 1940) 2630 (2500 ndash 2740) 3960 (3770 ndash 4500) 47120ndash39 years 2530 (2360 ndash 2720) 1680 (1540 ndash 1800) 2460 (2350 ndash 2620) 3630 (3260 ndash 5810) 12840ndash59 years 2810 (2630 ndash 2990) 1950 (1890 ndash 2010) 2700 (2460 ndash 2930) 4280 (3850 ndash 4740) 13960 years and older 2780 (2640 ndash 2920) 1950 (1760 ndash 2070) 2750 (2600 ndash 2930) 3830 (3530 ndash 4690) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2730 (2640 ndash 2820) 1920 (1810 ndash 1970) 2650 (2550 ndash 2770) 3970 (3810 ndash 4500) 52020ndash39 years 2560 (2410 ndash 2710) 1740 (1600 ndash 1870) 2440 (2280 ndash 2690) 3890 (3490 ndash 4960) 17240ndash59 years 2690 (2570 ndash 2830) 1940 (1720 ndash 2110) 2580 (2530 ndash 2710) 3780 (3510 ndash 4690) 14060 years and older 3020 (2860 ndash 3200) 2140 (2010 ndash 2250) 2960 (2750 ndash 3210) 4440 (4030 ndash 4660) 208
208 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population208 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
16a
1 P
lasm
a st
eari
c ac
id (1
80)
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
692
(678
ndash 7
06)
432
(411
ndash 4
44)
471
(440
ndash 4
84)
684
(663
ndash 7
05)
104
0(1
020
ndash 1
100
)1
180
(11
30 ndash
12
70)
180
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
649
(635
ndash 6
64)
420
(362
ndash 4
37)
444
(422
ndash 4
68)
638
(624
ndash 6
59)
998
(922
ndash 1
120
)1
150
(10
30 ndash
14
70)
609
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
718
(698
ndash 7
38)
430
(383
ndash 4
73)
481
(426
ndash 5
24)
711
(682
ndash 7
33)
110
0(1
040
ndash 1
160
)1
210
(11
30 ndash
13
50)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er72
4(7
03 ndash
746
)47
1(4
30 ndash
489
)51
1(4
73 ndash
534
)73
1(6
97 ndash
763
)1
030
(976
ndash 1
120
)1
130
(10
40 ndash
13
10)
682
Gen
der
Mal
es69
0(6
71 ndash
710
)43
3(4
08 ndash
469
)47
2(4
40 ndash
483
)67
3(6
44 ndash
711
)1
090
(10
30 ndash
12
00)
128
0(1
170
ndash 1
360
)86
4Fe
mal
es69
4(6
77 ndash
712
)42
1(3
99 ndash
441
)46
2(4
33 ndash
489
)68
9(6
67 ndash
712
)1
030
(975
ndash 1
080
)1
140
(10
80 ndash
11
90)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s71
0(6
77 ndash
745
)44
0dagger(4
11 ndash
467
)47
5(4
34 ndash
492
)71
0(6
66 ndash
748
)1
150
(10
30 ndash
13
20)
121
0dagger(1
170
ndash 1
330
)37
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks67
6(6
55 ndash
697
)44
0dagger(3
56 ndash
471
)47
3(4
35 ndash
495
)66
9(6
45 ndash
693
)96
1(9
01 ndash
11
30)
113
0dagger(9
98 ndash
20
10)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s69
2(6
76 ndash
709
)42
1(4
08 ndash
441
)46
5(4
30 ndash
485
)68
6(6
63 ndash
709
)1
040
(10
20 ndash
10
90)
117
0(1
090
ndash 1
270
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
0 10
00
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
1000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 216a Plasma stearic acid (180) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
0 10
00
0 50
0
20minus39 40minus59
Females
60+ 20minus39 40minus59
Males
60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39
Age (years)
40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59
Age (years)
60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 209209
210 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population210 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 216a2 Plasma stearic acid (180) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 692 (678 ndash 706) 515 (489 ndash 531) 684 (663 ndash 705) 939 (914 ndash 963) 180620ndash39 years 649 (635 ndash 664) 484 (468 ndash 498) 638 (624 ndash 659) 870 (831 ndash 932) 60940ndash59 years 718 (698 ndash 738) 545 (520 ndash 557) 711 (682 ndash 733) 989 (955 ndash 1030) 51560 years and older 724 (703 ndash 746) 552 (538 ndash 567) 731 (697 ndash 763) 930 (893 ndash 976) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 690 (671 ndash 710) 509 (483 ndash 527) 673 (644 ndash 711) 967 (930 ndash 1010) 86420ndash39 years 660 (636 ndash 686) 484 (469 ndash 504) 643 (615 ndash 672) 888 (831 ndash 1010) 28240ndash59 years 728 (697 ndash 761) 548 (520 ndash 571) 711 (646 ndash 752) 1020 (997 ndash 1040) 24860 years and older 679 (656 ndash 703) 514 (472 ndash 546) 679 (659 ndash 718) 874 (825 ndash 960) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 694 (677 ndash 712) 522 (484 ndash 543) 689 (667 ndash 712) 916 (892 ndash 951) 94220ndash39 years 639 (620 ndash 658) 483 (454 ndash 504) 635 (622 ndash 658) 849 (817 ndash 919) 32740ndash59 years 709 (685 ndash 733) 532 (478 ndash 566) 710 (687 ndash 733) 934 (900 ndash 990) 26760 years and older 763 (736 ndash 790) 617 (573 ndash 628) 763 (735 ndash 786) 971 (914 ndash 1020) 348
Table 216a3 Plasma stearic acid (180) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 710 (677 ndash 745) 503 (485 ndash 528) 710 (666 ndash 748) 997 (921 ndash 1160) 37420ndash39 years 678 (632 ndash 727) 492 (464 ndash 510) 664 (594 ndash 755) 971 (801 ndash 1330) 13140ndash59 years 756 (710 ndash 806) 534dagger (457 ndash 587) 746 (714 ndash 770) 1060dagger (915 ndash 1470) 9360 years and older 776 (735 ndash 820) 602 (491 ndash 646) 767 (720 ndash 815) 1060 (961 ndash 1180) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 705 (651 ndash 764) 501 (480 ndash 522) 690 (611 ndash 766) 1030 (919 ndash 1210) 18820ndash39 years 682 (596 ndash 779) 492dagger (456 ndash 508) 647 (540 ndash 805) 1040dagger (830 ndash 1330) 6740ndash59 years 753 (675 ndash 841) 529dagger (469 ndash 595) 725 (656 ndash 815) 1010dagger (911 ndash 1490) 4860 years and older 726 (678 ndash 776) 593dagger (457 ndash 610) 720 (658 ndash 783) 896dagger (832 ndash 1300) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 716 (677 ndash 758) 514 (443 ndash 559) 730 (669 ndash 777) 996 (885 ndash 1140) 18620ndash39 years 673 (620 ndash 732) 481dagger (340 ndash 555) 678 (629 ndash 751) 835dagger (791 ndash 1140) 6440ndash59 years 759 (696 ndash 828) 519dagger (439 ndash 624) 756 (700 ndash 819) 1070dagger (859 ndash 1410) 4560 years and older 826 (760 ndash 897) 624dagger (541 ndash 652) 810 (736 ndash 903) 1100dagger (1050 ndash 1250) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2111 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2112 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 216a4 Plasma stearic acid (180) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 676 (655 ndash 697) 509 (458 ndash 540) 669 (645 ndash 693) 886 (835 ndash 941) 31020ndash39 years 645 (610 ndash 682) 483 (435 ndash 514) 641 (587 ndash 672) 887 (808 ndash 945) 12640ndash59 years 706 (675 ndash 738) 542dagger (477 ndash 567) 693 (664 ndash 710) 908dagger (833 ndash 1120) 9860 years and older 705 (681 ndash 729) 561dagger (511 ndash 615) 711 (692 ndash 753) 834dagger (806 ndash 886) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 678 (645 ndash 713) 483 (455 ndash 524) 663 (618 ndash 696) 925 (854 ndash 1110) 14320ndash39 years 651 (602 ndash 704) 461dagger (422 ndash 517) 619 (569 ndash 687) 897dagger (803 ndash 2540) 5840ndash59 years 726 (665 ndash 792) 544dagger (475 ndash 557) 676 (621 ndash 738) 1010dagger (877 ndash 1670) 4260 years and older 662 (608 ndash 720) 503dagger (334 ndash 555) 673 (615 ndash 738) 830dagger (782 ndash 974) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 674 (649 ndash 699) 514 (354 ndash 567) 674 (644 ndash 702) 834 (789 ndash 1030) 16720ndash39 years 639 (604 ndash 677) 496dagger (446 ndash 515) 645 (594 ndash 667) 833dagger (715 ndash 1090) 6840ndash59 years 691 (651 ndash 733) 526dagger (353 ndash 589) 693 (643 ndash 710) 826dagger (774 ndash 2490) 5660 years and older 733 (710 ndash 757) 638dagger (558 ndash 668) 718 (696 ndash 779) 842dagger (800 ndash 885) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 216a5 Plasma stearic acid (180) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 692 (676 ndash 709) 515 (484 ndash 533) 686 (663 ndash 709) 940 (913 ndash 973) 99220ndash39 years 648 (627 ndash 669) 481 (441 ndash 507) 635 (614 ndash 661) 853 (823 ndash 953) 30040ndash59 years 710 (689 ndash 733) 540 (494 ndash 565) 705 (675 ndash 727) 969 (946 ndash 1020) 28060 years and older 726 (700 ndash 753) 546 (524 ndash 566) 733 (695 ndash 770) 940 (900 ndash 1020) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 691 (669 ndash 715) 512 (480 ndash 533) 678 (644 ndash 720) 959 (919 ndash 1010) 47220ndash39 years 662 (629 ndash 696) 484 (433 ndash 513) 654 (615 ndash 675) 844 (810 ndash 1250) 12840ndash59 years 723 (691 ndash 757) 558 (513 ndash 576) 709 (640 ndash 749) 1020 (975 ndash 1040) 14060 years and older 681 (653 ndash 711) 508 (471 ndash 545) 687 (652 ndash 726) 880 (819 ndash 1030) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 693 (673 ndash 713) 516 (481 ndash 537) 689 (664 ndash 713) 923 (899 ndash 954) 52020ndash39 years 636 (607 ndash 666) 460 (427 ndash 510) 627 (608 ndash 658) 874 (818 ndash 1000) 17240ndash59 years 698 (672 ndash 725) 519 (441 ndash 554) 699 (675 ndash 730) 934 (902 ndash 966) 14060 years and older 766 (733 ndash 801) 611 (543 ndash 630) 767 (735 ndash 801) 981 (911 ndash 1050) 208
212 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population212 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
17a
1 P
lasm
a ar
achi
dic
acid
(20
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
234
(23
0 ndash
239
)15
1(1
44
ndash 15
5)
162
(15
4 ndash
167
)23
2(2
29
ndash 23
6)
336
(32
5 ndash
359
)36
7(3
50
ndash 39
1)
175
7A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
222
(21
6 ndash
229
)14
8(1
33
ndash 15
2)
156
(15
0 ndash
162
)22
1(2
14
ndash 23
0)
316
(30
3 ndash
340
)33
9(3
24
ndash 36
6)
592
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
239
(23
3 ndash
245
)15
4(1
44
ndash 16
3)
168
(15
6 ndash
175
)23
5(2
29
ndash 24
2)
340
(32
4 ndash
368
)36
9(3
42
ndash 43
6)
500
60 y
ears
and
old
er24
8(2
41
ndash 25
4)
156
(13
7 ndash
163
)16
7(1
56
ndash 18
0)
249
(23
8 ndash
257
)36
1(3
38
ndash 38
6)
386
(36
5 ndash
422
)66
5G
ende
rM
ales
223
(21
8 ndash
228
)14
4(1
27
ndash 15
2)
155
(14
5 ndash
163
)22
0(2
17
ndash 22
3)
320
(31
4 ndash
328
)33
8(3
25
ndash 36
4)
843
Fem
ales
245
(23
9 ndash
251
)15
9(1
50
ndash 16
5)
169
(16
1 ndash
177
)24
3(2
37
ndash 25
1)
357
(33
6 ndash
384
)38
5(3
64
ndash 42
2)
914
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s22
5(2
13
ndash 23
8)
135
dagger(1
14
ndash 15
6)
156
(12
7 ndash
168
)22
4(2
11
ndash 23
7)
327
(31
2 ndash
355
)35
1dagger
(33
2 ndash
410
)36
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks23
2(2
21
ndash 24
3)
146
dagger(9
41
ndash 15
3)
154
(13
6 ndash
167
)22
7(2
19
ndash 23
5)
334
(31
2 ndash
408
)35
9dagger
(33
6 ndash
766
)30
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
236
(23
0 ndash
242
)15
3(1
41
ndash 15
8)
163
(15
3 ndash
168
)23
5(2
29
ndash 24
0)
341
(32
6 ndash
369
)37
5(3
56
ndash 39
5)
962
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
20 30
Plas
ma
arac
hidi
c ac
id(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 217a Plasma arachidic acid (200) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
arac
hidi
c ac
idPl
asm
a ar
achi
dic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 213213
214 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population214 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 217a2 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 234 (230 ndash 239) 176 (169 ndash 181) 232 (229 ndash 236) 312 (304 ndash 321) 175720ndash39 years 222 (216 ndash 229) 166 (160 ndash 172) 221 (214 ndash 230) 295 (287 ndash 306) 59240ndash59 years 239 (233 ndash 245) 183 (175 ndash 188) 235 (229 ndash 242) 314 (302 ndash 329) 50060 years and older 248 (241 ndash 254) 185 (180 ndash 191) 249 (238 ndash 257) 329 (319 ndash 342) 665MalesTotal 20 years and older 223 (218 ndash 228) 168 (160 ndash 175) 220 (217 ndash 223) 296 (290 ndash 310) 84320ndash39 years 214 (206 ndash 223) 164 (152 ndash 171) 210 (205 ndash 218) 281 (261 ndash 316) 27540ndash59 years 231 (222 ndash 239) 174 (166 ndash 180) 227 (220 ndash 238) 311 (292 ndash 321) 24160 years and older 226 (221 ndash 230) 168 (158 ndash 181) 224 (218 ndash 230) 294 (289 ndash 304) 327FemalesTotal 20 years and older 245 (239 ndash 251) 187 (180 ndash 190) 243 (237 ndash 251) 323 (312 ndash 336) 91420ndash39 years 231 (223 ndash 239) 169 (162 ndash 185) 234 (226 ndash 238) 301 (292 ndash 312) 31740ndash59 years 246 (241 ndash 252) 189 (183 ndash 193) 242 (235 ndash 253) 326 (307 ndash 344) 25960 years and older 267 (258 ndash 277) 201 (188 ndash 212) 269 (257 ndash 281) 354 (332 ndash 381) 338
Table 217a3 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 225 (213 ndash 238) 169 (153 ndash 182) 224 (211 ndash 237) 296 (279 ndash 331) 36720ndash39 years 222 (208 ndash 236) 165 (124 ndash 183) 218 (206 ndash 236) 295 (271 ndash 361) 13040ndash59 years 230 (211 ndash 250) 169dagger (139 ndash 187) 230 (214 ndash 252) 306dagger (274 ndash 416) 9160 years and older 227 (212 ndash 244) 174 (146 ndash 187) 229 (218 ndash 242) 293 (274 ndash 341) 146MalesTotal 20 years and older 221 (206 ndash 237) 168 (937 ndash 183) 224 (205 ndash 238) 283 (269 ndash 327) 18520ndash39 years 219 (202 ndash 239) 166dagger (117 ndash 190) 217 (196 ndash 239) 276dagger (245 ndash 363) 6640ndash59 years 224 (199 ndash 253) 159dagger (125 ndash 191) 230 (194 ndash 254) 293dagger (268 ndash 319) 4760 years and older 216 (195 ndash 240) 158dagger (937 ndash 187) 219 (202 ndash 247) 278dagger (255 ndash 327) 72FemalesTotal 20 years and older 230 (216 ndash 245) 168 (159 ndash 185) 225 (213 ndash 240) 310 (283 ndash 430) 18220ndash39 years 225 (206 ndash 245) 164dagger (129 ndash 185) 218 (202 ndash 239) 297dagger (273 ndash 437) 6440ndash59 years 236 (216 ndash 258) 173dagger (156 ndash 192) 228 (213 ndash 253) 318dagger (275 ndash 416) 4460 years and older 238 (219 ndash 259) 185dagger (131 ndash 206) 239 (222 ndash 245) 302dagger (272 ndash 401) 74dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2151 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2152 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 217a4 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 232 (221 ndash 243) 174 (159 ndash 184) 227 (219 ndash 235) 310 (293 ndash 331) 30720ndash39 years 225 (213 ndash 238) 170 (137 ndash 185) 220 (214 ndash 228) 305 (280 ndash 340) 12440ndash59 years 242 (226 ndash 258) 170dagger (153 ndash 191) 235 (225 ndash 252) 319dagger (294 ndash 359) 9860 years and older 232 (217 ndash 247) 183dagger (154 ndash 188) 229 (211 ndash 256) 295dagger (283 ndash 356) 85MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (212 ndash 237) 159 (117 ndash 182) 215 (207 ndash 228) 312 (290 ndash 358) 14220ndash39 years 214 (192 ndash 239) 149dagger (113 ndash 183) 207 (186 ndash 224) 312dagger (232 ndash 713) 5740ndash59 years 243 (217 ndash 271) 161dagger (147 ndash 197) 231 (213 ndash 265) 317dagger (294 ndash 486) 4260 years and older 216 (202 ndash 231) 155dagger (859 ndash 184) 212 (203 ndash 241) 279dagger (256 ndash 338) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 238 (226 ndash 251) 184 (162 ndash 199) 234 (222 ndash 251) 303 (287 ndash 348) 16520ndash39 years 234 (220 ndash 250) 187dagger (149 ndash 205) 228 (219 ndash 253) 295dagger (278 ndash 325) 6740ndash59 years 241 (227 ndash 256) 170dagger (148 ndash 205) 236 (218 ndash 258) 318dagger (277 ndash 549) 5660 years and older 242 (215 ndash 271) 186dagger (143 ndash 206) 239 (198 ndash 295) 299dagger (293 ndash 371) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 217a5 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 236 (230 ndash 242) 176 (167 ndash 184) 235 (229 ndash 240) 316 (306 ndash 326) 96220ndash39 years 222 (213 ndash 231) 165 (154 ndash 170) 220 (209 ndash 235) 296 (283 ndash 313) 29040ndash59 years 238 (231 ndash 246) 184 (174 ndash 193) 234 (229 ndash 241) 315 (299 ndash 343) 27060 years and older 252 (246 ndash 259) 190 (180 ndash 194) 253 (244 ndash 264) 335 (322 ndash 356) 402MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (217 ndash 230) 167 (161 ndash 176) 220 (217 ndash 224) 298 (290 ndash 312) 46020ndash39 years 212 (201 ndash 224) 163 (136 ndash 170) 208 (199 ndash 220) 285 (258 ndash 321) 12540ndash59 years 230 (219 ndash 242) 176 (156 ndash 186) 225 (219 ndash 238) 311 (289 ndash 324) 13660 years and older 229 (223 ndash 235) 169 (161 ndash 183) 228 (221 ndash 235) 296 (290 ndash 316) 199FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (240 ndash 257) 187 (177 ndash 191) 248 (238 ndash 257) 329 (314 ndash 356) 50220ndash39 years 230 (219 ndash 243) 167 (159 ndash 177) 236 (223 ndash 244) 301 (293 ndash 313) 16540ndash59 years 247 (240 ndash 255) 189 (182 ndash 197) 242 (233 ndash 255) 327 (305 ndash 371) 13460 years and older 274 (264 ndash 284) 209 (191 ndash 217) 276 (265 ndash 288) 360 (336 ndash 386) 203
216 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population216 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
18a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
noic
aci
d (2
20)
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
693
(67
7 ndash
710
)41
5(3
81
ndash 43
2)
452
(42
9 ndash
476
)69
5(6
80
ndash 71
4)
102
(99
0 ndash
108)
110
(106
ndash 1
17)
173
9
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s66
5(6
51
ndash 67
9)
426
(38
0 ndash
443
)46
1(4
30
ndash 48
1)
665
(65
0 ndash
685
)97
4(9
44
ndash 98
7)
999
(98
3 ndash
104)
589
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
718
(68
5 ndash
752
)41
6(2
01
ndash 45
2)
464
(40
2 ndash
495
)74
0(6
83
ndash 76
6)
105
(99
0 ndash
111)
111
(106
ndash 1
34)
496
60 y
ears
and
old
er70
2(6
82
ndash 72
4)
392
(31
7 ndash
429
)43
0(4
01
ndash 46
2)
709
(68
1 ndash
734
)10
9(1
05 ndash
114
)11
5(1
11 ndash
128
)65
4G
ende
rM
ales
658
(64
0 ndash
677
)39
3(3
42
ndash 42
4)
430
(39
7 ndash
451
)66
2(6
42
ndash 68
3)
964
(94
9 ndash
982
)10
5(9
82
ndash 11
1)83
4Fe
mal
es72
8(7
04
ndash 75
2)
434
(40
5 ndash
470
)48
4(4
51
ndash 50
3)
737
(70
7 ndash
756
)10
6(1
02 ndash
111
)11
3(1
08 ndash
128
)90
5Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
644
(61
3 ndash
677
)39
0dagger
(35
4 ndash
418
)42
0(3
74
ndash 46
5)
644
(60
9 ndash
674
)95
3(8
71
ndash 12
9)97
9dagger
(94
9 ndash
129)
367
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
696
(66
5 ndash
730
)41
1dagger
(20
8 ndash
472
)46
3(3
45
ndash 51
1)
694
(64
3 ndash
747
)10
6(1
04 ndash
107
)11
5dagger(1
07 ndash
123
)30
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
704
(68
9 ndash
720
)42
6(3
94
ndash 43
7)
469
(43
4 ndash
485
)70
9(6
94
ndash 72
8)
104
(99
2 ndash
110)
111
(108
ndash 1
21)
947
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80 100
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
(μmolL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
100 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 218a Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
(μmolL)
(μmolL)
0 20
40 60
80 100
0
20
40 60
80
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 217217
218 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population218 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 218a2 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 693 (677 ndash 710) 501 (487 ndash 515) 695 (680 ndash 714) 953 (930 ndash 977) 173920ndash39 years 665 (651 ndash 679) 497 (489 ndash 510) 665 (650 ndash 685) 895 (867 ndash 936) 58940ndash59 years 718 (685 ndash 752) 519 (475 ndash 559) 740 (683 ndash 766) 964 (938 ndash 100) 49660 years and older 702 (682 ndash 724) 491 (462 ndash 507) 709 (681 ndash 734) 100 (961 ndash 105) 654MalesTotal 20 years and older 658 (640 ndash 677) 481 (451 ndash 497) 662 (642 ndash 683) 905 (882 ndash 925) 83420ndash39 years 647 (626 ndash 668) 493 (468 ndash 512) 637 (610 ndash 662) 887 (826 ndash 936) 27440ndash59 years 687 (653 ndash 722) 483 (430 ndash 514) 709 (660 ndash 745) 922 (890 ndash 969) 23860 years and older 631 (608 ndash 655) 436 (408 ndash 470) 643 (606 ndash 679) 882 (852 ndash 917) 322FemalesTotal 20 years and older 728 (704 ndash 752) 524 (504 ndash 551) 737 (707 ndash 756) 987 (961 ndash 102) 90520ndash39 years 683 (662 ndash 706) 509 (484 ndash 517) 694 (668 ndash 716) 914 (860 ndash 974) 31540ndash59 years 749 (709 ndash 791) 566 (481 ndash 583) 765 (701 ndash 806) 990 (947 ndash 108) 25860 years and older 766 (738 ndash 796) 541 (491 ndash 585) 757 (732 ndash 801) 107 (103 ndash 112) 332
Table 218a3 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 644 (613 ndash 677) 478 (417 ndash 516) 644 (609 ndash 674) 871 (815 ndash 954) 36720ndash39 years 640 (608 ndash 674) 484 (420 ndash 506) 631 (597 ndash 668) 857 (801 ndash 954) 12940ndash59 years 665 (616 ndash 718) 481dagger (355 ndash 555) 677 (643 ndash 717) 879dagger (806 ndash 106) 9160 years and older 614 (564 ndash 669) 427 (386 ndash 472) 614 (598 ndash 642) 850 (746 ndash 120) 147MalesTotal 20 years and older 640 (605 ndash 677) 482 (389 ndash 527) 644 (608 ndash 671) 852 (807 ndash 904) 18520ndash39 years 652 (622 ndash 683) 496dagger (317 ndash 552) 638 (607 ndash 669) 868dagger (775 ndash 116) 6540ndash59 years 631 (563 ndash 706) 448dagger (355 ndash 556) 650 (557 ndash 720) 814dagger (748 ndash 977) 4760 years and older 596 (535 ndash 663) 388dagger (350 ndash 430) 613 (557 ndash 651) 876dagger (680 ndash 112) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 649 (606 ndash 696) 465 (412 ndash 507) 645 (599 ndash 713) 929 (795 ndash 120) 18220ndash39 years 625 (571 ndash 684) 422dagger (382 ndash 503) 613 (551 ndash 709) 836dagger (763 ndash 973) 6440ndash59 years 707 (651 ndash 766) 534dagger (374 ndash 571) 687 (657 ndash 767) 935dagger (850 ndash 106) 4460 years and older 631 (565 ndash 706) 470dagger (340 ndash 542) 620 (579 ndash 665) 829dagger (752 ndash 116) 74dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2191 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2192 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 218a4 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 696 (665 ndash 730) 521 (468 ndash 539) 694 (643 ndash 747) 942 (914 ndash 101) 30620ndash39 years 673 (639 ndash 708) 523 (424 ndash 541) 650 (628 ndash 712) 898 (867 ndash 976) 12440ndash59 years 752 (709 ndash 797) 531dagger (429 ndash 592) 786 (717 ndash 829) 104dagger (916 ndash 118) 9860 years and older 656 (619 ndash 695) 479dagger (278 ndash 532) 654 (619 ndash 681) 913dagger (811 ndash 118) 84MalesTotal 20 years and older 661 (621 ndash 703) 476 (331 ndash 532) 646 (616 ndash 684) 902 (879 ndash 980) 14120ndash39 years 635 (583 ndash 691) 492dagger (345 ndash 537) 615 (570 ndash 661) 866dagger (767 ndash 119) 5740ndash59 years 730 (643 ndash 830) 448dagger (395 ndash 592) 745 (620 ndash 854) 935dagger (867 ndash 171) 4260 years and older 596 (540 ndash 657) 412dagger (208 ndash 478) 602 (534 ndash 670) 813dagger (730 ndash 958) 42FemalesTotal 20 years and older 725 (692 ndash 760) 538 (503 ndash 561) 739 (663 ndash 784) 997 (914 ndash 106) 16520ndash39 years 706 (655 ndash 760) 530dagger (409 ndash 570) 713 (631 ndash 799) 915dagger (883 ndash 962) 6740ndash59 years 768 (725 ndash 814) 558dagger (433 ndash 610) 804 (724 ndash 845) 105dagger (916 ndash 117) 5660 years and older 697 (627 ndash 774) 531dagger (415 ndash 558) 678 (590 ndash 767) 100dagger (790 ndash 123) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 218a5 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 704 (689 ndash 720) 508 (494 ndash 517) 709 (694 ndash 728) 964 (946 ndash 985) 94720ndash39 years 671 (654 ndash 688) 499 (486 ndash 512) 681 (659 ndash 695) 906 (856 ndash 966) 28840ndash59 years 723 (687 ndash 760) 521 (485 ndash 563) 743 (683 ndash 769) 965 (934 ndash 103) 26760 years and older 723 (705 ndash 741) 501 (471 ndash 530) 725 (704 ndash 746) 102 (980 ndash 108) 392MalesTotal 20 years and older 669 (648 ndash 690) 492 (465 ndash 510) 678 (654 ndash 696) 920 (887 ndash 945) 45320ndash39 years 653 (625 ndash 682) 495 (446 ndash 517) 644 (618 ndash 686) 891 (808 ndash 973) 12540ndash59 years 696 (660 ndash 734) 499 (419 ndash 550) 723 (660 ndash 752) 931 (908 ndash 968) 13460 years and older 646 (616 ndash 677) 469 (431 ndash 494) 653 (624 ndash 697) 884 (856 ndash 920) 194FemalesTotal 20 years and older 739 (712 ndash 768) 528 (498 ndash 568) 744 (717 ndash 765) 993 (961 ndash 108) 49420ndash39 years 688 (660 ndash 717) 510 (475 ndash 521) 694 (678 ndash 726) 928 (856 ndash 981) 16340ndash59 years 750 (699 ndash 804) 564 (448 ndash 591) 765 (675 ndash 817) 986 (946 ndash 110) 13360 years and older 795 (771 ndash 819) 570 (499 ndash 621) 785 (756 ndash 833) 109 (105 ndash 113) 198
220 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population220 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
19a
1 P
lasm
a lig
noce
ric
acid
(24
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
540
(52
8 ndash
553
)31
2(2
95
ndash 33
0)
353
(32
7 ndash
368
)53
8(5
26
ndash 55
6)
809
(79
0 ndash
836
)87
0(8
49
ndash 90
2)
174
3A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
516
(50
3 ndash
530
)31
8(2
68
ndash 35
2)
356
(32
4 ndash
366
)51
3(4
98
ndash 52
9)
736
(71
8 ndash
786
)82
0(7
60
ndash 88
3)
583
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
564
(54
2 ndash
587
)33
2(2
87
ndash 37
6)
378
(32
9 ndash
396
)56
6(5
41
ndash 59
6)
811
(77
4 ndash
880
)86
8(8
36
ndash 94
4)
495
60 y
ears
and
old
er54
3(5
27
ndash 56
0)
291
(21
7 ndash
310
)31
6(3
00
ndash 34
2)
548
(52
4 ndash
575
)86
9(8
19
ndash 91
9)
923
(89
1 ndash
975
)66
5G
ende
rM
ales
537
(52
2 ndash
552
)30
6(2
85
ndash 33
0)
346
(30
7 ndash
377
)53
7(5
16
ndash 55
8)
808
(76
4 ndash
849
)86
1(8
45
ndash 93
1)
836
Fem
ales
544
(52
6 ndash
562
)32
4(2
98
ndash 35
0)
358
(32
6 ndash
370
)53
8(5
27
ndash 56
1)
807
(78
7 ndash
845
)87
3(8
38
ndash 91
9)
907
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s50
4(4
73
ndash 53
7)
299
dagger(1
92
ndash 32
6)
324
(28
7 ndash
360
)50
1(4
72
ndash 53
8)
764
(71
1 ndash
830
)80
7dagger
(76
9 ndash
117)
355
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
533
(50
5 ndash
562
)30
8dagger
(24
0 ndash
354
)34
8(2
70
ndash 38
0)
531
(49
6 ndash
570
)79
0(7
33
ndash 84
2)
839
dagger(7
90
ndash 11
2)30
2N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
547
(53
4 ndash
560
)31
5(2
87
ndash 33
6)
358
(33
1 ndash
372
)54
8(5
30
ndash 56
5)
814
(79
1 ndash
850
)87
2(8
51
ndash 92
1)
966
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
(μmolL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 219a Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
(μmolL)
(μmolL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 221221
222 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population222 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 219a2 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 540 (528 ndash 553) 390 (374 ndash 406) 538 (526 ndash 556) 742 (722 ndash 764) 174320ndash39 years 516 (503 ndash 530) 379 (366 ndash 396) 513 (498 ndash 529) 690 (665 ndash 718) 58340ndash59 years 564 (542 ndash 587) 414 (379 ndash 437) 566 (541 ndash 596) 760 (729 ndash 792) 49560 years and older 543 (527 ndash 560) 371 (336 ndash 395) 548 (524 ndash 575) 779 (764 ndash 814) 665MalesTotal 20 years and older 537 (522 ndash 552) 391 (371 ndash 410) 537 (516 ndash 558) 726 (708 ndash 748) 83620ndash39 years 531 (512 ndash 551) 395 (379 ndash 423) 521 (501 ndash 555) 709 (676 ndash 749) 27240ndash59 years 563 (536 ndash 590) 411 (347 ndash 442) 561 (535 ndash 605) 751 (717 ndash 831) 23860 years and older 503 (483 ndash 524) 336 (302 ndash 378) 504 (471 ndash 550) 702 (685 ndash 744) 326FemalesTotal 20 years and older 544 (526 ndash 562) 390 (365 ndash 416) 538 (527 ndash 561) 761 (725 ndash 784) 90720ndash39 years 501 (487 ndash 516) 366 (348 ndash 379) 502 (489 ndash 519) 673 (649 ndash 696) 31140ndash59 years 565 (539 ndash 593) 422 (390 ndash 436) 570 (535 ndash 600) 760 (722 ndash 796) 25760 years and older 578 (555 ndash 602) 399 (353 ndash 423) 585 (552 ndash 613) 828 (789 ndash 890) 339
Table 219a3 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 504 (473 ndash 537) 371 (315 ndash 395) 501 (472 ndash 538) 694 (669 ndash 737) 35520ndash39 years 501 (465 ndash 539) 371 (306 ndash 388) 492 (447 ndash 561) 687 (637 ndash 763) 12040ndash59 years 525 (475 ndash 580) 388dagger (210 ndash 445) 533 (471 ndash 596) 716dagger (658 ndash 814) 8960 years and older 467 (415 ndash 527) 330 (192 ndash 369) 471 (401 ndash 539) 664 (587 ndash 973) 146MalesTotal 20 years and older 529 (492 ndash 569) 393 (330 ndash 431) 524 (487 ndash 562) 722 (678 ndash 775) 17620ndash39 years 540 (503 ndash 581) 407dagger (378 ndash 444) 523 (481 ndash 577) 697dagger (638 ndash 848) 6140ndash59 years 527 (459 ndash 605) 367dagger (288 ndash 459) 532 (460 ndash 605) 724dagger (653 ndash 812) 4560 years and older 467 (409 ndash 534) 322dagger (192 ndash 367) 482 (384 ndash 543) 691dagger (558 ndash 891) 70FemalesTotal 20 years and older 476 (446 ndash 507) 326 (303 ndash 367) 465 (434 ndash 510) 678 (618 ndash 711) 17920ndash39 years 453 (410 ndash 500) 320dagger (298 ndash 366) 432 (379 ndash 526) 646dagger (576 ndash 787) 5940ndash59 years 522 (473 ndash 577) 392dagger (210 ndash 434) 533 (448 ndash 602) 696dagger (611 ndash 832) 4460 years and older 467 (398 ndash 548) 347dagger (254 ndash 380) 453 (394 ndash 547) 638dagger (544 ndash 973) 76dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2231 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2232 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 219a4 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 533 (505 ndash 562) 386 (354 ndash 409) 531 (496 ndash 570) 718 (703 ndash 743) 30220ndash39 years 512 (482 ndash 545) 372 (299 ndash 416) 499 (480 ndash 557) 679 (651 ndash 742) 12340ndash59 years 576 (546 ndash 608) 409dagger (339 ndash 462) 581 (542 ndash 633) 730dagger (710 ndash 857) 9560 years and older 509 (461 ndash 562) 373dagger (298 ndash 402) 508 (435 ndash 552) 741dagger (630 ndash 948) 84MalesTotal 20 years and older 534 (500 ndash 569) 388 (270 ndash 433) 528 (491 ndash 586) 718 (681 ndash 806) 14020ndash39 years 513 (472 ndash 557) 388dagger (262 ndash 435) 499 (463 ndash 559) 665dagger (631 ndash 838) 5740ndash59 years 586 (521 ndash 659) 409dagger (322 ndash 489) 601 (506 ndash 701) 738dagger (701 ndash 112) 4160 years and older 492 (445 ndash 544) 306dagger (240 ndash 409) 495 (445 ndash 547) 707dagger (623 ndash 791) 42FemalesTotal 20 years and older 532 (501 ndash 566) 382 (353 ndash 408) 533 (492 ndash 577) 720 (696 ndash 782) 16220ndash39 years 512 (477 ndash 548) 368dagger (281 ndash 411) 497 (460 ndash 574) 693dagger (653 ndash 729) 6640ndash59 years 568 (538 ndash 601) 399dagger (349 ndash 462) 566 (519 ndash 613) 722dagger (703 ndash 852) 5460 years and older 520 (450 ndash 601) 397dagger (314 ndash 404) 524 (408 ndash 620) 782dagger (620 ndash 952) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 219a5 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 547 (534 ndash 560) 396 (377 ndash 416) 548 (530 ndash 565) 753 (730 ndash 773) 96620ndash39 years 518 (501 ndash 536) 379 (359 ndash 412) 515 (494 ndash 539) 689 (660 ndash 726) 29340ndash59 years 567 (542 ndash 593) 420 (386 ndash 432) 570 (536 ndash 608) 764 (728 ndash 808) 27060 years and older 557 (541 ndash 573) 382 (334 ndash 410) 563 (540 ndash 586) 787 (769 ndash 823) 403MalesTotal 20 years and older 541 (525 ndash 558) 394 (361 ndash 418) 547 (518 ndash 565) 728 (705 ndash 772) 46120ndash39 years 532 (505 ndash 560) 394 (358 ndash 428) 525 (495 ndash 568) 705 (660 ndash 829) 12640ndash59 years 569 (539 ndash 600) 421 (350 ndash 447) 571 (531 ndash 618) 766 (717 ndash 859) 13560 years and older 511 (486 ndash 538) 348 (297 ndash 390) 514 (471 ndash 564) 702 (684 ndash 758) 200FemalesTotal 20 years and older 552 (531 ndash 574) 397 (366 ndash 425) 551 (530 ndash 573) 766 (742 ndash 792) 50520ndash39 years 506 (485 ndash 528) 367 (324 ndash 412) 513 (486 ndash 532) 673 (648 ndash 699) 16740ndash59 years 565 (532 ndash 599) 418 (382 ndash 431) 569 (530 ndash 620) 764 (718 ndash 812) 13560 years and older 599 (578 ndash 620) 409 (367 ndash 449) 604 (583 ndash 625) 854 (799 ndash 915) 203
224 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population224 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
20a
1 P
lasm
a m
yris
tole
ic a
cid
(14
1n-5
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
657
(60
8 ndash
709
)1
45(1
31
ndash 1
56)
179
(16
8 ndash
196
)6
50(5
90
ndash 6
99)
239
(21
4 ndash
293
)32
1(2
70
ndash 40
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
621
(56
7 ndash
680
)1
47(1
17
ndash 1
64)
176
(16
4 ndash
201
)6
05(5
34
ndash 6
75)
240
(19
3 ndash
326
)31
9(2
48
ndash 67
0)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
706
(63
0 ndash
790
)1
44(1
11
ndash 1
69)
186
(16
3 ndash
202
)6
87(6
20
ndash 7
62)
258
(21
4 ndash
346
)34
6(2
70
ndash 52
9)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er6
39(5
61
ndash 7
26)
140
(11
7 ndash
167
)1
73(1
56
ndash 1
99)
640
(55
3 ndash
745
)23
3(1
93
ndash 30
9)
269
(23
4 ndash
407
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
635
(57
0 ndash
707
)1
25(1
05
ndash 1
39)
170
(14
1 ndash
182
)6
47(5
47
ndash 7
28)
249
(22
8 ndash
297
)33
0(2
94
ndash 40
6)
865
Fem
ales
677
(62
6 ndash
732
)1
59(1
46
ndash 1
75)
194
(17
1 ndash
232
)6
51(5
96
ndash 6
96)
234
(19
9 ndash
312
)30
7(2
39
ndash 48
1)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s6
95(5
89
ndash 8
20)
153
dagger(1
02
ndash 1
80)
182
(15
1 ndash
205
)6
83(5
44
ndash 8
30)
261
(21
1 ndash
356
)33
1dagger
(27
4 ndash
684
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
91(3
50
ndash 4
38)
106
dagger(7
03 ndash
11
7)1
18(1
06
ndash 1
42)
378
(31
7 ndash
449
)12
8(1
15
ndash 21
4)
203
dagger(1
37
ndash 31
3)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s7
07(6
45
ndash 7
74)
165
(14
2 ndash
179
)2
06(1
80
ndash 2
33)
684
(62
2 ndash
746
)24
9(2
23
ndash 31
8)
327
(27
0 ndash
436
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
Plas
ma
myr
isto
leic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
15
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 220a Plasma myristoleic acid (141nndash5) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
myr
isto
leic
aci
dPl
asm
a m
yris
tole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 5
1015
0
510
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 225225
226 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population226 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 220a2 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 657 (608 ndash 709) 241 (226 ndash 259) 650 (590 ndash 699) 185 (167 ndash 205) 180820ndash39 years 621 (567 ndash 680) 233 (208 ndash 252) 605 (534 ndash 675) 169 (148 ndash 204) 61040ndash59 years 706 (630 ndash 790) 253 (220 ndash 294) 687 (620 ndash 762) 196 (180 ndash 222) 51560 years and older 639 (561 ndash 726) 243 (204 ndash 289) 640 (553 ndash 745) 173 (131 ndash 234) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 635 (570 ndash 707) 220 (201 ndash 235) 647 (547 ndash 728) 185 (165 ndash 212) 86520ndash39 years 608 (523 ndash 708) 210 (203 ndash 233) 609 (500 ndash 732) 169 (145 ndash 239) 28240ndash59 years 702 (606 ndash 812) 227 (180 ndash 281) 698 (549 ndash 866) 210 (185 ndash 262) 24860 years and older 574 (508 ndash 648) 226 (168 ndash 261) 582 (544 ndash 642) 137 (109 ndash 200) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 677 (626 ndash 732) 273 (252 ndash 296) 651 (596 ndash 696) 184 (153 ndash 216) 94320ndash39 years 634 (567 ndash 708) 262 (206 ndash 294) 591 (531 ndash 692) 172 (139 ndash 224) 32840ndash59 years 709 (637 ndash 790) 287 (239 ndash 340) 681 (629 ndash 717) 187 (138 ndash 233) 26760 years and older 697 (587 ndash 826) 291 (176 ndash 322) 689 (555 ndash 806) 200 (161 ndash 238) 348
Table 220a3 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 695 (589 ndash 820) 226 (182 ndash 282) 683 (544 ndash 830) 194 (172 ndash 225) 37620ndash39 years 679 (503 ndash 917) 211 (171 ndash 275) 639 (479 ndash 910) 187 (152 ndash 327) 13240ndash59 years 717 (573 ndash 897) 248dagger (166 ndash 292) 696 (546 ndash 972) 200dagger (161 ndash 320) 9360 years and older 730 (627 ndash 849) 303 (265 ndash 326) 748 (522 ndash 967) 167 (146 ndash 249) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 679 (524 ndash 879) 227 (179 ndash 293) 658 (463 ndash 866) 200 (158 ndash 249) 18920ndash39 years 679 (448 ndash 103) 215dagger (185 ndash 242) 656 (374 ndash 118) 202dagger (153 ndash 427) 6740ndash59 years 708 (481 ndash 104) 269dagger (187 ndash 306) 677 (371 ndash 123) 188dagger (140 ndash 520) 4860 years and older 590 (457 ndash 762) 272dagger (176 ndash 330) 560 (354 ndash 859) 136dagger (990 ndash 183) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 716 (600 ndash 855) 203 (153 ndash 355) 686 (560 ndash 913) 187 (163 ndash 239) 18720ndash39 years 678 (495 ndash 930) 196dagger (151 ndash 390) 602 (464 ndash 928) 163dagger (129 ndash 156) 6540ndash59 years 727 (508 ndash 104) 193dagger (162 ndash 255) 732 (375 ndash 134) 222dagger (164 ndash 301) 4560 years and older 888 (736 ndash 107) 363dagger (233 ndash 414) 924 (746 ndash 129) 174dagger (148 ndash 432) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2271 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2272 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 220a4 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 391 (350 ndash 438) 148 (128 ndash 169) 378 (317 ndash 449) 104 (824 ndash 127) 31020ndash39 years 395 (333 ndash 470) 168 (129 ndash 190) 354 (305 ndash 470) 102 (780 ndash 127) 12640ndash59 years 407 (355 ndash 466) 144dagger (107 ndash 166) 421 (282 ndash 490) 117dagger (828 ndash 214) 9860 years and older 351 (315 ndash 392) 130dagger (107 ndash 163) 337 (294 ndash 454) 913dagger (734 ndash 114) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 395 (324 ndash 480) 123 (106 ndash 146) 423 (279 ndash 493) 113 (812 ndash 216) 14320ndash39 years 399 (296 ndash 536) 137dagger (992 ndash 192) 341 (261 ndash 534) 107dagger (765 ndash 613) 5840ndash59 years 430 (303 ndash 610) 108dagger (703 ndash 128) 474 (411 ndash 689) 124dagger (822 ndash 247) 4260 years and older 313 (227 ndash 432) 130dagger (116 ndash 149) 253 (160 ndash 517) 855dagger (621 ndash 142) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 389 (346 ndash 437) 170 (143 ndash 207) 360 (310 ndash 446) 884 (745 ndash 127) 16720ndash39 years 393 (338 ndash 456) 177dagger (145 ndash 194) 365 (311 ndash 477) 832dagger (665 ndash 126) 6840ndash59 years 390 (315 ndash 482) 166dagger (144 ndash 221) 342 (247 ndash 470) 890dagger (734 ndash 193) 5660 years and older 378 (323 ndash 442) 125dagger (999 ndash 233) 354 (309 ndash 469) 924dagger (598 ndash 195) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 220a5 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 707 (645 ndash 774) 283 (249 ndash 302) 684 (622 ndash 746) 195 (169 ndash 230) 99220ndash39 years 697 (626 ndash 777) 279 (235 ndash 308) 661 (591 ndash 753) 185 (151 ndash 246) 30040ndash59 years 739 (643 ndash 848) 287 (224 ndash 354) 697 (617 ndash 794) 198 (170 ndash 267) 28060 years and older 672 (580 ndash 778) 263 (226 ndash 301) 672 (574 ndash 772) 179 (138 ndash 235) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 684 (601 ndash 779) 247 (207 ndash 286) 677 (568 ndash 791) 187 (169 ndash 227) 47220ndash39 years 684 (571 ndash 820) 239 (203 ndash 295) 653 (525 ndash 827) 170 (144 ndash 317) 12840ndash59 years 731 (616 ndash 867) 249 (182 ndash 296) 703 (470 ndash 104) 210 (181 ndash 276) 14060 years and older 613 (525 ndash 715) 243 (175 ndash 289) 636 (573 ndash 686) 159 (110 ndash 239) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 728 (668 ndash 793) 316 (281 ndash 349) 686 (652 ndash 722) 196 (159 ndash 238) 52020ndash39 years 709 (599 ndash 839) 294 (237 ndash 349) 667 (566 ndash 811) 190 (147 ndash 280) 17240ndash59 years 746 (648 ndash 859) 356 (206 ndash 404) 684 (633 ndash 723) 189 (134 ndash 433) 14060 years and older 727 (590 ndash 894) 301 (159 ndash 369) 709 (555 ndash 867) 207 (170 ndash 252) 208
228 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population228 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
21a
1 P
lasm
a pa
lmit
olei
c ac
id (1
61n
-7)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
217
(205
ndash 2
29)
733
(65
1 ndash
781
)84
0(7
90
ndash 89
6)
213
(196
ndash 2
30)
563
(526
ndash 6
64)
727
(657
ndash 8
06)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
195
(185
ndash 2
05)
725
(60
4 ndash
787
)82
0(7
50
ndash 84
1)
185
(173
ndash 1
94)
539
(450
ndash 6
74)
685
(611
ndash 8
40)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
228
(210
ndash 2
48)
693
(45
2 ndash
781
)82
4(7
13
ndash 96
8)
228
(206
ndash 2
51)
572
(525
ndash 7
72)
770
(671
ndash 8
37)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er23
8(2
20 ndash
259
)84
8(6
54
ndash 94
1)
100
(87
9 ndash
113)
241
(216
ndash 2
63)
559
(528
ndash 6
49)
676
(589
ndash 7
63)
681
Gen
der
Mal
es20
7(1
90 ndash
225
)69
0(5
34
ndash 74
7)
777
(68
8 ndash
840
)20
3(1
82 ndash
225
)56
2(4
95 ndash
683
)68
2(5
78 ndash
926
)86
3Fe
mal
es22
6(2
14 ndash
239
)83
2(7
12
ndash 88
4)
934
(89
1 ndash
104)
226
(204
ndash 2
43)
567
(528
ndash 6
79)
729
(630
ndash 8
46)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s24
0(2
09 ndash
277
)78
6dagger
(60
0 ndash
862
)87
0(6
42
ndash 95
4)
239
(204
ndash 2
81)
692
(594
ndash 7
80)
769dagger
(699
ndash 1
110
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks15
7(1
48 ndash
167
)64
8dagger
(47
2 ndash
689
)70
3(6
42
ndash 73
2)
151
(142
ndash 1
62)
429
(352
ndash 5
29)
523dagger
(433
ndash 7
55)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s22
1(2
08 ndash
236
)74
9(5
30
ndash 83
5)
889
(79
3 ndash
965
)22
1(2
01 ndash
237
)55
4(5
22 ndash
661
)72
2(6
15 ndash
831
)99
0dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 40
0
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
400 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 221a Plasma palmitoleic acid (161nndash7) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 40
0 0
100
200
300
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 229229
230 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population230 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 221a2 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 217 (205 ndash 229) 105 (977 ndash 109) 213 (196 ndash 230) 454 (424 ndash 497) 180520ndash39 years 195 (185 ndash 205) 923 (865 ndash 983) 185 (173 ndash 194) 411 (357 ndash 472) 61040ndash59 years 228 (210 ndash 248) 106 (929 ndash 118) 228 (206 ndash 251) 475 (444 ndash 549) 51460 years and older 238 (220 ndash 259) 122 (111 ndash 135) 241 (216 ndash 263) 467 (429 ndash 540) 681MalesTotal 20 years and older 207 (190 ndash 225) 926 (840 ndash 989) 203 (182 ndash 225) 456 (400 ndash 525) 86320ndash39 years 192 (171 ndash 215) 839 (769 ndash 938) 185 (169 ndash 211) 410 (344 ndash 542) 28240ndash59 years 223 (198 ndash 251) 974 (780 ndash 108) 218 (184 ndash 273) 501 (450 ndash 594) 24860 years and older 207 (191 ndash 224) 112 (926 ndash 121) 206 (186 ndash 228) 386 (339 ndash 450) 333FemalesTotal 20 years and older 226 (214 ndash 239) 114 (108 ndash 123) 226 (204 ndash 243) 453 (421 ndash 525) 94220ndash39 years 197 (185 ndash 211) 108 (922 ndash 111) 184 (170 ndash 199) 406 (352 ndash 495) 32840ndash59 years 233 (217 ndash 250) 126 (994 ndash 133) 231 (213 ndash 256) 455 (395 ndash 534) 26660 years and older 267 (240 ndash 298) 137 (115 ndash 150) 271 (242 ndash 297) 537 (493 ndash 585) 348
Table 221a3 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 240 (209 ndash 277) 101 (643 ndash 131) 239 (204 ndash 281) 571 (498 ndash 645) 37520ndash39 years 223 (181 ndash 274) 952 (600 ndash 129) 221 (175 ndash 274) 498 (386 ndash 737) 13240ndash59 years 267 (232 ndash 307) 117dagger (798 ndash 143) 250 (233 ndash 272) 639dagger (545 ndash 804) 9360 years and older 277 (262 ndash 292) 144 (136 ndash 158) 281 (250 ndash 308) 510 (446 ndash 587) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 237 (192 ndash 292) 960 (616 ndash 134) 226 (178 ndash 290) 578 (489 ndash 687) 18820ndash39 years 225 (169 ndash 300) 928dagger (616 ndash 130) 215 (153 ndash 314) 519dagger (406 ndash 844) 6740ndash59 years 267 (194 ndash 367) 111dagger (798 ndash 150) 240 (190 ndash 353) 715dagger (438 ndash 942) 4860 years and older 230 (192 ndash 276) 131dagger (641 ndash 158) 223 (180 ndash 280) 375dagger (309 ndash 876) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 245 (207 ndash 291) 110 (611 ndash 132) 248 (188 ndash 316) 558 (421 ndash 749) 18720ndash39 years 220 (172 ndash 281) 984dagger (600 ndash 130) 225 (161 ndash 293) 449dagger (352 ndash 1110) 6540ndash59 years 267 (204 ndash 350) 119dagger (885 ndash 144) 252 (148 ndash 396) 613dagger (517 ndash 766) 4560 years and older 328 (284 ndash 378) 166dagger (120 ndash 215) 353 (281 ndash 398) 528dagger (469 ndash 739) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2311 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2312 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 221a4 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample10th 50th 90th size
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 157 (148 ndash 167) 780 (720 ndash 841) 151 (142 ndash 162) 326 (270 ndash 421) 31020ndash39 years 149 (136 ndash 164) 787 (718 ndash 850) 148 (126 ndash 164) 309 (221 ndash 430) 12640ndash59 years 161 (144 ndash 180) 724dagger (650 ndash 825) 149 (135 ndash 175) 333dagger (288 ndash 508) 9860 years and older 171 (155 ndash 189) 895dagger (614 ndash 102) 171 (152 ndash 193) 316dagger (265 ndash 397) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (138 ndash 172) 740 (533 ndash 824) 157 (132 ndash 174) 323 (267 ndash 437) 14320ndash39 years 146 (126 ndash 169) 710dagger (470 ndash 794) 145 (122 ndash 168) 305dagger (220 ndash 863) 5840ndash59 years 163 (128 ndash 206) 727dagger (426 ndash 813) 168 (115 ndash 204) 371dagger (231 ndash 814) 4260 years and older 164 (130 ndash 205) 983dagger (608 ndash 114) 152 (123 ndash 206) 280dagger (222 ndash 430) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 159 (142 ndash 178) 844 (710 ndash 906) 149 (134 ndash 172) 331 (254 ndash 494) 16720ndash39 years 152 (132 ndash 175) 854dagger (755 ndash 944) 147 (121 ndash 167) 314dagger (190 ndash 543) 6840ndash59 years 160 (134 ndash 190) 713dagger (584 ndash 862) 144 (112 ndash 205) 317dagger (255 ndash 1360) 5660 years and older 176 (150 ndash 205) 894dagger (499 ndash 104) 178 (142 ndash 235) 322dagger (251 ndash 548) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 221a5 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 221 (208 ndash 236) 109 (992 ndash 116) 221 (201 ndash 237) 453 (411 ndash 498) 99020ndash39 years 199 (184 ndash 215) 955 (840 ndash 109) 191 (174 ndash 207) 406 (348 ndash 496) 30040ndash59 years 229 (208 ndash 251) 107 (968 ndash 126) 230 (214 ndash 253) 462 (409 ndash 525) 27960 years and older 243 (221 ndash 267) 125 (114 ndash 136) 247 (219 ndash 272) 484 (415 ndash 556) 411MalesTotal 20 years and older 208 (189 ndash 229) 958 (812 ndash 108) 202 (182 ndash 231) 447 (386 ndash 520) 47120ndash39 years 190 (164 ndash 221) 839 (691 ndash 972) 185 (159 ndash 215) 359 (319 ndash 554) 12840ndash59 years 222 (196 ndash 252) 982 (743 ndash 111) 223 (175 ndash 277) 470 (410 ndash 582) 14060 years and older 211 (192 ndash 232) 113 (921 ndash 124) 201 (182 ndash 241) 392 (343 ndash 481) 203FemalesTotal 20 years and older 234 (219 ndash 249) 122 (108 ndash 133) 232 (220 ndash 250) 455 (408 ndash 538) 51920ndash39 years 206 (187 ndash 228) 109 (919 ndash 118) 194 (173 ndash 221) 414 (346 ndash 644) 17240ndash59 years 235 (216 ndash 256) 130 (999 ndash 146) 239 (220 ndash 257) 452 (362 ndash 532) 13960 years and older 273 (238 ndash 314) 138 (108 ndash 165) 274 (243 ndash 303) 550 (460 ndash 661) 208
232 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population232 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
22a
1 P
lasm
a ci
s-va
ccen
ic a
cid
(18
1n-7
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
146
(141
ndash 1
50)
753
(65
1 ndash
810
)83
6(7
62
ndash 89
7)
143
(139
ndash 1
48)
262
(251
ndash 2
74)
303
(283
ndash 3
44)
176
2A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
131
(126
ndash 1
38)
656
(58
6 ndash
753
)76
9(6
33
ndash 82
7)
129
(122
ndash 1
37)
235
(214
ndash 2
59)
269
(248
ndash 3
44)
589
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
148
(143
ndash 1
54)
764
(64
4 ndash
855
)86
6(7
51
ndash 95
5)
144
(139
ndash 1
50)
282
(251
ndash 3
09)
333
(298
ndash 5
33)
501
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
8(1
62 ndash
173
)94
1(8
53
ndash 10
2)10
3(9
34
ndash 10
9)16
6(1
62 ndash
172
)26
6(2
58 ndash
297
)30
1(2
78 ndash
344
)67
2G
ende
rM
ales
145
(139
ndash 1
51)
715
(62
4 ndash
812
)83
4(7
04
ndash 90
3)
141
(135
ndash 1
48)
265
(242
ndash 3
01)
325
(277
ndash 3
90)
845
Fem
ales
147
(141
ndash 1
53)
777
(61
8 ndash
817
)85
8(7
54
ndash 92
0)
145
(139
ndash 1
51)
260
(240
ndash 2
82)
301
(273
ndash 3
45)
917
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s15
2(1
38 ndash
166
)65
9dagger
(55
7 ndash
827
)80
9(5
80
ndash 93
1)
146
(136
ndash 1
64)
304
(258
ndash 3
78)
336dagger
(326
ndash 3
84)
373
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
129
(120
ndash 1
38)
695
dagger(5
45
ndash 74
7)
748
(68
0 ndash
803
)12
5(1
17 ndash
134
)23
7(2
06 ndash
354
)29
5dagger(2
51 ndash
429
)30
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
146
(140
ndash 1
52)
770
(62
1 ndash
854
)86
7(7
51
ndash 93
1)
144
(139
ndash 1
49)
260
(242
ndash 2
75)
298
(275
ndash 3
37)
958
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0
Plas
ma
cisminus
vacc
enic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
300 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 222a Plasma cisminusvaccenic acid (181nndash7) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
cisminus
vacc
enic
aci
dPl
asm
a ci
sminusva
ccen
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 0
100
200
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 233233
234 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population234 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 222a2 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (141 ndash 150) 951 (892 ndash 998) 143 (139 ndash 148) 225 (216 ndash 234) 176220ndash39 years 131 (126 ndash 138) 870 (780 ndash 937) 129 (122 ndash 137) 200 (190 ndash 215) 58940ndash59 years 148 (143 ndash 154) 999 (921 ndash 104) 144 (139 ndash 150) 229 (211 ndash 262) 50160 years and older 168 (162 ndash 173) 113 (107 ndash 119) 166 (162 ndash 172) 242 (231 ndash 259) 672MalesTotal 20 years and older 145 (139 ndash 151) 951 (878 ndash 102) 141 (135 ndash 148) 222 (210 ndash 241) 84520ndash39 years 132 (126 ndash 139) 879 (734 ndash 948) 129 (123 ndash 138) 197 (184 ndash 222) 27340ndash59 years 149 (139 ndash 160) 998 (855 ndash 105) 146 (133 ndash 159) 240 (208 ndash 301) 24260 years and older 160 (153 ndash 167) 109 (972 ndash 117) 161 (150 ndash 168) 226 (215 ndash 258) 330FemalesTotal 20 years and older 147 (141 ndash 153) 950 (885 ndash 998) 145 (139 ndash 151) 227 (213 ndash 238) 91720ndash39 years 131 (123 ndash 139) 858 (780 ndash 928) 129 (119 ndash 138) 203 (190 ndash 222) 31640ndash59 years 147 (140 ndash 154) 998 (875 ndash 105) 144 (139 ndash 147) 219 (187 ndash 301) 25960 years and older 174 (166 ndash 181) 117 (107 ndash 127) 172 (163 ndash 182) 248 (237 ndash 273) 342
Table 222a3 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (138 ndash 166) 972 (663 ndash 108) 146 (136 ndash 164) 240 (222 ndash 324) 37320ndash39 years 140 (125 ndash 157) 834 (557 ndash 108) 140 (125 ndash 154) 226 (188 ndash 347) 13040ndash59 years 168 (146 ndash 192) 102dagger (900 ndash 110) 157 (145 ndash 183) 270dagger (240 ndash 375) 9260 years and older 179 (171 ndash 187) 123 (731 ndash 139) 177 (169 ndash 184) 277 (247 ndash 310) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 151 (130 ndash 176) 946 (581 ndash 111) 144 (127 ndash 178) 255 (217 ndash 331) 18720ndash39 years 139 (117 ndash 166) 833dagger (581 ndash 108) 136 (117 ndash 168) 224dagger (179 ndash 350) 6640ndash59 years 175 (142 ndash 216) 103dagger (888 ndash 127) 159 (139 ndash 212) 321dagger (229 ndash 454) 4760 years and older 167 (142 ndash 197) 101dagger (688 ndash 140) 155 (140 ndash 209) 263dagger (217 ndash 634) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (142 ndash 162) 972 (728 ndash 104) 153 (137 ndash 167) 235 (222 ndash 261) 18620ndash39 years 141 (124 ndash 160) 877dagger (579 ndash 102) 144 (113 ndash 169) 221dagger (186 ndash 410) 6440ndash59 years 159 (133 ndash 191) 986dagger (812 ndash 109) 151 (125 ndash 188) 246dagger (197 ndash 421) 4560 years and older 190 (173 ndash 210) 130dagger (110 ndash 142) 187 (165 ndash 214) 284dagger (228 ndash 375) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2351 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2352 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 222a4 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (120 ndash 138) 826 (748 ndash 884) 125 (117 ndash 134) 202 (186 ndash 225) 30520ndash39 years 119 (107 ndash 134) 805 (637 ndash 849) 112 (998 ndash 134) 184 (155 ndash 395) 12440ndash59 years 133 (121 ndash 146) 801dagger (695 ndash 898) 124 (118 ndash 135) 204dagger (187 ndash 266) 9660 years and older 151 (145 ndash 157) 108dagger (996 ndash 115) 143 (141 ndash 147) 218dagger (191 ndash 303) 85MalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (119 ndash 139) 798 (719 ndash 848) 124 (117 ndash 134) 205 (185 ndash 235) 14120ndash39 years 118 (104 ndash 133) 722dagger (541 ndash 828) 114 (890 ndash 136) 185dagger (136 ndash 435) 5740ndash59 years 136 (117 ndash 158) 803dagger (697 ndash 903) 121 (117 ndash 132) 221dagger (188 ndash 409) 4160 years and older 151 (136 ndash 168) 108dagger (891 ndash 116) 147 (136 ndash 168) 217dagger (179 ndash 250) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (116 ndash 143) 849 (671 ndash 949) 126 (111 ndash 139) 197 (165 ndash 284) 16420ndash39 years 121 (102 ndash 142) 826dagger (568 ndash 943) 111 (991 ndash 140) 177dagger (153 ndash 284) 6740ndash59 years 130 (117 ndash 145) 767dagger (669 ndash 921) 128 (115 ndash 136) 197dagger (163 ndash 575) 5560 years and older 150 (139 ndash 162) 108dagger (102 ndash 124) 141 (136 ndash 148) 214dagger (180 ndash 323) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 222a5 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (140 ndash 152) 958 (898 ndash 102) 144 (139 ndash 149) 222 (211 ndash 234) 95820ndash39 years 131 (123 ndash 139) 888 (700 ndash 955) 127 (120 ndash 138) 200 (183 ndash 218) 28540ndash59 years 145 (139 ndash 153) 100 (891 ndash 104) 144 (137 ndash 149) 219 (199 ndash 244) 27060 years and older 168 (162 ndash 174) 113 (106 ndash 117) 167 (162 ndash 172) 247 (231 ndash 261) 403MalesTotal 20 years and older 144 (138 ndash 150) 963 (896 ndash 103) 141 (132 ndash 149) 217 (205 ndash 240) 45620ndash39 years 131 (122 ndash 140) 928 (677 ndash 971) 125 (117 ndash 139) 185 (173 ndash 229) 12140ndash59 years 145 (135 ndash 156) 998 (841 ndash 105) 144 (127 ndash 158) 224 (203 ndash 276) 13660 years and older 161 (153 ndash 169) 109 (950 ndash 116) 163 (151 ndash 170) 229 (216 ndash 260) 199FemalesTotal 20 years and older 148 (141 ndash 154) 956 (879 ndash 103) 147 (141 ndash 152) 226 (209 ndash 240) 50220ndash39 years 131 (122 ndash 141) 877 (618 ndash 954) 130 (121 ndash 139) 204 (187 ndash 234) 16440ndash59 years 146 (137 ndash 155) 100 (862 ndash 105) 144 (139 ndash 148) 212 (180 ndash 322) 13460 years and older 174 (166 ndash 183) 116 (103 ndash 128) 171 (162 ndash 183) 253 (235 ndash 279) 204
236 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population236 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tab
le 2
23
a1
Pla
sma
olei
c ac
id (1
81n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
210
0(2
050
ndash 2
150
)1
110
(10
30 ndash
11
70)
122
0(1
170
ndash 1
270
)2
070
(20
00 ndash
21
50)
385
0(3
590
ndash 4
220
)4
480
(42
30 ndash
49
40)
179
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
191
0(1
840
ndash 1
980
)1
020
(955
ndash 1
080
)1
130
(10
80 ndash
11
70)
184
0(1
750
ndash 1
970
)3
710
(31
20 ndash
41
40)
419
0(3
770
ndash 8
650
)60
840
ndash59
year
s2
160
(21
00 ndash
22
30)
116
0(9
93 ndash
12
20)
128
0(1
180
ndash 1
350
)2
120
(20
10 ndash
21
90)
415
0(3
610
ndash 4
800
)4
790
(42
90 ndash
53
20)
512
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
360
(22
90 ndash
24
40)
133
0(1
290
ndash 1
400
)1
430
(13
40 ndash
15
50)
238
0(2
290
ndash 2
450
)3
850
(34
90 ndash
44
10)
441
0(4
120
ndash 4
930
)67
8G
ende
rM
ales
214
0(2
060
ndash 2
220
)1
140
(10
40 ndash
12
10)
123
0(1
160
ndash 1
300
)2
100
(20
10 ndash
22
00)
411
0(3
560
ndash 4
930
)4
930
(45
00 ndash
55
30)
858
Fem
ales
207
0(2
000
ndash 2
140
)1
090
(972
ndash 1
140
)1
200
(11
30 ndash
12
70)
202
0(1
940
ndash 2
140
)3
810
(34
90 ndash
40
20)
424
0(4
030
ndash 4
400
)94
0Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
224
0(2
060
ndash 2
430
)1
110dagger
(871
ndash 1
240
)1
270
(987
ndash 1
340
)2
170
(19
90 ndash
24
70)
428
0(3
850
ndash 5
240
)4
940dagger
(44
00 ndash
66
40)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
181
0(1
730
ndash 1
890
)1
020dagger
(892
ndash 1
080
)1
150
(10
10 ndash
11
80)
171
0(1
620
ndash 1
830
)3
180
(28
90 ndash
37
60)
376
0dagger(3
350
ndash 8
200
)30
8N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
213
0(2
060
ndash 2
200
)1
120
(990
ndash 1
210
)1
230
(11
40 ndash
13
20)
212
0(2
020
ndash 2
180
)3
840
(35
80 ndash
41
90)
438
0(4
160
ndash 4
930
)98
6dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
Plas
ma
olei
c ac
id(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 223a Plasma oleic acid (181nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
olei
c ac
idPl
asm
a ol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
0
1000
20
00
3000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 237237
238 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population238 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 223a2 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2100 (2050 ndash 2150) 1360 (1310 ndash 1400) 2070 (2000 ndash 2150) 3230 (3090 ndash 3440) 179820ndash39 years 1910 (1840 ndash 1980) 1240 (1200 ndash 1300) 1840 (1750 ndash 1970) 2900 (2710 ndash 3160) 60840ndash59 years 2160 (2100 ndash 2230) 1410 (1350 ndash 1530) 2120 (2010 ndash 2190) 3380 (3100 ndash 3660) 51260 years and older 2360 (2290 ndash 2440) 1630 (1550 ndash 1690) 2380 (2290 ndash 2450) 3360 (3200 ndash 3640) 678MalesTotal 20 years and older 2140 (2060 ndash 2220) 1360 (1310 ndash 1410) 2100 (2010 ndash 2200) 3340 (3060 ndash 3660) 85820ndash39 years 1960 (1850 ndash 2080) 1240 (1220 ndash 1310) 1890 (1770 ndash 2060) 2950 (2640 ndash 3700) 28140ndash59 years 2250 (2120 ndash 2400) 1410 (1310 ndash 1550) 2200 (1970 ndash 2350) 3580 (3180 ndash 4480) 24760 years and older 2310 (2220 ndash 2400) 1600 (1400 ndash 1730) 2340 (2170 ndash 2420) 3310 (3040 ndash 3850) 330FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2070 (2000 ndash 2140) 1380 (1300 ndash 1410) 2020 (1940 ndash 2140) 3180 (2960 ndash 3370) 94020ndash39 years 1860 (1790 ndash 1940) 1220 (1140 ndash 1300) 1780 (1700 ndash 1940) 2820 (2570 ndash 3620) 32740ndash59 years 2080 (2000 ndash 2160) 1400 (1330 ndash 1520) 2000 (1920 ndash 2140) 3100 (2830 ndash 3700) 26560 years and older 2410 (2280 ndash 2530) 1660 (1480 ndash 1740) 2430 (2270 ndash 2530) 3410 (3260 ndash 3820) 348
Table 223a3 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (2060 ndash 2430) 1410 (1250 ndash 1500) 2170 (1990 ndash 2470) 3680 (3330 ndash 4270) 37520ndash39 years 2080 (1850 ndash 2350) 1320 (882 ndash 1470) 2020 (1710 ndash 2390) 3330 (2900 ndash 4590) 13240ndash59 years 2460 (2220 ndash 2730) 1610dagger (1140 ndash 1790) 2330 (2090 ndash 2670) 4210dagger (3520 ndash 5160) 9360 years and older 2630 (2460 ndash 2820) 1800 (1740 ndash 1820) 2650 (2320 ndash 2900) 3730 (3570 ndash 4720) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (1970 ndash 2540) 1410 (1150 ndash 1510) 2160 (1820 ndash 2570) 3940 (3120 ndash 4880) 18820ndash39 years 2080 (1720 ndash 2500) 1340dagger (989 ndash 1480) 1930 (1530 ndash 2550) 3390dagger (2640 ndash 5270) 6740ndash59 years 2560 (2160 ndash 3040) 1550dagger (1280 ndash 1980) 2490 (2000 ndash 3090) 4270dagger (3570 ndash 5640) 4860 years and older 2460 (2160 ndash 2800) 1790dagger (1030 ndash 1830) 2350 (1900 ndash 3040) 3440dagger (3270 ndash 4860) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (2060 ndash 2450) 1400 (859 ndash 1680) 2160 (2020 ndash 2500) 3500 (3280 ndash 3970) 18720ndash39 years 2090 (1810 ndash 2410) 1240dagger (831 ndash 1570) 2020 (1750 ndash 2330) 3210dagger (2850 ndash 4200) 6540ndash59 years 2350 (2020 ndash 2730) 1590dagger (1080 ndash 1770) 2200 (1990 ndash 2730) 3760dagger (2920 ndash 5280) 4560 years and older 2800 (2470 ndash 3180) 1890dagger (1600 ndash 2040) 2730 (2320 ndash 3420) 4260dagger (3660 ndash 5490) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2391 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2392 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 223a4 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 1810 (1730 ndash 1890) 1210 (1170 ndash 1260) 1710 (1620 ndash 1830) 2750 (2610 ndash 2990) 30820ndash39 years 1680 (1560 ndash 1810) 1170 (1050 ndash 1210) 1540 (1470 ndash 1760) 2470 (2310 ndash 3740) 12540ndash59 years 1900 (1750 ndash 2050) 1240dagger (1060 ndash 1310) 1790 (1640 ndash 1970) 2840dagger (2610 ndash 3590) 9760 years and older 2000 (1870 ndash 2150) 1400dagger (1190 ndash 1570) 1960 (1800 ndash 2190) 2800dagger (2670 ndash 3020) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 1850 (1720 ndash 1990) 1200 (1140 ndash 1240) 1720 (1570 ndash 1920) 2930 (2470 ndash 4190) 14220ndash39 years 1710 (1540 ndash 1910) 1140dagger (887 ndash 1230) 1560 (1380 ndash 1830) 2480dagger (2400 ndash 6770) 5740ndash59 years 2000 (1730 ndash 2310) 1290dagger (1010 ndash 1410) 1850 (1600 ndash 2060) 3160dagger (2570 ndash 8560) 4260 years and older 1980 (1730 ndash 2270) 1350dagger (1080 ndash 1620) 1960 (1700 ndash 2140) 2870dagger (2440 ndash 4520) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 1770 (1670 ndash 1890) 1210 (1150 ndash 1280) 1700 (1600 ndash 1840) 2660 (2460 ndash 2960) 16620ndash39 years 1650 (1510 ndash 1810) 1160dagger (1080 ndash 1250) 1540 (1470 ndash 1710) 2430dagger (2130 ndash 3240) 6840ndash59 years 1820 (1640 ndash 2030) 1200dagger (863 ndash 1280) 1760 (1620 ndash 2010) 2620dagger (2360 ndash 6740) 5560 years and older 2010 (1880 ndash 2160) 1410dagger (1280 ndash 1590) 1930 (1700 ndash 2400) 2780dagger (2640 ndash 3030) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 223a5 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2130 (2060 ndash 2200) 1390 (1320 ndash 1480) 2120 (2020 ndash 2180) 3240 (3100 ndash 3430) 98620ndash39 years 1940 (1820 ndash 2050) 1260 (1140 ndash 1360) 1870 (1750 ndash 2040) 2820 (2630 ndash 3710) 29940ndash59 years 2150 (2070 ndash 2220) 1400 (1320 ndash 1550) 2140 (2030 ndash 2180) 3320 (3020 ndash 3600) 27960 years and older 2390 (2310 ndash 2470) 1650 (1530 ndash 1730) 2420 (2330 ndash 2480) 3410 (3250 ndash 3700) 408MalesTotal 20 years and older 2170 (2070 ndash 2280) 1380 (1290 ndash 1520) 2150 (2040 ndash 2240) 3300 (3030 ndash 3630) 46820ndash39 years 1990 (1830 ndash 2170) 1250 (1070 ndash 1380) 1960 (1760 ndash 2130) 2830 (2610 ndash 4110) 12840ndash59 years 2230 (2080 ndash 2380) 1390 (1220 ndash 1570) 2200 (1950 ndash 2370) 3460 (3020 ndash 4000) 14060 years and older 2350 (2240 ndash 2460) 1600 (1390 ndash 1730) 2400 (2320 ndash 2470) 3340 (3070 ndash 4100) 200FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2090 (2010 ndash 2180) 1390 (1320 ndash 1470) 2080 (1970 ndash 2160) 3200 (2910 ndash 3660) 51820ndash39 years 1880 (1770 ndash 2000) 1260 (1120 ndash 1360) 1790 (1670 ndash 2010) 2810 (2530 ndash 3860) 17140ndash59 years 2070 (1980 ndash 2170) 1410 (1100 ndash 1560) 2010 (1890 ndash 2160) 3100 (2720 ndash 3910) 13960 years and older 2430 (2300 ndash 2560) 1670 (1470 ndash 1810) 2430 (2250 ndash 2540) 3470 (3220 ndash 4060) 208
240 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population240 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
24a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cose
noic
aci
d (2
01n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
136
(13
2 ndash
141
)6
69(6
33
ndash 7
03)
756
(68
3 ndash
798
)13
3(1
28
ndash 13
8)
259
(24
2 ndash
305
)33
1(2
99
ndash 38
3)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
126
(12
0 ndash
133
)6
35(5
53
ndash 6
66)
682
(63
5 ndash
749
)12
1(1
14
ndash 12
9)
258
(22
7 ndash
373
)34
7(2
63
ndash 45
2)
608
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
135
(13
0 ndash
141
)6
96(4
20
ndash 7
54)
759
(70
0 ndash
825
)13
2(1
23
ndash 13
8)
257
(23
6 ndash
317
)31
8(2
76
ndash 47
0)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er15
6(1
51
ndash 16
1)
894
(75
0 ndash
941
)9
74(8
98
ndash 10
3)
151
(14
7 ndash
158
)26
0(2
44
ndash 30
4)
311
(28
1 ndash
395
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
139
(13
3 ndash
145
)6
70(6
12
ndash 7
50)
768
(67
2 ndash
827
)13
5(1
29
ndash 14
2)
287
(24
6 ndash
334
)37
1(3
18
ndash 42
5)
865
Fem
ales
134
(12
8 ndash
140
)6
66(5
98
ndash 7
01)
748
(68
3 ndash
784
)13
0(1
26
ndash 13
6)
249
(23
2 ndash
266
)30
1(2
61
ndash 35
3)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s15
4(1
44
ndash 16
5)
686
dagger(6
00
ndash 8
62)
865
(63
3 ndash
925
)14
7(1
37
ndash 16
4)
331
(27
9 ndash
408
)38
7dagger
(33
2 ndash
459
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks11
7(1
10
ndash 12
4)
611
dagger(5
11
ndash 6
37)
639
(60
8 ndash
685
)11
1(1
02
ndash 12
1)
234
(21
3 ndash
281
)29
4dagger
(25
1 ndash
513
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
136
(13
1 ndash
142
)6
83(5
83
ndash 7
46)
763
(67
0 ndash
815
)13
4(1
29
ndash 13
8)
249
(23
5 ndash
301
)31
7(2
65
ndash 39
3)
989
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
20
25
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
25
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 224a Plasma eicosenoic acid (201nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 5
1015
2025
0
5 10
1520
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 241241
242 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population242 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 224a2 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (132 ndash 141) 846 (794 ndash 895) 133 (128 ndash 138) 222 (214 ndash 232) 180520ndash39 years 126 (120 ndash 133) 785 (691 ndash 820) 121 (114 ndash 129) 216 (203 ndash 232) 60840ndash59 years 135 (130 ndash 141) 871 (775 ndash 934) 132 (123 ndash 138) 223 (203 ndash 242) 51460 years and older 156 (151 ndash 161) 107 (103 ndash 109) 151 (147 ndash 158) 231 (218 ndash 246) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 139 (133 ndash 145) 877 (841 ndash 897) 135 (129 ndash 142) 228 (212 ndash 247) 86520ndash39 years 127 (119 ndash 135) 788 (697 ndash 843) 122 (116 ndash 130) 212 (178 ndash 258) 28240ndash59 years 142 (133 ndash 153) 896 (839 ndash 970) 139 (127 ndash 147) 232 (205 ndash 315) 24860 years and older 156 (150 ndash 162) 105 (102 ndash 109) 149 (144 ndash 161) 235 (218 ndash 248) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 134 (128 ndash 140) 818 (755 ndash 894) 130 (126 ndash 136) 218 (210 ndash 229) 94020ndash39 years 126 (118 ndash 134) 774 (679 ndash 808) 120 (108 ndash 132) 217 (206 ndash 234) 32640ndash59 years 129 (123 ndash 136) 831 (729 ndash 914) 125 (119 ndash 131) 199 (185 ndash 230) 26660 years and older 156 (149 ndash 164) 108 (970 ndash 114) 151 (146 ndash 159) 226 (216 ndash 251) 348
Table 224a3 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (144 ndash 165) 939 (868 ndash 103) 147 (137 ndash 164) 269 (227 ndash 332) 37620ndash39 years 146 (132 ndash 162) 893 (704 ndash 980) 141 (121 ndash 165) 235 (203 ndash 408) 13240ndash59 years 164 (148 ndash 182) 102dagger (711 ndash 117) 152 (146 ndash 168) 284dagger (251 ndash 329) 9360 years and older 176 (163 ndash 191) 120 (104 ndash 126) 167 (146 ndash 198) 277 (248 ndash 371) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (137 ndash 173) 918 (878 ndash 106) 147 (133 ndash 168) 261 (218 ndash 398) 18920ndash39 years 145 (120 ndash 177) 887dagger (799 ndash 935) 142 (115 ndash 167) 227dagger (175 ndash 409) 6740ndash59 years 170 (148 ndash 196) 105dagger (701 ndash 126) 153 (145 ndash 177) 307dagger (246 ndash 448) 4860 years and older 170 (146 ndash 197) 117dagger (588 ndash 133) 164 (128 ndash 214) 253dagger (214 ndash 596) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (144 ndash 165) 959 (632 ndash 104) 150 (136 ndash 166) 271 (226 ndash 353) 18720ndash39 years 147 (132 ndash 164) 904dagger (632 ndash 101) 140 (116 ndash 166) 238dagger (215 ndash 387) 6540ndash59 years 157 (133 ndash 186) 979dagger (666 ndash 119) 149 (128 ndash 188) 264dagger (191 ndash 384) 4560 years and older 183 (159 ndash 210) 119dagger (958 ndash 130) 168 (146 ndash 214) 323dagger (243 ndash 380) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2431 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2432 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 224a4 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (110 ndash 124) 728 (635 ndash 786) 111 (102 ndash 121) 200 (177 ndash 221) 31020ndash39 years 109 (978 ndash 121) 675 (607 ndash 751) 990 (905 ndash 114) 197 (150 ndash 259) 12640ndash59 years 121 (109 ndash 133) 740dagger (583 ndash 831) 114 (101 ndash 124) 200dagger (168 ndash 334) 9860 years and older 134 (127 ndash 141) 943dagger (818 ndash 988) 131 (122 ndash 146) 197dagger (177 ndash 243) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 119 (111 ndash 128) 712 (618 ndash 771) 110 (988 ndash 123) 212 (176 ndash 358) 14320ndash39 years 109 (962 ndash 124) 633dagger (590 ndash 747) 997 (873 ndash 122) 172dagger (147 ndash 352) 5840ndash59 years 128 (105 ndash 156) 786dagger (524 ndash 880) 111 (928 ndash 140) 213dagger (166 ndash 611) 4260 years and older 136 (124 ndash 150) 907dagger (671 ndash 105) 123 (112 ndash 150) 223dagger (189 ndash 257) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 115 (104 ndash 127) 729 (637 ndash 799) 113 (996 ndash 125) 190 (158 ndash 251) 16720ndash39 years 109 (936 ndash 126) 688dagger (596 ndash 770) 960 (886 ndash 119) 202dagger (146 ndash 260) 6840ndash59 years 115 (102 ndash 129) 720dagger (509 ndash 795) 116 (998 ndash 125) 176dagger (141 ndash 408) 5660 years and older 133 (124 ndash 142) 942dagger (821 ndash 977) 133 (126 ndash 146) 180dagger (153 ndash 243) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 224a5 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (131 ndash 142) 860 (788 ndash 922) 134 (129 ndash 138) 220 (207 ndash 233) 98920ndash39 years 126 (118 ndash 136) 788 (683 ndash 826) 121 (114 ndash 130) 216 (194 ndash 242) 29840ndash59 years 133 (127 ndash 139) 871 (753 ndash 956) 130 (119 ndash 137) 217 (190 ndash 231) 27960 years and older 158 (152 ndash 163) 108 (104 ndash 111) 152 (147 ndash 159) 231 (217 ndash 254) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 139 (132 ndash 145) 891 (824 ndash 944) 136 (129 ndash 142) 222 (204 ndash 242) 47220ndash39 years 125 (115 ndash 137) 792 (633 ndash 895) 119 (114 ndash 130) 182 (157 ndash 422) 12840ndash59 years 139 (129 ndash 150) 897 (792 ndash 980) 138 (119 ndash 147) 222 (199 ndash 255) 14060 years and older 158 (151 ndash 166) 106 (102 ndash 112) 153 (147 ndash 164) 234 (217 ndash 266) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 134 (128 ndash 141) 817 (757 ndash 908) 131 (126 ndash 137) 218 (205 ndash 234) 51720ndash39 years 127 (117 ndash 138) 783 (575 ndash 815) 123 (107 ndash 137) 217 (206 ndash 256) 17040ndash59 years 126 (119 ndash 134) 842 (689 ndash 947) 121 (117 ndash 130) 190 (172 ndash 229) 13960 years and older 157 (149 ndash 165) 109 (105 ndash 114) 151 (145 ndash 159) 228 (212 ndash 261) 208
244 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population244 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
25a
1 P
lasm
a do
cose
noic
aci
d (2
21n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
344
(29
7 ndash
399
)lt
LOD
712
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
25)
362
(33
0 ndash
407
)10
3(9
50
ndash 12
2)
136
(11
8 ndash
166
)1
604
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s3
36(2
75
ndash 4
11)
lt LO
D6
12(lt
LO
D ndash
13
8)3
46(3
10
ndash 4
06)
116
(93
2 ndash
167
)14
7(1
24
ndash 20
1)
533
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
339
(28
9 ndash
397
)3
10(lt
LO
D ndash
677
)7
29(lt
LO
D ndash
11
5)3
51(3
16
ndash 4
23)
945
(86
2 ndash
134
)12
6(1
08
ndash 16
6)
454
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
67(3
18
ndash 4
24)
421
(lt L
OD
ndash 8
90)
831
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
46)
393
(35
5 ndash
447
)9
69(8
60
ndash 10
9)
112
(97
4 ndash
155
)61
7G
ende
rM
ales
334
(28
5 ndash
392
)lt
LOD
620
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
11)
354
(32
4 ndash
404
)10
1(9
39
ndash 11
9)
129
(10
9 ndash
140
)76
7Fe
mal
es3
54(3
04
ndash 4
12)
334
(lt L
OD
ndash 9
36)
941
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
41)
366
(33
3 ndash
423
)11
0(8
65
ndash 14
7)
147
(11
9 ndash
177
)83
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
338
(28
3 ndash
403
)lt
LOD
dagger6
92(lt
LO
D ndash
14
6)3
69(3
32
ndash 4
29)
105
(74
0 ndash
230
)13
3dagger
(87
8 ndash
238
)34
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
81(3
39
ndash 4
29)
673
dagger(lt
LO
D ndash
14
7)1
43(lt
LO
D ndash
17
2)3
83(3
46
ndash 4
50)
108
(94
1 ndash
150
)13
4dagger
(11
0 ndash
201
)28
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
336
(27
9 ndash
405
)lt
LOD
613
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
15)
354
(31
6 ndash
423
)10
1(9
13
ndash 12
6)
136
(11
4 ndash
168
)86
3lt
LO
D m
eans
less
than
the
limit
of d
etec
tion
whi
ch m
ay v
ary
for s
ome
com
poun
ds b
y ye
ar S
ee A
ppen
dix
D fo
r LO
D
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
4 6
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 225a Plasma docosenoic acid (221nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
02
46
02
4
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 245245
246 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population246 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 225a2 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 344 (297 ndash 399) 138 (670 ndash 182) 362 (330 ndash 407) 815 (741 ndash 951) 160420ndash39 years 336 (275 ndash 411) 138 (lt LOD ndash 187) 346 (310 ndash 406) 864 (727 ndash 113) 53340ndash59 years 339 (289 ndash 397) 121 (624 ndash 179) 351 (316 ndash 423) 803 (704 ndash 944) 45460 years and older 367 (318 ndash 424) 155 (813 ndash 194) 393 (355 ndash 447) 786 (743 ndash 868) 617MalesTotal 20 years and older 334 (285 ndash 392) 122 (372 ndash 185) 354 (324 ndash 404) 837 (759 ndash 960) 76720ndash39 years 333 (263 ndash 420) 111 (lt LOD ndash 189) 338 (294 ndash 418) 918 (758 ndash 123) 24940ndash59 years 332 (285 ndash 386) 121 (324 ndash 187) 368 (316 ndash 439) 806 (679 ndash 960) 21960 years and older 342 (295 ndash 395) 133 (641 ndash 175) 365 (335 ndash 395) 793 (745 ndash 969) 299FemalesTotal 20 years and older 354 (304 ndash 412) 147 (937 ndash 184) 366 (333 ndash 423) 782 (724 ndash 941) 83720ndash39 years 340 (283 ndash 408) 144 (483 ndash 170) 358 (295 ndash 423) 758 (698 ndash 146) 28440ndash59 years 346 (285 ndash 419) 116 (666 ndash 176) 344 (303 ndash 443) 792 (718 ndash 115) 23560 years and older 389 (333 ndash 454) 177 (727 ndash 227) 425 (369 ndash 532) 769 (738 ndash 854) 318lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 225a3 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 338 (283 ndash 403) 147 (698 ndash 186) 369 (332 ndash 429) 740 (631 ndash 123) 34520ndash39 years 370 (296 ndash 462) 158 (lt LOD ndash 235) 397 (354 ndash 450) 741 (618 ndash 162) 11740ndash59 years 297 (204 ndash 431) 120dagger (lt LOD ndash 185) 345 (209 ndash 469) 748dagger (526 ndash 122) 9160 years and older 304 (244 ndash 379) 148 (lt LOD ndash 190) 341 (289 ndash 383) 686 (567 ndash 120) 137MalesTotal 20 years and older 357 (284 ndash 449) 151 (lt LOD ndash 196) 393 (352 ndash 430) 815 (607 ndash 238) 17020ndash39 years 372 (268 ndash 516) 138dagger (lt LOD ndash 215) 400 (327 ndash 492) 788dagger (600 ndash 238) 5840ndash59 years 347 (250 ndash 481) 147dagger (lt LOD ndash 204) 382 (277 ndash 466) 818dagger (528 ndash 115) 4760 years and older 300 (175 ndash 514) 147dagger (lt LOD ndash 217) 341 (176 ndash 576) 710dagger (504 ndash 131) 65FemalesTotal 20 years and older 316 (254 ndash 392) 143 (lt LOD ndash 187) 355 (285 ndash 470) 683 (585 ndash 788) 17520ndash39 years 367 (303 ndash 443) 168dagger (lt LOD ndash 249) 376 (330 ndash 488) 710dagger (569 ndash 182) 5940ndash59 years 248 (154 ndash 398) 740dagger (lt LOD ndash 171) 287 (188 ndash 431) 629dagger (479 ndash 122) 4460 years and older 308 (253 ndash 375) 148dagger (lt LOD ndash 210) 339 (265 ndash 384) 646dagger (482 ndash 108) 72lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2471 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2472 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 225a4 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 381 (339 ndash 429) 176 (712 ndash 222) 383 (346 ndash 450) 837 (702 ndash 134) 28020ndash39 years 352 (285 ndash 434) 168 (lt LOD ndash 211) 354 (315 ndash 417) 810 (561 ndash 234) 11640ndash59 years 404 (353 ndash 464) 164dagger (lt LOD ndash 246) 452 (373 ndash 502) 815dagger (720 ndash 116) 8260 years and older 428 (365 ndash 501) 224dagger (542 ndash 255) 419 (330 ndash 558) 849dagger (712 ndash 190) 82MalesTotal 20 years and older 366 (311 ndash 430) 182 (lt LOD ndash 226) 363 (308 ndash 453) 958 (705 ndash 134) 13020ndash39 years 331 (246 ndash 444) 150dagger (lt LOD ndash 227) 328 (235 ndash 453) 750dagger (546 ndash 238) 5440ndash59 years 395 (314 ndash 496) 176dagger (lt LOD ndash 260) 400 (307 ndash 503) 973dagger (686 ndash 146) 3560 years and older 434 (373 ndash 505) 186dagger (lt LOD ndash 252) 387 (328 ndash 641) 945dagger (802 ndash 190) 41FemalesTotal 20 years and older 394 (340 ndash 456) 175 (128 ndash 216) 414 (339 ndash 492) 810 (684 ndash 162) 15020ndash39 years 370 (287 ndash 477) 168dagger (lt LOD ndash 225) 357 (318 ndash 443) 827dagger (530 ndash 197) 6240ndash59 years 412 (348 ndash 489) 157dagger (381 ndash 246) 486 (340 ndash 624) 808dagger (693 ndash 119) 4760 years and older 424 (322 ndash 558) 230dagger (177 ndash 261) 423 (258 ndash 659) 756dagger (637 ndash 118) 41lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 225a5 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 336 (279 ndash 405) 118 (420 ndash 178) 354 (316 ndash 423) 812 (740 ndash 959) 86320ndash39 years 321 (241 ndash 427) 109 (lt LOD ndash 187) 337 (271 ndash 430) 851 (727 ndash 119) 25540ndash59 years 333 (277 ndash 401) 111 (402 ndash 171) 344 (298 ndash 449) 810 (696 ndash 110) 24260 years and older 363 (307 ndash 429) 149 (647 ndash 190) 393 (352 ndash 455) 777 (744 ndash 850) 366MalesTotal 20 years and older 321 (264 ndash 391) 109 (lt LOD ndash 185) 348 (305 ndash 420) 814 (722 ndash 956) 41220ndash39 years 310 (219 ndash 439) 749dagger (lt LOD ndash 186) 320 (256 ndash 488) 897dagger (737 ndash 128) 11040ndash59 years 321 (269 ndash 382) 108 (lt LOD ndash 191) 352 (301 ndash 438) 762 (591 ndash 968) 12260 years and older 338 (285 ndash 402) 137 (534 ndash 182) 363 (333 ndash 415) 779 (698 ndash 924) 180FemalesTotal 20 years and older 351 (289 ndash 425) 136 (604 ndash 176) 366 (321 ndash 430) 792 (738 ndash 104) 45120ndash39 years 331 (257 ndash 424) 137 (lt LOD ndash 189) 361 (273 ndash 430) 762 (664 ndash 169) 14540ndash59 years 346 (274 ndash 436) 109 (381 ndash 171) 343 (289 ndash 500) 843 (734 ndash 139) 12060 years and older 385 (320 ndash 463) 154 (484 ndash 218) 422 (361 ndash 548) 771 (739 ndash 861) 186lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
248 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population248 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
26a
1 P
lasm
a ne
rvon
ic a
cid
(24
1n-9
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
749
(72
4 ndash
774
)45
6(4
29
ndash 47
8)
498
(45
9 ndash
520
)75
0(7
20
ndash 77
7)
116
(112
ndash 1
21)
126
(122
ndash 1
34)
169
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
722
(68
7 ndash
758
)44
5(4
01
ndash 45
9)
478
(44
5 ndash
516
)72
1(6
78
ndash 77
2)
109
(103
ndash 1
15)
118
(112
ndash 1
26)
573
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
743
(71
5 ndash
771
)46
4(3
49
ndash 50
4)
512
(46
2 ndash
532
)74
1(7
14
ndash 77
6)
109
(105
ndash 1
21)
123
(113
ndash 1
40)
492
60 y
ears
and
old
er81
0(7
77
ndash 84
6)
441
(41
8 ndash
499
)50
7(4
46
ndash 53
2)
799
(77
2 ndash
848
)12
8(1
21 ndash
138
)13
7(1
29 ndash
161
)63
1G
ende
rM
ales
720
(69
5 ndash
745
)44
3(4
03
ndash 45
9)
470
(44
5 ndash
509
)71
9(6
98
ndash 74
4)
109
(105
ndash 1
14)
118
(113
ndash 1
27)
816
Fem
ales
777
(74
8 ndash
807
)47
9(4
46
ndash 50
0)
516
(47
0 ndash
553
)77
6(7
43
ndash 80
0)
121
(116
ndash 1
26)
131
(124
ndash 1
41)
880
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s74
4(7
10
ndash 78
0)
464
dagger(3
26
ndash 52
8)
514
(43
8 ndash
543
)76
0(7
11
ndash 77
9)
108
(101
ndash 1
21)
115dagger
(108
ndash 1
57)
373
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
773
(72
1 ndash
828
)44
4dagger
(23
7 ndash
492
)49
3(3
89
ndash 53
8)
775
(72
6 ndash
818
)12
3(1
15 ndash
131
)12
9dagger(1
24 ndash
161
)28
8N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
741
(71
3 ndash
770
)45
0(4
25
ndash 46
4)
492
(45
4 ndash
518
)74
0(7
10
ndash 77
4)
117
(111
ndash 1
22)
127
(122
ndash 1
35)
914
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0
Plas
ma
nerv
onic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
150 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 226a Plasma nervonic acid (241nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
nerv
onic
aci
dPl
asm
a ne
rvon
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 0
50
100
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 249249
250 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population250 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 226a2 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 749 (724 ndash 774) 544 (519 ndash 566) 750 (720 ndash 777) 103 (996 ndash 108) 169620ndash39 years 722 (687 ndash 758) 530 (483 ndash 562) 721 (678 ndash 772) 973 (942 ndash 103) 57340ndash59 years 743 (715 ndash 771) 550 (528 ndash 576) 741 (714 ndash 776) 987 (949 ndash 105) 49260 years and older 810 (777 ndash 846) 559 (518 ndash 600) 799 (772 ndash 848) 118 (110 ndash 124) 631MalesTotal 20 years and older 720 (695 ndash 745) 528 (498 ndash 548) 719 (698 ndash 744) 986 (956 ndash 102) 81620ndash39 years 709 (670 ndash 750) 525 (461 ndash 554) 692 (648 ndash 763) 991 (940 ndash 106) 26740ndash59 years 721 (694 ndash 749) 531 (473 ndash 572) 726 (711 ndash 746) 962 (889 ndash 104) 24060 years and older 739 (709 ndash 770) 514 (463 ndash 552) 742 (711 ndash 783) 103 (980 ndash 112) 309FemalesTotal 20 years and older 777 (748 ndash 807) 569 (527 ndash 595) 776 (743 ndash 800) 107 (101 ndash 115) 88020ndash39 years 734 (700 ndash 770) 539 (484 ndash 582) 749 (715 ndash 776) 969 (929 ndash 104) 30640ndash59 years 764 (732 ndash 798) 574 (519 ndash 598) 768 (704 ndash 812) 101 (977 ndash 109) 25260 years and older 873 (828 ndash 920) 620 (557 ndash 654) 863 (807 ndash 926) 123 (119 ndash 135) 322
Table 226a3 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 744 (710 ndash 780) 553 (507 ndash 586) 760 (711 ndash 779) 991 (937 ndash 107) 37320ndash39 years 739 (696 ndash 786) 553 (439 ndash 589) 758 (704 ndash 778) 961 (933 ndash 108) 12940ndash59 years 739 (693 ndash 786) 543dagger (466 ndash 588) 740 (690 ndash 813) 966dagger (894 ndash 122) 9360 years and older 786 (748 ndash 827) 587 (502 ndash 621) 802 (766 ndash 825) 105 (987 ndash 115) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 742 (710 ndash 776) 555 (527 ndash 577) 735 (705 ndash 777) 996 (934 ndash 107) 18720ndash39 years 740 (705 ndash 776) 545dagger (463 ndash 587) 722 (695 ndash 787) 949dagger (912 ndash 107) 6540ndash59 years 741 (684 ndash 802) 557dagger (460 ndash 599) 701 (669 ndash 806) 102dagger (890 ndash 127) 4860 years and older 766 (693 ndash 847) 532dagger (395 ndash 634) 780 (663 ndash 883) 104dagger (975 ndash 157) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 746 (697 ndash 799) 552 (459 ndash 593) 772 (672 ndash 820) 966 (908 ndash 116) 18620ndash39 years 739 (673 ndash 812) 553dagger (431 ndash 591) 771 (636 ndash 797) 986dagger (892 ndash 129) 6440ndash59 years 736 (671 ndash 808) 509dagger (445 ndash 594) 784 (634 ndash 855) 921dagger (862 ndash 121) 4560 years and older 805 (745 ndash 870) 605dagger (326 ndash 670) 806 (735 ndash 883) 104dagger (925 ndash 159) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2511 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2512 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 226a4 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 773 (721 ndash 828) 544 (493 ndash 574) 775 (726 ndash 818) 110 (102 ndash 121) 28820ndash39 years 731 (672 ndash 796) 509 (443 ndash 558) 741 (675 ndash 798) 101 (936 ndash 128) 11640ndash59 years 799 (741 ndash 862) 563dagger (500 ndash 619) 787 (728 ndash 816) 112dagger (996 ndash 137) 9360 years and older 841 (748 ndash 946) 553dagger (433 ndash 592) 877 (772 ndash 942) 122dagger (114 ndash 131) 79MalesTotal 20 years and older 744 (677 ndash 818) 533 (452 ndash 555) 744 (674 ndash 811) 111 (970 ndash 128) 13320ndash39 years 693 (585 ndash 820) 452dagger (237 ndash 539) 674 (603 ndash 806) 104dagger (817 ndash 129) 5440ndash59 years 789 (722 ndash 863) 567dagger (539 ndash 662) 766 (688 ndash 814) 109dagger (942 ndash 133) 4060 years and older 823 (736 ndash 920) 547dagger (496 ndash 622) 845 (597 ndash 104) 117dagger (104 ndash 129) 39FemalesTotal 20 years and older 796 (734 ndash 864) 557 (501 ndash 601) 793 (731 ndash 886) 109 (101 ndash 123) 15520ndash39 years 766 (687 ndash 854) 556dagger (486 ndash 613) 754 (703 ndash 862) 989dagger (920 ndash 123) 6240ndash59 years 806 (723 ndash 900) 555dagger (434 ndash 629) 792 (710 ndash 895) 112dagger (101 ndash 160) 5360 years and older 853 (716 ndash 102) 518dagger (397 ndash 628) 892 (758 ndash 952) 123dagger (101 ndash 167) 40dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 226a5 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 741 (713 ndash 770) 535 (513 ndash 562) 740 (710 ndash 774) 102 (986 ndash 109) 91420ndash39 years 705 (665 ndash 748) 519 (452 ndash 562) 707 (648 ndash 762) 940 (881 ndash 109) 28140ndash59 years 732 (701 ndash 765) 539 (510 ndash 576) 736 (698 ndash 776) 976 (919 ndash 108) 26560 years and older 810 (771 ndash 851) 554 (518 ndash 587) 799 (757 ndash 854) 118 (109 ndash 132) 368MalesTotal 20 years and older 706 (681 ndash 731) 521 (481 ndash 541) 710 (684 ndash 734) 972 (907 ndash 101) 43720ndash39 years 684 (643 ndash 727) 520 (437 ndash 557) 663 (617 ndash 730) 922 (844 ndash 109) 12040ndash59 years 710 (678 ndash 745) 528 (463 ndash 544) 723 (709 ndash 742) 932 (864 ndash 107) 13560 years and older 730 (700 ndash 761) 509 (435 ndash 548) 737 (685 ndash 788) 102 (939 ndash 113) 182FemalesTotal 20 years and older 775 (738 ndash 813) 562 (519 ndash 592) 774 (724 ndash 810) 108 (101 ndash 119) 47720ndash39 years 725 (679 ndash 775) 519 (452 ndash 576) 741 (689 ndash 783) 961 (900 ndash 115) 16140ndash59 years 755 (717 ndash 794) 572 (519 ndash 593) 747 (684 ndash 807) 100 (947 ndash 109) 13060 years and older 884 (831 ndash 941) 618 (535 ndash 684) 883 (798 ndash 965) 126 (119 ndash 137) 186
252 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population252 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
27a
1 P
lasm
a lin
olei
c ac
id (1
82n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
345
0(3
390
ndash 3
510
)2
210
(20
70 ndash
23
00)
237
0(2
310
ndash 2
450
)3
430
(33
70 ndash
35
20)
498
0(4
810
ndash 5
190
)5
410
(51
40 ndash
58
40)
180
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
334
0(3
260
ndash 3
410
)2
150
(18
30 ndash
22
90)
234
0(2
200
ndash 2
460
)3
310
(32
40 ndash
33
70)
481
0(4
630
ndash 5
230
)5
250
(49
10 ndash
62
60)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
352
0(3
440
ndash 3
600
)2
230
(17
40 ndash
23
60)
242
0(2
250
ndash 2
570
)3
500
(34
10 ndash
36
20)
506
0(4
830
ndash 5
610
)5
550
(51
10 ndash
58
80)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
520
(34
30 ndash
36
00)
225
0(1
960
ndash 2
320
)2
360
(22
80 ndash
24
90)
357
0(3
480
ndash 3
640
)5
090
(48
70 ndash
52
20)
544
0(5
160
ndash 5
890
)68
1G
ende
rM
ales
338
0(3
300
ndash 3
470
)2
240
(21
20 ndash
23
10)
234
0(2
310
ndash 2
410
)3
360
(32
40 ndash
34
50)
490
0(4
640
ndash 5
360
)5
240
(50
90 ndash
58
10)
863
Fem
ales
350
0(3
430
ndash 3
580
)2
170
(19
10 ndash
23
40)
242
0(2
300
ndash 2
540
)3
530
(34
50 ndash
36
00)
504
0(4
880
ndash 5
280
)5
500
(51
00 ndash
59
00)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s3
730
(35
70 ndash
39
00)
232
0dagger(1
840
ndash 2
480
)2
490
(23
30 ndash
26
10)
366
0(3
510
ndash 3
900
)5
800
(52
70 ndash
65
70)
632
0dagger(5
810
ndash 7
000
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
210
(30
90 ndash
33
40)
214
0dagger(1
850
ndash 2
200
)2
250
(21
10 ndash
23
60)
313
0(3
030
ndash 3
230
)4
610
(44
60 ndash
48
10)
496
0dagger(4
640
ndash 8
680
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
344
0(3
370
ndash 3
510
)2
210
(20
20 ndash
23
00)
236
0(2
270
ndash 2
500
)3
440
(33
60 ndash
35
40)
495
0(4
800
ndash 5
080
)5
190
(50
50 ndash
57
80)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
00
4000
60
00
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 227a Plasma linoleic acid (182nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 20
00
4000
60
00
0 20
00
4000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 253253
254 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population254 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 227a2 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3450 (3390 ndash 3510) 2610 (2550 ndash 2700) 3430 (3370 ndash 3520) 4570 (4410 ndash 4730) 180620ndash39 years 3340 (3260 ndash 3410) 2570 (2470 ndash 2610) 3310 (3240 ndash 3370) 4410 (4280 ndash 4670) 61040ndash59 years 3520 (3440 ndash 3600) 2700 (2520 ndash 2780) 3500 (3410 ndash 3620) 4700 (4510 ndash 4830) 51560 years and older 3520 (3430 ndash 3600) 2690 (2480 ndash 2790) 3570 (3480 ndash 3640) 4580 (4410 ndash 4870) 681MalesTotal 20 years and older 3380 (3300 ndash 3470) 2590 (2480 ndash 2680) 3360 (3240 ndash 3450) 4510 (4240 ndash 4720) 86320ndash39 years 3280 (3190 ndash 3380) 2510 (2420 ndash 2600) 3210 (3150 ndash 3320) 4380 (4030 ndash 4910) 28240ndash59 years 3530 (3430 ndash 3620) 2710 (2600 ndash 2790) 3490 (3350 ndash 3640) 4610 (4350 ndash 4860) 24860 years and older 3320 (3220 ndash 3420) 2420 (2320 ndash 2570) 3370 (3180 ndash 3510) 4310 (4160 ndash 4680) 333FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3500 (3430 ndash 3580) 2640 (2580 ndash 2740) 3530 (3450 ndash 3600) 4660 (4490 ndash 4820) 94320ndash39 years 3390 (3270 ndash 3510) 2590 (2530 ndash 2630) 3390 (3280 ndash 3520) 4420 (4270 ndash 4860) 32840ndash59 years 3510 (3390 ndash 3630) 2630 (2350 ndash 2860) 3530 (3420 ndash 3620) 4790 (4380 ndash 5030) 26760 years and older 3690 (3580 ndash 3800) 2870 (2770 ndash 2940) 3700 (3600 ndash 3790) 4820 (4540 ndash 5080) 348
Table 227a3 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3730 (3570 ndash 3900) 2700 (2500 ndash 2900) 3660 (3510 ndash 3900) 5170 (4740 ndash 5900) 37520ndash39 years 3630 (3350 ndash 3920) 2620 (2350 ndash 2730) 3530 (3280 ndash 3960) 5120 (4570 ndash 6320) 13240ndash59 years 3920 (3720 ndash 4130) 2900dagger (2410 ndash 3150) 3810 (3690 ndash 4100) 5370dagger (4730 ndash 7050) 9360 years and older 3860 (3540 ndash 4210) 2910 (2120 ndash 3360) 3840 (3530 ndash 4250) 5050 (4590 ndash 6170) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 3700 (3460 ndash 3950) 2630 (2330 ndash 2910) 3640 (3280 ndash 4140) 5100 (4650 ndash 6350) 18820ndash39 years 3600 (3220 ndash 4040) 2490dagger (2310 ndash 2860) 3500 (3030 ndash 4300) 5020dagger (4440 ndash 6640) 6740ndash59 years 3890 (3610 ndash 4200) 3010dagger (2020 ndash 3250) 3860 (3600 ndash 4150) 5050dagger (4530 ndash 7450) 4860 years and older 3750 (3490 ndash 4030) 2750dagger (2170 ndash 3290) 3760 (3580 ndash 3990) 4960dagger (4330 ndash 5580) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3780 (3610 ndash 3960) 2710 (2260 ndash 3040) 3680 (3530 ndash 3920) 5260 (4810 ndash 5960) 18720ndash39 years 3660 (3320 ndash 4030) 2710dagger (1840 ndash 3050) 3550 (3470 ndash 3910) 5130dagger (4350 ndash 6500) 6540ndash59 years 3950 (3680 ndash 4250) 2720dagger (2350 ndash 3130) 3780 (3580 ndash 4330) 5440dagger (4800 ndash 6970) 4560 years and older 3970 (3440 ndash 4580) 2920dagger (2120 ndash 3520) 3930 (3450 ndash 4570) 5080dagger (4570 ndash 6220) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2551 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2552 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 227a4 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3210 (3090 ndash 3340) 2430 (2350 ndash 2490) 3130 (3030 ndash 3230) 4250 (4120 ndash 4540) 31020ndash39 years 3140 (2940 ndash 3340) 2360 (2150 ndash 2460) 3050 (2860 ndash 3230) 4200 (4030 ndash 4570) 12640ndash59 years 3280 (3110 ndash 3470) 2540dagger (2240 ndash 2690) 3160 (3040 ndash 3260) 4330dagger (4100 ndash 5000) 9860 years and older 3290 (3080 ndash 3510) 2470dagger (1190 ndash 2710) 3410 (3090 ndash 3550) 4210dagger (3930 ndash 5080) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 3190 (3070 ndash 3320) 2350 (2180 ndash 2480) 3070 (2980 ndash 3190) 4380 (3940 ndash 4840) 14320ndash39 years 3120 (2900 ndash 3350) 2320dagger (1800 ndash 2450) 3030 (2790 ndash 3290) 4110dagger (3750 ndash 7040) 5840ndash59 years 3370 (3190 ndash 3570) 2610dagger (2200 ndash 2750) 3160 (2990 ndash 3280) 4570dagger (4110 ndash 8980) 4260 years and older 3050 (2750 ndash 3380) 2300dagger (1190 ndash 2500) 3070 (2730 ndash 3650) 4010dagger (3800 ndash 4250) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3230 (3050 ndash 3410) 2460 (2390 ndash 2560) 3180 (2970 ndash 3380) 4210 (4040 ndash 5050) 16720ndash39 years 3160 (2920 ndash 3410) 2410dagger (2220 ndash 2470) 3100 (2820 ndash 3340) 4230dagger (3900 ndash 5030) 6840ndash59 years 3220 (3000 ndash 3440) 2490dagger (2160 ndash 2630) 3100 (2910 ndash 3410) 4120dagger (3720 ndash 7490) 5660 years and older 3450 (3190 ndash 3720) 2640dagger (2420 ndash 2910) 3430 (3050 ndash 3750) 4350dagger (4100 ndash 5080) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 227a5 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3440 (3370 ndash 3510) 2620 (2530 ndash 2710) 3440 (3360 ndash 3540) 4520 (4340 ndash 4720) 99120ndash39 years 3330 (3250 ndash 3420) 2580 (2520 ndash 2620) 3310 (3250 ndash 3380) 4360 (4130 ndash 4730) 30040ndash59 years 3470 (3370 ndash 3580) 2690 (2360 ndash 2830) 3480 (3340 ndash 3620) 4560 (4300 ndash 4820) 28060 years and older 3530 (3430 ndash 3630) 2680 (2420 ndash 2800) 3590 (3490 ndash 3690) 4600 (4440 ndash 4930) 411MalesTotal 20 years and older 3360 (3260 ndash 3470) 2580 (2440 ndash 2690) 3370 (3210 ndash 3500) 4330 (4130 ndash 4740) 47120ndash39 years 3250 (3140 ndash 3370) 2530 (2420 ndash 2600) 3210 (3130 ndash 3330) 4150 (3860 ndash 5070) 12840ndash59 years 3480 (3340 ndash 3630) 2710 (2430 ndash 2830) 3480 (3290 ndash 3650) 4430 (4200 ndash 4930) 14060 years and older 3330 (3210 ndash 3450) 2420 (2300 ndash 2580) 3370 (3090 ndash 3600) 4320 (4110 ndash 4780) 203FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3510 (3430 ndash 3590) 2660 (2570 ndash 2770) 3530 (3420 ndash 3610) 4660 (4480 ndash 4820) 52020ndash39 years 3410 (3240 ndash 3580) 2610 (2430 ndash 2740) 3390 (3250 ndash 3580) 4390 (4180 ndash 4970) 17240ndash59 years 3470 (3330 ndash 3610) 2570 (2220 ndash 2870) 3480 (3340 ndash 3610) 4720 (4290 ndash 4940) 14060 years and older 3720 (3580 ndash 3860) 2900 (2810 ndash 2970) 3760 (3640 ndash 3840) 4860 (4530 ndash 5140) 208
256 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population256 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
28a
1 P
lasm
a al
pha-
linol
enic
aci
d (1
83n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
631
(60
5 ndash
658
)25
2(2
14
ndash 27
5)
300
(26
0 ndash
331
)61
4(5
89
ndash 63
7)
137
(128
ndash 1
51)
165
(153
ndash 1
92)
180
1A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
581
(55
8 ndash
606
)24
9(1
99
ndash 26
6)
273
(25
2 ndash
303
)57
5(5
52
ndash 59
9)
127
(117
ndash 1
50)
159
(137
ndash 2
21)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
650
(60
7 ndash
696
)25
1(1
43
ndash 30
3)
308
(22
7 ndash
356
)61
2(5
82
ndash 66
9)
134
(127
ndash 1
62)
174
(157
ndash 2
03)
513
60 y
ears
and
old
er69
0(6
52
ndash 73
0)
293
(20
8 ndash
332
)33
5(2
84
ndash 36
4)
683
(64
9 ndash
723
)14
3(1
38 ndash
154
)15
9(1
47 ndash
234
)67
8G
ende
rM
ales
621
(58
8 ndash
655
)23
0(1
70
ndash 26
2)
276
(22
4 ndash
317
)59
9(5
73
ndash 64
2)
142
(128
ndash 1
72)
173
(155
ndash 2
10)
859
Fem
ales
641
(61
1 ndash
672
)27
2(2
36
ndash 30
6)
328
(27
5 ndash
347
)62
4(5
99
ndash 65
5)
131
(123
ndash 1
50)
158
(146
ndash 1
84)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s69
0(6
38
ndash 74
5)
239
dagger(2
01
ndash 30
7)
318
(24
3 ndash
361
)66
2(5
96
ndash 73
9)
160
(135
ndash 2
46)
199dagger
(159
ndash 4
21)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
538
(50
4 ndash
574
)24
5dagger
(13
3 ndash
288
)28
8(2
37
ndash 30
8)
505
(48
2 ndash
531
)11
5(1
07 ndash
147
)14
9dagger(1
21 ndash
362
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
633
(59
9 ndash
668
)25
2(2
00
ndash 27
5)
295
(25
8 ndash
330
)62
3(5
89
ndash 65
7)
133
(124
ndash 1
53)
157
(143
ndash 1
93)
986
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0
Plas
ma
alph
aminuslin
olen
icac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
150
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 228a Plasma alphaminuslinolenic acid (183nndash3) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
alph
aminuslin
olen
icPl
asm
a al
phaminus
linol
enic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 0
50
100
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 257257
258 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population258 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 228a2 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Samplesize10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 631 (605 ndash 658) 353 (331 ndash 380) 614 (589 ndash 637) 114 (110 ndash 121) 180120ndash39 years 581 (558 ndash 606) 329 (308 ndash 342) 575 (552 ndash 599) 107 (982 ndash 116) 61040ndash59 years 650 (607 ndash 696) 376 (313 ndash 405) 612 (582 ndash 669) 117 (110 ndash 128) 51360 years and older 690 (652 ndash 730) 393 (348 ndash 432) 683 (649 ndash 723) 123 (112 ndash 137) 678MalesTotal 20 years and older 621 (588 ndash 655) 336 (286 ndash 370) 599 (573 ndash 642) 116 (110 ndash 127) 85920ndash39 years 569 (535 ndash 606) 316 (275 ndash 343) 557 (512 ndash 596) 107 (981 ndash 121) 28240ndash59 years 659 (615 ndash 706) 345 (239 ndash 437) 636 (581 ndash 729) 125 (112 ndash 132) 24660 years and older 654 (601 ndash 712) 353 (317 ndash 398) 638 (572 ndash 738) 120 (107 ndash 147) 331FemalesTotal 20 years and older 641 (611 ndash 672) 381 (351 ndash 397) 624 (599 ndash 655) 113 (106 ndash 122) 94220ndash39 years 593 (561 ndash 627) 340 (307 ndash 362) 591 (560 ndash 626) 105 (934 ndash 125) 32840ndash59 years 642 (584 ndash 704) 385 (341 ndash 406) 588 (553 ndash 657) 112 (103 ndash 125) 26760 years and older 720 (673 ndash 771) 429 (365 ndash 475) 711 (669 ndash 766) 123 (109 ndash 141) 347
Table 228a3 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 690 (638 ndash 745) 394 (302 ndash 430) 662 (596 ndash 739) 133 (117 ndash 159) 37520ndash39 years 656 (562 ndash 766) 368 (252 ndash 413) 614 (546 ndash 738) 125 (111 ndash 215) 13240ndash59 years 738 (654 ndash 832) 438dagger (301 ndash 478) 705 (590 ndash 884) 133dagger (115 ndash 146) 9360 years and older 761 (655 ndash 885) 436 (344 ndash 474) 759 (676 ndash 829) 136 (108 ndash 292) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 689 (611 ndash 777) 405 (258 ndash 435) 659 (546 ndash 802) 134 (113 ndash 201) 18820ndash39 years 662 (523 ndash 839) 393dagger (228 ndash 426) 585 (446 ndash 865) 130dagger (919 ndash 222) 6740ndash59 years 744 (597 ndash 928) 437dagger (227 ndash 508) 704 (556 ndash 959) 133dagger (105 ndash 421) 4860 years and older 706 (603 ndash 825) 396dagger (318 ndash 470) 696 (551 ndash 794) 125dagger (947 ndash 292) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 691 (621 ndash 768) 375 (231 ndash 448) 662 (602 ndash 732) 131 (118 ndash 147) 18720ndash39 years 647 (514 ndash 815) 327dagger (201 ndash 437) 636 (550 ndash 734) 125dagger (102 ndash 278) 6540ndash59 years 730 (634 ndash 841) 414dagger (231 ndash 521) 690 (541 ndash 879) 132dagger (110 ndash 194) 4560 years and older 816 (644 ndash 103) 452dagger (323 ndash 581) 820 (648 ndash 948) 144dagger (111 ndash 197) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2591 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2592 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 228a4 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 538 (504 ndash 574) 318 (294 ndash 340) 505 (482 ndash 531) 917 (810 ndash 112) 31020ndash39 years 504 (446 ndash 568) 307 (264 ndash 331) 481 (430 ndash 530) 768 (690 ndash 142) 12640ndash59 years 562 (520 ndash 606) 328dagger (234 ndash 362) 515 (471 ndash 551) 990dagger (818 ndash 315) 9860 years and older 594 (533 ndash 662) 359dagger (294 ndash 404) 600 (535 ndash 630) 929dagger (814 ndash 142) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 534 (486 ndash 587) 294 (241 ndash 324) 517 (449 ndash 553) 933 (789 ndash 149) 14320ndash39 years 496 (412 ndash 598) 288dagger (133 ndash 335) 455 (424 ndash 579) 757dagger (653 ndash 523) 5840ndash59 years 579 (499 ndash 672) 297dagger (181 ndash 352) 516 (409 ndash 637) 124dagger (974 ndash 284) 4260 years and older 564 (488 ndash 651) 306dagger (253 ndash 399) 598 (462 ndash 725) 907dagger (790 ndash 105) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 541 (500 ndash 585) 344 (321 ndash 370) 503 (475 ndash 546) 889 (774 ndash 120) 16720ndash39 years 510 (457 ndash 569) 327dagger (281 ndash 359) 482 (412 ndash 577) 801dagger (670 ndash 134) 6840ndash59 years 549 (478 ndash 629) 352dagger (231 ndash 399) 512 (443 ndash 576) 847dagger (758 ndash 332) 5660 years and older 614 (537 ndash 701) 388dagger (329 ndash 432) 592 (520 ndash 648) 101dagger (815 ndash 142) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 228a5 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 633 (599 ndash 668) 349 (323 ndash 380) 623 (589 ndash 657) 113 (109 ndash 120) 98620ndash39 years 583 (555 ndash 613) 324 (302 ndash 341) 584 (564 ndash 619) 103 (938 ndash 116) 30040ndash59 years 640 (579 ndash 707) 375 (281 ndash 408) 605 (573 ndash 680) 114 (108 ndash 123) 27860 years and older 694 (651 ndash 740) 394 (343 ndash 441) 690 (651 ndash 727) 125 (111 ndash 140) 408MalesTotal 20 years and older 618 (581 ndash 657) 330 (275 ndash 366) 606 (574 ndash 654) 113 (108 ndash 124) 46720ndash39 years 557 (522 ndash 595) 306 (264 ndash 337) 551 (477 ndash 606) 103 (956 ndash 113) 12840ndash59 years 648 (596 ndash 705) 337 (161 ndash 457) 636 (581 ndash 708) 116 (108 ndash 132) 13860 years and older 658 (601 ndash 721) 360 (292 ndash 416) 638 (571 ndash 744) 118 (109 ndash 145) 201FemalesTotal 20 years and older 647 (610 ndash 685) 382 (346 ndash 400) 628 (598 ndash 670) 113 (106 ndash 121) 51920ndash39 years 608 (567 ndash 651) 340 (304 ndash 373) 610 (564 ndash 661) 103 (888 ndash 128) 17240ndash59 years 632 (552 ndash 723) 384 (336 ndash 407) 584 (521 ndash 681) 111 (102 ndash 120) 14060 years and older 725 (670 ndash 785) 419 (347 ndash 481) 712 (673 ndash 766) 127 (108 ndash 154) 207
260 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population260 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
29a
1 P
lasm
a ga
mm
a-lin
olen
ic a
cid
(18
3n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
469
(45
0 ndash
490
)17
1(1
37
ndash 19
1)
202
(19
0 ndash
220
)49
0(4
64
ndash 51
5)
100
(94
2 ndash
106)
117
(107
ndash 1
27)
179
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
417
(39
4 ndash
441
)15
0(1
26
ndash 17
7)
193
(15
1 ndash
212
)41
9(3
87
ndash 46
5)
851
(79
1 ndash
105)
998
(86
2 ndash
140)
603
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
510
(48
4 ndash
538
)18
4(1
50
ndash 19
4)
204
(18
3 ndash
240
)53
3(5
01
ndash 56
4)
108
(96
5 ndash
118)
121
(113
ndash 1
29)
513
60 y
ears
and
old
er49
6(4
59
ndash 53
6)
183
(14
4 ndash
203
)22
0(2
03
ndash 23
6)
512
(46
1 ndash
570
)10
2(9
74
ndash 11
9)11
5(1
04 ndash
142
)67
9G
ende
rM
ales
480
(45
5 ndash
506
)17
1(1
31
ndash 20
3)
220
(18
7 ndash
235
)50
0(4
80
ndash 52
4)
992
(90
5 ndash
120)
120
(105
ndash 1
29)
855
Fem
ales
460
(43
7 ndash
484
)16
8(1
28
ndash 19
1)
195
(17
0 ndash
216
)47
2(4
40
ndash 50
6)
100
(92
8 ndash
106)
110
(106
ndash 1
28)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s41
8(3
81
ndash 45
8)
126
dagger(6
25
ndash 15
0)
151
(99
0 ndash
186
)43
1(3
84
ndash 49
9)
940
(89
7 ndash
115)
116dagger
(96
3 ndash
132)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
425
(40
4 ndash
447
)16
5dagger
(14
9 ndash
183
)20
6(1
58
ndash 23
1)
428
(40
0 ndash
464
)84
1(7
67
ndash 11
2)10
5dagger(8
67
ndash 13
8)30
9N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
488
(46
1 ndash
516
)19
2(1
39
ndash 21
3)
221
(19
7 ndash
238
)50
5(4
75
ndash 53
2)
101
(93
4 ndash
108)
117
(105
ndash 1
28)
981
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icacid (μ
molL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 229a Plasma gammaminuslinolenic acid (183nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icPlasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icacid (μ
molL)
acid (μ
molL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 261261
262 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population262 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 229a2 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 469 (450 ndash 490) 244 (229 ndash 258) 490 (464 ndash 515) 857 (821 ndash 903) 179520ndash39 years 417 (394 ndash 441) 225 (206 ndash 241) 419 (387 ndash 465) 752 (699 ndash 809) 60340ndash59 years 510 (484 ndash 538) 257 (234 ndash 295) 533 (501 ndash 564) 905 (871 ndash 947) 51360 years and older 496 (459 ndash 536) 267 (239 ndash 291) 512 (461 ndash 570) 908 (828 ndash 101) 679MalesTotal 20 years and older 480 (455 ndash 506) 256 (238 ndash 270) 500 (480 ndash 524) 857 (812 ndash 944) 85520ndash39 years 457 (427 ndash 488) 251 (217 ndash 269) 488 (443 ndash 521) 795 (684 ndash 905) 27740ndash59 years 527 (495 ndash 562) 263 (239 ndash 308) 557 (515 ndash 592) 919 (856 ndash 110) 24660 years and older 443 (403 ndash 487) 247 (195 ndash 277) 445 (424 ndash 484) 798 (705 ndash 101) 332FemalesTotal 20 years and older 460 (437 ndash 484) 230 (215 ndash 248) 472 (440 ndash 506) 851 (804 ndash 898) 94020ndash39 years 382 (353 ndash 413) 215 (166 ndash 231) 373 (347 ndash 413) 730 (626 ndash 790) 32640ndash59 years 495 (463 ndash 530) 245 (201 ndash 278) 517 (482 ndash 558) 897 (819 ndash 101) 26760 years and older 544 (500 ndash 592) 291 (262 ndash 306) 579 (507 ndash 645) 972 (880 ndash 105) 347
Table 229a3 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 418 (381 ndash 458) 195 (152 ndash 228) 431 (384 ndash 499) 835 (773 ndash 898) 37520ndash39 years 385 (332 ndash 445) 181 (130 ndash 202) 404 (326 ndash 511) 712 (670 ndash 870) 13240ndash59 years 474 (429 ndash 523) 242dagger (173 ndash 276) 483 (396 ndash 551) 949dagger (815 ndash 123) 9360 years and older 469 (409 ndash 537) 240 (133 ndash 291) 487 (419 ndash 610) 860 (791 ndash 897) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 442 (381 ndash 512) 206 (145 ndash 263) 459 (384 ndash 548) 873 (740 ndash 916) 18820ndash39 years 433 (346 ndash 542) 201dagger (722 ndash 252) 467 (328 ndash 600) 813dagger (671 ndash 107) 6740ndash59 years 471 (379 ndash 586) 258dagger (942 ndash 317) 447 (380 ndash 552) 942dagger (709 ndash 155) 4860 years and older 411 (335 ndash 505) 213dagger (111 ndash 256) 429 (269 ndash 608) 710dagger (575 ndash 131) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 390 (344 ndash 441) 165 (106 ndash 219) 401 (330 ndash 506) 824 (722 ndash 906) 18720ndash39 years 328 (265 ndash 406) 147dagger (625 ndash 193) 346 (290 ndash 414) 616dagger (506 ndash 896) 6540ndash59 years 476 (414 ndash 548) 210dagger (150 ndash 274) 513 (350 ndash 616) 949dagger (812 ndash 108) 4560 years and older 529 (460 ndash 607) 266dagger (956 ndash 391) 553 (503 ndash 622) 889dagger (864 ndash 982) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2631 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2632 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 229a4 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 425 (404 ndash 447) 237 (220 ndash 251) 428 (400 ndash 464) 737 (683 ndash 800) 30920ndash39 years 380 (351 ndash 412) 221 (182 ndash 241) 371 (327 ndash 418) 673 (618 ndash 762) 12540ndash59 years 492 (455 ndash 532) 270dagger (199 ndash 330) 501 (486 ndash 533) 822dagger (730 ndash 111) 9860 years and older 429 (401 ndash 459) 253dagger (119 ndash 300) 458 (398 ndash 486) 685dagger (663 ndash 740) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 447 (412 ndash 484) 248 (225 ndash 275) 442 (387 ndash 512) 754 (728 ndash 886) 14220ndash39 years 417 (373 ndash 466) 234dagger (147 ndash 263) 425 (325 ndash 520) 731dagger (603 ndash 181) 5740ndash59 years 511 (451 ndash 578) 279dagger (232 ndash 348) 488 (392 ndash 588) 885dagger (731 ndash 121) 4260 years and older 409 (356 ndash 469) 236dagger (200 ndash 263) 398 (333 ndash 513) 694dagger (574 ndash 831) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 409 (389 ndash 430) 224 (189 ndash 252) 417 (378 ndash 462) 693 (659 ndash 786) 16720ndash39 years 353 (326 ndash 382) 212dagger (155 ndash 243) 367 (299 ndash 391) 600dagger (506 ndash 822) 6840ndash59 years 479 (423 ndash 542) 218dagger (178 ndash 333) 508 (464 ndash 540) 781dagger (682 ndash 109) 5660 years and older 442 (396 ndash 494) 254dagger (119 ndash 310) 468 (365 ndash 540) 683dagger (617 ndash 784) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 229a5 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 488 (461 ndash 516) 256 (239 ndash 278) 505 (475 ndash 532) 869 (822 ndash 932) 98120ndash39 years 441 (409 ndash 476) 240 (218 ndash 267) 453 (390 ndash 509) 763 (695 ndash 847) 29440ndash59 years 519 (481 ndash 560) 266 (228 ndash 322) 542 (500 ndash 587) 903 (864 ndash 947) 27860 years and older 506 (461 ndash 555) 268 (228 ndash 296) 524 (462 ndash 587) 925 (832 ndash 104) 409MalesTotal 20 years and older 496 (460 ndash 534) 263 (239 ndash 296) 514 (490 ndash 535) 861 (797 ndash 101) 46420ndash39 years 477 (436 ndash 521) 263 (225 ndash 295) 498 (468 ndash 529) 805 (677 ndash 115) 12440ndash59 years 544 (500 ndash 592) 285 (240 ndash 333) 569 (517 ndash 607) 924 (855 ndash 117) 13860 years and older 447 (398 ndash 503) 246 (163 ndash 287) 446 (418 ndash 497) 809 (674 ndash 119) 202FemalesTotal 20 years and older 481 (454 ndash 509) 246 (224 ndash 277) 491 (451 ndash 535) 873 (821 ndash 922) 51720ndash39 years 413 (372 ndash 458) 230 (201 ndash 252) 396 (358 ndash 454) 755 (647 ndash 817) 17040ndash59 years 495 (448 ndash 548) 254 (192 ndash 315) 505 (462 ndash 561) 889 (770 ndash 103) 14060 years and older 561 (506 ndash 622) 296 (228 ndash 335) 606 (528 ndash 660) 974 (883 ndash 107) 207
264 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population264 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
30a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cosa
dien
oic
acid
(20
2n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
212
(20
7 ndash
218
)11
2(1
05
ndash 11
6)
124
(11
9 ndash
128
)20
9(2
03
ndash 21
6)
369
(35
1 ndash
399
)42
2(3
99
ndash 47
3)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
202
(19
5 ndash
209
)10
4(9
44
ndash 11
0)
113
(10
7 ndash
120
)19
4(1
86
ndash 20
3)
385
(35
8 ndash
432
)43
9(4
07
ndash 50
1)
607
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
215
(20
6 ndash
223
)11
7(1
03
ndash 12
2)
128
(11
8 ndash
137
)21
2(2
03
ndash 22
4)
354
(33
9 ndash
403
)42
0(3
81
ndash 47
5)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er22
8(2
21
ndash 23
5)
129
(10
6 ndash
140
)14
3(1
31
ndash 15
3)
231
(22
3 ndash
236
)35
4(3
37
ndash 37
4)
386
(36
6 ndash
466
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
204
(19
7 ndash
212
)11
4(1
06
ndash 11
9)
126
(11
8 ndash
130
)20
2(1
93
ndash 21
1)
329
(31
3 ndash
371
)40
0(3
51
ndash 44
9)
865
Fem
ales
220
(21
3 ndash
227
)11
0(1
04
ndash 11
4)
122
(11
4 ndash
130
)21
7(2
10
ndash 22
3)
385
(36
4 ndash
438
)46
5(4
09
ndash 49
6)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s25
2(2
35
ndash 27
1)
114
dagger(8
60
ndash 13
3)
133
(11
3 ndash
144
)24
9(2
28
ndash 26
6)
495
(43
2 ndash
693
)55
0dagger
(49
5 ndash
121)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
192
(18
3 ndash
201
)10
8dagger
(90
0 ndash
112
)11
4(1
05
ndash 12
5)
190
(18
1 ndash
197
)33
5(2
84
ndash 40
5)
363
dagger(3
46
ndash 51
6)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s20
9(2
03
ndash 21
5)
112
(98
3 ndash
118
)12
3(1
17
ndash 12
9)
207
(20
1 ndash
214
)35
0(3
35
ndash 38
1)
407
(36
9 ndash
465
)99
0dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
eico
sadi
enoi
cac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 230a Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
eico
sadi
enoi
cPl
asm
a ei
cosa
dien
oic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 265265
266 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population266 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 230a2 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 212 (207 ndash 218) 141 (135 ndash 146) 209 (203 ndash 216) 320 (308 ndash 338) 180520ndash39 years 202 (195 ndash 209) 130 (120 ndash 137) 194 (186 ndash 203) 331 (309 ndash 366) 60740ndash59 years 215 (206 ndash 223) 145 (132 ndash 153) 212 (203 ndash 224) 308 (300 ndash 337) 51560 years and older 228 (221 ndash 235) 162 (152 ndash 168) 231 (223 ndash 236) 322 (310 ndash 334) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 204 (197 ndash 212) 139 (130 ndash 147) 202 (193 ndash 211) 296 (281 ndash 313) 86520ndash39 years 193 (184 ndash 202) 131 (116 ndash 139) 192 (181 ndash 199) 283 (264 ndash 314) 28240ndash59 years 212 (203 ndash 222) 145 (129 ndash 153) 209 (196 ndash 228) 303 (281 ndash 324) 24860 years and older 214 (206 ndash 222) 153 (132 ndash 166) 210 (203 ndash 219) 295 (281 ndash 334) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 220 (213 ndash 227) 144 (137 ndash 148) 217 (210 ndash 223) 342 (325 ndash 362) 94020ndash39 years 211 (201 ndash 223) 129 (122 ndash 138) 200 (190 ndash 212) 363 (343 ndash 394) 32540ndash59 years 217 (206 ndash 229) 146 (122 ndash 157) 214 (205 ndash 222) 315 (299 ndash 378) 26760 years and older 240 (231 ndash 249) 167 (156 ndash 177) 240 (231 ndash 254) 335 (324 ndash 357) 348
Table 230a3 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 252 (235 ndash 271) 157 (134 ndash 172) 249 (228 ndash 266) 421 (356 ndash 512) 37520ndash39 years 243 (217 ndash 273) 141 (126 ndash 167) 235 (205 ndash 278) 439 (337 ndash 556) 13140ndash59 years 266 (246 ndash 288) 177dagger (123 ndash 202) 255 (245 ndash 265) 423dagger (358 ndash 733) 9360 years and older 268 (254 ndash 283) 199 (181 ndash 204) 264 (247 ndash 276) 370 (351 ndash 493) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 247 (222 ndash 275) 149 (130 ndash 172) 247 (224 ndash 266) 399 (319 ndash 637) 18920ndash39 years 238 (201 ndash 282) 137dagger (121 ndash 159) 239 (198 ndash 288) 365dagger (288 ndash 564) 6740ndash59 years 264 (242 ndash 289) 176dagger (125 ndash 206) 252 (238 ndash 269) 416dagger (347 ndash 733) 4860 years and older 258 (236 ndash 282) 187dagger (107 ndash 205) 256 (221 ndash 279) 370dagger (313 ndash 692) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 259 (240 ndash 280) 167 (114 ndash 174) 251 (222 ndash 277) 458 (376 ndash 559) 18620ndash39 years 251 (218 ndash 288) 145dagger (108 ndash 172) 227 (201 ndash 270) 488dagger (372 ndash 566) 6440ndash59 years 268 (231 ndash 312) 183dagger (860 ndash 206) 257 (230 ndash 283) 422dagger (329 ndash 583) 4560 years and older 278 (240 ndash 322) 202dagger (178 ndash 208) 269 (229 ndash 345) 361dagger (347 ndash 515) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2671 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2672 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 230a4 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 192 (183 ndash 201) 128 (113 ndash 137) 190 (181 ndash 197) 278 (254 ndash 338) 31020ndash39 years 183 (170 ndash 197) 122 (109 ndash 131) 179 (163 ndash 191) 264 (245 ndash 361) 12640ndash59 years 198 (186 ndash 211) 133dagger (105 ndash 149) 192 (178 ndash 211) 281dagger (261 ndash 349) 9860 years and older 205 (196 ndash 213) 142dagger (126 ndash 154) 211 (197 ndash 224) 275dagger (253 ndash 282) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 184 (173 ndash 195) 123 (109 ndash 133) 179 (165 ndash 192) 264 (243 ndash 316) 14320ndash39 years 172 (164 ndash 181) 113dagger (943 ndash 132) 164 (160 ndash 182) 251dagger (220 ndash 487) 5840ndash59 years 200 (178 ndash 223) 138dagger (102 ndash 155) 182 (168 ndash 204) 319dagger (262 ndash 522) 4260 years and older 189 (167 ndash 213) 124dagger (853 ndash 145) 196 (171 ndash 215) 256dagger (235 ndash 350) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 198 (183 ndash 215) 129 (112 ndash 147) 194 (183 ndash 216) 282 (248 ndash 406) 16720ndash39 years 193 (171 ndash 218) 125dagger (112 ndash 141) 185 (168 ndash 201) 321dagger (245 ndash 478) 6840ndash59 years 197 (180 ndash 215) 129dagger (830 ndash 154) 193 (175 ndash 221) 270dagger (236 ndash 965) 5660 years and older 215 (201 ndash 231) 159dagger (131 ndash 177) 219 (199 ndash 232) 277dagger (243 ndash 405) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 230a5 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 209 (203 ndash 215) 140 (131 ndash 147) 207 (201 ndash 214) 310 (298 ndash 333) 99020ndash39 years 197 (189 ndash 205) 128 (117 ndash 136) 193 (181 ndash 200) 331 (295 ndash 371) 29840ndash59 years 208 (197 ndash 219) 139 (127 ndash 151) 208 (198 ndash 218) 302 (280 ndash 322) 28060 years and older 227 (219 ndash 235) 160 (145 ndash 168) 230 (220 ndash 238) 319 (299 ndash 335) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 200 (193 ndash 207) 137 (128 ndash 148) 199 (189 ndash 208) 282 (271 ndash 304) 47220ndash39 years 184 (174 ndash 195) 127 (109 ndash 139) 183 (173 ndash 194) 257 (233 ndash 296) 12840ndash59 years 205 (194 ndash 216) 141 (128 ndash 151) 204 (187 ndash 225) 282 (273 ndash 306) 14060 years and older 213 (204 ndash 222) 154 (129 ndash 167) 210 (201 ndash 221) 294 (280 ndash 334) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 218 (209 ndash 227) 143 (132 ndash 148) 215 (209 ndash 222) 338 (318 ndash 362) 51820ndash39 years 209 (195 ndash 225) 128 (120 ndash 137) 200 (185 ndash 214) 369 (341 ndash 404) 17040ndash59 years 211 (197 ndash 227) 138 (118 ndash 154) 211 (202 ndash 220) 309 (282 ndash 365) 14060 years and older 239 (228 ndash 251) 165 (150 ndash 181) 241 (230 ndash 255) 332 (322 ndash 352) 208
268 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population268 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
31a
1 P
lasm
a ho
mo-
gam
ma-
linol
enic
aci
d (2
03n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
151
(147
ndash 1
56)
732
(67
9 ndash
796
)87
5(8
46
ndash 89
9)
151
(145
ndash 1
56)
262
(254
ndash 2
74)
289
(281
ndash 3
20)
180
6
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s14
5(1
40 ndash
149
)71
5(5
77
ndash 78
3)
849
(75
9 ndash
913
)13
9(1
35 ndash
146
)25
1(2
39 ndash
276
)28
1(2
62 ndash
317
)60
940
ndash59
year
s15
5(1
47 ndash
163
)72
0(6
77
ndash 86
3)
883
(83
1 ndash
940
)15
6(1
47 ndash
164
)26
5(2
58 ndash
286
)31
2(2
84 ndash
337
)51
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
156
(148
ndash 1
64)
770
(62
8 ndash
840
)86
6(7
77
ndash 92
8)
158
(148
ndash 1
67)
262
(254
ndash 2
85)
288
(275
ndash 3
57)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es14
5(1
39 ndash
153
)72
8(6
22
ndash 76
4)
861
(76
4 ndash
900
)14
4(1
35 ndash
153
)25
2(2
37 ndash
277
)28
1(2
60 ndash
373
)86
4Fe
mal
es15
7(1
52 ndash
162
)72
9(6
79
ndash 84
9)
885
(84
7 ndash
930
)15
6(1
50 ndash
163
)27
2(2
61 ndash
287
)30
4(2
87 ndash
321
)94
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
166
(154
ndash 1
79)
822
dagger(5
89
ndash 89
6)
920
(77
8 ndash
101)
167
(153
ndash 1
80)
297
(260
ndash 3
63)
330dagger
(295
ndash 7
16)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
131
(128
ndash 1
35)
700
dagger(5
28
ndash 75
7)
767
(70
3 ndash
855
)13
1(1
27 ndash
136
)20
3(1
96 ndash
230
)22
3dagger(2
06 ndash
276
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
152
(146
ndash 1
59)
760
(67
7 ndash
846
)88
9(8
49
ndash 92
9)
152
(144
ndash 1
57)
261
(250
ndash 2
81)
287
(275
ndash 3
24)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0
Plas
ma
hom
ominusga
mm
aminuslin
olen
icac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 231a Plasma homominusgammaminuslinolenic acid (203nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
hom
ominusga
mm
aminuslin
olen
icPl
asm
a ho
mominus
gam
maminus
linol
enic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 0
100
200
300 NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 269269
270 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population270 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 231a2 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 151 (147 ndash 156) 984 (952 ndash 102) 151 (145 ndash 156) 232 (221 ndash 245) 180620ndash39 years 145 (140 ndash 149) 956 (924 ndash 994) 139 (135 ndash 146) 223 (213 ndash 239) 60940ndash59 years 155 (147 ndash 163) 102 (942 ndash 107) 156 (147 ndash 164) 240 (222 ndash 258) 51460 years and older 156 (148 ndash 164) 100 (943 ndash 104) 158 (148 ndash 167) 236 (222 ndash 250) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 145 (139 ndash 153) 967 (931 ndash 100) 144 (135 ndash 153) 222 (210 ndash 246) 86420ndash39 years 141 (134 ndash 149) 952 (882 ndash 977) 137 (131 ndash 145) 219 (201 ndash 247) 28240ndash59 years 153 (144 ndash 163) 101 (938 ndash 107) 155 (141 ndash 161) 232 (217 ndash 272) 24760 years and older 140 (131 ndash 150) 922 (840 ndash 979) 141 (133 ndash 153) 203 (185 ndash 244) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 157 (152 ndash 162) 102 (966 ndash 105) 156 (150 ndash 163) 241 (227 ndash 258) 94220ndash39 years 148 (142 ndash 154) 973 (919 ndash 103) 142 (135 ndash 156) 226 (209 ndash 270) 32740ndash59 years 157 (148 ndash 167) 104 (933 ndash 107) 157 (151 ndash 166) 241 (214 ndash 264) 26760 years and older 170 (162 ndash 178) 107 (984 ndash 115) 175 (159 ndash 185) 258 (236 ndash 274) 348
Table 231a3 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 166 (154 ndash 179) 103 (903 ndash 109) 167 (153 ndash 180) 258 (245 ndash 293) 37520ndash39 years 158 (140 ndash 177) 967 (828 ndash 104) 158 (131 ndash 189) 254 (239 ndash 295) 13140ndash59 years 178 (166 ndash 192) 110dagger (814 ndash 129) 178 (168 ndash 186) 289dagger (241 ndash 360) 9360 years and older 177 (169 ndash 185) 119 (108 ndash 130) 185 (169 ndash 199) 245 (237 ndash 261) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 161 (143 ndash 181) 103 (850 ndash 114) 161 (138 ndash 192) 246 (222 ndash 296) 18920ndash39 years 157 (133 ndash 185) 102dagger (654 ndash 113) 148 (121 ndash 204) 248dagger (215 ndash 329) 6740ndash59 years 171 (149 ndash 196) 111dagger (841 ndash 132) 168 (148 ndash 194) 244dagger (213 ndash 361) 4860 years and older 160 (146 ndash 176) 113dagger (499 ndash 123) 165 (143 ndash 181) 228dagger (188 ndash 288) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 172 (155 ndash 190) 930 (656 ndash 109) 175 (159 ndash 201) 272 (240 ndash 716) 18620ndash39 years 159 (135 ndash 188) 894dagger (558 ndash 103) 160 (127 ndash 200) 269dagger (225 ndash 716) 6440ndash59 years 188 (162 ndash 217) 106dagger (659 ndash 149) 190 (171 ndash 214) 303dagger (244 ndash 372) 4560 years and older 194 (183 ndash 207) 128dagger (117 ndash 135) 204 (193 ndash 214) 258dagger (238 ndash 328) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2711 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2712 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 231a4 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 131 (128 ndash 135) 915 (813 ndash 961) 131 (127 ndash 136) 187 (181 ndash 200) 31020ndash39 years 129 (122 ndash 136) 880 (725 ndash 960) 128 (117 ndash 139) 186 (172 ndash 206) 12640ndash59 years 136 (130 ndash 143) 988dagger (630 ndash 109) 134 (128 ndash 141) 198dagger (182 ndash 235) 9860 years and older 130 (123 ndash 136) 859dagger (754 ndash 928) 134 (117 ndash 147) 183dagger (173 ndash 215) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 125 (119 ndash 131) 825 (737 ndash 949) 121 (112 ndash 130) 188 (173 ndash 203) 14320ndash39 years 119 (111 ndash 128) 777dagger (531 ndash 947) 115 (106 ndash 130) 174dagger (168 ndash 196) 5840ndash59 years 136 (129 ndash 144) 997dagger (714 ndash 105) 128 (118 ndash 147) 197dagger (174 ndash 261) 4260 years and older 120 (107 ndash 134) 763dagger (459 ndash 902) 118 (105 ndash 141) 184dagger (156 ndash 213) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (129 ndash 144) 930 (854 ndash 103) 135 (124 ndash 150) 186 (180 ndash 206) 16720ndash39 years 137 (125 ndash 149) 926dagger (776 ndash 104) 134 (116 ndash 159) 193dagger (174 ndash 272) 6840ndash59 years 136 (126 ndash 147) 942dagger (490 ndash 116) 135 (128 ndash 145) 189dagger (156 ndash 298) 5660 years and older 136 (124 ndash 149) 926dagger (707 ndash 102) 144 (115 ndash 160) 182dagger (171 ndash 216) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 231a5 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (146 ndash 159) 993 (942 ndash 103) 152 (144 ndash 157) 233 (218 ndash 250) 99120ndash39 years 147 (140 ndash 154) 972 (912 ndash 103) 140 (135 ndash 148) 226 (215 ndash 245) 30040ndash59 years 154 (143 ndash 165) 101 (929 ndash 107) 156 (143 ndash 166) 232 (213 ndash 261) 27960 years and older 158 (149 ndash 167) 100 (919 ndash 107) 160 (148 ndash 172) 242 (226 ndash 256) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (137 ndash 155) 970 (908 ndash 101) 144 (134 ndash 155) 222 (206 ndash 254) 47120ndash39 years 142 (129 ndash 156) 952 (736 ndash 101) 136 (126 ndash 147) 222 (187 ndash 279) 12840ndash59 years 152 (139 ndash 165) 100 (904 ndash 107) 155 (134 ndash 165) 227 (210 ndash 284) 13960 years and older 142 (132 ndash 153) 936 (869 ndash 994) 141 (133 ndash 154) 206 (184 ndash 250) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 159 (152 ndash 165) 104 (970 ndash 106) 157 (150 ndash 168) 242 (224 ndash 261) 52020ndash39 years 151 (143 ndash 160) 995 (935 ndash 109) 141 (135 ndash 160) 232 (210 ndash 285) 17240ndash59 years 156 (144 ndash 169) 103 (862 ndash 107) 156 (149 ndash 168) 240 (210 ndash 264) 14060 years and older 172 (161 ndash 184) 107 (881 ndash 124) 177 (161 ndash 191) 260 (245 ndash 271) 208
272 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population272 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
32a
1 P
lasm
a ar
achi
doni
c ac
id (2
04n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
776
(761
ndash 7
91)
445
(418
ndash 4
63)
484
(456
ndash 5
00)
789
(772
ndash 8
05)
118
0(1
150
ndash 1
230
)1
320
(12
40 ndash
14
20)
180
7
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s73
5(7
16 ndash
755
)42
9(3
86 ndash
455
)47
9(4
45 ndash
504
)73
7(7
13 ndash
761
)1
110
(10
50 ndash
12
30)
123
0(1
140
ndash 1
380
)61
040
ndash59
year
s79
3(7
72 ndash
814
)44
5(3
72 ndash
470
)48
0(4
50 ndash
496
)80
8(7
85 ndash
829
)1
220
(11
60 ndash
13
60)
138
0(1
260
ndash 1
560
)51
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
819
(798
ndash 8
41)
448
(421
ndash 4
80)
502
(460
ndash 5
35)
841
(814
ndash 8
68)
120
0(1
180
ndash 1
260
)1
430
(13
10 ndash
14
90)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es76
4(7
44 ndash
785
)45
2(4
24 ndash
473
)48
0(4
55 ndash
495
)78
0(7
56 ndash
806
)1
150
(10
90 ndash
12
20)
123
0(1
160
ndash 1
460
)86
4Fe
mal
es78
7(7
69 ndash
806
)42
9(3
86 ndash
465
)49
0(4
36 ndash
520
)79
2(7
69 ndash
821
)1
220
(11
80 ndash
13
00)
137
0(1
320
ndash 1
460
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
722
(678
ndash 7
68)
419dagger
(376
ndash 4
32)
440
(396
ndash 4
87)
726
(675
ndash 7
68)
111
0(1
040
ndash 1
310
)1
290dagger
(11
40 ndash
14
60)
376
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
884
(839
ndash 9
32)
526dagger
(226
ndash 5
72)
576
(493
ndash 6
11)
883
(831
ndash 9
41)
133
0(1
260
ndash 1
580
)1
520dagger
(13
60 ndash
17
70)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s77
3(7
52 ndash
795
)44
5(4
19 ndash
463
)48
5(4
46 ndash
511
)78
5(7
67 ndash
807
)1
160
(11
20 ndash
12
20)
126
0(1
190
ndash 1
480
)99
1dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
0 10
00
1500
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
1500
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 232a Plasma arachidonic acid (204nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
0 10
00
1500
0
500
1000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 273273
274 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population274 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 232a2 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 776 (761 ndash 791) 538 (516 ndash 560) 789 (772 ndash 805) 1070 (1040 ndash 1110) 180720ndash39 years 735 (716 ndash 755) 529 (510 ndash 542) 737 (713 ndash 761) 1000 (959 ndash 1080) 61040ndash59 years 793 (772 ndash 814) 534 (488 ndash 569) 808 (785 ndash 829) 1090 (1050 ndash 1140) 51460 years and older 819 (798 ndash 841) 562 (533 ndash 591) 841 (814 ndash 868) 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 764 (744 ndash 785) 534 (502 ndash 547) 780 (756 ndash 806) 1040 (1000 ndash 1090) 86420ndash39 years 739 (710 ndash 769) 533 (505 ndash 542) 736 (713 ndash 766) 999 (945 ndash 1100) 28240ndash59 years 792 (761 ndash 825) 529 (487 ndash 566) 823 (795 ndash 842) 1070 (1020 ndash 1150) 24760 years and older 761 (726 ndash 798) 532 (453 ndash 570) 796 (740 ndash 839) 1030 (986 ndash 1100) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 787 (769 ndash 806) 549 (517 ndash 575) 792 (769 ndash 821) 1100 (1050 ndash 1160) 94320ndash39 years 732 (710 ndash 755) 523 (497 ndash 552) 738 (705 ndash 766) 1010 (956 ndash 1120) 32840ndash59 years 793 (755 ndash 833) 534 (464 ndash 597) 787 (753 ndash 864) 1130 (1020 ndash 1230) 26760 years and older 870 (844 ndash 896) 620 (551 ndash 654) 878 (854 ndash 904) 1150 (1120 ndash 1200) 348
Table 232a3 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 722 (678 ndash 768) 499 (439 ndash 536) 726 (675 ndash 768) 1030 (975 ndash 1080) 37620ndash39 years 681 (631 ndash 735) 483 (413 ndash 526) 687 (628 ndash 745) 993 (892 ndash 1070) 13240ndash59 years 778 (718 ndash 844) 510dagger (420 ndash 602) 774 (749 ndash 835) 1120dagger (948 ndash 1350) 9360 years and older 811 (777 ndash 846) 567 (496 ndash 592) 826 (769 ndash 874) 1170 (1050 ndash 1330) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 719 (669 ndash 773) 502 (426 ndash 535) 745 (674 ndash 788) 1030 (937 ndash 1090) 18920ndash39 years 689 (637 ndash 746) 503dagger (380 ndash 540) 707 (609 ndash 758) 983dagger (851 ndash 1110) 6740ndash59 years 770 (675 ndash 878) 489dagger (377 ndash 606) 800 (748 ndash 843) 1040dagger (881 ndash 1460) 4860 years and older 776 (714 ndash 842) 527dagger (376 ndash 590) 811 (643 ndash 924) 1090dagger (1000 ndash 1360) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 724 (659 ndash 796) 479 (352 ndash 582) 716 (653 ndash 782) 1020 (945 ndash 1310) 18720ndash39 years 670 (591 ndash 760) 436dagger (352 ndash 539) 676 (626 ndash 723) 987dagger (856 ndash 1310) 6540ndash59 years 788 (711 ndash 874) 567dagger (447 ndash 616) 756 (652 ndash 885) 1250dagger (964 ndash 1430) 4560 years and older 844 (790 ndash 902) 586dagger (580 ndash 600) 835 (810 ndash 873) 1220dagger (987 ndash 1940) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2751 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2752 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 232a4 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 884 (839 ndash 932) 630 (588 ndash 670) 883 (831 ndash 941) 1220 (1160 ndash 1330) 31020ndash39 years 836 (776 ndash 901) 602 (542 ndash 635) 839 (769 ndash 887) 1210 (1040 ndash 1380) 12640ndash59 years 936 (858 ndash 1020) 681dagger (513 ndash 711) 942 (827 ndash 1040) 1230dagger (1170 ndash 1760) 9860 years and older 919 (859 ndash 983) 714dagger (534 ndash 744) 933 (830 ndash 1030) 1200dagger (1160 ndash 1330) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 870 (817 ndash 925) 591 (512 ndash 659) 859 (811 ndash 976) 1200 (1130 ndash 1330) 14320ndash39 years 811 (737 ndash 892) 580dagger (479 ndash 616) 812 (692 ndash 891) 1120dagger (1020 ndash 1660) 5840ndash59 years 953 (875 ndash 1040) 666dagger (501 ndash 727) 984 (780 ndash 1070) 1230dagger (1110 ndash 2240) 4260 years and older 886 (774 ndash 1010) 535dagger (226 ndash 722) 940 (833 ndash 1050) 1180dagger (1130 ndash 1440) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 895 (829 ndash 967) 648 (588 ndash 704) 884 (823 ndash 958) 1230 (1130 ndash 1470) 16720ndash39 years 858 (773 ndash 952) 616dagger (570 ndash 661) 857 (746 ndash 955) 1230dagger (1010 ndash 1390) 6840ndash59 years 923 (818 ndash 1040) 679dagger (468 ndash 714) 912 (824 ndash 1020) 1230dagger (1100 ndash 2020) 5660 years and older 940 (889 ndash 995) 740dagger (715 ndash 762) 916 (809 ndash 1040) 1220dagger (1130 ndash 1490) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 232a5 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 773 (752 ndash 795) 539 (497 ndash 569) 785 (767 ndash 807) 1050 (1010 ndash 1100) 99120ndash39 years 733 (711 ndash 755) 533 (490 ndash 569) 736 (706 ndash 766) 971 (929 ndash 1060) 30040ndash59 years 782 (749 ndash 817) 531 (465 ndash 579) 800 (777 ndash 830) 1040 (1010 ndash 1120) 27960 years and older 815 (788 ndash 843) 562 (504 ndash 604) 839 (811 ndash 870) 1110 (1070 ndash 1140) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 760 (733 ndash 788) 534 (488 ndash 558) 783 (752 ndash 810) 1000 (981 ndash 1050) 47120ndash39 years 731 (702 ndash 762) 527 (480 ndash 562) 735 (698 ndash 771) 957 (899 ndash 1160) 12840ndash59 years 789 (748 ndash 832) 539 (476 ndash 569) 823 (786 ndash 863) 1030 (997 ndash 1160) 13960 years and older 752 (711 ndash 795) 524 (444 ndash 573) 769 (715 ndash 833) 998 (962 ndash 1110) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 785 (761 ndash 811) 552 (500 ndash 583) 786 (769 ndash 816) 1080 (1040 ndash 1160) 52020ndash39 years 733 (701 ndash 768) 532 (432 ndash 583) 738 (699 ndash 768) 997 (920 ndash 1150) 17240ndash59 years 776 (722 ndash 835) 530 (403 ndash 598) 780 (726 ndash 858) 1060 (991 ndash 1240) 14060 years and older 873 (841 ndash 905) 610 (541 ndash 665) 889 (857 ndash 916) 1150 (1120 ndash 1200) 208
276 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population276 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
33a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cosa
pent
aeno
ic a
cid
(20
5n-3
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
421
(39
5 ndash
450
)14
8(1
18
ndash 16
1)
171
(15
7 ndash
186
)40
9(3
76
ndash 43
8)
113
(103
ndash 1
38)
151
(136
ndash 1
76)
180
6
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s35
9(3
38
ndash 38
1)
135
(91
0 ndash
149
)15
8(1
36
ndash 16
8)
342
(32
0 ndash
362
)10
6(8
43
ndash 13
7)13
4(1
10 ndash
193
)60
940
ndash59
year
s45
5(4
18
ndash 49
5)
171
(14
6 ndash
174
)19
0(1
71
ndash 20
8)
450
(41
0 ndash
483
)11
4(1
02 ndash
153
)15
6(1
34 ndash
200
)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
485
(43
3 ndash
544
)15
3(7
79
ndash 19
9)
200
(11
8 ndash
231
)49
4(4
35
ndash 53
8)
132
(111
ndash 1
62)
175
(139
ndash 2
07)
682
Gen
der
Mal
es43
1(3
98
ndash 46
6)
157
(11
2 ndash
169
)17
1(1
55
ndash 20
1)
414
(37
6 ndash
451
)12
1(1
03 ndash
150
)15
6(1
36 ndash
199
)86
3Fe
mal
es41
3(3
87
ndash 44
1)
141
(11
2 ndash
157
)16
9(1
52
ndash 18
3)
401
(37
5 ndash
431
)11
1(9
99
ndash 14
3)14
6(1
18 ndash
177
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
310
(28
7 ndash
335
)8
80dagger
(60
3 ndash
109
)10
9(7
53
ndash 15
3)
314
(28
4 ndash
354
)77
1(6
90
ndash 86
4)
865
dagger(7
91
ndash 98
9)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
388
(34
7 ndash
434
)14
9dagger
(10
8 ndash
161
)16
7(1
44
ndash 18
8)
361
(33
0 ndash
416
)11
3(9
53
ndash 16
9)14
1dagger(1
14 ndash
247
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
435
(39
8 ndash
477
)15
8(1
16
ndash 17
3)
181
(14
9 ndash
208
)42
6(3
81
ndash 46
0)
112
(101
ndash 1
42)
152
(133
ndash 1
77)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma eicosape
ntaeno
icacid (μ
molL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 233a Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma eicosape
ntaeno
icPlasma eicosape
ntaeno
icacid (μ
molL)
acid (μ
molL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 277277
278 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population278 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 233a2 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 421 (395 ndash 450) 208 (189 ndash 222) 409 (376 ndash 438) 899 (800 ndash 999) 180620ndash39 years 359 (338 ndash 381) 182 (167 ndash 202) 342 (320 ndash 362) 745 (648 ndash 942) 60940ndash59 years 455 (418 ndash 495) 228 (194 ndash 262) 450 (410 ndash 483) 928 (815 ndash 103) 51560 years and older 485 (433 ndash 544) 244 (156 ndash 291) 494 (435 ndash 538) 100 (906 ndash 116) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 431 (398 ndash 466) 210 (185 ndash 230) 414 (376 ndash 451) 928 (814 ndash 104) 86320ndash39 years 387 (356 ndash 420) 187 (168 ndash 206) 361 (343 ndash 405) 861 (708 ndash 108) 28140ndash59 years 473 (425 ndash 527) 234 (208 ndash 266) 457 (400 ndash 489) 974 (822 ndash 136) 24860 years and older 442 (387 ndash 505) 221 (104 ndash 275) 446 (387 ndash 513) 887 (748 ndash 109) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 413 (387 ndash 441) 204 (185 ndash 222) 401 (375 ndash 431) 863 (766 ndash 101) 94320ndash39 years 333 (309 ndash 360) 174 (158 ndash 198) 314 (301 ndash 341) 646 (565 ndash 808) 32840ndash59 years 439 (401 ndash 481) 219 (172 ndash 275) 434 (403 ndash 478) 846 (766 ndash 100) 26760 years and older 524 (472 ndash 581) 252 (215 ndash 297) 517 (492 ndash 571) 105 (945 ndash 134) 348
Table 233a3 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 310 (287 ndash 335) 158 (111 ndash 184) 314 (284 ndash 354) 638 (581 ndash 700) 37520ndash39 years 280 (249 ndash 314) 154 (896 ndash 183) 283 (217 ndash 351) 591 (509 ndash 681) 13240ndash59 years 355 (307 ndash 410) 170dagger (122 ndash 190) 359 (310 ndash 408) 762dagger (568 ndash 915) 9360 years and older 382 (358 ndash 407) 179 (129 ndash 216) 405 (343 ndash 435) 729 (611 ndash 956) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 331 (299 ndash 368) 164 (155 ndash 184) 343 (290 ndash 379) 689 (604 ndash 779) 18820ndash39 years 306 (254 ndash 368) 161dagger (995 ndash 189) 294 (222 ndash 407) 639dagger (502 ndash 780) 6740ndash59 years 393 (316 ndash 488) 162dagger (118 ndash 223) 376 (300 ndash 513) 822dagger (661 ndash 180) 4860 years and older 336 (299 ndash 378) 160dagger (128 ndash 183) 344 (242 ndash 435) 565dagger (489 ndash 161) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 286 (249 ndash 328) 138 (713 ndash 183) 291 (234 ndash 351) 602 (491 ndash 765) 18720ndash39 years 248 (201 ndash 307) 108dagger (603 ndash 182) 235 (199 ndash 316) 531dagger (393 ndash 901) 6540ndash59 years 316 (274 ndash 364) 171dagger (881 ndash 198) 313 (268 ndash 379) 559dagger (463 ndash 840) 4560 years and older 429 (367 ndash 501) 222dagger (891 ndash 263) 433 (381 ndash 493) 850dagger (637 ndash 147) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2791 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2792 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 233a4 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 388 (347 ndash 434) 199 (175 ndash 212) 361 (330 ndash 416) 803 (648 ndash 121) 31020ndash39 years 339 (283 ndash 408) 179 (150 ndash 201) 326 (251 ndash 406) 648 (534 ndash 253) 12640ndash59 years 429 (372 ndash 496) 208dagger (164 ndash 248) 399 (353 ndash 442) 963dagger (721 ndash 147) 9860 years and older 460 (392 ndash 539) 272dagger (194 ndash 304) 445 (362 ndash 511) 886dagger (643 ndash 209) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 399 (344 ndash 462) 189 (153 ndash 222) 355 (324 ndash 416) 106 (706 ndash 134) 14320ndash39 years 349 (269 ndash 453) 166dagger (129 ndash 195) 333 (246 ndash 430) 648dagger (519 ndash 150) 5840ndash59 years 444 (375 ndash 525) 210dagger (173 ndash 265) 360 (308 ndash 501) 117dagger (795 ndash 206) 4260 years and older 484 (345 ndash 677) 261dagger (752 ndash 324) 444 (350 ndash 592) 102dagger (611 ndash 209) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 380 (340 ndash 424) 201 (185 ndash 214) 362 (304 ndash 439) 712 (613 ndash 105) 16720ndash39 years 332 (279 ndash 395) 186dagger (132 ndash 204) 297 (256 ndash 357) 643dagger (447 ndash 253) 6840ndash59 years 418 (349 ndash 502) 198dagger (126 ndash 255) 413 (358 ndash 464) 712dagger (640 ndash 193) 5660 years and older 445 (397 ndash 500) 255dagger (200 ndash 305) 441 (352 ndash 511) 759dagger (628 ndash 104) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 233a5 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 435 (398 ndash 477) 219 (186 ndash 247) 426 (381 ndash 460) 905 (784 ndash 102) 99120ndash39 years 375 (343 ndash 410) 204 (163 ndash 219) 353 (320 ndash 383) 747 (638 ndash 110) 29940ndash59 years 458 (415 ndash 506) 239 (188 ndash 277) 452 (405 ndash 487) 890 (787 ndash 101) 28060 years and older 490 (425 ndash 565) 235 (117 ndash 296) 499 (442 ndash 548) 101 (917 ndash 117) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 443 (401 ndash 489) 219 (173 ndash 258) 431 (376 ndash 476) 898 (782 ndash 105) 47120ndash39 years 401 (359 ndash 447) 206 (169 ndash 227) 378 (348 ndash 429) 890 (678 ndash 119) 12740ndash59 years 480 (422 ndash 546) 251 (207 ndash 275) 473 (400 ndash 502) 924 (809 ndash 140) 14060 years and older 443 (380 ndash 516) 218 (103 ndash 286) 448 (376 ndash 523) 872 (756 ndash 105) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 429 (390 ndash 472) 218 (183 ndash 246) 420 (379 ndash 456) 913 (767 ndash 104) 52020ndash39 years 354 (317 ndash 394) 182 (158 ndash 219) 319 (302 ndash 370) 682 (543 ndash 112) 17240ndash59 years 438 (391 ndash 489) 223 (123 ndash 300) 433 (378 ndash 484) 810 (742 ndash 100) 14060 years and older 535 (464 ndash 616) 246 (187 ndash 309) 535 (493 ndash 597) 110 (965 ndash 138) 208
280 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population280 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
34a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
tetr
aeno
ic a
cid
(22
4n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
250
(24
4 ndash
256
)12
1(1
04
ndash 13
1)
144
(13
3 ndash
149
)24
7(2
41
ndash 25
6)
430
(41
6 ndash
447
)47
7(4
54
ndash 53
5)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
244
(23
4 ndash
254
)12
2(1
04
ndash 13
8)
143
(13
1 ndash
150
)23
9(2
31
ndash 24
9)
411
(38
8 ndash
460
)47
1(4
28
ndash 58
0)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
255
(24
5 ndash
264
)11
2(9
62
ndash 12
9)
143
(12
0 ndash
154
)25
0(2
43
ndash 26
6)
445
(42
1 ndash
462
)50
0(4
50
ndash 63
4)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er25
3(2
46
ndash 26
0)
126
(93
4 ndash
144
)14
8(1
29
ndash 15
8)
257
(24
5 ndash
266
)42
2(3
96
ndash 45
3)
471
(44
7 ndash
495
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
253
(24
4 ndash
262
)11
8(9
72
ndash 13
1)
145
(13
5 ndash
149
)25
0(2
43
ndash 26
1)
424
(41
0 ndash
449
)46
8(4
46
ndash 58
2)
865
Fem
ales
247
(24
0 ndash
255
)12
2(9
93
ndash 13
9)
143
(13
0 ndash
151
)24
5(2
36
ndash 25
6)
437
(41
4 ndash
459
)48
0(4
48
ndash 56
3)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s27
5(2
56
ndash 29
5)
131
dagger(1
12
ndash 15
6)
158
(12
9 ndash
166
)27
4(2
51
ndash 29
6)
473
(45
9 ndash
533
)58
5dagger
(48
0 ndash
669
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks26
0(2
51
ndash 26
8)
134
dagger(9
11
ndash 15
0)
150
(13
2 ndash
167
)25
8(2
43
ndash 26
8)
450
(42
0 ndash
467
)50
4dagger
(46
1 ndash
729
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
248
(23
9 ndash
256
)12
1(1
00
ndash 13
5)
145
(13
0 ndash
151
)24
6(2
39
ndash 25
6)
419
(39
6 ndash
447
)47
2(4
45
ndash 56
1)
992
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 234a Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 281281
282 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population282 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 234a2 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 250 (244 ndash 256) 168 (157 ndash 174) 247 (241 ndash 256) 377 (367 ndash 394) 180820ndash39 years 244 (234 ndash 254) 167 (150 ndash 175) 239 (231 ndash 249) 371 (347 ndash 391) 61040ndash59 years 255 (245 ndash 264) 170 (148 ndash 180) 250 (243 ndash 266) 394 (374 ndash 416) 51560 years and older 253 (246 ndash 260) 167 (160 ndash 175) 257 (245 ndash 266) 370 (363 ndash 383) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 253 (244 ndash 262) 169 (158 ndash 180) 250 (243 ndash 261) 382 (365 ndash 400) 86520ndash39 years 252 (238 ndash 266) 171 (148 ndash 187) 245 (236 ndash 261) 383 (355 ndash 408) 28240ndash59 years 261 (249 ndash 273) 173 (147 ndash 195) 259 (245 ndash 279) 398 (368 ndash 437) 24860 years and older 241 (229 ndash 253) 160 (148 ndash 168) 243 (225 ndash 265) 359 (342 ndash 376) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 247 (240 ndash 255) 165 (154 ndash 174) 245 (236 ndash 256) 375 (360 ndash 406) 94320ndash39 years 236 (225 ndash 248) 158 (144 ndash 171) 231 (213 ndash 247) 359 (327 ndash 388) 32840ndash59 years 249 (234 ndash 265) 156 (145 ndash 175) 246 (234 ndash 264) 383 (353 ndash 433) 26760 years and older 263 (251 ndash 276) 176 (164 ndash 185) 262 (249 ndash 278) 383 (363 ndash 439) 348
Table 234a3 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 275 (256 ndash 295) 179 (155 ndash 196) 274 (251 ndash 296) 431 (406 ndash 466) 37620ndash39 years 263 (240 ndash 288) 164 (121 ndash 195) 261 (219 ndash 299) 411 (366 ndash 478) 13240ndash59 years 291 (268 ndash 316) 182dagger (132 ndash 202) 284 (262 ndash 312) 456dagger (422 ndash 599) 9360 years and older 305 (293 ndash 318) 206 (176 ndash 224) 302 (283 ndash 321) 436 (404 ndash 485) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 277 (250 ndash 308) 184 (136 ndash 203) 273 (244 ndash 311) 415 (391 ndash 487) 18920ndash39 years 269 (236 ndash 306) 185dagger (126 ndash 207) 262 (225 ndash 299) 404dagger (361 ndash 586) 6740ndash59 years 291 (245 ndash 346) 179dagger (138 ndash 213) 283 (253 ndash 338) 446dagger (370 ndash 635) 4860 years and older 294 (262 ndash 329) 188dagger (170 ndash 212) 285 (246 ndash 341) 450dagger (374 ndash 672) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 272 (246 ndash 301) 169 (114 ndash 197) 276 (238 ndash 303) 435 (403 ndash 505) 18720ndash39 years 255 (222 ndash 292) 156dagger (112 ndash 180) 251 (200 ndash 323) 429dagger (344 ndash 584) 6540ndash59 years 290 (256 ndash 329) 185dagger (132 ndash 216) 272 (237 ndash 316) 458dagger (420 ndash 613) 4560 years and older 316 (302 ndash 331) 208dagger (178 ndash 258) 311 (298 ndash 332) 417dagger (369 ndash 669) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2831 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2832 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 234a4 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 260 (251 ndash 268) 174 (155 ndash 187) 258 (243 ndash 268) 386 (370 ndash 411) 31020ndash39 years 253 (241 ndash 264) 175 (148 ndash 189) 240 (226 ndash 263) 378 (346 ndash 442) 12640ndash59 years 272 (250 ndash 295) 174dagger (143 ndash 198) 267 (247 ndash 282) 411dagger (388 ndash 463) 9860 years and older 256 (229 ndash 286) 168dagger (911 ndash 205) 258 (240 ndash 294) 357dagger (333 ndash 403) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 267 (246 ndash 289) 175 (130 ndash 195) 258 (230 ndash 291) 416 (380 ndash 460) 14320ndash39 years 257 (241 ndash 275) 175dagger (113 ndash 197) 238 (217 ndash 275) 399dagger (340 ndash 759) 5840ndash59 years 286 (248 ndash 330) 180dagger (127 ndash 207) 269 (237 ndash 304) 419dagger (366 ndash 968) 4260 years and older 256 (203 ndash 323) 153dagger (911 ndash 239) 260 (241 ndash 316) 370dagger (320 ndash 475) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 254 (240 ndash 270) 173 (151 ndash 187) 256 (236 ndash 272) 364 (344 ndash 404) 16720ndash39 years 249 (231 ndash 268) 175dagger (134 ndash 192) 245 (223 ndash 277) 359dagger (308 ndash 463) 6840ndash59 years 261 (227 ndash 301) 156dagger (134 ndash 200) 266 (227 ndash 279) 391dagger (311 ndash 118) 5660 years and older 256 (236 ndash 276) 175dagger (134 ndash 213) 251 (235 ndash 274) 355dagger (325 ndash 366) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 234a5 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (239 ndash 256) 168 (156 ndash 175) 246 (239 ndash 256) 368 (353 ndash 379) 99220ndash39 years 241 (228 ndash 256) 164 (146 ndash 176) 238 (229 ndash 249) 355 (321 ndash 396) 30040ndash59 years 250 (235 ndash 266) 172 (145 ndash 186) 247 (236 ndash 265) 368 (348 ndash 413) 28060 years and older 252 (243 ndash 260) 166 (156 ndash 174) 256 (241 ndash 270) 369 (363 ndash 382) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 249 (238 ndash 261) 169 (150 ndash 181) 247 (240 ndash 261) 367 (351 ndash 383) 47220ndash39 years 248 (229 ndash 267) 170 (125 ndash 189) 243 (233 ndash 261) 363 (330 ndash 397) 12840ndash59 years 258 (241 ndash 275) 178 (109 ndash 198) 252 (244 ndash 279) 369 (352 ndash 440) 14060 years and older 239 (225 ndash 254) 159 (145 ndash 168) 241 (221 ndash 266) 349 (335 ndash 372) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 246 (237 ndash 256) 166 (154 ndash 174) 244 (235 ndash 256) 369 (344 ndash 410) 52020ndash39 years 236 (219 ndash 254) 158 (143 ndash 172) 230 (210 ndash 251) 346 (319 ndash 456) 17240ndash59 years 244 (224 ndash 266) 159 (137 ndash 180) 243 (225 ndash 259) 355 (329 ndash 445) 14060 years and older 263 (250 ndash 276) 173 (165 ndash 180) 262 (247 ndash 281) 387 (363 ndash 444) 208
284 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population284 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
35a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
ic-3
aci
d (2
25n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
416
(40
2 ndash
431
)22
1(1
72
ndash 23
8)
245
(22
8 ndash
258
)41
4(4
00
ndash 42
8)
727
(69
7 ndash
767
)82
9(7
85
ndash 92
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
381
(37
1 ndash
390
)20
0(1
51
ndash 22
7)
232
(20
9 ndash
244
)38
0(3
68
ndash 39
3)
630
(58
0 ndash
733
)73
0(6
55
ndash 95
1)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
431
(41
1 ndash
453
)22
2(1
35
ndash 24
3)
249
(20
6 ndash
269
)43
2(4
06
ndash 46
0)
770
(72
6 ndash
810
)84
9(7
94
ndash 10
5)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
455
(42
3 ndash
488
)24
5(1
17
ndash 26
7)
265
(23
6 ndash
285
)45
7(4
28
ndash 49
1)
740
(70
7 ndash
819
)82
0(7
66
ndash 97
8)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es42
8(4
10
ndash 44
8)
242
(15
0 ndash
256
)26
2(2
47
ndash 27
1)
425
(40
6 ndash
441
)72
7(6
81
ndash 81
6)
872
(78
7 ndash
972
)86
5Fe
mal
es40
5(3
91
ndash 42
0)
205
(13
6 ndash
228
)23
1(2
07
ndash 24
5)
406
(38
8 ndash
420
)72
7(6
78
ndash 78
6)
804
(75
5 ndash
898
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
399
(37
2 ndash
429
)16
9dagger
(12
1 ndash
223
)22
4(1
41
ndash 25
0)
400
(36
4 ndash
441
)71
5(6
78
ndash 79
3)
809
dagger(7
25
ndash 11
2)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks38
9(3
68
ndash 41
0)
201
dagger(1
75
ndash 21
5)
223
(20
6 ndash
238
)38
1(3
62
ndash 40
0)
645
(62
0 ndash
801
)85
0dagger
(67
0 ndash
108)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s42
1(4
01
ndash 44
1)
228
(15
6 ndash
242
)24
7(2
25
ndash 26
7)
422
(40
4 ndash
438
)71
7(6
79
ndash 78
5)
812
(75
5 ndash
927
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
0 40
60
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus3ac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 235a Plasma docosapentaenoicminus3 acid (225nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus3Pl
asm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
icminus3
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 2
0 40
60
0 2
0 40
60
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 285285
286 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population286 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 235a2 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 416 (402 ndash 431) 274 (262 ndash 284) 414 (400 ndash 428) 623 (604 ndash 654) 180820ndash39 years 381 (371 ndash 390) 261 (248 ndash 267) 380 (368 ndash 393) 548 (524 ndash 599) 61040ndash59 years 431 (411 ndash 453) 276 (260 ndash 298) 432 (406 ndash 460) 652 (616 ndash 697) 51560 years and older 455 (423 ndash 488) 296 (258 ndash 337) 457 (428 ndash 491) 676 (630 ndash 724) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 428 (410 ndash 448) 288 (269 ndash 304) 425 (406 ndash 441) 637 (600 ndash 680) 86520ndash39 years 408 (391 ndash 426) 273 (256 ndash 291) 405 (385 ndash 429) 591 (540 ndash 662) 28240ndash59 years 449 (419 ndash 480) 302 (284 ndash 316) 442 (407 ndash 478) 680 (633 ndash 779) 24860 years and older 431 (392 ndash 474) 287 (234 ndash 331) 429 (409 ndash 472) 603 (581 ndash 661) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 405 (391 ndash 420) 262 (248 ndash 274) 406 (388 ndash 420) 614 (599 ndash 650) 94320ndash39 years 356 (344 ndash 367) 239 (228 ndash 257) 358 (342 ndash 377) 504 (484 ndash 566) 32840ndash59 years 416 (393 ndash 441) 261 (231 ndash 277) 419 (393 ndash 447) 612 (586 ndash 712) 26760 years and older 475 (448 ndash 503) 300 (268 ndash 342) 480 (445 ndash 506) 701 (677 ndash 745) 348
Table 235a3 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 399 (372 ndash 429) 259 (202 ndash 295) 400 (364 ndash 441) 612 (578 ndash 679) 37620ndash39 years 369 (334 ndash 407) 244 (152 ndash 272) 368 (342 ndash 399) 549 (501 ndash 751) 13240ndash59 years 445 (394 ndash 503) 278dagger (255 ndash 309) 449 (394 ndash 482) 694dagger (583 ndash 127) 9360 years and older 465 (452 ndash 479) 305 (257 ndash 356) 466 (445 ndash 508) 674 (575 ndash 809) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 416 (376 ndash 460) 268 (221 ndash 309) 405 (363 ndash 464) 674 (591 ndash 745) 18920ndash39 years 389 (340 ndash 444) 254dagger (152 ndash 307) 372 (355 ndash 408) 605dagger (523 ndash 731) 6740ndash59 years 473 (379 ndash 590) 294dagger (262 ndash 319) 466 (333 ndash 601) 768dagger (558 ndash 127) 4860 years and older 443 (408 ndash 480) 279dagger (205 ndash 322) 464 (406 ndash 500) 633dagger (552 ndash 831) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 380 (346 ndash 416) 243 (131 ndash 296) 392 (341 ndash 449) 575 (522 ndash 608) 18720ndash39 years 343 (296 ndash 399) 200dagger (121 ndash 283) 353 (306 ndash 411) 506dagger (471 ndash 854) 6540ndash59 years 416 (384 ndash 450) 259dagger (172 ndash 325) 415 (369 ndash 472) 602dagger (559 ndash 748) 4560 years and older 487 (456 ndash 520) 315dagger (276 ndash 392) 502 (444 ndash 529) 692dagger (574 ndash 902) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2871 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2872 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 235a4 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 389 (368 ndash 410) 256 (246 ndash 265) 381 (362 ndash 400) 593 (551 ndash 624) 31020ndash39 years 360 (327 ndash 395) 243 (215 ndash 258) 352 (320 ndash 381) 546 (486 ndash 635) 12640ndash59 years 411 (374 ndash 452) 266dagger (243 ndash 280) 400 (352 ndash 442) 603dagger (572 ndash 845) 9860 years and older 430 (404 ndash 458) 305dagger (213 ndash 342) 430 (395 ndash 477) 606dagger (546 ndash 636) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 408 (385 ndash 432) 261 (247 ndash 292) 387 (377 ndash 414) 602 (588 ndash 692) 14320ndash39 years 381 (338 ndash 430) 253dagger (203 ndash 285) 377 (323 ndash 399) 598dagger (442 ndash 131) 5840ndash59 years 434 (417 ndash 451) 284dagger (247 ndash 305) 403 (386 ndash 421) 685dagger (572 ndash 108) 4260 years and older 444 (411 ndash 480) 317dagger (178 ndash 367) 449 (409 ndash 505) 605dagger (582 ndash 646) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 374 (350 ndash 401) 244 (224 ndash 262) 368 (343 ndash 401) 544 (518 ndash 625) 16720ndash39 years 343 (312 ndash 377) 219dagger (188 ndash 258) 335 (289 ndash 388) 530dagger (454 ndash 645) 6840ndash59 years 395 (335 ndash 465) 239dagger (206 ndash 271) 393 (339 ndash 448) 580dagger (486 ndash 148) 5660 years and older 422 (390 ndash 457) 295dagger (256 ndash 343) 417 (378 ndash 477) 566dagger (525 ndash 701) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 235a5 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 421 (401 ndash 441) 277 (261 ndash 290) 422 (404 ndash 438) 628 (600 ndash 674) 99220ndash39 years 388 (375 ndash 402) 267 (248 ndash 281) 388 (368 ndash 410) 547 (521 ndash 615) 30040ndash59 years 428 (401 ndash 457) 276 (248 ndash 301) 433 (397 ndash 470) 636 (608 ndash 680) 28060 years and older 456 (418 ndash 498) 295 (250 ndash 337) 458 (425 ndash 501) 680 (641 ndash 730) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 431 (407 ndash 456) 292 (269 ndash 312) 431 (406 ndash 453) 630 (596 ndash 669) 47220ndash39 years 415 (394 ndash 436) 275 (264 ndash 293) 423 (391 ndash 444) 564 (530 ndash 721) 12840ndash59 years 445 (411 ndash 482) 308 (271 ndash 322) 442 (397 ndash 483) 661 (616 ndash 750) 14060 years and older 430 (384 ndash 481) 295 (149 ndash 339) 427 (397 ndash 475) 602 (573 ndash 700) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 412 (393 ndash 431) 265 (245 ndash 282) 413 (388 ndash 430) 624 (592 ndash 711) 52020ndash39 years 366 (347 ndash 386) 248 (228 ndash 283) 368 (342 ndash 385) 500 (465 ndash 612) 17240ndash59 years 411 (380 ndash 446) 260 (223 ndash 277) 420 (388 ndash 466) 601 (571 ndash 730) 14060 years and older 480 (444 ndash 518) 295 (248 ndash 345) 484 (441 ndash 526) 724 (684 ndash 751) 208
288 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population288 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
36a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
ic-6
aci
d (2
25n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
196
(18
9 ndash
204
)8
56(7
60
ndash 9
46)
980
(93
0 ndash
105
)19
3(1
86
ndash 20
1)
390
(36
1 ndash
424
)46
5(4
29
ndash 52
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
195
(18
6 ndash
205
)9
15(8
17
ndash 9
51)
988
(92
5 ndash
111
)18
8(1
79
ndash 20
0)
414
(35
5 ndash
463
)47
8(4
51
ndash 54
4)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
194
(18
4 ndash
204
)8
37(4
40
ndash 9
67)
980
(77
9 ndash
111
)19
0(1
83
ndash 20
5)
360
(34
5 ndash
391
)41
6(3
72
ndash 50
8)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er20
3(1
95
ndash 21
2)
800
(58
8 ndash
884
)9
63(8
26
ndash 10
8)
205
(19
5 ndash
215
)41
4(3
79
ndash 48
4)
521
(46
8 ndash
580
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
186
(17
7 ndash
197
)8
11(6
96
ndash 9
23)
966
(88
3 ndash
104
)18
6(1
78
ndash 19
3)
346
(32
2 ndash
405
)42
8(3
86
ndash 45
2)
865
Fem
ales
206
(19
8 ndash
214
)8
92(7
74
ndash 9
55)
995
(93
0 ndash
112
)20
5(1
92
ndash 21
7)
419
(38
5 ndash
478
)50
6(4
64
ndash 59
0)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s23
5(2
10
ndash 26
2)
104
dagger(6
86
ndash 11
5)
116
(89
4 ndash
135
)22
8(1
97
ndash 27
1)
476
(44
2 ndash
560
)53
6dagger
(48
5 ndash
602
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks21
3(2
03
ndash 22
4)
927
dagger(5
89
ndash 10
3)
102
(93
5 ndash
116
)20
8(1
97
ndash 22
4)
430
(40
4 ndash
504
)50
6dagger
(45
0 ndash
632
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
191
(18
3 ndash
199
)8
15(7
49
ndash 9
20)
967
(85
2 ndash
106
)18
9(1
83
ndash 19
8)
360
(34
0 ndash
409
)45
2(4
07
ndash 51
4)
992
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus6ac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 236a Plasma docosapentaenoicminus6 acid (225nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus6Pl
asm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
icminus6
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 289289
290 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population290 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 236a2 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 196 (189 ndash 204) 118 (114 ndash 123) 193 (186 ndash 201) 325 (314 ndash 339) 180820ndash39 years 195 (186 ndash 205) 118 (112 ndash 129) 188 (179 ndash 200) 324 (313 ndash 348) 61040ndash59 years 194 (184 ndash 204) 115 (112 ndash 121) 190 (183 ndash 205) 318 (298 ndash 342) 51560 years and older 203 (195 ndash 212) 122 (106 ndash 128) 205 (195 ndash 215) 332 (312 ndash 386) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 186 (177 ndash 197) 117 (110 ndash 123) 186 (178 ndash 193) 298 (288 ndash 321) 86520ndash39 years 184 (173 ndash 196) 121 (108 ndash 131) 180 (171 ndash 187) 296 (272 ndash 334) 28240ndash59 years 190 (177 ndash 203) 118 (106 ndash 124) 190 (176 ndash 207) 294 (281 ndash 333) 24860 years and older 184 (172 ndash 197) 104 (964 ndash 117) 187 (177 ndash 200) 312 (279 ndash 356) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 206 (198 ndash 214) 120 (113 ndash 127) 205 (192 ndash 217) 345 (330 ndash 366) 94320ndash39 years 206 (194 ndash 219) 116 (988 ndash 130) 205 (187 ndash 222) 350 (324 ndash 412) 32840ndash59 years 198 (183 ndash 213) 113 (107 ndash 121) 191 (178 ndash 217) 343 (311 ndash 364) 26760 years and older 220 (207 ndash 233) 137 (124 ndash 144) 220 (207 ndash 231) 355 (314 ndash 485) 348
Table 236a3 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 235 (210 ndash 262) 141 (115 ndash 150) 228 (197 ndash 271) 428 (389 ndash 461) 37620ndash39 years 220 (196 ndash 248) 132 (909 ndash 149) 210 (180 ndash 257) 408 (335 ndash 458) 13240ndash59 years 249 (216 ndash 287) 142dagger (850 ndash 165) 247 (206 ndash 296) 438dagger (384 ndash 526) 9360 years and older 285 (244 ndash 333) 178 (151 ndash 197) 282 (234 ndash 339) 451 (368 ndash 719) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (198 ndash 254) 137 (104 ndash 157) 212 (191 ndash 260) 387 (340 ndash 446) 18920ndash39 years 211 (185 ndash 241) 133dagger (951 ndash 154) 198 (176 ndash 232) 334dagger (290 ndash 512) 6740ndash59 years 241 (197 ndash 296) 138dagger (648 ndash 177) 245 (181 ndash 333) 425dagger (317 ndash 527) 4860 years and older 267 (229 ndash 312) 164dagger (127 ndash 192) 261 (207 ndash 332) 418dagger (353 ndash 561) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (215 ndash 287) 141 (921 ndash 150) 245 (201 ndash 314) 447 (414 ndash 538) 18720ndash39 years 234 (193 ndash 282) 120dagger (852 ndash 148) 221 (150 ndash 321) 455dagger (352 ndash 104) 6540ndash59 years 258 (204 ndash 326) 144dagger (105 ndash 168) 246 (180 ndash 358) 435dagger (374 ndash 709) 4560 years and older 303 (239 ndash 383) 195dagger (143 ndash 210) 288 (224 ndash 415) 488dagger (379 ndash 719) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 236a4 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 213 (203 ndash 224) 124 (104 ndash 135) 208 (197 ndash 224) 353 (333 ndash 415) 31020ndash39 years 210 (192 ndash 228) 128 (117 ndash 134) 199 (183 ndash 235) 348 (315 ndash 508) 12640ndash59 years 215 (194 ndash 237) 121dagger (942 ndash 135) 217 (197 ndash 226) 349dagger (305 ndash 440) 9860 years and older 221 (184 ndash 266) 128dagger (589 ndash 149) 229 (176 ndash 284) 377dagger (326 ndash 457) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 200 (181 ndash 222) 117 (926 ndash 132) 198 (183 ndash 216) 348 (309 ndash 436) 14320ndash39 years 188 (172 ndash 206) 114dagger (594 ndash 134) 189 (159 ndash 199) 328dagger (276 ndash 478) 5840ndash59 years 214 (182 ndash 251) 122dagger (972 ndash 138) 217 (181 ndash 232) 329dagger (270 ndash 895) 4260 years and older 211 (156 ndash 287) 926dagger (589 ndash 155) 215 (160 ndash 317) 399dagger (322 ndash 503) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (203 ndash 247) 130 (103 ndash 146) 220 (195 ndash 253) 353 (330 ndash 452) 16720ndash39 years 229 (193 ndash 272) 140dagger (993 ndash 161) 222 (184 ndash 270) 353dagger (318 ndash 100) 6840ndash59 years 216 (187 ndash 249) 111dagger (875 ndash 135) 213 (189 ndash 264) 351dagger (282 ndash 994) 5660 years and older 228 (193 ndash 269) 130dagger (721 ndash 150) 232 (174 ndash 297) 337dagger (324 ndash 477) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 236a5 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 191 (183 ndash 199) 117 (110 ndash 123) 189 (183 ndash 198) 311 (294 ndash 326) 99220ndash39 years 190 (179 ndash 202) 116 (968 ndash 129) 185 (173 ndash 203) 313 (291 ndash 330) 30040ndash59 years 187 (173 ndash 203) 114 (101 ndash 126) 186 (176 ndash 196) 296 (276 ndash 333) 28060 years and older 199 (192 ndash 206) 119 (104 ndash 128) 201 (193 ndash 213) 319 (305 ndash 352) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 180 (170 ndash 191) 114 (101 ndash 123) 183 (176 ndash 190) 283 (267 ndash 308) 47220ndash39 years 177 (163 ndash 192) 115 (897 ndash 131) 175 (168 ndash 185) 274 (225 ndash 397) 12840ndash59 years 183 (169 ndash 198) 116 (823 ndash 137) 188 (169 ndash 202) 287 (259 ndash 316) 14060 years and older 181 (168 ndash 195) 104 (964 ndash 117) 186 (169 ndash 204) 299 (267 ndash 331) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 202 (193 ndash 211) 121 (112 ndash 128) 202 (186 ndash 216) 329 (313 ndash 356) 52020ndash39 years 203 (189 ndash 219) 115 (955 ndash 132) 205 (180 ndash 225) 326 (309 ndash 428) 17240ndash59 years 192 (171 ndash 214) 114 (100 ndash 125) 184 (168 ndash 219) 323 (274 ndash 372) 14060 years and older 215 (204 ndash 227) 135 (120 ndash 141) 216 (205 ndash 229) 336 (305 ndash 495) 208
292 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population292 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
37a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
hexa
enoi
c ac
id (2
26n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
125
(118
ndash 1
33)
549
(52
4 ndash
578
)61
1(5
62
ndash 65
2)
121
(114
ndash 1
28)
277
(248
ndash 3
10)
323
(302
ndash 3
72)
180
8
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s11
5(1
08 ndash
122
)54
3(4
55
ndash 57
3)
581
(53
6 ndash
625
)11
1(1
02 ndash
119
)25
4(2
28 ndash
316
)31
6(2
75 ndash
484
)61
040
ndash59
year
s12
5(1
15 ndash
136
)54
1(5
02
ndash 58
3)
606
(53
8 ndash
656
)12
1(1
11 ndash
136
)27
2(2
37 ndash
303
)30
5(2
90 ndash
400
)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
145
(135
ndash 1
56)
645
(54
8 ndash
704
)73
5(5
62
ndash 81
9)
142
(132
ndash 1
54)
305
(268
ndash 3
58)
373
(330
ndash 3
98)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es11
7(1
10 ndash
125
)53
9(4
93
ndash 55
7)
579
(54
0 ndash
624
)11
4(1
07 ndash
123
)25
3(2
29 ndash
299
)30
3(2
77 ndash
368
)86
5Fe
mal
es13
3(1
25 ndash
141
)57
8(4
83
ndash 63
0)
652
(56
1 ndash
720
)12
7(1
21 ndash
135
)29
3(2
58 ndash
323
)33
7(3
15 ndash
385
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
111
(105
ndash 1
19)
544
dagger(4
64
ndash 58
0)
588
(55
2 ndash
602
)11
1(9
98
ndash 12
3)21
1(1
91 ndash
251
)25
0dagger(2
18 ndash
342
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks14
0(1
24 ndash
157
)64
9dagger
(47
5 ndash
724
)72
5(5
94
ndash 80
3)
133
(118
ndash 1
52)
304
(254
ndash 4
25)
348dagger
(321
ndash 4
16)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s12
2(1
13 ndash
130
)54
7(5
13
ndash 56
2)
595
(55
0 ndash
646
)11
7(1
10 ndash
127
)25
9(2
41 ndash
294
)31
5(2
83 ndash
375
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
2931 Water-Soluble Vitamins
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 237a Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 0
50
100
150
200
250 NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
294 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population294 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 237a2 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 125 (118 ndash 133) 717 (671 ndash 749) 121 (114 ndash 128) 227 (208 ndash 244) 180820ndash39 years 115 (108 ndash 122) 670 (623 ndash 716) 111 (102 ndash 119) 204 (187 ndash 234) 61040ndash59 years 125 (115 ndash 136) 701 (623 ndash 777) 121 (111 ndash 136) 217 (201 ndash 244) 51560 years and older 145 (135 ndash 156) 842 (735 ndash 943) 142 (132 ndash 154) 247 (234 ndash 268) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (110 ndash 125) 679 (625 ndash 717) 114 (107 ndash 123) 206 (189 ndash 235) 86520ndash39 years 107 (995 ndash 115) 623 (576 ndash 681) 102 (932 ndash 113) 186 (170 ndash 209) 28240ndash59 years 122 (110 ndash 135) 687 (614 ndash 744) 118 (106 ndash 135) 219 (189 ndash 296) 24860 years and older 131 (119 ndash 143) 778 (536 ndash 928) 125 (117 ndash 142) 219 (194 ndash 256) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 133 (125 ndash 141) 756 (687 ndash 800) 127 (121 ndash 135) 238 (223 ndash 256) 94320ndash39 years 123 (115 ndash 133) 724 (618 ndash 786) 117 (110 ndash 127) 220 (194 ndash 283) 32840ndash59 years 128 (117 ndash 138) 723 (593 ndash 794) 124 (112 ndash 143) 210 (201 ndash 256) 26760 years and older 158 (148 ndash 169) 914 (825 ndash 991) 154 (144 ndash 168) 272 (249 ndash 307) 348
Table 237a3 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 111 (105 ndash 119) 671 (578 ndash 730) 111 (998 ndash 123) 185 (165 ndash 199) 37620ndash39 years 102 (911 ndash 114) 600 (553 ndash 676) 100 (806 ndash 122) 161 (150 ndash 204) 13240ndash59 years 127 (117 ndash 137) 849dagger (566 ndash 943) 125 (112 ndash 139) 189dagger (163 ndash 266) 9360 years and older 129 (118 ndash 142) 812 (611 ndash 922) 131 (114 ndash 144) 202 (185 ndash 246) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 107 (997 ndash 114) 648 (551 ndash 692) 104 (953 ndash 124) 165 (158 ndash 188) 18920ndash39 years 961 (858 ndash 108) 594dagger (524 ndash 671) 994 (782 ndash 119) 147dagger (136 ndash 158) 6740ndash59 years 129 (110 ndash 152) 833dagger (668 ndash 939) 127 (101 ndash 153) 194dagger (155 ndash 355) 4860 years and older 120 (109 ndash 132) 690dagger (461 ndash 901) 121 (105 ndash 143) 190dagger (159 ndash 272) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 118 (105 ndash 131) 688 (523 ndash 833) 116 (102 ndash 133) 191 (166 ndash 250) 18720ndash39 years 110 (905 ndash 134) 604dagger (540 ndash 737) 109 (757 ndash 150) 191dagger (158 ndash 325) 6540ndash59 years 124 (111 ndash 139) 879dagger (523 ndash 991) 119 (110 ndash 139) 173dagger (150 ndash 268) 4560 years and older 139 (115 ndash 168) 889dagger (770 ndash 107) 133 (109 ndash 164) 229dagger (183 ndash 334) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2951 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2952 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 237a4 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 140 (124 ndash 157) 834 (724 ndash 908) 133 (118 ndash 152) 251 (207 ndash 333) 31020ndash39 years 128 (107 ndash 153) 772 (664 ndash 890) 119 (103 ndash 140) 237 (177 ndash 367) 12640ndash59 years 142 (127 ndash 159) 841dagger (699 ndash 958) 133 (119 ndash 157) 234dagger (204 ndash 374) 9860 years and older 173 (155 ndash 193) 117dagger (562 ndash 135) 173 (149 ndash 197) 258dagger (216 ndash 368) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (114 ndash 147) 724 (604 ndash 822) 124 (110 ndash 145) 233 (198 ndash 361) 14320ndash39 years 112 (899 ndash 141) 679dagger (525 ndash 761) 107 (845 ndash 140) 193dagger (143 ndash 367) 5840ndash59 years 143 (124 ndash 165) 778dagger (621 ndash 894) 131 (113 ndash 171) 283dagger (217 ndash 404) 4260 years and older 161 (138 ndash 189) 113dagger (475 ndash 127) 159 (144 ndash 175) 251dagger (195 ndash 368) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 148 (129 ndash 171) 962 (808 ndash 104) 136 (120 ndash 176) 254 (203 ndash 442) 16720ndash39 years 142 (118 ndash 172) 931dagger (807 ndash 988) 127 (106 ndash 186) 254dagger (191 ndash 340) 6840ndash59 years 141 (121 ndash 165) 903dagger (476 ndash 110) 132 (119 ndash 163) 208dagger (184 ndash 442) 5660 years and older 181 (162 ndash 201) 121dagger (638 ndash 136) 182 (149 ndash 213) 258dagger (222 ndash 351) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 237a5 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 122 (113 ndash 130) 698 (644 ndash 745) 117 (110 ndash 127) 215 (202 ndash 235) 99220ndash39 years 111 (102 ndash 121) 652 (584 ndash 724) 110 (978 ndash 118) 201 (170 ndash 258) 30040ndash59 years 118 (108 ndash 130) 659 (553 ndash 757) 114 (106 ndash 128) 206 (181 ndash 252) 28060 years and older 142 (131 ndash 155) 842 (678 ndash 953) 136 (125 ndash 154) 244 (233 ndash 266) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 113 (105 ndash 122) 653 (596 ndash 718) 112 (102 ndash 121) 198 (178 ndash 229) 47220ndash39 years 102 (944 ndash 110) 608 (548 ndash 681) 961 (844 ndash 113) 180 (157 ndash 212) 12840ndash59 years 115 (103 ndash 128) 649 (537 ndash 735) 113 (978 ndash 127) 194 (167 ndash 303) 14060 years and older 128 (116 ndash 142) 770 (493 ndash 930) 121 (113 ndash 141) 213 (188 ndash 254) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 130 (120 ndash 140) 744 (653 ndash 790) 124 (116 ndash 133) 229 (209 ndash 259) 52020ndash39 years 121 (109 ndash 134) 724 (543 ndash 792) 114 (104 ndash 127) 204 (178 ndash 315) 17240ndash59 years 122 (111 ndash 133) 680 (525 ndash 789) 120 (106 ndash 139) 207 (188 ndash 244) 14060 years and older 156 (142 ndash 170) 895 (810 ndash 974) 150 (132 ndash 174) 274 (243 ndash 330) 208
296 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population296 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAstrupADyerbergJElwoodPHermansenKHuFBJakobsenMUetalTheroleofreducingintakesofsaturatedfatinthepreventionofcardiovasculardiseasewheredoestheevidencestandin2010AmJClinNutr201193684ndash688
CleemanJIGrundySMBeckerDClarkLTCooperRSDenkeMAetalExecutivesummaryoftheThirdReportoftheNationalCholesterolEducationProgram(NCEP)expertpanelondetectionevaluationandtreatmentofhighbloodcholesterolinadults(AdultTreatmentPanelIII)JAMA2001285(19)2486ndash2497
HarrisWSMozaffarianDRimmEKris-EthertonPRudelLLAppelLJetalOmega-6fattyacidsandriskforcardiovasculardiseaseascienceadvisoryfromtheAmericanHeartAssociationNutritionSubcommitteeoftheCouncilonNutritionPhysicalActivityandMetabolismCouncilonCardiovascularNursingandCouncilonEpidemiologyandPreventionCirculation2009119902ndash907
HodsonLSkeaffCMFieldingBAFattyacidcompositionofadiposetissueandbloodinhumansanditsuseasabiomarkerofdietaryintakeProgressinLipidResearch200847348ndash80
HuFBArerefinedcarbohydratesworsethansaturatedfatAmJClinNutr2010911541-2
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesforenergycarbohydratefiberfatfattyacidscholesterolproteinandaminoacidsWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2005
InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute8theditionPresentKnowledgeinNutritionWashingtonDCILSIPress2001
JakobsenMUOrsquoReillyEJHeitmannBLPereiraMABaumllterKFraserGEetalMajortypesofdietaryfatandriskofcoronaryheartdiseaseapooledanalysisof11cohortstudiesAmJClinNutr2009891425ndash1432
JakobsenMUDethlefsenCJoensenAMSteggerJTjonnelandASchmidtEBOvervadKIntakeofcarbohydratescomparedwithintakeofsaturatedfattyacidsandriskofmyocardialinfarctionimportanceoftheglycemicindexAmJClinNutr2010911764ndash1768
Kris-EthertonPMHarrisWSAppelLJfortheNutritionCommitteeFishconsumptionfishoilomega-3fattyacidsandcardiovasculardiseaseCirculation20021062747ndash2757
LagerstedtSAHinrichsDRBattSMMageraMJRinaldoPMcConnellJPQuantitativedeterminationofplasmaC8-C26totalfattyacidsforthebiochemicaldiagnosisofnutritionalandmetabolicdisordersMolGenetMetab20017338ndash45
LichtensteinAHFatsandoilsInBenjaminCedEncyclopediaofHumanNutritionOxfordElsevier2005pp177ndash186
MichaRMozaffarianDSaturatedfatandcardiometabolicriskfactorscoronaryheartdiseasestrokeanddiabetesafreshlookattheevidenceLipids201045893ndash905
SunQMaJCamposHHankinsonSEHuFBComparisonbetweenplasmaanderythrocytefattyacidcontentasbiomarkersoffattyacidintakeinUSwomenAmJClinNutr20078674ndash81
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
USNationalInstitutesofHealthNationalCancerInstituteSourcesofSaturatedFatStearicAcidampCholesterolRaisingFatamongtheUSPopulation2005ndash06RiskFactorMonitoringandMethodsBranchWebsiteAppliedResearchProgramUpdatedDecember212010aAvailableathttpriskfactorcancergovdietfoodsourcessat_fat
USNationalInstitutesofHealthNationalCancerInstituteSourcesofSelectedFattyAcidsamongtheUSPopulation2005ndash06RiskFactorMonitoringandMethodsBranchWebsiteAppliedResearchProgramUpdatedDecember212010bAvailableathttpriskfactorcancergovdietfoodsourcesfatty_acids
ZelmanKThegreatfatdebateAcloserlookatthecontroversy-Questioningthevalidityofage-olddietaryguidanceJAmDietAssoc2011111(5)655ndash658
88 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population88 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Vitamins A E and CarotenoidsBackground InformationSources and Physiological Functions VitaminsA(retinol)andE(alpha-tocopherol)andthecarotenoidsarefat-solublemicronutrientsfoundinmanyfoodsincludingsomevegetablesfruitsmeatsandanimalproductsFish-liveroilslivereggyolksbutterandcreamareknownfortheirhighercontentofvitaminANutsandseedsareparticularlyrichsourcesofvitaminE(Thomas2006)Atleast700carotenoidsmdashfat-solubleredandyellowpigmentsmdasharefoundinnature(Britton2004)Americansconsume40ndash50ofthesecarotenoidsprimarilyinfruitsandvegetables(Khachik1992)andsmalleramountsinpoultryproductsincludingeggyolksaswellasinseafoods(Boylston2007)Eightdifferentcarotenoidsareeasilymeasuredinhumanserumalpha-carotenecis-andtrans-beta-carotenebeta-cryptoxanthinluteincis-andtrans-lycopeneandzeaxanthinMainsourcesofcarotenesareorange-coloredfruitsandvegetablessuchascarrotspumpkinsandmangosLuteinandzeaxanthinarealsofoundindarkgreenleafyvegetableswhereanyorangecoloringisovershadowedbychlorophyllTrans-lycopeneisobtainedprimarilyfromtomatoesandtomatoproductsandsomefruitsForinformationonthecarotenoidcontentofUSfoodsseethe1998carotenoiddatabasecreatedbytheUSDepartmentofAgricultureandtheNutritionCoordinatingCenterattheUniversityofMinnesota(httpwwwnalusdagovfnicfoodcompDatacar98car98html)
VitaminAfoundinfoodsthatcomefromanimalsourcesiscalledpreformedvitaminASomecarotenoidsfoundincolorfulfruitsandvegetablesarecalledprovitaminAbecausetheyaremetabolizedinthebodytovitaminAAmongthecarotenoidsbeta-carotenearetinoldimerconsistingoftwolinkedretinolmoleculeshasthemostsignificantprovitaminAactivityApproximately12micrograms(microg)ofdietarybeta-carotenecanprovidetheequivalentof1microgofretinolOtherprovitaminAcarotenoidssuchasalpha-caroteneandbeta-cryptoxanthinarehalfasactiveasbeta-carotene(InstituteofMedicine2000)ThebioconversionofcarotenoidstovitaminAishighlyvariablefrompersontoperson(Krinsky2005)RetinylestersserveasthestorageformofvitaminAandaremostlyconcentratedintheliver
Theabsorptionoffat-solublemicronutrientsfromthegastrointestinaltractdependsonprocessesresponsibleforfatabsorptionormetabolismThuspeoplewithconditionsresultinginfatmalabsorption(egceliacdiseaseCrohnrsquosdiseasepancreaticdisorders)candevelopvitaminAdeficiencyovertimeVitaminAalsohasinteractionswithothernutrientsIronandzincdeficiencycanaffectvitaminAmetabolismandtransportofvitaminAstoresfromthelivertobodytissues(InstituteofMedicine2001)Theabsorptionofcarotenoidsfromfoodsishighlydependentoncookingtechniquesthatbreakdownplantcellwallsandreleasecarotenoidsitisalsodependentontheavailabilityofdietaryfattoenhancecarotenoiduptake(Krinsky2005)TheliverregulatestheconcentrationofvitaminAinthecirculationbyreleasingstoredretinylestersasneededonlywhenliverreservesarenearlyexhausteddoesserumvitaminAfallintothedeficientrange(Napoli2006)ThevariationinserumcarotenoidconcentrationsamongpeopleintheUnitedStatesisrelativelylargeprimarilyreflectingwide-rangingdifferencesindietaryintake(Lacher2005)
VitaminEactivityisderivedfromatleasteightnaturallyoccurringtocopherolsthemostpotentofwhichisalpha-tocopherolOtherlessactiveformsofvitaminEareplentifulintheUSdietwithgamma-tocopherolbeingthepredominantformThemostcommonlyconsumedsourcesofalpha-tocopherolinthedietofAmericanadultsaremixedfoods(spaghettisaucepizzaandchili)friedpotatoessaladdressingsandbakerygoods(Ahuja2004)Otherimportantsourcesare
891 Water-Soluble Vitamins 892 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
tomatoeseggsnutsandseedsandsnackfoodsPlasmaconcentrationsoftocopherolsvarywidelyamonghealthyindividualsandarehighlycorrelatedwithplasmalipidconcentrations(Ford1999Ford2006)
Health EffectsInadequateorexcessiveintakeofvitaminsAorEcanleadtovariousdisordersForexamplevitaminAdeficiencyconsideredtobethemaincauseofchildhoodblindnessinlow-incomecountries(Roodhooft2002)isarareconditionintheUnitedStatesProminentsignsofvitaminAdeficiencyincludenightblindnesscornealthinningandconjunctivalmetaplasiaVitaminAisalsoessentialforproperimmunefunctionepithelialgrowthandrepairbonegrowthreproductionandnormalembryonicandfetaldevelopment(West2006)Acutetoxicityresultingfromsingleorshort-termlargedosesofpreformedvitaminAischaracterizedbynauseavomitingheadachevertigoblurredvisionincreasedcerebrospinalfluidpressureandlackofmuscularcoordinationCentralnervoussystemeffectsliverabnormalitiesboneandskinchangesandothernonspecificadverseeffectscanbeindicativeofchronichypervitaminosisAConsumingexcessamountsofvitaminAduringearlypregnancymayleadtoseriousbirthdefects(InstituteofMedicine2001)
SerumorplasmaconcentrationsofcarotenoidsareconsideredamongthebestbiologicalmarkersforfruitandvegetableintakeThestrongestdietarypredictorsofserumcarotenoidconcentrationsarefruits(forsourcesofbeta-cryptoxanthin)carrotsandrootvegetables(forsourcesofcarotenes)andtomatoproducts(forsourcesoftrans-lycopene)(Al-Delaimy2005)ResearchstudieshaveshowninconsistenciesintherelationbetweencarotenoidintakeandprotectionfromcancerCarotenoidsinfoodsevenwhenconsumedoverlongperiodsandinlargeamountsarenotknowntoproduceadversehealtheffectsHoweverresultsofinterventionstudiesofsmokerswhoused20ndash30milligrams(mg)ofbeta-caroteneperdayshowedthatthisgrouphadmorelungcancersthanplacebo-treatedgroups(Albanes1996Redlich1998)
VitaminEdeficiencyoccursonlyrarelyinpeopleandovertdeficiencysymptomsinpeopleconsuminglow-vitaminEdietshaveneverbeendescribed(InstituteofMedicine2000)ThemainmanifestationofvitaminEdeficiencyisperipheralneuropathycharacterizedbythedegenerationofthelarge-caliberaxonsofsensoryneurons(InstituteofMedicine2000)Theupperlimit(UL)forvitaminEintake(1000mgday)isbasedonhemorrhagiceffectshoweveracausalassociationbetweenexcessalpha-tocopherolintakeinapparentlyhealthyindividualsandadversehealthoutcomeshasnotconsistentlybeenshown(InstituteofMedicine2000)Studiesevaluatingtocopherolstoreducetheriskforcardiovasculardiseasedemonstratedinconsistentfindings(AgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality2003)TheAmericanHeartAssociationcurrentlyadvisesthatantioxidantsupplements(suchasvitaminsEandCandbeta-carotene)shouldnotbeusedforprimaryorsecondarypreventionofcardiovasculardisease(Lichtenstein2006)NeverthelesstheAmericanHeartAssociationrecommendsconsumingfoodsourcesofantioxidantnutrientsprincipallyfromavarietyofplant-derivedfoodssuchasfruitsvegetableswholegrainsandvegetableoils
Intake Recommendations TheNationalAcademyofScienceshasestablisheddietary-requirementintakevaluesforvitaminsAandEbydeterminingtheAdequateIntake(AI)forinfantsandtherecommendeddietaryallowance(RDA)forolderagegroups(InstituteofMedicine2000and2001)TheRDAforvitaminAinretinolequivalentsis900microgdayformenand700microgdayforwomenforchildrenandadolescents(1ndash18years)theRDArangesfrom300ndash900microgdayForinfants(0ndash12months)theAIissetat400ndash500microgdayofretinolequivalentsTheTolerableUpperIntakeLevel(UL)foradultsissetat3000microgdayofpreformedvitaminAwhereastheULforinfants(600microgday)youngerchildren1ndash8years(600-900microgday)olderchildren9ndash13years(1700microgday)and
90 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population90 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
adolescents14ndash18years(2800microgday)areage-dependentForadultstheRDAforvitaminEis15mgdayofalpha-tocopherolforchildrenandadolescents(1ndash18years)theRDArangesfrom6ndash15mgdayThereisnoRDAforotherformsofvitaminEsuchasgamma-tocopherolTheULforvitaminEwhichappliestoalleightstereoisomersofalpha-tocopherolis1000mgdayforadultsaULforinfantscouldnotbeestablishedandthusonlyfoodandformulasourcesofdietaryintakearerecommendedTheULforchildrenandadolescentsrangesfrom200-800mgdayofvitaminEAlthoughnoquantitativerecommendationsareavailablefortheintakeofcarotenoidsexistingrecommendationssupportincreasedconsumptionofcarotenoid-richfruitsandvegetablesCurrentpublichealthguidelinesadvisethatpeopleconsumeatleast25cupsoffruitsandvegetablesadaydependingoncaloricneedtoensureadequatenutrientintake(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsThebestwaytodetermineinadequatevitaminAstatusisthroughhepaticbiopsybutthisinvasiveprocedureisunsuitableforpopulationstudiesSerumorplasmaretinolismeasuredbyuseofhighperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)withultraviolet(UV)detectionafterseparationfromitscarrierretinolbindingprotein(RBP)BecauseretinoliscloselycorrelatedwithRBPthemeasurementofthistransportproteinthroughenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)hasalsobeenusedtoassessvitaminAstatusInmostpopulationsserumRBPhasbeenshowntobeasuitablesurrogateforretinolSerumorplasmaconcentrationsofcarotenoidsaremeasuredbyuseofHPLCandvisiblelight(450nm)absorbance
Clinicallaboratoriestypicallyuseconventionalunitsforserumconcentrationsofthesefat-solublemicronutrients(microgperdeciliter[dL])Conversionfactorstointernationalsystem(SI)unitsare1microgdL=00349micromoleperliter(mmolL)forvitaminAand1microgdL=002322mmolLforvitaminEDependingonitsmolecularweighteachcarotenoidhasaspecificconversionfactor
InternationalreferencematerialsforvitaminsAandEandcarotenoidsareavailablefromtheUSNationalInstitutesofStandardsandTechnology(httpswww-snistgovsrmorsview_detailcfmsrm=968e)AmongmostlaboratoriesparticipatinginanexternalqualityassuranceprogramstandardizedHPLCmethodsformeasuringfat-solublemicronutrientsshowconsistentagreementofvalues(Duewer2000)
ThediagnosisofvitaminAorEdeficiencyissupportedbymeasuringtheseconcentrationsinthebodyPeoplewithserumretinolconcentrationsoflessthan20microgdLareconsideredvitaminAdeficientandthosewithserumconcentrationsoflessthan10microgdLareconsideredseverelydeficient(West2006)Serumretinolvaluesdonotalwaysreflecttotalbodystatusbecauseofhomeostatic
controlandthereforeareoftennotusefulforassessingthevitaminAstatusofindividualsAdditionaltestsmayberequiredtoconfirmvitaminAdeficiencywhen20microgdLisusedasacutoff(Gibson2005)ThedistributionofserumretinolvaluesinapopulationtogetherwiththeprevalenceofindividualswithserumretinolvaluesbelowagivencutoffpointprovideimportantinformationaboutthevitaminAstatusofapopulationWHO(2011)recommendsusingtheprevalenceofserumretinolconcentrationsoflessthanorequalto20microgdLtodefinepublichealthproblemsinvolvingvitaminAdeficiencyasmild(2ndash9)moderate(10ndash19)orsevere(ge20)InchronichypervitaminosisAserumconcentrationsaregenerallygreaterthan100microgdL(Bendich1989)Carotenoid
911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
deficiencyhasnodefinedserumconcentrationsThelaboratorydiagnosisofvitaminEdeficiencyisbasedonserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherol(lessthan500microgdLorlessthan08mgofalpha-tocopherolpergramoftotallipids)(Beers2006)Suchconcentrationsareassociatedwithinvitrohydrogenperoxide-inducedredbloodcelllysisnotwithclinicaldeficiencysymptoms(InstituteofMedicine2000)
Data in NHANESThefat-solublemicronutrientsvitaminAEandcarotenoidspresentedinthisreportweremeasuredbyasingleassaypanelemployingHPLCseparationanddetectionbyuseofUVorvisiblelight(HPLC-UVvis)ThisisthesamemethodusedduringthefirstfouryearsofthecontinuousNHANESsurvey(1999-2002)
Since1971variousfat-solublemicronutrientshavebeenmeasuredintheserumofNHANESparticipantsInNHANESIII(1988ndash1994)clinicallylowconcentrationsofserumretinolwereuncommoninUSresidentsaged4yearsandolderalthoughracialethnicandsocioeconomicdifferencesexisted(Ballew2001)Variationsinserumcarotenoidconcentrationsbyethnicityandsexwerefoundforadultschildrenandadolescents(Ford2000Ford2002)Fordetalalsofoundsociodemographicvariationsinserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherolamongUSadultsinNHANESIII(1999)andalpha-andgamma-tocopherolinNHANES1999ndash2000(2006)Applicationofthemostcommoncut-offvalueforserumalpha-tocopherolconcentrationsinNHANES1999ndash2000(500microgdL)demonstratedalowprevalenceofvitaminEdeficiencydespitethefactthattheUSDepartmentofAgriculture-estimateddietaryintakesofvitaminEwerelowandthatmostoftheUSpopulationdidnotmeetdietaryintakerecommendations
For more information on these fat-soluble micronutrientsseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryReferenceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2000and2001)andthevitaminfactsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements(httpodsodnihgovHealth_InformationVitamin_and_Mineral_Supplement_Fact_Sheetsaspx)
HighlightsSerumconcentrationsoffat-solublemicronutrients(vitaminAEandcarotenoids)intheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Withfewexceptionsthehighestconcentrationsoffat-solublemicronutrientswerefoundinpersons60yearsandolder
bull Noconsistentpatternwasobservedwithregardtogenderorraceethnicitybull ThelikelihoodofbeingvitaminAorEdeficientwasverylowthroughoutthe
populationbull ThelikelihoodofvitaminAexcesswasalsoverylowbutitincreasedwithincreasingage
Formorethan20yearsthemajorityoftheUSpopulation(greaterthan95)hashadadequateserumconcentrationsofvitaminA(gt20microgdL)andvitaminE(gt500microgdL)
DespiteNHANES2001ndash2002dietaryintakedatademonstratingthat93oftheUSpopulationconsumedlessthantheEstimatedAverageRequirement(EAR)forvitaminE(Moshfegh2005)fordecadesmeanserumvitaminEconcentrationshaveremainedconsistentlyadequate(FigureH2a)withlessthan1ofthepopulationvitaminEdeficientAnalysesofNHANESdatashowedthatin1999ndash200052ofadults(Rock2007)andin2003ndash200649ofthetotalUSpopulation(Bailey2011)useddietarysupplementsthustheintakedata(foodandsupplements)forvitaminEseemtobeinconsistentwiththebiomarkerdataSeveralexplanatorypossibilitieshavebeenraisedincludingasuggestionthattheintakeoffats(and
92 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population92 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
fat-solublenutrients)isunder-reportedinoverweightandobesesubjectsthedatabaseoffoodvaluesisnotaccurateandorthattheEARforvitaminEneedsadjustmentLowintakewithoutwidespreadmanifestationofdeficiencysuggeststheneedforfurtherevaluationstodeterminewhetherimprovedestimatesarenecessaryeitherinthenutrienttablesorindietaryintake
Figure H2aAge-adjustedgeometricmeanconcentrationsofserumvitaminE(alpha-tocopherol)intheUSpopulationaged6yearsandolderbygenderorraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithinademographicgroupbarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
Detailed ObservationsTheselectedobservationsmentionedbelowarederivedfromthetablesandfigurespresentednextStatementsaboutcategoricaldifferencesbetweendemographicgroupsnotedbelowarebasedonnon-overlappingconfidencelimitsfromunivariateanalysiswithoutadjustingfordemographicvariables(egagegenderraceethnicity)orotherbloodconcentrationdeterminants(egdietaryintakesupplementusagesmokingBMI)AmultivariateanalysismayalterthesizeandstatisticalsignificanceofthesecategoricaldifferencesFurthermoreadditionalsignificantdifferencesofsmallermagnitudemaybepresentdespitetheirlackofmentionhere(egifconfidencelimitsslightlyoverlaporifdifferencesarenotstatisticallysignificantbeforecovariateadjustmenthasoccurred)ForaselectionofcitationsofdescriptiveNHANESpapersrelatedtothesebiochemicalindicatorsofdietandnutritionseeAppendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2005ndash2006)bull SerumvitaminAconcentrationsincreasedwithage(Table21a1andFigure21a)bull Serumretinylpalmitateconcentrationsweresimilaracrossagerangeswithaslight
decreaseintheadolescentyears(Table22a1andFigure22a)bull SerumvitaminEconcentrationsdecreasedthroughoutchildhoodthenincreasedwith
agetoconcentrationshigherthanthoseseeninearlychildhood(Table24a1andFigure24a)whileserumgamma-tocopherolconcentrationsremainedrelativelyconstantthroughoutthelifecycledecreasingslightlyinolderpersons(Table25a1andFigure25a)
a a a a a
a b b b
b
b
b c c
b b
b
c
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Total population
Males Females Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
1988-1994 1999-2002 2005-2006
931 Water-Soluble Vitamins 932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
bull Serumalpha-carotenetrans-beta-caroteneandluteinzeaxanthinconcentrationsdecreasedthroughoutchildhoodthenincreasedwithagetoconcentrationshigherthanthoseseeninearlychildhood(Tables26a127a1and210a1andFigures26a27a210a)
bull Serumbeta-cryptoxanthinconcentrationsdecreasedinearlychildhoodandthenremainedsteady(Table29a1andFigure29a)
bull Serumtrans-lycopeneandtotallycopeneconcentrationswerehighestinyoungadultsandlowestinolderpersons(Tables211a1and212a1andFigures211a212a)
bull FemaleshadhigherserumvitaminEthanmaleswhilemaleshadhigherserumvitaminAconcentrationsthanfemales(Tables24a1and21a1)
bull Femaleshadhigherserumalpha-caroteneandtrans-beta-caroteneconcentrationsthanmalesandmaleshadhigherserumtotallycopeneconcentrationsthanfemales(Tables26a127a1and212a1)
bull Non-HispanicwhiteshadthehighestconcentrationsofserumvitaminAandvitaminEandthelowestconcentrationsofserumgamma-tocopherolNon-HispanicwhiteshadthelowestconcentrationsofserumluteinzeaxanthinNon-Hispanicblackshadthelowestconcentrationsofserumalpha-caroteneMexicanAmericanshadthehighestconcentrationsofserumbeta-cryptoxanthinandthelowestconcentrationsofserumtrans-lycopeneandtotallycopene(Tables21a124a125a1210a126a129a1211a1and212a1)
Changes in geometric mean concentrations across survey cyclesbull SerumvitaminAconcentrationsincreasedbetween1999ndash2000and2001ndash2002then
heldsteadythroughthe2005ndash2006surveyperiod(Table21b)bull SerumvitaminEandgamma-tocopherolconcentrationsheldsteadybetween1999ndash
2000and2005ndash2006(Tables24band25b)bull Serumalpha-carotenetrans-beta-carotenebeta-cryptoxanthinluteinzeaxanthin
andtrans-lycopeneconcentrationsdidnotchangeappreciablyacrossthesurveycycles(Tables26b27b29b210band211b)
bull Prevalenceestimatesofloworhighbiochemicalindicatorconcentrationsbull In2005ndash2006lessthan1ofthepopulationaged6yearsandolderhadavitaminA
orvitaminEdeficiencydefinedaslt20microgdLandlt500microgdLrespectively(Tables21c1and24c)About2howeverwereatriskforanexcessofvitaminAorgt100microgdL(Table21c2)
bull Between1999and2006theprevalenceoflowserumvitaminAwaslessthan1ofallpersons(Table21d1)andtheprevalenceofhighserumvitaminAwas1ndash2ofallpersons(Table21d2)
bull Between1999and2006theprevalenceoflowserumvitaminEwas2orlessforalmostallgroupsexceptforadolescentsforwhomtheprevalencewas2ndash4(Table24d)
94 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population94 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
1a
1 S
erum
vit
amin
A C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
547
(53
8 ndash
556
)29
6(2
87
ndash 30
5)
325
(31
8 ndash
332
)55
2(5
42
ndash 56
1)
878
(85
6 ndash
905
)96
7(9
31
ndash 10
1)7
254
Age
gro
up6ndash
11 y
ears
364
(35
6 ndash
372
)22
8(1
99
ndash 24
8)
256
(24
3 ndash
269
)36
6(3
59
ndash 37
3)
524
(49
1 ndash
543
)54
4(5
33
ndash 57
3)
860
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
465
(45
4 ndash
477
)28
9(2
86
ndash 29
6)
320
(30
6 ndash
330
)46
0(4
46
ndash 47
5)
696
(66
9 ndash
731
)75
7(7
14
ndash 82
9)
195
420
ndash39
year
s54
3(5
33
ndash 55
3)
312
(29
2 ndash
321
)33
9(3
22
ndash 35
1)
547
(53
5 ndash
556
)84
4(8
19
ndash 87
9)
891
(87
2 ndash
933
)1
688
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
587
(57
7 ndash
597
)33
1(3
14
ndash 34
2)
368
(36
0 ndash
380
)59
5(5
81
ndash 60
4)
903
(87
2 ndash
943
)10
0(9
47
ndash 10
7)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er64
4(6
28
ndash 66
1)
364
(31
6 ndash
388
)40
2(3
82
ndash 43
0)
649
(63
1 ndash
670
)99
8(9
62
ndash 10
2)10
8(1
05 ndash
115
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es57
2(5
63
ndash 58
2)
303
(29
2 ndash
312
)33
6(3
27
ndash 34
8)
580
(57
1 ndash
590
)89
0(8
65
ndash 93
0)
100
(93
3 ndash
104)
354
7Fe
mal
es52
4(5
13
ndash 53
5)
289
(27
7 ndash
301
)31
9(3
12
ndash 32
6)
524
(50
8 ndash
538
)85
9(8
33
ndash 88
7)
948
(89
8 ndash
103)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
484
(47
3 ndash
495
)27
8(2
62
ndash 28
6)
303
(29
3 ndash
312
)48
8(4
68
ndash 50
2)
737
(71
9 ndash
770
)82
1(7
62
ndash 88
4)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks48
3(4
73
ndash 49
3)
257
(23
8 ndash
275
)28
8(2
76
ndash 29
8)
481
(47
0 ndash
495
)82
0(7
84
ndash 85
5)
897
(86
1 ndash
936
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s57
4(5
64
ndash 58
4)
315
(30
6 ndash
324
)34
8(3
30
ndash 36
2)
579
(56
8 ndash
590
)89
8(8
76
ndash 93
3)
100
(95
6 ndash
104)
297
3
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Serum vita
min A
(μgdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 21a Serum vitamin A Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Serum vita
min A
Serum vita
min A
(μgdL
) (μgdL
) 0
20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 9595
96 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population96 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21a2 Serum vitamin A Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 547 (538 ndash 556) 366 (358 ndash 374) 552 (542 ndash 561) 800 (781 ndash 822) 72546ndash11 years 364 (356 ndash 372) 280 (275 ndash 291) 366 (359 ndash 373) 475 (457 ndash 501) 86012ndash19 years 465 (454 ndash 477) 352 (339 ndash 359) 460 (446 ndash 475) 632 (607 ndash 669) 195420ndash39 years 543 (533 ndash 553) 381 (365 ndash 392) 547 (535 ndash 556) 777 (741 ndash 816) 168840ndash59 years 587 (577 ndash 597) 412 (395 ndash 430) 595 (581 ndash 604) 810 (790 ndash 852) 136560 years and older 644 (628 ndash 661) 464 (447 ndash 479) 649 (631 ndash 670) 884 (860 ndash 917) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 572 (563 ndash 582) 385 (378 ndash 392) 580 (571 ndash 590) 818 (797 ndash 850) 35476ndash11 years 364 (354 ndash 373) 281 (264 ndash 291) 363 (350 ndash 372) 475 (457 ndash 516) 42712ndash19 years 482 (469 ndash 496) 364 (353 ndash 377) 481 (463 ndash 498) 645 (629 ndash 674) 98020ndash39 years 591 (577 ndash 605) 444 (423 ndash 460) 584 (568 ndash 602) 809 (768 ndash 845) 73840ndash59 years 618 (607 ndash 630) 442 (416 ndash 471) 632 (624 ndash 642) 845 (801 ndash 920) 67360 years and older 660 (639 ndash 681) 484 (460 ndash 500) 664 (637 ndash 687) 904 (863 ndash 972) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 524 (513 ndash 535) 356 (343 ndash 364) 524 (508 ndash 538) 775 (750 ndash 790) 37076ndash11 years 365 (353 ndash 378) 280 (275 ndash 294) 369 (359 ndash 380) 470 (451 ndash 523) 43312ndash19 years 447 (435 ndash 459) 337 (333 ndash 350) 438 (427 ndash 451) 607 (570 ndash 666) 97420ndash39 years 500 (487 ndash 513) 345 (327 ndash 361) 493 (483 ndash 509) 726 (695 ndash 759) 95040ndash59 years 559 (541 ndash 577) 399 (369 ndash 412) 558 (538 ndash 585) 784 (742 ndash 828) 69260 years and older 632 (613 ndash 652) 451 (430 ndash 472) 639 (625 ndash 657) 877 (840 ndash 912) 658
Table 21a3 Serum vitamin A Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 484 (473 ndash 495) 334 (326 ndash 342) 488 (468 ndash 502) 686 (667 ndash 703) 18446ndash11 years 356 (344 ndash 370) 276 (248 ndash 289) 358 (338 ndash 376) 462 (450 ndash 482) 29512ndash19 years 449 (433 ndash 464) 341 (334 ndash 350) 444 (432 ndash 461) 588 (556 ndash 647) 64620ndash39 years 501 (491 ndash 512) 360 (333 ndash 373) 503 (487 ndash 533) 691 (668 ndash 727) 44940ndash59 years 536 (524 ndash 548) 390 (366 ndash 410) 526 (507 ndash 556) 717 (672 ndash 853) 24660 years and older 555 (528 ndash 583) 408 (373 ndash 428) 570 (547 ndash 584) 781 (729 ndash 854) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 519 (500 ndash 539) 365 (337 ndash 385) 533 (502 ndash 559) 707 (688 ndash 733) 8836ndash11 years 356 (339 ndash 374) 272 (240 ndash 288) 354 (330 ndash 387) 468 (456 ndash 491) 14512ndash19 years 474 (456 ndash 493) 361 (338 ndash 380) 470 (450 ndash 486) 609 (587 ndash 657) 31320ndash39 years 548 (524 ndash 573) 413 (366 ndash 439) 560 (540 ndash 590) 706 (680 ndash 743) 19840ndash59 years 591 (560 ndash 623) 458 (429 ndash 474) 579 (539 ndash 631) 777 (705 ndash 110) 12260 years and older 576 (533 ndash 623) 426dagger (198 ndash 474) 576 (551 ndash 620) 795dagger (706 ndash 930) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 447 (440 ndash 455) 321 (313 ndash 327) 437 (427 ndash 452) 642 (621 ndash 670) 9616ndash11 years 357 (346 ndash 368) 280 (240 ndash 294) 360 (343 ndash 376) 457 (422 ndash 527) 15012ndash19 years 423 (410 ndash 437) 333 (322 ndash 338) 416 (402 ndash 430) 559 (523 ndash 615) 33320ndash39 years 450 (439 ndash 462) 319 (298 ndash 338) 432 (417 ndash 466) 666 (612 ndash 695) 25140ndash59 years 484 (471 ndash 497) 356 (324 ndash 374) 491 (465 ndash 502) 639 (577 ndash 813) 12460 years and older 538 (509 ndash 569) 394dagger (329 ndash 423) 535 (514 ndash 589) 759dagger (729 ndash 830) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
971 Water-Soluble Vitamins 972 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21a4 Serum vitamin A Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 483 (473 ndash 493) 320 (312 ndash 328) 481 (470 ndash 495) 721 (700 ndash 751) 18916ndash11 years 356 (340 ndash 373) 266 (240 ndash 285) 357 (345 ndash 368) 473 (446 ndash 518) 24012ndash19 years 411 (400 ndash 422) 305 (294 ndash 313) 409 (397 ndash 426) 542 (528 ndash 575) 66520ndash39 years 473 (458 ndash 489) 323 (298 ndash 353) 479 (449 ndash 505) 677 (636 ndash 716) 36840ndash59 years 532 (514 ndash 550) 354 (333 ndash 372) 537 (503 ndash 572) 771 (728 ndash 857) 33560 years and older 599 (563 ndash 637) 401 (362 ndash 456) 607 (566 ndash 645) 851 (788 ndash 914) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 512 (499 ndash 525) 340 (329 ndash 352) 519 (502 ndash 536) 748 (709 ndash 790) 9496ndash11 years 354 (341 ndash 368) 262 (232 ndash 287) 353 (335 ndash 366) 462 (437 ndash 519) 12812ndash19 years 422 (408 ndash 437) 306 (288 ndash 320) 420 (397 ndash 447) 581 (551 ndash 607) 34320ndash39 years 533 (521 ndash 545) 389 (357 ndash 404) 541 (523 ndash 555) 712 (659 ndash 777) 17040ndash59 years 573 (549 ndash 598) 390 (358 ndash 426) 584 (540 ndash 629) 848 (748 ndash 927) 15660 years and older 608 (570 ndash 649) 400 (339 ndash 467) 625 (599 ndash 647) 860 (784 ndash 110) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 459 (447 ndash 471) 311 (294 ndash 321) 449 (435 ndash 467) 701 (659 ndash 746) 9426ndash11 years 358 (330 ndash 390) 267 (198 ndash 288) 361 (330 ndash 388) 476 (442 ndash 542) 11212ndash19 years 399 (387 ndash 412) 301 (294 ndash 308) 402 (387 ndash 417) 511 (499 ndash 531) 32220ndash39 years 427 (411 ndash 443) 292 (243 ndash 320) 424 (404 ndash 445) 604 (574 ndash 635) 19840ndash59 years 499 (468 ndash 533) 334 (319 ndash 343) 488 (459 ndash 535) 733 (681 ndash 847) 17960 years and older 593 (554 ndash 634) 398 (367 ndash 438) 603 (546 ndash 645) 849 (779 ndash 902) 131
Table 21a5 Serum vitamin A Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 574 (564 ndash 584) 390 (378 ndash 400) 579 (568 ndash 590) 820 (798 ndash 853) 29736ndash11 years 368 (355 ndash 382) 286 (266 ndash 301) 371 (354 ndash 382) 476 (453 ndash 530) 23112ndash19 years 485 (468 ndash 502) 370 (355 ndash 384) 483 (459 ndash 500) 662 (631 ndash 693) 49920ndash39 years 575 (559 ndash 591) 414 (391 ndash 430) 571 (560 ndash 586) 814 (771 ndash 856) 71440ndash59 years 604 (592 ndash 616) 433 (412 ndash 456) 605 (593 ndash 626) 819 (792 ndash 880) 68360 years and older 654 (638 ndash 670) 471 (453 ndash 488) 660 (638 ndash 679) 895 (867 ndash 926) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 597 (585 ndash 609) 409 (394 ndash 419) 604 (589 ndash 621) 841 (807 ndash 878) 14726ndash11 years 370 (356 ndash 386) 286 (251 ndash 303) 370 (351 ndash 384) 474 (453 ndash 532) 11212ndash19 years 502 (483 ndash 522) 385 (352 ndash 404) 498 (475 ndash 520) 668 (643 ndash 697) 25420ndash39 years 618 (599 ndash 638) 471 (451 ndash 484) 608 (583 ndash 635) 838 (798 ndash 878) 30940ndash59 years 633 (615 ndash 652) 453 (401 ndash 499) 640 (627 ndash 661) 850 (800 ndash 101) 35160 years and older 668 (646 ndash 690) 497 (461 ndash 504) 671 (638 ndash 702) 906 (873 ndash 990) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 553 (541 ndash 564) 376 (362 ndash 392) 556 (544 ndash 566) 798 (782 ndash 824) 15016ndash11 years 366 (345 ndash 389) 282 (260 ndash 305) 371 (349 ndash 389) 481 (443 ndash 547) 11912ndash19 years 466 (446 ndash 488) 359 (334 ndash 374) 455 (431 ndash 485) 637 (595 ndash 701) 24520ndash39 years 535 (516 ndash 553) 367 (342 ndash 397) 531 (512 ndash 549) 761 (728 ndash 831) 40540ndash59 years 577 (560 ndash 594) 416 (402 ndash 435) 577 (556 ndash 596) 791 (756 ndash 839) 33260 years and older 643 (622 ndash 665) 464 (445 ndash 483) 648 (627 ndash 674) 879 (841 ndash 950) 400
98 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population98 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21b Serum vitamin A Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 528 (518 ndash 538) 307 (298 ndash 316) 535 (522 ndash 549) 856 (839 ndash 872) 7102 2001ndash2002 552 (541 ndash 564) 326 (318 ndash 335) 560 (547 ndash 573) 884 (866 ndash 916) 7935 2005ndash2006 547 (538 ndash 556) 325 (318 ndash 332) 552 (542 ndash 561) 878 (856 ndash 905) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 323 (316 ndash 331) 220 (190 ndash 231) 331 (315 ndash 346) 462 (411 ndash 663) 352 2001ndash2002 338 (331 ndash 346) 243 (165 ndash 255) 340 (331 ndash 352) 471 (443 ndash 503) 4306ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 351 (345 ndash 356) 253 (236 ndash 261) 354 (350 ndash 358) 485 (461 ndash 523) 866 2001ndash2002 373 (362 ndash 385) 265 (258 ndash 274) 373 (362 ndash 390) 516 (501 ndash 540) 1014 2005ndash2006 364 (356 ndash 372) 256 (243 ndash 269) 366 (359 ndash 373) 524 (491 ndash 543) 86012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 457 (447 ndash 466) 301 (291 ndash 309) 458 (450 ndash 469) 694 (669 ndash 718) 2111 2001ndash2002 480 (471 ndash 489) 318 (304 ndash 333) 485 (476 ndash 493) 712 (690 ndash 742) 2206 2005ndash2006 465 (454 ndash 477) 320 (306 ndash 330) 460 (446 ndash 475) 696 (669 ndash 731) 195420ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 521 (508 ndash 534) 330 (311 ndash 343) 528 (512 ndash 545) 803 (779 ndash 830) 1461 2001ndash2002 548 (533 ndash 563) 342 (326 ndash 353) 558 (544 ndash 575) 834 (809 ndash 866) 1716 2005ndash2006 543 (533 ndash 553) 339 (322 ndash 351) 547 (535 ndash 556) 844 (819 ndash 879) 168840ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 590 (576 ndash 606) 359 (342 ndash 381) 598 (579 ndash 615) 904 (864 ndash 968) 1191 2001ndash2002 603 (592 ndash 615) 375 (348 ndash 399) 612 (598 ndash 627) 946 (903 ndash 978) 1474 2005ndash2006 587 (577 ndash 597) 368 (360 ndash 380) 595 (581 ndash 604) 903 (872 ndash 943) 136560 years and older 1999ndash2000 625 (611 ndash 640) 397 (363 ndash 419) 630 (613 ndash 650) 943 (901 ndash 995) 1473 2001ndash2002 650 (636 ndash 665) 403 (380 ndash 414) 654 (641 ndash 674) 102 (986 ndash 108) 1525 2005ndash2006 644 (628 ndash 661) 402 (382 ndash 430) 649 (631 ndash 670) 998 (962 ndash 102) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 558 (544 ndash 573) 319 (301 ndash 338) 575 (558 ndash 588) 863 (846 ndash 906) 3450 2001ndash2002 585 (572 ndash 598) 344 (334 ndash 355) 598 (580 ndash 617) 915 (887 ndash 937) 3841 2005ndash2006 572 (563 ndash 582) 336 (327 ndash 348) 580 (571 ndash 590) 890 (865 ndash 930) 3547Females 1999ndash2000 501 (491 ndash 511) 302 (287 ndash 312) 500 (488 ndash 510) 841 (812 ndash 870) 3652 2001ndash2002 523 (511 ndash 535) 317 (309 ndash 324) 525 (510 ndash 539) 866 (840 ndash 883) 4094 2005ndash2006 524 (513 ndash 535) 319 (312 ndash 326) 524 (508 ndash 538) 859 (833 ndash 887) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 470 (461 ndash 478) 290 (280 ndash 297) 469 (455 ndash 483) 756 (736 ndash 790) 2410 2001ndash2002 486 (472 ndash 500) 298 (288 ndash 307) 488 (474 ndash 504) 766 (734 ndash 821) 1991 2005ndash2006 484 (473 ndash 495) 303 (293 ndash 312) 488 (468 ndash 502) 737 (719 ndash 770) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 458 (442 ndash 474) 278 (264 ndash 283) 454 (431 ndash 476) 757 (725 ndash 811) 1590 2001ndash2002 472 (461 ndash 483) 282 (274 ndash 289) 470 (453 ndash 486) 802 (773 ndash 857) 1864 2005ndash2006 483 (473 ndash 493) 288 (276 ndash 298) 481 (470 ndash 495) 820 (784 ndash 855) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 556 (542 ndash 571) 334 (312 ndash 347) 568 (550 ndash 582) 873 (854 ndash 905) 2456 2001ndash2002 579 (564 ndash 595) 347 (331 ndash 362) 589 (568 ndash 607) 913 (889 ndash 935) 3455 2005ndash2006 574 (564 ndash 584) 348 (330 ndash 362) 579 (568 ndash 590) 898 (876 ndash 933) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
i
i i
70
i i i
i i
i
i
i
i
i i
i i
i
i
i i
i i i
i i
i
i i
i
i i i
40
60
80
100
95th
Per
cent
ile
i i i
i i
i i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i i i
i
i i
i
i i
Figure 21b Serum vitamin A Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
60
50
40
30
40
35
30
25
20
15
i
i i
i
i i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i i i
i i i
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 9999
100 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population100 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21c1 Serum vitamin A PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin A concentration (lt 20 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence
(95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 03 (01 ndash 05) 711000Age group 6ndash11 years 860 10 (06 ndash 15) 231000 12ndash19 years 1954 sect sect 20ndash39 years 1688 sect sect 40ndash59 years 1365 sect sect 60 years and older 1387 sect sectGender Males 3547 sect sect Females 3707 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 317000DaggerRaceethnicity Mexican Americans 1844 sect sect Non-Hispanic Blacks 1891 05 (03 ndash 07) 145000 Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 386000DaggerDagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1011 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1012 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21c2 Serum vitamin A PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of high serum vitamin A concentration (gt 100 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 21 (16 ndash 27) 5573000Age group 6ndash11 years 860 sect sect 12ndash19 years 1954 sect sect 20ndash39 years 1688 11Dagger (05 ndash 23) 847000Dagger 40ndash59 years 1365 27 (18 ndash 39) 2182000 60 years and older 1387 48 (38 ndash 60) 2301000Gender Males 3547 25 (18 ndash 34) 3265000 Females 3707 17 (10 ndash 29) 2306000Raceethnicity Mexican Americans 1844 05Dagger (03 ndash 11) 129000Dagger Non-Hispanic Blacks 1891 11 (06 ndash 20) 348000 Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 26 (20 ndash 35) 4752000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
102 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population102 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21d1 Serum vitamin A Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin A concentration (lt 20 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7102 01 (01 ndash 02) 360000 2001ndash2002 7935 03 (02 ndash 04) 698000 2005ndash2006 7254 03 (01 ndash 05) 711000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 352 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 866 10 (06 ndash 16) 243000 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 10 (06 ndash 15) 23100012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2111 sect sect 2001ndash2002 2206 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1954 sect sect20ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1461 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1716 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1191 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1474 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1365 sect sect60 years and older 1999ndash2000 1473 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1525 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1387 sect sectGender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3450 01Dagger (01 ndash 03) 179000Dagger 2001ndash2002 3841 04 (02 ndash 07) 456000 2005ndash2006 3547 sect sectFemales 1999ndash2000 3652 01 (01 ndash 02) 181000 2001ndash2002 4094 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 242000Dagger 2005ndash2006 3707 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 317000DaggerRaceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 04Dagger (02 ndash 08) 75000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1991 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1590 05 (03 ndash 08) 153000 2001ndash2002 1864 07 (03 ndash 12) 201000 2005ndash2006 1891 05 (03 ndash 07) 145000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2456 sect sect 2001ndash2002 3455 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 398000Dagger 2005ndash2006 2973 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 386000DaggerDagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1031 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1032 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21d2 Serum vitamin A Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of high serum vitamin A concentration (gt 100 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7102 13 (10 ndash 18) 3312000 2001ndash2002 7935 20 (16 ndash 25) 5242000 2005ndash2006 7254 21 (16 ndash 27) 5573000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 352 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 866 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 sect sect12ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2111 sect sect 2001ndash2002 2206 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1954 sect sect20ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1461 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1716 06Dagger (02 ndash 13) 437000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1688 11Dagger (05 ndash 23) 847000Dagger40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1191 24 (14 ndash 40) 1688000 2001ndash2002 1474 29 (20 ndash 44) 2222000 2005ndash2006 1365 27 (18 ndash 39) 218200060 years and older 1999ndash2000 1473 32 (21 ndash 48) 1381000 2001ndash2002 1525 59 (43 ndash 80) 2628000 2005ndash2006 1387 48 (38 ndash 60) 2301000Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3450 14 (09 ndash 24) 1741000 2001ndash2002 3841 24 (19 ndash 30) 3013000 2005ndash2006 3547 25 (18 ndash 34) 3265000Females 1999ndash2000 3652 12 (07 ndash 20) 1570000 2001ndash2002 4094 17 (12 ndash 24) 2226000 2005ndash2006 3707 17 (10 ndash 29) 2306000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1991 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1844 05Dagger (03 ndash 11) 129000DaggerNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1590 12 (07 ndash 22) 376000 2001ndash2002 1864 17Dagger (08 ndash 37) 519000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1891 11 (06 ndash 20) 348000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2456 17 (12 ndash 24) 2962000 2001ndash2002 3455 24 (19 ndash 29) 4296000 2005ndash2006 2973 26 (20 ndash 35) 4752000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
104 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population104 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
2a
1 S
erum
reti
nyl p
alm
itat
e C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
211
(20
5 ndash
217
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
08(1
99
ndash 2
17)
567
(53
5 ndash
603
)7
35(6
93
ndash 7
96)
694
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs2
15(2
01
ndash 2
29)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
214
(19
3 ndash
227
)5
01(4
70
ndash 5
81)
618
(56
7 ndash
884
)82
712
ndash19
year
s1
90(1
84
ndash 1
97)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
183
(17
4 ndash
194
)4
78(4
51
ndash 5
37)
619
(57
7 ndash
677
)1
865
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
213
(20
4 ndash
223
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
18(2
03
ndash 2
29)
500
(46
7 ndash
536
)6
31(5
70
ndash 7
62)
162
040
ndash59
year
s2
14(2
04
ndash 2
25)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
212
(20
0 ndash
224
)6
15(5
46
ndash 6
80)
758
(67
4 ndash
910
)1
315
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
14(2
01
ndash 2
28)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
204
(18
8 ndash
223
)6
87(6
04
ndash 8
01)
880
(78
6 ndash
117
)1
319
Gen
der
Mal
es2
15(2
08
ndash 2
23)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
214
(20
4 ndash
224
)5
89(5
50
ndash 6
32)
726
(67
8 ndash
826
)3
397
Fem
ales
207
(20
1 ndash
212
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
01(1
94
ndash 2
11)
551
(49
6 ndash
612
)7
45(6
53
ndash 8
14)
354
9Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
185
(17
8 ndash
191
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D1
78(1
69
ndash 1
88)
477
(44
0 ndash
518
)5
69(5
19
ndash 7
49)
174
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks2
04(1
90
ndash 2
19)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
203
(18
4 ndash
220
)5
00(4
65
ndash 5
76)
636
(57
0 ndash
756
)1
842
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s2
17(2
10
ndash 2
25)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
217
(20
4 ndash
227
)6
02(5
60
ndash 6
49)
782
(70
4 ndash
874
)2
838
lt LO
D m
eans
less
than
the
limit
of d
etec
tion
whi
ch m
ay v
ary
for s
ome
com
poun
ds b
y ye
ar S
ee A
ppen
dix
D fo
r LO
D
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
2 3
4
Seru
m re
tinyl
pal
mita
te(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 22a Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by age group Geometric Mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m re
tinyl
pal
mita
teSe
rum
retin
yl p
alm
itate
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
01
23
4 0
12
3
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 105105
106 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population106 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 22a2 Serum retinyl palmitate Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 211 (205 ndash 217) lt LOD 208 (199 ndash 217) 440 (428 ndash 454) 69466ndash11 years 215 (201 ndash 229) lt LOD 214 (193 ndash 227) 419 (402 ndash 462) 82712ndash19 years 190 (184 ndash 197) lt LOD 183 (174 ndash 194) 379 (360 ndash 410) 186520ndash39 years 213 (204 ndash 223) lt LOD 218 (203 ndash 229) 416 (386 ndash 443) 162040ndash59 years 214 (204 ndash 225) lt LOD 212 (200 ndash 224) 457 (423 ndash 515) 131560 years and older 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 204 (188 ndash 223) 499 (454 ndash 560) 1319MalesTotal 6 years and older 215 (208 ndash 223) lt LOD 214 (204 ndash 224) 452 (439 ndash 469) 33976ndash11 years 226 (205 ndash 248) lt LOD 222 (202 ndash 236) 456 (413 ndash 545) 41112ndash19 years 193 (182 ndash 205) lt LOD 185 (172 ndash 202) 384 (355 ndash 426) 93520ndash39 years 224 (209 ndash 239) lt LOD 230 (214 ndash 243) 442 (404 ndash 469) 71440ndash59 years 215 (201 ndash 230) lt LOD 214 (201 ndash 227) 466 (429 ndash 553) 65060 years and older 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 203 (187 ndash 225) 504 (447 ndash 560) 687FemalesTotal 6 years and older 207 (201 ndash 212) lt LOD 201 (194 ndash 211) 429 (413 ndash 444) 35496ndash11 years 205 (186 ndash 225) lt LOD 203 (181 ndash 225) 402 (376 ndash 441) 41612ndash19 years 188 (180 ndash 195) lt LOD 182 (169 ndash 192) 369 (344 ndash 431) 93020ndash39 years 202 (194 ndash 211) lt LOD 203 (191 ndash 218) 387 (365 ndash 431) 90640ndash59 years 213 (203 ndash 224) lt LOD 210 (197 ndash 224) 448 (400 ndash 550) 66560 years and older 214 (197 ndash 233) lt LOD 205 (178 ndash 231) 495 (436 ndash 643) 632lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 22a3 Serum retinyl palmitate Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 185 (178 ndash 191) lt LOD 178 (169 ndash 188) 384 (360 ndash 409) 17466ndash11 years 179 (167 ndash 191) lt LOD 168 (158 ndash 180) 366 (309 ndash 425) 27512ndash19 years 165 (156 ndash 174) lt LOD 162 (157 ndash 167) 311 (287 ndash 351) 61420ndash39 years 190 (177 ndash 204) lt LOD 187 (168 ndash 204) 394 (368 ndash 449) 43240ndash59 years 189 (178 ndash 202) lt LOD 181 (167 ndash 200) 408 (350 ndash 479) 23360 years and older 195 (178 ndash 214) lt LOD 179 (163 ndash 206) 457 (378 ndash 589) 192MalesTotal 6 years and older 191 (180 ndash 203) lt LOD 184 (169 ndash 200) 399 (370 ndash 470) 8326ndash11 years 173 (156 ndash 191) lt LOD 160 (151 ndash 179) 368 (285 ndash 504) 13612ndash19 years 169 (156 ndash 183) lt LOD 164 (156 ndash 175) 312 (270 ndash 394) 29420ndash39 years 199 (174 ndash 227) lt LOD 195 (167 ndash 227) 421 (382 ndash 531) 19340ndash59 years 205 (186 ndash 226) lt LOD 198 (155 ndash 244) 435 (376 ndash 544) 11460 years and older 186 (156 ndash 222) lt LODdagger 176 (135 ndash 241) 445dagger (355 ndash 543) 95FemalesTotal 6 years and older 178 (170 ndash 185) lt LOD 172 (163 ndash 183) 356 (344 ndash 371) 9146ndash11 years 185 (170 ndash 202) lt LOD 176 (163 ndash 194) 364 (314 ndash 487) 13912ndash19 years 161 (152 ndash 170) lt LOD 160 (147 ndash 169) 309 (279 ndash 366) 32020ndash39 years 179 (163 ndash 198) lt LOD 177 (153 ndash 203) 356 (332 ndash 389) 23940ndash59 years 175 (163 ndash 188) lt LOD 172 (152 ndash 195) 352 (324 ndash 447) 11960 years and older 202 (177 ndash 232) lt LODdagger 179 (158 ndash 224) 459dagger (330 ndash 850) 97lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1071 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1072 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 22a4 Serum retinyl palmitate Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 204 (190 ndash 219) lt LOD 203 (184 ndash 220) 413 (385 ndash 448) 18426ndash11 years 249 (219 ndash 282) lt LOD 249 (213 ndash 301) 482 (458 ndash 544) 23812ndash19 years 203 (188 ndash 221) lt LOD 199 (184 ndash 223) 405 (358 ndash 459) 64320ndash39 years 212 (192 ndash 235) lt LOD 210 (191 ndash 227) 423 (381 ndash 467) 36340ndash59 years 196 (182 ndash 212) lt LOD 194 (173 ndash 221) 388 (359 ndash 461) 32660 years and older 177 (160 ndash 196) lt LOD 165 (144 ndash 189) 395 (326 ndash 467) 272MalesTotal 6 years and older 215 (199 ndash 232) lt LOD 216 (200 ndash 230) 445 (388 ndash 502) 9216ndash11 years 266 (234 ndash 303) lt LOD 271 (235 ndash 296) 534 (454 ndash 633) 12712ndash19 years 217 (198 ndash 238) lt LOD 213 (188 ndash 236) 449 (367 ndash 539) 33020ndash39 years 229 (205 ndash 256) lt LOD 228 (205 ndash 256) 445 (373 ndash 585) 16840ndash59 years 199 (180 ndash 221) lt LOD 212 (169 ndash 230) 384 (342 ndash 734) 15360 years and older 179 (159 ndash 201) lt LOD 162 (132 ndash 199) 464 (340 ndash 535) 143FemalesTotal 6 years and older 195 (179 ndash 212) lt LOD 192 (174 ndash 214) 393 (380 ndash 422) 9216ndash11 years 232 (194 ndash 277) lt LODdagger 237 (187 ndash 287) 460dagger (424 ndash 512) 11112ndash19 years 190 (171 ndash 212) lt LOD 191 (165 ndash 219) 355 (339 ndash 426) 31320ndash39 years 199 (175 ndash 225) lt LOD 201 (173 ndash 224) 392 (370 ndash 467) 19540ndash59 years 194 (176 ndash 214) lt LOD 188 (169 ndash 211) 392 (361 ndash 447) 17360 years and older 176 (152 ndash 203) lt LOD 166 (143 ndash 202) 354 (307 ndash 422) 129lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 22a5 Serum retinyl palmitate Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 217 (210 ndash 225) lt LOD 217 (204 ndash 227) 454 (439 ndash 471) 28386ndash11 years 218 (197 ndash 241) lt LOD 216 (187 ndash 230) 419 (382 ndash 482) 22412ndash19 years 193 (184 ndash 203) lt LOD 185 (170 ndash 201) 392 (356 ndash 447) 47520ndash39 years 221 (207 ndash 236) lt LOD 230 (212 ndash 244) 432 (385 ndash 466) 67640ndash59 years 220 (208 ndash 233) lt LOD 221 (202 ndash 234) 466 (433 ndash 545) 65860 years and older 220 (205 ndash 237) lt LOD 212 (191 ndash 235) 516 (463 ndash 586) 805MalesTotal 6 years and older 222 (212 ndash 232) lt LOD 221 (208 ndash 230) 466 (445 ndash 499) 14076ndash11 years 228 (197 ndash 263) lt LODdagger 222 (195 ndash 261) 452dagger (380 ndash 592) 10712ndash19 years 194 (179 ndash 210) lt LOD 187 (168 ndash 210) 380 (340 ndash 467) 24520ndash39 years 235 (214 ndash 257) lt LOD 240 (222 ndash 259) 449 (409 ndash 504) 29340ndash59 years 221 (206 ndash 236) lt LOD 220 (202 ndash 235) 477 (435 ndash 602) 33960 years and older 220 (204 ndash 238) lt LOD 210 (189 ndash 236) 516 (450 ndash 579) 423FemalesTotal 6 years and older 213 (205 ndash 221) lt LOD 213 (196 ndash 226) 441 (425 ndash 465) 14316ndash11 years 207 (177 ndash 243) lt LOD 210 (175 ndash 239) 405 (350 ndash 451) 11712ndash19 years 192 (181 ndash 204) lt LOD 181 (167 ndash 198) 398 (330 ndash 457) 23020ndash39 years 208 (194 ndash 223) lt LOD 221 (191 ndash 236) 407 (357 ndash 465) 38340ndash59 years 220 (206 ndash 234) lt LOD 221 (197 ndash 240) 454 (405 ndash 585) 31960 years and older 220 (199 ndash 242) lt LOD 215 (180 ndash 241) 515 (445 ndash 671) 382lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
108 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population108 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 22b Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 123 (104 ndash 146) lt LOD 147 (127 ndash 170) 495 (458 ndash 583) 5589 2001ndash2002 192 (183 ndash 202) 690 (537 ndash 696) 193 (185 ndash 201) 549 (516 ndash 586) 7641 2005ndash2006 211 (205 ndash 217) lt LOD 208 (199 ndash 217) 567 (535 ndash 603) 6946Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 146 (116 ndash 184) lt LOD 167 (133 ndash 197) 539 (482 ndash 878) 278 2001ndash2002 188 (171 ndash 206) 482 (lt LOD ndash 710) 182 (169 ndash 202) 562 (479 ndash 877) 4126ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 133 (107 ndash 167) lt LOD 164 (129 ndash 202) 575 (455 ndash 888) 651 2001ndash2002 202 (190 ndash 215) 700 (462 ndash 801) 215 (203 ndash 225) 532 (479 ndash 585) 967 2005ndash2006 215 (201 ndash 229) lt LOD 214 (193 ndash 227) 501 (470 ndash 581) 82712ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 117 (963 ndash 141) lt LOD 141 (112 ndash 168) 411 (371 ndash 477) 1620 2001ndash2002 171 (161 ndash 180) 560 (500 ndash 692) 177 (166 ndash 187) 421 (398 ndash 447) 2122 2005ndash2006 190 (184 ndash 197) lt LOD 183 (174 ndash 194) 478 (451 ndash 537) 186520ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 114 (928 ndash 139) lt LOD 140 (121 ndash 162) 458 (414 ndash 567) 1201 2001ndash2002 191 (177 ndash 206) 643 (543 ndash 720) 191 (179 ndash 203) 514 (465 ndash 579) 1655 2005ndash2006 213 (204 ndash 223) lt LOD 218 (203 ndash 229) 500 (467 ndash 536) 162040ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 130 (106 ndash 159) lt LOD 155 (130 ndash 184) 549 (461 ndash 683) 959 2001ndash2002 199 (187 ndash 211) 623 (529 ndash 698) 196 (189 ndash 206) 570 (519 ndash 653) 1429 2005ndash2006 214 (204 ndash 225) lt LOD 212 (200 ndash 224) 615 (546 ndash 680) 131560 years and older 1999ndash2000 134 (111 ndash 162) lt LOD 154 (129 ndash 189) 578 (487 ndash 647) 1158 2001ndash2002 196 (182 ndash 211) 522 (453 ndash 580) 191 (175 ndash 213) 679 (611 ndash 783) 1468 2005ndash2006 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 204 (188 ndash 223) 687 (604 ndash 801) 1319Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 138 (117 ndash 163) lt LOD 161 (140 ndash 182) 522 (465 ndash 594) 2676 2001ndash2002 201 (190 ndash 212) 636 (544 ndash 687) 201 (191 ndash 212) 571 (531 ndash 620) 3698 2005ndash2006 215 (208 ndash 223) lt LOD 214 (204 ndash 224) 589 (550 ndash 632) 3397
Females 1999ndash2000 111 (922 ndash 133) lt LOD 136 (116 ndash 161) 479 (447 ndash 580) 2913 2001ndash2002 185 (176 ndash 195) 582 (515 ndash 695) 184 (175 ndash 192) 511 (478 ndash 568) 3943 2005ndash2006 207 (201 ndash 212) lt LOD 201 (194 ndash 211) 551 (496 ndash 612) 3549Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 759 (635 ndash 906) lt LOD 945 (808 ndash 114) 369 (332 ndash 435) 1463 2001ndash2002 162 (147 ndash 178) 503 (398 ndash 575) 165 (150 ndash 185) 428 (395 ndash 480) 1980 2005ndash2006 185 (178 ndash 191) lt LOD 178 (169 ndash 188) 477 (440 ndash 518) 1746Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 118 (848 ndash 164) lt LOD 148 (107 ndash 199) 506 (441 ndash 581) 1422 2001ndash2002 192 (182 ndash 202) 628 (390 ndash 709) 196 (188 ndash 206) 544 (471 ndash 644) 1734 2005ndash2006 204 (190 ndash 219) lt LOD 203 (184 ndash 220) 500 (465 ndash 576) 1842Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 132 (108 ndash 160) lt LOD 157 (133 ndash 184) 512 (460 ndash 648) 2121 2001ndash2002 197 (187 ndash 208) 636 (584 ndash 684) 195 (186 ndash 206) 557 (514 ndash 599) 3318 2005ndash2006 217 (210 ndash 225) lt LOD 217 (204 ndash 227) 602 (560 ndash 649) 2838lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Figure 22b Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 10
8
(
( ( (
( ( (
(
( (
( (
( (
(
( (
( (
(
(
(
( (
( ( (
( (
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
6
4
2
25
20
15
10
05
08
07
06
05
04
03
(
(
(
(
(
(
( (
(
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
( (
(
(
(
( (
(
(
(
(
(
( (
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 109109
110 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population110 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
3a
1 S
erum
reti
nyl s
tear
ate
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
131
(12
3 ndash
148
)1
95(1
79
ndash 2
09)
669
8A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
33(1
08
ndash 1
97)
197
(16
5 ndash
408
)79
212
ndash19
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D9
11(7
43 ndash
11
4)1
48(1
18
ndash 2
00)
180
120
ndash39
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D9
47(8
50 ndash
10
9)1
32(1
14
ndash 1
76)
155
540
ndash59
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
35(1
23
ndash 1
63)
200
(16
8 ndash
231
)1
262
60 y
ears
and
old
er
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
93(1
59
ndash 2
58)
277
(22
6 ndash
358
)1
288
Gen
der
Mal
es
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
40(1
29
ndash 1
54)
194
(18
6 ndash
205
)3
276
Fem
ales
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
125
(10
9 ndash
148
)1
99(1
62
ndash 2
34)
342
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
933
(792
ndash 1
19)
135
(10
8 ndash
207
)1
739
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
896
(829
ndash 1
10)
138
(11
0 ndash
171
)1
699
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
50(1
36
ndash 1
64)
206
(19
3 ndash
236
)2
747
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
Not
cal
cula
ted
Pro
port
ion
of re
sults
bel
ow li
mit
of d
etec
tion
was
too
high
to p
rovi
de a
val
id re
sult
1111 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1112 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Noserumretinylstearatefigureforconcentrationsbyagegroupispresentedbecausethegeometricmeanswerenotcalculatedduetotheproportionofresultsbelowthelimitofdetectionbeingtoohighforvalidresults(seeTable23a1)
112 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population112 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 23a2 Serum retinyl stearate Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 894 (794 ndash 102) 66986ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 972 (730 ndash 121) 79212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 180120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 155540ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 944 (810 ndash 116) 126260 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 132 (113 ndash 158) 1288MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 964 (871 ndash 108) 32766ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 103 (lt LOD ndash 176) 39412ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 89820ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 813 (709 ndash 968) 68240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 993 (842 ndash 117) 62460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 133 (116 ndash 153) 678FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 839 (741 ndash 960) 34226ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 896 (lt LOD ndash 117) 39812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 90320ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 87340ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 903 (764 ndash 121) 63860 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 132 (106 ndash 174) 610lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
Table 23a3 Serum retinyl stearate Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 17396ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 27212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 60420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 42840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 766 (lt LOD ndash 123) 23860 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 902 (707 ndash 132) 197MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 736 (lt LOD ndash 877) 8326ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 13512ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 700 (lt LOD ndash 965) 19040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 851 (lt LOD ndash 195) 11860 years and older lt LODdagger lt LOD 780dagger (lt LOD ndash 326) 99FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 9076ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 13712ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 31420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 23840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 12060 years and older lt LODdagger lt LOD 102dagger (lt LOD ndash 197) 98lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1131 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1132 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 23a4 Serum retinyl stearate Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 16996ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 21912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 59720ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 32240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 781 (lt LOD ndash 931) 30160 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 770 (lt LOD ndash 139) 260MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 746 (lt LOD ndash 868) 8496ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 11812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 30020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 15240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 813 (lt LOD ndash 106) 14160 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 106 (lt LOD ndash 155) 138FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 8506ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD lt LODdagger 10112ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 29720ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 17040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 701 (lt LOD ndash 962) 16060 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 122lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 23a5 Serum retinyl stearate Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 101 (932 ndash 110) 27476ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 106 (756 ndash 199) 21212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 46520ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 727 (lt LOD ndash 878) 66040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 100 (869 ndash 120) 62760 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 140 (117 ndash 173) 783MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 109 (967 ndash 118) 13706ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 109dagger (lt LOD ndash 758) 10312ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 740 (lt LOD ndash 105) 24420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 927 (740 ndash 116) 28340ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 107 (862 ndash 124) 32460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 139 (119 ndash 165) 416FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 948 (855 ndash 107) 13776ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 104dagger (755 ndash 295) 10912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 22120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 37740ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 953 (798 ndash 131) 30360 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 141 (108 ndash 201) 367lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
114 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population114 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 23b Serum retinyl stearate Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 112 (983 ndash 144) 4148 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 108 (988 ndash 119) 7690 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 131 (123 ndash 148) 6698Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 lt LODdagger lt LOD 243dagger (172 ndash 365) 212 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 175 (137 ndash 349) 4166ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 174 (109 ndash 103) 434 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 114 (964 ndash 134) 981 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 133 (108 ndash 197) 79212ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 829 (lt LOD ndash 130) 1194 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 2145 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 911 (743 ndash 114) 180120ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 928 (651 ndash 136) 872 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 721 (693 ndash 893) 1658 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 947 (850 ndash 109) 155540ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 132 (944 ndash 240) 716 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 115 (104 ndash 146) 1422 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 135 (123 ndash 163) 126260 years and older 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 183 (139 ndash 290) 932 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 177 (152 ndash 208) 1484 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 193 (159 ndash 258) 1288Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 113 (987 ndash 166) 2008 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 119 (109 ndash 142) 3710 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 140 (129 ndash 154) 3276Females 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 110 (951 ndash 142) 2140 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 953 (856 ndash 109) 3980 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 125 (109 ndash 148) 3422Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 695 (lt LOD ndash 214) 1002 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 587 (lt LOD ndash 880) 1921 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 933 (792 ndash 119) 1739Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 962 (590 ndash 150) 1060 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 733 (619 ndash 963) 1827 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 896 (829 ndash 110) 1699Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 127 (100 ndash 181) 1608 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 113 (102 ndash 130) 3331 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 150 (136 ndash 164) 2747lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to cell size
1151 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1152 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
2
4
6
8
10
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
2
4
6
8
10
50th
Per
cent
ile
0
5
10
15
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 23b Serum retinyl stearate Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
116 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population116 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
4a
1 S
erum
vit
amin
E C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
109
0(1
070
ndash 1
120
)57
8(5
63 ndash
587
)63
1(6
20 ndash
642
)1
060
(10
30 ndash
10
80)
209
0(2
010
ndash 2
180
)2
460
(23
10 ndash
26
00)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs82
0(8
00 ndash
841
)54
6(5
18 ndash
573
)58
3(5
63 ndash
601
)80
6(7
88 ndash
826
)1
200
(11
20 ndash
13
70)
136
0(1
230
ndash 1
510
)86
012
ndash19
year
s77
0(7
57 ndash
783
)49
7(4
66 ndash
519
)52
7(5
16 ndash
541
)75
9(7
49 ndash
767
)1
160
(11
30 ndash
12
00)
132
0(1
240
ndash 1
450
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
102
0(9
98 ndash
10
40)
590
(559
ndash 6
19)
645
(621
ndash 6
68)
100
0(9
80 ndash
10
20)
173
0(1
620
ndash 1
900
)1
940
(18
10 ndash
23
80)
168
840
ndash59
year
s1
230
(11
90 ndash
12
60)
702
(656
ndash 7
21)
749
(724
ndash 7
69)
120
0(1
160
ndash 1
240
)2
210
(20
80 ndash
24
00)
251
0(2
260
ndash 3
110
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er1
400
(13
60 ndash
14
40)
704
(611
ndash 7
50)
783
(733
ndash 8
35)
139
0(1
330
ndash 1
430
)2
600
(25
10 ndash
26
60)
290
0(2
710
ndash 3
130
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es1
060
(10
40 ndash
10
90)
559
(543
ndash 5
75)
610
(594
ndash 6
25)
103
0(1
010
ndash 1
070
)2
010
(19
30 ndash
20
90)
236
0(2
160
ndash 2
520
)3
547
Fem
ales
112
0(1
090
ndash 1
140
)59
6(5
85 ndash
612
)65
3(6
39 ndash
664
)1
080
(10
50 ndash
11
00)
217
0(2
080
ndash 2
260
)2
510
(23
70 ndash
26
60)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
101
0(9
80 ndash
10
40)
581
(553
ndash 5
99)
623
(602
ndash 6
37)
976
(945
ndash 1
000
)1
790
(17
50 ndash
18
70)
212
0(1
960
ndash 2
330
)1
844
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
933
(915
ndash 9
51)
548
(530
ndash 5
59)
588
(581
ndash 6
01)
903
(884
ndash 9
18)
166
0(1
560
ndash 1
750
)1
800
(17
40 ndash
20
80)
189
1N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
114
0(1
110
ndash 1
160
)58
4(5
66 ndash
596
)64
3(6
24 ndash
658
)1
110
(10
80 ndash
11
40)
217
0(2
090
ndash 2
270
)2
520
(24
20 ndash
26
90)
297
3
1171 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1172 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 24a Serum vitamin E Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
118 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population118 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24a2 Serum vitamin E Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1090 (1070 ndash 1120) 702 (686 ndash 716) 1060 (1030 ndash 1080) 1790 (1730 ndash 1840) 72546ndash11 years 820 (800 ndash 841) 629 (621 ndash 638) 806 (788 ndash 826) 1070 (1040 ndash 1180) 86012ndash19 years 770 (757 ndash 783) 578 (557 ndash 587) 759 (749 ndash 767) 1050 (1000 ndash 1070) 195420ndash39 years 1020 (998 ndash 1040) 710 (683 ndash 727) 1000 (980 ndash 1020) 1520 (1410 ndash 1610) 168840ndash59 years 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 824 (799 ndash 848) 1200 (1160 ndash 1240) 1870 (1790 ndash 2040) 136560 years and older 1400 (1360 ndash 1440) 897 (828 ndash 949) 1390 (1330 ndash 1430) 2190 (2130 ndash 2270) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 1060 (1040 ndash 1090) 682 (664 ndash 704) 1030 (1010 ndash 1070) 1730 (1640 ndash 1770) 35476ndash11 years 817 (789 ndash 847) 629 (593 ndash 642) 807 (766 ndash 843) 1070 (1030 ndash 1180) 42712ndash19 years 753 (739 ndash 768) 553 (527 ndash 580) 747 (733 ndash 759) 1030 (986 ndash 1070) 98020ndash39 years 1030 (1010 ndash 1050) 699 (671 ndash 728) 1010 (984 ndash 1030) 1570 (1440 ndash 1730) 73840ndash59 years 1210 (1180 ndash 1250) 798 (767 ndash 848) 1190 (1160 ndash 1240) 1820 (1740 ndash 1950) 67360 years and older 1300 (1230 ndash 1370) 827 (762 ndash 887) 1290 (1220 ndash 1330) 2070 (1950 ndash 2310) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 717 (705 ndash 723) 1080 (1050 ndash 1100) 1840 (1790 ndash 1910) 37076ndash11 years 823 (792 ndash 856) 628 (608 ndash 647) 805 (784 ndash 837) 1090 (1020 ndash 1230) 43312ndash19 years 788 (772 ndash 804) 594 (570 ndash 611) 771 (755 ndash 788) 1050 (991 ndash 1120) 97420ndash39 years 1010 (981 ndash 1040) 717 (679 ndash 738) 997 (956 ndash 1030) 1470 (1360 ndash 1580) 95040ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1290) 841 (818 ndash 860) 1210 (1160 ndash 1240) 1920 (1820 ndash 2120) 69260 years and older 1490 (1440 ndash 1540) 966 (926 ndash 987) 1500 (1430 ndash 1540) 2260 (2190 ndash 2470) 658
Table 24a3 Serum vitamin E Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (980 ndash 1040) 671 (656 ndash 695) 976 (945 ndash 1000) 1580 (1530 ndash 1630) 18446ndash11 years 793 (770 ndash 816) 623 (599 ndash 644) 779 (755 ndash 800) 1010 (977 ndash 1110) 29512ndash19 years 760 (740 ndash 781) 587 (578 ndash 597) 750 (723 ndash 773) 991 (970 ndash 1050) 64620ndash39 years 1020 (991 ndash 1060) 727 (676 ndash 755) 997 (968 ndash 1020) 1520 (1420 ndash 1640) 44940ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1280) 836 (808 ndash 861) 1220 (1160 ndash 1270) 1790 (1730 ndash 1950) 24660 years and older 1360 (1250 ndash 1470) 913 (816 ndash 996) 1300 (1240 ndash 1370) 2000 (1720 ndash 3120) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (970 ndash 1050) 671 (640 ndash 701) 972 (925 ndash 999) 1570 (1510 ndash 1610) 8836ndash11 years 786 (762 ndash 811) 622 (598 ndash 643) 763 (745 ndash 802) 989 (962 ndash 1060) 14512ndash19 years 748 (718 ndash 778) 591 (573 ndash 603) 733 (690 ndash 775) 978 (930 ndash 1060) 31320ndash39 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1080) 753 (703 ndash 772) 990 (967 ndash 1020) 1590 (1460 ndash 1700) 19840ndash59 years 1270 (1190 ndash 1350) 863 (814 ndash 908) 1260 (1140 ndash 1350) 1670 (1610 ndash 2030) 12260 years and older 1260 (1140 ndash 1390) 845dagger (650 ndash 931) 1240 (1100 ndash 1340) 1970dagger (1570 ndash 3130) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (984 ndash 1030) 670 (649 ndash 696) 985 (949 ndash 1020) 1610 (1530 ndash 1670) 9616ndash11 years 800 (763 ndash 838) 625 (514 ndash 658) 787 (760 ndash 799) 1050 (958 ndash 1240) 15012ndash19 years 774 (750 ndash 798) 583 (570 ndash 597) 763 (748 ndash 784) 1020 (960 ndash 1090) 33320ndash39 years 1000 (955 ndash 1050) 700 (634 ndash 742) 1000 (947 ndash 1060) 1490 (1340 ndash 1650) 25140ndash59 years 1210 (1170 ndash 1260) 808 (778 ndash 859) 1200 (1110 ndash 1240) 1840 (1710 ndash 2100) 12460 years and older 1450 (1300 ndash 1610) 1000dagger (872 ndash 1090) 1410 (1240 ndash 1540) 2040dagger (1720 ndash 4610) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1191 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1192 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 24a4 Serum vitamin E Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 933 (915 ndash 951) 644 (630 ndash 656) 903 (884 ndash 918) 1400 (1360 ndash 1470) 18916ndash11 years 771 (743 ndash 801) 587 (550 ndash 634) 762 (735 ndash 800) 1010 (941 ndash 1090) 24012ndash19 years 731 (715 ndash 748) 575 (551 ndash 591) 727 (717 ndash 736) 945 (913 ndash 990) 66520ndash39 years 926 (896 ndash 957) 665 (620 ndash 686) 893 (865 ndash 933) 1340 (1250 ndash 1450) 36840ndash59 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1070) 736 (688 ndash 779) 1010 (998 ndash 1050) 1540 (1420 ndash 1670) 33560 years and older 1110 (1060 ndash 1160) 752 (709 ndash 791) 1080 (993 ndash 1150) 1680 (1560 ndash 1780) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 915 (897 ndash 933) 636 (618 ndash 651) 882 (870 ndash 895) 1390 (1310 ndash 1460) 9496ndash11 years 768 (740 ndash 799) 588 (558 ndash 634) 752 (726 ndash 799) 1030 (928 ndash 1110) 12812ndash19 years 732 (714 ndash 751) 582 (558 ndash 606) 727 (712 ndash 737) 940 (904 ndash 981) 34320ndash39 years 937 (888 ndash 989) 650 (603 ndash 687) 896 (862 ndash 939) 1400 (1240 ndash 1670) 17040ndash59 years 1010 (972 ndash 1050) 718 (632 ndash 743) 988 (960 ndash 1020) 1520 (1390 ndash 1640) 15660 years and older 1050 (1000 ndash 1100) 726 (580 ndash 770) 980 (894 ndash 1080) 1680 (1410 ndash 2250) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 949 (923 ndash 976) 651 (638 ndash 673) 916 (897 ndash 944) 1450 (1350 ndash 1560) 9426ndash11 years 775 (735 ndash 817) 579 (400 ndash 643) 776 (746 ndash 803) 1000 (931 ndash 1140) 11212ndash19 years 731 (706 ndash 757) 567 (517 ndash 596) 726 (712 ndash 750) 957 (906 ndash 1050) 32220ndash39 years 917 (893 ndash 941) 677 (613 ndash 704) 892 (862 ndash 925) 1270 (1190 ndash 1490) 19840ndash59 years 1070 (1030 ndash 1110) 761 (707 ndash 808) 1040 (1000 ndash 1110) 1540 (1400 ndash 1740) 17960 years and older 1150 (1080 ndash 1230) 774 (650 ndash 848) 1130 (1040 ndash 1230) 1670 (1560 ndash 1770) 131
Table 24a5 Serum vitamin E Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1140 (1110 ndash 1160) 718 (706 ndash 729) 1110 (1080 ndash 1140) 1870 (1810 ndash 1940) 29736ndash11 years 840 (815 ndash 866) 627 (612 ndash 642) 826 (805 ndash 854) 1120 (1060 ndash 1260) 23112ndash19 years 779 (761 ndash 797) 579 (544 ndash 589) 765 (751 ndash 784) 1060 (1010 ndash 1140) 49920ndash39 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1070) 711 (671 ndash 741) 1030 (1000 ndash 1060) 1550 (1410 ndash 1710) 71440ndash59 years 1260 (1220 ndash 1300) 846 (817 ndash 866) 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 1910 (1800 ndash 2100) 68360 years and older 1430 (1390 ndash 1480) 919 (856 ndash 976) 1430 (1390 ndash 1480) 2230 (2170 ndash 2330) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 1100 (1070 ndash 1130) 703 (671 ndash 725) 1080 (1050 ndash 1120) 1770 (1740 ndash 1850) 14726ndash11 years 839 (801 ndash 879) 629 (562 ndash 680) 830 (791 ndash 880) 1080 (1030 ndash 1300) 11212ndash19 years 757 (737 ndash 778) 542 (523 ndash 572) 754 (730 ndash 783) 1060 (1000 ndash 1110) 25420ndash39 years 1040 (1020 ndash 1070) 687 (640 ndash 735) 1030 (1020 ndash 1060) 1590 (1430 ndash 1770) 30940ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1270) 818 (769 ndash 865) 1230 (1180 ndash 1260) 1840 (1750 ndash 2040) 35160 years and older 1330 (1240 ndash 1420) 862 (733 ndash 930) 1300 (1250 ndash 1360) 2100 (1970 ndash 2460) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1170 (1150 ndash 1200) 727 (718 ndash 746) 1140 (1100 ndash 1170) 1930 (1870 ndash 2050) 15016ndash11 years 841 (792 ndash 892) 624 (597 ndash 656) 819 (774 ndash 878) 1160 (1050 ndash 1470) 11912ndash19 years 803 (780 ndash 827) 601 (562 ndash 641) 779 (750 ndash 805) 1060 (985 ndash 1200) 24520ndash39 years 1040 (1000 ndash 1080) 720 (699 ndash 754) 1020 (978 ndash 1060) 1510 (1360 ndash 1630) 40540ndash59 years 1270 (1230 ndash 1320) 862 (842 ndash 894) 1240 (1190 ndash 1280) 2000 (1850 ndash 2190) 33260 years and older 1530 (1480 ndash 1590) 985 (964 ndash 1020) 1530 (1470 ndash 1590) 2320 (2240 ndash 2500) 400
120 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population120 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24b Serum vitamin E Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 1070 (1040 ndash 1110) 597 (575 ndash 612) 1010 (986 ndash 1040) 2350 (2280 ndash 2500) 7054 2001ndash2002 1110 (1090 ndash 1140) 637 (623 ndash 649) 1050 (1010 ndash 1090) 2380 (2260 ndash 2520) 7935 2005ndash2006 1090 (1070 ndash 1120) 631 (620 ndash 642) 1060 (1030 ndash 1080) 2090 (2010 ndash 2180) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 785 (752 ndash 820) 559 (514 ndash 585) 772 (734 ndash 829) 1160 (1120 ndash 1400) 347 2001ndash2002 814 (780 ndash 850) 577 (553 ndash 601) 796 (760 ndash 824) 1200 (1090 ndash 1670) 4306ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 783 (754 ndash 814) 545 (519 ndash 557) 781 (749 ndash 824) 1130 (1090 ndash 1210) 859 2001ndash2002 804 (788 ndash 821) 576 (560 ndash 591) 798 (780 ndash 819) 1140 (1090 ndash 1220) 1014 2005ndash2006 820 (800 ndash 841) 583 (563 ndash 601) 806 (788 ndash 826) 1200 (1120 ndash 1370) 86012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 736 (717 ndash 756) 513 (491 ndash 530) 729 (712 ndash 744) 1100 (1020 ndash 1240) 2108 2001ndash2002 782 (768 ndash 796) 550 (540 ndash 559) 771 (761 ndash 786) 1170 (1110 ndash 1280) 2206 2005ndash2006 770 (757 ndash 783) 527 (516 ndash 541) 759 (749 ndash 767) 1160 (1130 ndash 1200) 195420ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 973 (952 ndash 995) 615 (590 ndash 630) 938 (911 ndash 972) 1750 (1640 ndash 1860) 1452 2001ndash2002 1010 (987 ndash 1030) 646 (627 ndash 661) 979 (960 ndash 1000) 1720 (1620 ndash 1880) 1716 2005ndash2006 1020 (998 ndash 1040) 645 (621 ndash 668) 1000 (980 ndash 1020) 1730 (1620 ndash 1900) 168840ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1300 (1250 ndash 1360) 753 (716 ndash 791) 1230 (1200 ndash 1280) 2670 (2470 ndash 2940) 1181 2001ndash2002 1310 (1270 ndash 1340) 776 (751 ndash 793) 1260 (1220 ndash 1300) 2530 (2380 ndash 3030) 1474 2005ndash2006 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 749 (724 ndash 769) 1200 (1160 ndash 1240) 2210 (2080 ndash 2400) 136560 years and older 1999ndash2000 1510 (1470 ndash 1560) 788 (749 ndash 825) 1450 (1390 ndash 1510) 3020 (2920 ndash 3290) 1454 2001ndash2002 1540 (1490 ndash 1590) 830 (763 ndash 869) 1500 (1440 ndash 1550) 3290 (3030 ndash 3540) 1525 2005ndash2006 1400 (1360 ndash 1440) 783 (733 ndash 835) 1390 (1330 ndash 1430) 2600 (2510 ndash 2660) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 1050 (1010 ndash 1090) 580 (557 ndash 604) 993 (976 ndash 1020) 2280 (2130 ndash 2470) 3426 2001ndash2002 1090 (1060 ndash 1130) 623 (607 ndash 646) 1030 (986 ndash 1080) 2300 (2160 ndash 2470) 3841 2005ndash2006 1060 (1040 ndash 1090) 610 (594 ndash 625) 1030 (1010 ndash 1070) 2010 (1930 ndash 2090) 3547Females 1999ndash2000 1100 (1070 ndash 1140) 605 (580 ndash 627) 1030 (990 ndash 1070) 2450 (2300 ndash 2690) 3628 2001ndash2002 1130 (1110 ndash 1150) 646 (629 ndash 660) 1060 (1040 ndash 1100) 2480 (2280 ndash 2700) 4094 2005ndash2006 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 653 (639 ndash 664) 1080 (1050 ndash 1100) 2170 (2080 ndash 2260) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 962 (932 ndash 994) 572 (558 ndash 587) 918 (895 ndash 947) 1810 (1740 ndash 2010) 2410 2001ndash2002 994 (954 ndash 1040) 606 (584 ndash 625) 949 (917 ndash 979) 1810 (1690 ndash 2080) 1991 2005ndash2006 1010 (980 ndash 1040) 623 (602 ndash 637) 976 (945 ndash 1000) 1790 (1750 ndash 1870) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 904 (869 ndash 941) 566 (539 ndash 580) 869 (835 ndash 910) 1700 (1620 ndash 1910) 1584 2001ndash2002 930 (907 ndash 953) 601 (573 ndash 617) 897 (883 ndash 915) 1690 (1540 ndash 1940) 1864 2005ndash2006 933 (915 ndash 951) 588 (581 ndash 601) 903 (884 ndash 918) 1660 (1560 ndash 1750) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 1130 (1100 ndash 1170) 618 (600 ndash 634) 1060 (1040 ndash 1100) 2540 (2380 ndash 2720) 2414 2001ndash2002 1160 (1130 ndash 1200) 653 (626 ndash 674) 1110 (1060 ndash 1150) 2510 (2380 ndash 2690) 3455 2005ndash2006 1140 (1110 ndash 1160) 643 (624 ndash 658) 1110 (1080 ndash 1140) 2170 (2090 ndash 2270) 2973
1211 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1212 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
400
500
600
700
800
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
600
800
1000
1200
50th
Per
cent
ile
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 24b Serum vitamin E Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
122 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population122 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24c Serum vitamin E PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin E concentration (lt 500 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence
(95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 07 (05 ndash 09) 1835000Age group6ndash11 years 860 09Dagger (04 ndash 20) 221000Dagger12ndash19 years 1954 26 (16 ndash 43) 88500020ndash39 years 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1365 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 237000Dagger60 years and older 1387 04 (03 ndash 07) 209000GenderMales 3547 09 (06 ndash 12) 1110000Females 3707 05 (03 ndash 08) 725000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1891 12 (09 ndash 17) 396000Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 06 (04 ndash 08) 1059000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1231 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1232 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 24d Serum vitamin E Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin E concentration (lt 500 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7054 10 (07 ndash 16) 2558000 2001ndash2002 7935 04 (03 ndash 06) 1108000 2005ndash2006 7254 07 (05 ndash 09) 1835000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 347 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 859 20Dagger (10 ndash 41) 492000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 09Dagger (04 ndash 20) 221000Dagger12ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2108 38 (21 ndash 68) 1202000 2001ndash2002 2206 16 (10 ndash 26) 509000 2005ndash2006 1954 26 (16 ndash 43) 88500020ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1452 09Dagger (05 ndash 18) 730000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1716 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1181 01Dagger (01 ndash 02) 80000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1474 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1365 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 237000Dagger60 years and older 1999ndash2000 1454 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1525 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1387 04 (03 ndash 07) 209000Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3426 14 (08 ndash 23) 1660000 2001ndash2002 3841 06 (04 ndash 10) 781000 2005ndash2006 3547 09 (06 ndash 12) 1110000Females 1999ndash2000 3628 07 (04 ndash 11) 895000 2001ndash2002 4094 02 (01 ndash 05) 325000 2005ndash2006 3707 05 (03 ndash 08) 725000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 13 (09 ndash 18) 227000 2001ndash2002 1991 07Dagger (04 ndash 15) 156000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1584 17 (09 ndash 32) 520000 2001ndash2002 1864 07 (04 ndash 11) 207000 2005ndash2006 1891 12 (09 ndash 17) 396000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2414 08 (05 ndash 13) 1491000 2001ndash2002 3455 03 (02 ndash 05) 556000 2005ndash2006 2973 06 (04 ndash 08) 1059000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
124 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population124 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
5a
1 S
erum
gam
ma-
toco
pher
ol C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
188
(180
ndash 1
96)
535
(49
6 ndash
599
)70
4(6
29
ndash 75
4)
196
(187
ndash 2
04)
424
(408
ndash 4
46)
489
(464
ndash 5
19)
721
7A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs18
2(1
71 ndash
193
)68
1(5
52
ndash 85
2)
915
(71
3 ndash
992
)17
9(1
69 ndash
193
)35
3(3
33 ndash
390
)39
2(3
67 ndash
455
)85
812
ndash19
year
s17
9(1
71 ndash
188
)75
5(6
20
ndash 81
8)
890
(79
8 ndash
938
)18
4(1
75 ndash
194
)32
4(3
11 ndash
343
)37
6(3
44 ndash
413
)1
942
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
194
(184
ndash 2
05)
654
(50
6 ndash
767
)81
9(7
53
ndash 93
8)
200
(192
ndash 2
09)
423
(401
ndash 4
60)
489
(447
ndash 5
53)
167
540
ndash59
year
s20
1(1
92 ndash
212
)53
0(4
65
ndash 61
2)
690
(56
1 ndash
800
)21
3(2
03 ndash
221
)45
2(4
37 ndash
498
)54
5(4
92 ndash
604
)1
358
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
5(1
54 ndash
177
)45
1(4
14
ndash 49
8)
524
(49
7 ndash
575
)17
6(1
61 ndash
192
)42
2(4
03 ndash
462
)48
6(4
61 ndash
539
)1
384
Gen
der
Mal
es19
2(1
84 ndash
200
)54
9(4
86
ndash 63
3)
745
(62
4 ndash
808
)19
8(1
89 ndash
206
)43
4(4
11 ndash
471
)50
5(4
78 ndash
564
)3
528
Fem
ales
184
(175
ndash 1
94)
524
(49
4 ndash
585
)67
7(6
01
ndash 73
5)
194
(183
ndash 2
03)
419
(400
ndash 4
41)
464
(444
ndash 4
97)
368
9Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
204
(192
ndash 2
17)
804
(64
2 ndash
863
)93
8(8
40
ndash 10
2)20
9(1
95 ndash
222
)43
7(3
90 ndash
503
)50
4(4
63 ndash
585
)1
841
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
214
(198
ndash 2
31)
706
(52
2 ndash
855
)92
0(6
74
ndash 10
6)21
9(2
04 ndash
235
)42
9(4
08 ndash
488
)50
9(4
57 ndash
550
)1
865
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s18
2(1
73 ndash
191
)51
2(4
67
ndash 55
0)
651
(57
4 ndash
723
)19
0(1
79 ndash
200
)42
3(4
07 ndash
445
)48
5(4
54 ndash
531
)2
965
1251 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1252 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 25a Serum gammaminustocopherol Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
126 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population126 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 25a2 Serum gamma-tocopherol Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 188 (180 ndash 196) 932 (868 ndash 980) 196 (187 ndash 204) 361 (347 ndash 385) 72176ndash11 years 182 (171 ndash 193) 106 (102 ndash 111) 179 (169 ndash 193) 311 (298 ndash 341) 85812ndash19 years 179 (171 ndash 188) 106 (981 ndash 114) 184 (175 ndash 194) 288 (276 ndash 304) 194220ndash39 years 194 (184 ndash 205) 106 (947 ndash 114) 200 (192 ndash 209) 353 (330 ndash 393) 167540ndash59 years 201 (192 ndash 212) 952 (844 ndash 102) 213 (203 ndash 221) 400 (376 ndash 423) 135860 years and older 165 (154 ndash 177) 686 (609 ndash 734) 176 (161 ndash 192) 358 (340 ndash 397) 1384MalesTotal 6 years and older 192 (184 ndash 200) 987 (893 ndash 107) 198 (189 ndash 206) 359 (349 ndash 389) 35286ndash11 years 177 (166 ndash 189) 105 (940 ndash 109) 176 (163 ndash 189) 304 (276 ndash 349) 42512ndash19 years 173 (162 ndash 184) 103 (896 ndash 114) 177 (168 ndash 188) 284 (266 ndash 306) 97420ndash39 years 202 (193 ndash 211) 113 (105 ndash 119) 203 (194 ndash 215) 386 (349 ndash 414) 73240ndash59 years 207 (194 ndash 221) 990 (860 ndash 113) 215 (202 ndash 230) 403 (365 ndash 442) 66960 years and older 171 (157 ndash 185) 737 (669 ndash 772) 184 (159 ndash 204) 354 (336 ndash 396) 728FemalesTotal 6 years and older 184 (175 ndash 194) 882 (800 ndash 938) 194 (183 ndash 203) 362 (338 ndash 388) 36896ndash11 years 187 (174 ndash 201) 110 (936 ndash 122) 183 (169 ndash 199) 323 (299 ndash 346) 43312ndash19 years 187 (177 ndash 197) 110 (101 ndash 119) 191 (184 ndash 201) 292 (274 ndash 313) 96820ndash39 years 187 (173 ndash 202) 972 (799 ndash 110) 196 (180 ndash 207) 331 (312 ndash 383) 94340ndash59 years 197 (186 ndash 208) 905 (755 ndash 990) 207 (195 ndash 223) 398 (377 ndash 423) 68960 years and older 161 (148 ndash 175) 639 (539 ndash 726) 168 (155 ndash 188) 375 (328 ndash 405) 656
Table 25a3 Serum gamma-tocopherol Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 204 (192 ndash 217) 113 (106 ndash 117) 209 (195 ndash 222) 363 (343 ndash 403) 18416ndash11 years 199 (178 ndash 221) 114 (916 ndash 122) 202 (181 ndash 234) 323 (303 ndash 388) 29312ndash19 years 189 (179 ndash 200) 115 (106 ndash 124) 197 (183 ndash 207) 292 (279 ndash 316) 64520ndash39 years 203 (190 ndash 217) 111 (107 ndash 116) 209 (190 ndash 223) 366 (333 ndash 429) 44940ndash59 years 218 (202 ndash 237) 114 (917 ndash 125) 226 (213 ndash 240) 410 (357 ndash 478) 24660 years and older 210 (196 ndash 225) 997 (901 ndash 117) 211 (194 ndash 224) 406 (365 ndash 464) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 206 (196 ndash 216) 114 (109 ndash 118) 210 (193 ndash 224) 363 (339 ndash 417) 8816ndash11 years 196 (175 ndash 219) 116 (906 ndash 128) 189 (171 ndash 221) 329 (290 ndash 448) 14312ndash19 years 180 (169 ndash 191) 109 (979 ndash 115) 187 (166 ndash 208) 282 (264 ndash 310) 31320ndash39 years 207 (195 ndash 221) 112 (107 ndash 118) 216 (191 ndash 228) 375 (316 ndash 522) 19840ndash59 years 226 (199 ndash 256) 118 (964 ndash 141) 227 (201 ndash 265) 376 (345 ndash 582) 12260 years and older 213 (187 ndash 242) 100dagger (833 ndash 119) 205 (182 ndash 266) 412dagger (353 ndash 496) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 202 (185 ndash 220) 112 (962 ndash 120) 207 (194 ndash 221) 363 (334 ndash 407) 9606ndash11 years 201 (171 ndash 237) 113 (808 ndash 128) 219 (172 ndash 262) 322 (303 ndash 373) 15012ndash19 years 199 (187 ndash 213) 128 (113 ndash 137) 202 (191 ndash 212) 308 (286 ndash 375) 33220ndash39 years 197 (177 ndash 219) 109 (938 ndash 118) 202 (180 ndash 219) 362 (315 ndash 443) 25140ndash59 years 211 (187 ndash 237) 103 (615 ndash 121) 223 (184 ndash 259) 423 (351 ndash 515) 12460 years and older 208 (188 ndash 229) 988dagger (851 ndash 120) 213 (192 ndash 224) 398dagger (315 ndash 506) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1271 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1272 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 25a4 Serum gamma-tocopherol Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 214 (198 ndash 231) 119 (984 ndash 135) 219 (204 ndash 235) 383 (357 ndash 407) 18656ndash11 years 198 (183 ndash 214) 128 (967 ndash 141) 198 (189 ndash 210) 317 (291 ndash 360) 24012ndash19 years 197 (180 ndash 215) 126 (105 ndash 142) 198 (180 ndash 215) 308 (279 ndash 338) 65420ndash39 years 213 (196 ndash 231) 114 (935 ndash 137) 216 (202 ndash 231) 379 (334 ndash 420) 35940ndash59 years 221 (198 ndash 247) 115 (723 ndash 140) 233 (208 ndash 254) 404 (378 ndash 476) 33160 years and older 231 (204 ndash 261) 109 (606 ndash 139) 255 (216 ndash 286) 413 (392 ndash 466) 281MalesTotal 6 years and older 209 (192 ndash 227) 120 (102 ndash 136) 210 (195 ndash 225) 362 (335 ndash 402) 9356ndash11 years 191 (171 ndash 213) 116 (690 ndash 142) 193 (182 ndash 205) 297 (263 ndash 360) 12812ndash19 years 192 (176 ndash 210) 127 (111 ndash 141) 187 (170 ndash 208) 302 (278 ndash 335) 33720ndash39 years 218 (197 ndash 241) 119 (101 ndash 136) 220 (195 ndash 240) 386 (326 ndash 500) 16640ndash59 years 209 (182 ndash 241) 109 (712 ndash 141) 213 (187 ndash 239) 401 (311 ndash 526) 15360 years and older 223 (193 ndash 259) 122 (539 ndash 147) 234 (202 ndash 276) 393 (341 ndash 498) 151FemalesTotal 6 years and older 218 (203 ndash 234) 116 (933 ndash 134) 228 (213 ndash 242) 396 (375 ndash 410) 9306ndash11 years 205 (191 ndash 221) 131 (995 ndash 143) 204 (189 ndash 229) 327 (292 ndash 433) 11212ndash19 years 202 (183 ndash 223) 123 (985 ndash 147) 205 (195 ndash 218) 314 (279 ndash 354) 31720ndash39 years 209 (188 ndash 231) 110 (818 ndash 141) 213 (195 ndash 236) 377 (329 ndash 426) 19340ndash59 years 231 (210 ndash 255) 116 (723 ndash 134) 249 (217 ndash 285) 404 (399 ndash 443) 17860 years and older 236 (207 ndash 270) 103 (545 ndash 145) 261 (219 ndash 299) 448 (393 ndash 505) 130
Table 25a5 Serum gamma-tocopherol Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 182 (173 ndash 191) 864 (796 ndash 920) 190 (179 ndash 200) 356 (340 ndash 387) 29656ndash11 years 175 (159 ndash 192) 105 (997 ndash 109) 170 (157 ndash 191) 304 (272 ndash 349) 23112ndash19 years 174 (165 ndash 184) 102 (908 ndash 108) 179 (171 ndash 188) 284 (274 ndash 301) 49920ndash39 years 191 (178 ndash 205) 105 (836 ndash 116) 196 (183 ndash 207) 349 (320 ndash 401) 71040ndash59 years 196 (184 ndash 207) 916 (803 ndash 978) 207 (195 ndash 220) 396 (368 ndash 424) 68060 years and older 158 (148 ndash 169) 659 (594 ndash 721) 168 (154 ndash 183) 353 (326 ndash 392) 845MalesTotal 6 years and older 187 (178 ndash 197) 947 (817 ndash 104) 194 (184 ndash 204) 355 (344 ndash 388) 14696ndash11 years 174 (153 ndash 197) 105 (826 ndash 111) 170 (150 ndash 192) 307 (269 ndash 378) 11212ndash19 years 167 (155 ndash 180) 950 (767 ndash 113) 173 (163 ndash 181) 280 (250 ndash 314) 25420ndash39 years 200 (190 ndash 210) 117 (105 ndash 126) 201 (188 ndash 212) 370 (346 ndash 414) 30740ndash59 years 201 (185 ndash 218) 955 (803 ndash 106) 214 (195 ndash 230) 398 (350 ndash 448) 35060 years and older 165 (151 ndash 180) 716 (622 ndash 765) 177 (150 ndash 199) 351 (331 ndash 380) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 177 (167 ndash 188) 799 (738 ndash 875) 186 (173 ndash 197) 359 (324 ndash 391) 14966ndash11 years 177 (160 ndash 195) 104 (864 ndash 114) 171 (155 ndash 197) 300 (260 ndash 349) 11912ndash19 years 182 (171 ndash 195) 103 (896 ndash 118) 187 (175 ndash 200) 289 (270 ndash 312) 24520ndash39 years 183 (163 ndash 204) 928 (714 ndash 110) 191 (169 ndash 210) 323 (296 ndash 403) 40340ndash59 years 190 (178 ndash 204) 836 (681 ndash 983) 203 (186 ndash 217) 392 (373 ndash 427) 33060 years and older 153 (141 ndash 165) 611 (535 ndash 696) 161 (148 ndash 174) 357 (319 ndash 400) 399
128 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population128 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 25b Serum gamma-tocopherol Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 199 (184 ndash 216) 651 (582 ndash 717) 215 (197 ndash 230) 464 (432 ndash 529) 6129 2001ndash2002 199 (191 ndash 207) 671 (594 ndash 738) 212 (204 ndash 220) 461 (436 ndash 485) 7879 2005ndash2006 188 (180 ndash 196) 704 (629 ndash 754) 196 (187 ndash 204) 424 (408 ndash 446) 7217Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 170 (140 ndash 206) 500 (162 ndash 908) 180 (158 ndash 200) 363 (308 ndash 455) 301 2001ndash2002 181 (170 ndash 193) 633 (522 ndash 822) 194 (178 ndash 205) 365 (342 ndash 430) 4296ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 202 (183 ndash 223) 933 (723 ndash 107) 213 (184 ndash 231) 407 (356 ndash 569) 725 2001ndash2002 211 (203 ndash 219) 102 (954 ndash 109) 218 (211 ndash 227) 380 (361 ndash 414) 1005 2005ndash2006 182 (171 ndash 193) 915 (713 ndash 992) 179 (169 ndash 193) 353 (333 ndash 390) 85812ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 197 (183 ndash 211) 990 (804 ndash 112) 198 (186 ndash 214) 372 (363 ndash 389) 1821 2001ndash2002 197 (190 ndash 205) 994 (902 ndash 107) 201 (191 ndash 209) 368 (346 ndash 391) 2188 2005ndash2006 179 (171 ndash 188) 890 (798 ndash 938) 184 (175 ndash 194) 324 (311 ndash 343) 194220ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 205 (189 ndash 222) 756 (605 ndash 873) 220 (199 ndash 237) 438 (414 ndash 477) 1299 2001ndash2002 206 (197 ndash 216) 856 (735 ndash 953) 217 (205 ndash 227) 445 (425 ndash 474) 1706 2005ndash2006 194 (184 ndash 205) 819 (753 ndash 938) 200 (192 ndash 209) 423 (401 ndash 460) 167540ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 208 (185 ndash 232) 598 (519 ndash 700) 231 (204 ndash 253) 549 (507 ndash 631) 1028 2001ndash2002 204 (192 ndash 217) 604 (522 ndash 683) 221 (208 ndash 238) 507 (463 ndash 576) 1463 2005ndash2006 201 (192 ndash 212) 690 (561 ndash 800) 213 (203 ndash 221) 452 (437 ndash 498) 135860 years and older 1999ndash2000 178 (160 ndash 197) 476 (429 ndash 544) 196 (171 ndash 216) 496 (443 ndash 573) 1256 2001ndash2002 172 (162 ndash 184) 482 (438 ndash 520) 185 (170 ndash 201) 497 (469 ndash 534) 1517 2005ndash2006 165 (154 ndash 177) 524 (497 ndash 575) 176 (161 ndash 192) 422 (403 ndash 462) 1384Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 199 (184 ndash 217) 653 (559 ndash 747) 213 (197 ndash 230) 462 (426 ndash 532) 2974 2001ndash2002 202 (193 ndash 211) 665 (560 ndash 771) 213 (207 ndash 222) 472 (445 ndash 499) 3815 2005ndash2006 192 (184 ndash 200) 745 (624 ndash 808) 198 (189 ndash 206) 434 (411 ndash 471) 3528Females 1999ndash2000 200 (184 ndash 217) 648 (576 ndash 718) 217 (196 ndash 232) 468 (433 ndash 536) 3155 2001ndash2002 196 (187 ndash 205) 676 (606 ndash 747) 210 (200 ndash 220) 447 (420 ndash 483) 4064 2005ndash2006 184 (175 ndash 194) 677 (601 ndash 735) 194 (183 ndash 203) 419 (400 ndash 441) 3689Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 222 (210 ndash 235) 104 (891 ndash 113) 225 (213 ndash 236) 468 (414 ndash 504) 1772 2001ndash2002 198 (190 ndash 206) 898 (805 ndash 926) 203 (190 ndash 214) 422 (390 ndash 458) 1987 2005ndash2006 204 (192 ndash 217) 938 (840 ndash 102) 209 (195 ndash 222) 437 (390 ndash 503) 1841Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 213 (200 ndash 226) 945 (731 ndash 104) 217 (201 ndash 238) 437 (417 ndash 473) 1515 2001ndash2002 235 (222 ndash 248) 107 (835 ndash 118) 248 (233 ndash 261) 450 (426 ndash 478) 1843 2005ndash2006 214 (198 ndash 231) 920 (674 ndash 106) 219 (204 ndash 235) 429 (408 ndash 488) 1865Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 198 (179 ndash 219) 613 (528 ndash 701) 217 (192 ndash 234) 477 (439 ndash 542) 2240 2001ndash2002 193 (183 ndash 205) 604 (514 ndash 680) 209 (198 ndash 220) 472 (442 ndash 495) 3426 2005ndash2006 182 (173 ndash 191) 651 (574 ndash 723) 190 (179 ndash 200) 423 (407 ndash 445) 2965
1291 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1292 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
0
50
100
150
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
150
200
250
300
50th
Per
cent
ile
300
400
500
600
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 25b Serum gammaminustocopherol Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
130 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population130 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
6a
1 S
erum
alp
ha-c
arot
ene
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
276
(25
4 ndash
299
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
63(2
40
ndash 2
84)
141
(12
4 ndash
165
)19
5(1
76
ndash 23
7)
724
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs2
64(2
32
ndash 3
01)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
259
(23
1 ndash
290
)11
5(9
30
ndash 15
1)
157
(11
6 ndash
347
)86
012
ndash19
year
s1
85(1
69
ndash 2
03)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
172
(15
3 ndash
191
)7
91(6
65
ndash 10
2)
108
(89
6 ndash
152
)1
950
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
248
(22
4 ndash
274
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
36(2
06
ndash 2
69)
113
(10
1 ndash
147
)16
3(1
27
ndash 23
6)
168
440
ndash59
year
s3
15(2
85
ndash 3
47)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
301
(27
2 ndash
336
)17
0(1
45
ndash 21
9)
271
(20
3 ndash
359
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
42(3
05
ndash 3
83)
lt LO
D7
11(lt
LO
D ndash
811
)3
33(2
86
ndash 3
86)
170
(14
0 ndash
198
)21
6(1
93
ndash 25
9)
138
7G
ende
rM
ales
237
(22
0 ndash
255
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
23(2
06
ndash 2
39)
115
(99
2 ndash
139
)16
1(1
32
ndash 20
9)
354
4Fe
mal
es3
18(2
89
ndash 3
50)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
301
(27
4 ndash
332
)16
4(1
46
ndash 18
4)
239
(19
4 ndash
300
)3
702
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s2
99(2
79
ndash 3
21)
lt LO
D8
24(7
49 ndash
889
)2
87(2
61
ndash 3
21)
108
(10
5 ndash
125
)14
8(1
39
ndash 16
6)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks1
98(1
74
ndash 2
26)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
171
(14
9 ndash
199
)11
0(8
83
ndash 14
8)
152
(12
4 ndash
331
)1
890
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s2
80(2
60
ndash 3
02)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
267
(24
7 ndash
289
)14
4(1
28
ndash 16
7)
202
(18
1 ndash
242
)2
966
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
4 6
Seru
m a
lpha
minuscar
oten
e(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 26a Serum alphaminuscarotene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m a
lpha
minuscar
oten
eSe
rum
alp
haminusc
arot
ene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
02
46
02
4
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 131131
132 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population132 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 26a2 Serum alpha-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 276 (254 ndash 299) 772 (718 ndash 823) 263 (240 ndash 284) 948 (858 ndash 106) 72466ndash11 years 264 (232 ndash 301) 865 (766 ndash 966) 259 (231 ndash 290) 834 (674 ndash 109) 86012ndash19 years 185 (169 ndash 203) lt LOD 172 (153 ndash 191) 555 (498 ndash 667) 195020ndash39 years 248 (224 ndash 274) 702 (lt LOD ndash 793) 236 (206 ndash 269) 865 (755 ndash 972) 168440ndash59 years 315 (285 ndash 347) 836 (lt LOD ndash 963) 301 (272 ndash 336) 118 (100 ndash 133) 136560 years and older 342 (305 ndash 383) 102 (832 ndash 117) 333 (286 ndash 386) 108 (964 ndash 131) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 237 (220 ndash 255) lt LOD 223 (206 ndash 239) 774 (673 ndash 937) 35446ndash11 years 268 (232 ndash 310) 885 (780 ndash 985) 259 (236 ndash 291) 827 (598 ndash 120) 42712ndash19 years 160 (146 ndash 176) lt LOD 140 (129 ndash 161) 451 (369 ndash 554) 97920ndash39 years 210 (195 ndash 227) lt LOD 200 (179 ndash 219) 691 (614 ndash 726) 73640ndash59 years 266 (238 ndash 296) 711 (lt LOD ndash 910) 247 (224 ndash 276) 879 (713 ndash 115) 67360 years and older 301 (261 ndash 346) 838 (754 ndash 923) 309 (255 ndash 354) 976 (773 ndash 129) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 318 (289 ndash 350) 895 (807 ndash 983) 301 (274 ndash 332) 108 (983 ndash 123) 37026ndash11 years 260 (226 ndash 299) 854 (712 ndash 972) 259 (214 ndash 297) 839 (699 ndash 111) 43312ndash19 years 217 (198 ndash 239) 709 (lt LOD ndash 777) 208 (189 ndash 230) 643 (553 ndash 715) 97120ndash39 years 292 (251 ndash 339) 859 (lt LOD ndash 969) 274 (241 ndash 331) 980 (853 ndash 119) 94840ndash59 years 369 (325 ndash 417) 992 (764 ndash 123) 354 (307 ndash 397) 137 (117 ndash 167) 69260 years and older 380 (333 ndash 432) 118 (101 ndash 132) 350 (294 ndash 436) 116 (102 ndash 150) 658lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 26a3 Serum alpha-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 299 (279 ndash 321) 107 (952 ndash 121) 287 (261 ndash 321) 796 (758 ndash 867) 18446ndash11 years 253 (221 ndash 289) 918 (702 ndash 114) 247 (203 ndash 300) 679 (510 ndash 928) 29512ndash19 years 206 (182 ndash 233) 847 (723 ndash 952) 189 (170 ndash 222) 519 (456 ndash 591) 64620ndash39 years 309 (278 ndash 342) 122 (107 ndash 133) 288 (256 ndash 337) 774 (718 ndash 874) 44940ndash59 years 372 (331 ndash 419) 144 (784 ndash 177) 357 (324 ndash 421) 105 (826 ndash 140) 24660 years and older 376 (331 ndash 427) 128 (767 ndash 160) 360 (322 ndash 431) 980 (851 ndash 160) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 272 (250 ndash 295) 997 (890 ndash 109) 257 (222 ndash 300) 727 (699 ndash 773) 8836ndash11 years 246 (216 ndash 281) 904 (lt LOD ndash 125) 249 (194 ndash 320) 558 (447 ndash 107) 14512ndash19 years 192 (168 ndash 219) 785 (lt LOD ndash 874) 175 (150 ndash 205) 516 (385 ndash 620) 31320ndash39 years 271 (230 ndash 320) 108 (902 ndash 124) 247 (201 ndash 318) 732 (606 ndash 864) 19840ndash59 years 349 (295 ndash 413) 143 (lt LOD ndash 176) 335 (271 ndash 408) 979 (700 ndash 150) 12260 years and older 323 (273 ndash 383) 939dagger (lt LOD ndash 150) 318 (262 ndash 423) 807dagger (641 ndash 208) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 333 (307 ndash 361) 120 (106 ndash 130) 326 (295 ndash 350) 908 (835 ndash 984) 9616ndash11 years 260 (217 ndash 312) 923 (lt LOD ndash 115) 243 (199 ndash 317) 744 (570 ndash 989) 15012ndash19 years 222 (195 ndash 253) 937 (732 ndash 109) 208 (181 ndash 251) 521 (455 ndash 657) 33320ndash39 years 361 (316 ndash 413) 147 (116 ndash 162) 345 (284 ndash 413) 906 (693 ndash 132) 25140ndash59 years 399 (338 ndash 470) 139 (lt LOD ndash 183) 382 (337 ndash 447) 106 (774 ndash 335) 12460 years and older 427 (370 ndash 493) 152dagger (lt LOD ndash 202) 413 (336 ndash 544) 987dagger (865 ndash 225) 103lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1331 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1332 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 26a4 Serum alpha-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 198 (174 ndash 226) lt LOD 171 (149 ndash 199) 699 (549 ndash 949) 18906ndash11 years 197 (168 ndash 230) 782 (lt LOD ndash 865) 173 (147 ndash 211) 497 (384 ndash 731) 24012ndash19 years 133 (122 ndash 146) lt LOD 117 (108 ndash 127) 323 (279 ndash 425) 66420ndash39 years 176 (147 ndash 210) lt LOD 154 (127 ndash 185) 549 (381 ndash 109) 36840ndash59 years 260 (218 ndash 310) lt LOD 240 (186 ndash 311) 963 (777 ndash 124) 33560 years and older 228 (205 ndash 254) 727 (lt LOD ndash 860) 209 (172 ndash 238) 735 (625 ndash 909) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 179 (156 ndash 206) lt LOD 155 (130 ndash 184) 612 (482 ndash 767) 9486ndash11 years 211 (180 ndash 246) 934 (761 ndash 100) 190 (151 ndash 250) 511 (403 ndash 681) 12812ndash19 years 128 (117 ndash 140) lt LOD 118 (110 ndash 127) 265 (227 ndash 364) 34220ndash39 years 151 (127 ndash 180) lt LOD 126 (108 ndash 143) 423 (353 ndash 101) 17040ndash59 years 234 (184 ndash 296) lt LOD 210 (165 ndash 305) 808 (639 ndash 180) 15660 years and older 204 (178 ndash 234) lt LOD 175 (148 ndash 232) 611 (537 ndash 768) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 217 (191 ndash 247) lt LOD 191 (161 ndash 224) 809 (612 ndash 109) 9426ndash11 years 184 (147 ndash 230) lt LOD 156 (131 ndash 206) 455 (338 ndash 346) 11212ndash19 years 140 (124 ndash 157) lt LOD 116 (101 ndash 135) 398 (308 ndash 495) 32220ndash39 years 200 (163 ndash 245) lt LOD 183 (146 ndash 217) 748 (392 ndash 148) 19840ndash59 years 285 (240 ndash 337) 763 (lt LOD ndash 998) 259 (191 ndash 359) 102 (796 ndash 128) 17960 years and older 247 (208 ndash 294) 778 (lt LOD ndash 932) 228 (169 ndash 306) 843 (557 ndash 139) 131lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 26a5 Serum alpha-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 280 (260 ndash 302) 770 (lt LOD ndash 835) 267 (247 ndash 289) 964 (879 ndash 107) 29666ndash11 years 278 (238 ndash 324) 860 (769 ndash 988) 277 (237 ndash 315) 880 (705 ndash 117) 23112ndash19 years 195 (178 ndash 213) lt LOD 185 (165 ndash 202) 610 (530 ndash 719) 49620ndash39 years 239 (216 ndash 265) lt LOD 231 (197 ndash 265) 810 (723 ndash 964) 71040ndash59 years 312 (284 ndash 344) 832 (lt LOD ndash 971) 295 (263 ndash 336) 119 (101 ndash 135) 68360 years and older 344 (305 ndash 388) 105 (832 ndash 124) 334 (282 ndash 389) 107 (959 ndash 129) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 238 (220 ndash 256) lt LOD 227 (208 ndash 242) 773 (650 ndash 942) 14706ndash11 years 280 (234 ndash 335) 853 (749 ndash 102) 280 (240 ndash 299) 852 (574 ndash 237) 11212ndash19 years 162 (147 ndash 178) lt LOD 146 (126 ndash 172) 433 (363 ndash 581) 25420ndash39 years 202 (187 ndash 218) lt LOD 190 (165 ndash 222) 623 (568 ndash 729) 30740ndash59 years 260 (233 ndash 290) lt LOD 242 (219 ndash 268) 871 (682 ndash 102) 35160 years and older 300 (257 ndash 349) 844 (761 ndash 959) 309 (246 ndash 354) 936 (753 ndash 128) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 328 (300 ndash 359) 920 (790 ndash 104) 310 (282 ndash 339) 112 (104 ndash 127) 14966ndash11 years 275 (229 ndash 331) 864 (lt LOD ndash 110) 276 (193 ndash 326) 909 (710 ndash 124) 11912ndash19 years 239 (219 ndash 260) 723 (lt LOD ndash 838) 222 (206 ndash 249) 693 (625 ndash 887) 24220ndash39 years 283 (238 ndash 337) 826 (lt LOD ndash 962) 269 (220 ndash 336) 945 (782 ndash 118) 40340ndash59 years 373 (327 ndash 426) 964 (lt LOD ndash 123) 357 (304 ndash 401) 144 (126 ndash 167) 33260 years and older 386 (334 ndash 447) 124 (105 ndash 142) 354 (285 ndash 447) 120 (104 ndash 159) 400
134 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population134 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 26b Serum alpha-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 248 (222 ndash 277) lt LOD 239 (210 ndash 270) 122 (107 ndash 141) 7929 2005ndash2006 276 (254 ndash 299) lt LOD 263 (240 ndash 284) 141 (124 ndash 165) 7246Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 241 (213 ndash 274) lt LOD 214 (189 ndash 248) 122 (103 ndash 146) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 224 (200 ndash 251) lt LOD 204 (184 ndash 228) 854 (694 ndash 133) 1014 2005ndash2006 264 (232 ndash 301) lt LOD 259 (231 ndash 290) 115 (930 ndash 151) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 168 (152 ndash 186) lt LOD 150 (137 ndash 174) 768 (661 ndash 952) 2206 2005ndash2006 185 (169 ndash 203) lt LOD 172 (153 ndash 191) 791 (665 ndash 102) 195020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 222 (193 ndash 256) lt LOD 211 (182 ndash 249) 980 (896 ndash 126) 1716 2005ndash2006 248 (224 ndash 274) lt LOD 236 (206 ndash 269) 113 (101 ndash 147) 168440ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 298 (260 ndash 342) lt LOD 285 (247 ndash 328) 160 (128 ndash 207) 1470 2005ndash2006 315 (285 ndash 347) lt LOD 301 (272 ndash 336) 170 (145 ndash 219) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 308 (274 ndash 346) lt LOD 314 (271 ndash 361) 127 (120 ndash 137) 1523 2005ndash2006 342 (305 ndash 383) 711 (lt LOD ndash 811) 333 (286 ndash 386) 170 (140 ndash 198) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 222 (198 ndash 249) lt LOD 207 (187 ndash 244) 103 (930 ndash 123) 3835 2005ndash2006 237 (220 ndash 255) lt LOD 223 (206 ndash 239) 115 (992 ndash 139) 3544Females 2001ndash2002 276 (247 ndash 307) lt LOD 267 (235 ndash 297) 133 (118 ndash 162) 4094 2005ndash2006 318 (289 ndash 350) lt LOD 301 (274 ndash 332) 164 (146 ndash 184) 3702Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 273 (238 ndash 314) 726 (lt LOD ndash 805) 263 (238 ndash 299) 101 (846 ndash 141) 1990 2005ndash2006 299 (279 ndash 321) 824 (749 ndash 889) 287 (261 ndash 321) 108 (105 ndash 125) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 177 (150 ndash 209) lt LOD 158 (136 ndash 191) 101 (764 ndash 145) 1864 2005ndash2006 198 (174 ndash 226) lt LOD 171 (149 ndash 199) 110 (883 ndash 148) 1890Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 257 (225 ndash 295) lt LOD 248 (211 ndash 286) 128 (112 ndash 155) 3450 2005ndash2006 280 (260 ndash 302) lt LOD 267 (247 ndash 289) 144 (128 ndash 167) 2966lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
1351 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1352 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
075
080
085
090
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
10
15
20
25
30
35
50th
Per
cent
ile
5
10
15
20
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 26b Serum alphaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
136 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population136 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
7a
1 S
erum
tran
s-be
ta-c
arot
ene
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
121
(11
5 ndash
128
)2
32(1
98
ndash 2
67)
318
(29
2 ndash
342
)11
6(1
11
ndash 12
3)
533
(49
1 ndash
593
)74
1(6
81
ndash 83
3)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs13
0(1
21
ndash 14
0)
414
(26
7 ndash
505
)5
15(4
11
ndash 5
61)
127
(11
8 ndash
136
)37
7(2
99
ndash 49
2)
476
(39
6 ndash
100)
860
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
924
(87
6 ndash
975
)2
59(2
05
ndash 2
96)
320
(28
7 ndash
352
)8
96(8
30
ndash 9
66)
283
(26
3 ndash
307
)35
3(3
13
ndash 41
8)
195
420
ndash39
year
s10
4(9
63
ndash 11
3)
241
(14
0 ndash
281
)3
01(2
79
ndash 3
23)
997
(91
4 ndash
109
)41
6(3
69
ndash 53
3)
595
(48
7 ndash
851
)1
688
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
128
(11
9 ndash
139
)1
94(1
36
ndash 2
20)
269
(21
5 ndash
341
)12
4(1
16
ndash 13
4)
630
(53
5 ndash
738
)79
2(7
33
ndash 97
9)
136
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
164
(15
1 ndash
177
)2
80(2
64
ndash 3
20)
390
(34
3 ndash
417
)15
9(1
45
ndash 17
8)
746
(66
3 ndash
834
)10
2(8
59
ndash 14
3)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es10
3(9
89
ndash 10
8)
196
(14
0 ndash
225
)2
77(2
28
ndash 3
06)
103
(96
2 ndash
109
)40
8(3
68
ndash 46
4)
543
(49
4 ndash
662
)3
547
Fem
ales
142
(13
3 ndash
151
)2
93(2
45
ndash 3
23)
377
(35
1 ndash
405
)13
2(1
20
ndash 14
4)
645
(58
3 ndash
736
)84
7(7
59
ndash 10
2)3
707
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s11
5(1
05
ndash 12
7)
267
(21
9 ndash
306
)3
49(3
15
ndash 3
86)
113
(10
4 ndash
124
)39
2(3
51
ndash 46
5)
486
(46
2 ndash
594
)1
844
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
108
(97
2 ndash
120
)2
29(2
00
ndash 2
54)
302
(25
7 ndash
336
)10
5(9
31
ndash 11
4)
450
(38
3 ndash
537
)57
4(5
14
ndash 73
5)
189
1N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
123
(11
6 ndash
131
)2
20(1
90
ndash 2
65)
306
(28
0 ndash
341
)11
8(1
12
ndash 12
6)
569
(50
4 ndash
649
)76
2(7
23
ndash 93
3)
297
3
1371 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1372 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 27a Serum transminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
138 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population138 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 27a2 Serum trans-beta-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 121 (115 ndash 128) 426 (402 ndash 453) 116 (111 ndash 123) 371 (342 ndash 407) 72546ndash11 years 130 (121 ndash 140) 621 (549 ndash 689) 127 (118 ndash 136) 274 (251 ndash 317) 86012ndash19 years 924 (876 ndash 975) 421 (386 ndash 452) 896 (830 ndash 966) 203 (189 ndash 227) 195420ndash39 years 104 (963 ndash 113) 385 (350 ndash 419) 997 (914 ndash 109) 304 (265 ndash 358) 168840ndash59 years 128 (119 ndash 139) 412 (359 ndash 455) 124 (116 ndash 134) 427 (391 ndash 475) 136560 years and older 164 (151 ndash 177) 527 (447 ndash 608) 159 (145 ndash 178) 510 (459 ndash 591) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 103 (989 ndash 108) 376 (348 ndash 402) 103 (962 ndash 109) 282 (264 ndash 314) 35476ndash11 years 137 (126 ndash 150) 693 (562 ndash 794) 131 (121 ndash 143) 274 (235 ndash 347) 42712ndash19 years 846 (793 ndash 903) 382 (327 ndash 429) 826 (775 ndash 890) 178 (172 ndash 187) 98020ndash39 years 889 (836 ndash 946) 336 (302 ndash 380) 851 (791 ndash 914) 239 (222 ndash 267) 73840ndash59 years 105 (938 ndash 117) 343 (220 ndash 420) 108 (945 ndash 123) 318 (279 ndash 360) 67360 years and older 133 (119 ndash 148) 447 (375 ndash 533) 130 (115 ndash 144) 415 (338 ndash 511) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 142 (133 ndash 151) 500 (460 ndash 530) 132 (120 ndash 144) 439 (412 ndash 489) 37076ndash11 years 124 (113 ndash 135) 561 (456 ndash 675) 118 (105 ndash 136) 274 (246 ndash 335) 43312ndash19 years 101 (948 ndash 109) 473 (426 ndash 495) 976 (895 ndash 107) 246 (209 ndash 291) 97420ndash39 years 122 (107 ndash 139) 439 (379 ndash 508) 114 (102 ndash 129) 370 (286 ndash 502) 95040ndash59 years 155 (142 ndash 170) 507 (461 ndash 533) 145 (127 ndash 162) 532 (440 ndash 644) 69260 years and older 195 (174 ndash 218) 630 (512 ndash 704) 194 (165 ndash 231) 623 (505 ndash 752) 658
Table 27a3 Serum trans-beta-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 115 (105 ndash 127) 448 (414 ndash 481) 113 (104 ndash 124) 297 (259 ndash 350) 18446ndash11 years 114 (106 ndash 124) 574 (457 ndash 628) 110 (992 ndash 120) 242 (210 ndash 311) 29512ndash19 years 902 (839 ndash 970) 407 (359 ndash 464) 905 (835 ndash 101) 186 (173 ndash 227) 64620ndash39 years 115 (984 ndash 133) 445 (401 ndash 485) 113 (945 ndash 137) 299 (235 ndash 372) 44940ndash59 years 128 (111 ndash 148) 415 (363 ndash 503) 127 (111 ndash 147) 325 (277 ndash 471) 24660 years and older 148 (132 ndash 165) 531 (302 ndash 779) 147 (127 ndash 156) 431 (379 ndash 474) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 104 (929 ndash 116) 415 (363 ndash 446) 103 (920 ndash 115) 253 (226 ndash 304) 8836ndash11 years 120 (112 ndash 128) 615 (440 ndash 762) 115 (104 ndash 126) 231 (197 ndash 344) 14512ndash19 years 818 (737 ndash 907) 371 (332 ndash 425) 834 (690 ndash 963) 177 (153 ndash 196) 31320ndash39 years 103 (845 ndash 126) 420 (300 ndash 471) 964 (783 ndash 128) 266 (220 ndash 369) 19840ndash59 years 109 (897 ndash 132) 382 (255 ndash 431) 113 (945 ndash 134) 263 (216 ndash 359) 12260 years and older 124 (106 ndash 146) 447dagger (251 ndash 670) 120 (945 ndash 159) 357dagger (198 ndash 154) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 129 (119 ndash 141) 508 (451 ndash 560) 125 (116 ndash 137) 344 (302 ndash 393) 9616ndash11 years 109 (963 ndash 123) 510 (398 ndash 596) 102 (854 ndash 119) 243 (194 ndash 328) 15012ndash19 years 100 (935 ndash 107) 483 (412 ndash 513) 102 (947 ndash 106) 209 (180 ndash 287) 33320ndash39 years 130 (111 ndash 153) 515 (369 ndash 618) 126 (112 ndash 155) 338 (246 ndash 458) 25140ndash59 years 153 (126 ndash 185) 506 (342 ndash 668) 144 (122 ndash 183) 412 (292 ndash 108) 12460 years and older 170 (147 ndash 197) 597dagger (310 ndash 819) 151 (143 ndash 194) 445dagger (393 ndash 509) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1391 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1392 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 27a4 Serum trans-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 108 (972 ndash 120) 400 (353 ndash 434) 105 (931 ndash 114) 312 (265 ndash 383) 18916ndash11 years 119 (106 ndash 133) 630 (486 ndash 703) 116 (109 ndash 126) 230 (183 ndash 377) 24012ndash19 years 846 (785 ndash 911) 409 (371 ndash 435) 813 (788 ndash 842) 179 (157 ndash 213) 66520ndash39 years 932 (828 ndash 105) 385 (327 ndash 422) 849 (761 ndash 102) 234 (195 ndash 308) 36840ndash59 years 121 (103 ndash 141) 346 (233 ndash 466) 123 (103 ndash 152) 409 (343 ndash 502) 33560 years and older 147 (128 ndash 169) 460 (381 ndash 504) 153 (121 ndash 187) 448 (370 ndash 515) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 949 (862 ndash 104) 348 (300 ndash 395) 892 (805 ndash 995) 265 (230 ndash 324) 9496ndash11 years 127 (111 ndash 145) 679 (553 ndash 749) 127 (107 ndash 149) 229 (187 ndash 551) 12812ndash19 years 847 (778 ndash 921) 415 (318 ndash 470) 823 (785 ndash 876) 173 (158 ndash 197) 34320ndash39 years 800 (709 ndash 902) 339 (251 ndash 399) 716 (635 ndash 795) 220 (193 ndash 264) 17040ndash59 years 983 (814 ndash 119) 265 (198 ndash 342) 946 (715 ndash 131) 367 (262 ndash 667) 15660 years and older 128 (113 ndash 145) 377 (346 ndash 461) 124 (107 ndash 151) 353 (291 ndash 520) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 121 (107 ndash 136) 449 (405 ndash 488) 115 (103 ndash 134) 355 (277 ndash 461) 9426ndash11 years 111 (952 ndash 130) 532 (352 ndash 663) 113 (967 ndash 125) 223 (169 ndash 370) 11212ndash19 years 845 (774 ndash 922) 400 (350 ndash 437) 803 (759 ndash 849) 186 (155 ndash 243) 32220ndash39 years 106 (908 ndash 124) 427 (346 ndash 515) 108 (850 ndash 122) 254 (186 ndash 461) 19840ndash59 years 144 (121 ndash 171) 485 (270 ndash 642) 145 (116 ndash 184) 449 (393 ndash 490) 17960 years and older 163 (135 ndash 197) 483 (386 ndash 568) 176 (116 ndash 256) 465 (387 ndash 557) 131
Table 27a5 Serum trans-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 123 (116 ndash 131) 421 (381 ndash 460) 118 (112 ndash 126) 390 (348 ndash 434) 29736ndash11 years 136 (124 ndash 149) 631 (542 ndash 709) 132 (121 ndash 143) 278 (249 ndash 362) 23112ndash19 years 958 (894 ndash 103) 436 (385 ndash 471) 914 (812 ndash 105) 209 (190 ndash 266) 49920ndash39 years 101 (908 ndash 111) 353 (318 ndash 394) 978 (870 ndash 106) 305 (252 ndash 391) 71440ndash59 years 129 (118 ndash 140) 410 (354 ndash 459) 124 (114 ndash 135) 434 (394 ndash 484) 68360 years and older 163 (149 ndash 178) 529 (422 ndash 619) 159 (142 ndash 181) 509 (448 ndash 642) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 104 (987 ndash 110) 371 (335 ndash 402) 105 (956 ndash 114) 286 (260 ndash 330) 14726ndash11 years 143 (127 ndash 161) 716 (460 ndash 903) 134 (121 ndash 147) 263 (232 ndash 488) 11212ndash19 years 877 (814 ndash 946) 391 (292 ndash 460) 849 (753 ndash 958) 179 (166 ndash 204) 25420ndash39 years 865 (803 ndash 932) 313 (285 ndash 348) 830 (747 ndash 944) 238 (209 ndash 269) 30940ndash59 years 106 (934 ndash 120) 345 (206 ndash 426) 110 (961 ndash 124) 306 (266 ndash 359) 35160 years and older 130 (115 ndash 147) 439 (331 ndash 539) 126 (110 ndash 143) 410 (328 ndash 517) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 145 (135 ndash 156) 495 (433 ndash 545) 134 (122 ndash 150) 464 (415 ndash 533) 15016ndash11 years 129 (112 ndash 148) 561 (270 ndash 713) 126 (976 ndash 151) 277 (248 ndash 406) 11912ndash19 years 105 (971 ndash 115) 486 (427 ndash 537) 987 (871 ndash 113) 268 (218 ndash 301) 24520ndash39 years 117 (995 ndash 138) 415 (318 ndash 499) 109 (935 ndash 127) 365 (266 ndash 607) 40540ndash59 years 156 (141 ndash 172) 500 (417 ndash 544) 142 (120 ndash 171) 571 (440 ndash 692) 33260 years and older 197 (174 ndash 223) 635 (512 ndash 718) 195 (162 ndash 235) 643 (502 ndash 755) 400
140 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population140 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 27b Serum trans-beta-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 122 (115 ndash 129) 321 (295 ndash 346) 120 (113 ndash 126) 477 (442 ndash 521) 7929 2005ndash2006 121 (115 ndash 128) 318 (292 ndash 342) 116 (111 ndash 123) 533 (491 ndash 593) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 136 (125 ndash 146) 460 (379 ndash 500) 136 (121 ndash 152) 451 (358 ndash 563) 4296ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 133 (127 ndash 139) 544 (500 ndash 596) 132 (125 ndash 139) 329 (304 ndash 388) 1012 2005ndash2006 130 (121 ndash 140) 515 (411 ndash 561) 127 (118 ndash 136) 377 (299 ndash 492) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 969 (920 ndash 102) 334 (297 ndash 359) 963 (897 ndash 104) 282 (254 ndash 325) 2206 2005ndash2006 924 (876 ndash 975) 320 (287 ndash 352) 896 (830 ndash 966) 283 (263 ndash 307) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 103 (938 ndash 112) 290 (213 ndash 320) 981 (910 ndash 108) 398 (352 ndash 426) 1716 2005ndash2006 104 (963 ndash 113) 301 (279 ndash 323) 997 (914 ndash 109) 416 (369 ndash 533) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 133 (121 ndash 147) 330 (274 ndash 365) 130 (120 ndash 142) 600 (499 ndash 797) 1471 2005ndash2006 128 (119 ndash 139) 269 (215 ndash 341) 124 (116 ndash 134) 630 (535 ndash 738) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 165 (149 ndash 183) 351 (288 ndash 413) 175 (153 ndash 196) 614 (560 ndash 661) 1524 2005ndash2006 164 (151 ndash 177) 390 (343 ndash 417) 159 (145 ndash 178) 746 (663 ndash 834) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 109 (102 ndash 116) 301 (268 ndash 325) 110 (103 ndash 116) 421 (375 ndash 455) 3837 2005ndash2006 103 (989 ndash 108) 277 (228 ndash 306) 103 (962 ndash 109) 408 (368 ndash 464) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 136 (127 ndash 146) 357 (337 ndash 383) 131 (122 ndash 142) 541 (476 ndash 620) 4092 2005ndash2006 142 (133 ndash 151) 377 (351 ndash 405) 132 (120 ndash 144) 645 (583 ndash 736) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 125 (116 ndash 134) 356 (312 ndash 383) 129 (116 ndash 139) 385 (345 ndash 475) 1990 2005ndash2006 115 (105 ndash 127) 349 (315 ndash 386) 113 (104 ndash 124) 392 (351 ndash 465) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 108 (990 ndash 118) 283 (242 ndash 322) 107 (993 ndash 116) 403 (354 ndash 456) 1864 2005ndash2006 108 (972 ndash 120) 302 (257 ndash 336) 105 (931 ndash 114) 450 (383 ndash 537) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 125 (115 ndash 136) 335 (306 ndash 361) 121 (113 ndash 130) 508 (458 ndash 569) 3450 2005ndash2006 123 (116 ndash 131) 306 (280 ndash 341) 118 (112 ndash 126) 569 (504 ndash 649) 2973
1411 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1412 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
2
3
4
5
6
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
8
10
12
14
16
50th
Per
cent
ile
20
40
60
80
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 27b Serum transminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
142 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population142 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
8a
1 S
erum
cis
-bet
a-ca
rote
ne C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
320
(28
7 ndash
364
)4
48(3
93
ndash 5
11)
661
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
95(1
63
ndash 2
68)
267
(21
6 ndash
422
)77
912
ndash19
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
47(1
33
ndash 1
81)
187
(15
8 ndash
239
)1
785
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
251
(20
8 ndash
319
)3
74(2
88
ndash 5
09)
152
840
ndash59
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
730
(lt L
OD
ndash 7
83)
373
(32
1 ndash
444
)4
84(4
34
ndash 5
50)
125
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
108
(985
ndash 1
17)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
903
(811
ndash 9
92)
459
(39
3 ndash
532
)6
53(5
17
ndash 8
65)
127
0G
ende
rM
ales
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
226
(19
9 ndash
260
)3
09(2
67
ndash 3
91)
320
4Fe
mal
es
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
759
(708
ndash 8
16)
388
(36
0 ndash
448
)5
27(4
71
ndash 6
32)
341
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
226
(19
7 ndash
259
)2
80(2
48
ndash 3
46)
170
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D2
81(2
37
ndash 3
38)
351
(31
7 ndash
461
)1
673
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D3
44(3
06
ndash 3
82)
471
(41
1 ndash
520
)2
725
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
Not
cal
cula
ted
Pro
port
ion
of re
sults
bel
ow li
mit
of d
etec
tion
was
too
high
to p
rovi
de a
val
id re
sult
1431 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1432 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Nocis-beta-carotenefigureforconcentrationsbyagegroupispresentedbecausethegeometricmeanswerenotcalculatedduetotheproportionofresultsbelowthelimitofdetectionbeingtoohighforvalidresults(seeTable28a1)
144 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population144 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 28a2 Serum cis-beta-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 210 (192 ndash 239) 66166ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 147 (128 ndash 178) 77912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 112 (995 ndash 126) 178520ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 178 (155 ndash 203) 152840ndash59 years lt LOD 730 (lt LOD ndash 783) 249 (218 ndash 286) 125460 years and older 108 (985 ndash 117) lt LOD 903 (811 ndash 992) 309 (262 ndash 364) 1270MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 159 (143 ndash 186) 32046ndash11 years lt LOD 704 (lt LOD ndash 757) 152 (126 ndash 233) 38612ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 935 (878 ndash 102) 88620ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 137 (123 ndash 159) 65240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 175 (150 ndash 205) 61660 years and older lt LOD 726 (lt LOD ndash 817) 237 (191 ndash 299) 664FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 759 (708 ndash 816) 270 (235 ndash 310) 34126ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 144 (121 ndash 174) 39312ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (113 ndash 159) 89920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 215 (177 ndash 304) 87640ndash59 years 104 (954 ndash 113) lt LOD 827 (745 ndash 963) 330 (272 ndash 378) 63860 years and older 126 (111 ndash 141) lt LOD 115 (904 ndash 136) 369 (323 ndash 471) 606lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
Table 28a3 Serum cis-beta-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 170 (152 ndash 191) 17076ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 134 (109 ndash 167) 26912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 975 (899 ndash 115) 60920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 173 (142 ndash 202) 40240ndash59 years 880 (780 ndash 992) lt LOD 751 (lt LOD ndash 864) 197 (165 ndash 275) 22860 years and older 964 (878 ndash 106) lt LOD 854 (778 ndash 919) 248 (205 ndash 355) 199MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 147 (121 ndash 171) 8146ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 134 (106 ndash 198) 13112ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 900 (833 ndash 109) 29920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 158 (116 ndash 207) 17140ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 157 (129 ndash 219) 11460 years and older lt LODdagger 718 (lt LOD ndash 904) 161dagger (108 ndash 108) 99FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 720 (lt LOD ndash 789) 195 (176 ndash 224) 8936ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (106 ndash 172) 13812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 110 (944 ndash 146) 31020ndash39 years lt LOD 774 (lt LOD ndash 960) 188 (157 ndash 236) 23140ndash59 years 100 (839 ndash 119) lt LOD 870 (703 ndash 106) 223 (171 ndash 640) 11460 years and older 109 (959 ndash 124) lt LODdagger 923 (853 ndash 106) 285dagger (237 ndash 406) 100lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1451 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1452 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 28a4 Serum cis-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 187 (159 ndash 249) 16736ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 133 (112 ndash 211) 20812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 105 (916 ndash 120) 58020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 141 (124 ndash 184) 32740ndash59 years lt LOD 778 (lt LOD ndash 937) 254 (216 ndash 311) 29860 years and older 104 (906 ndash 119) lt LOD 965 (778 ndash 109) 280 (223 ndash 345) 260MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 161 (133 ndash 194) 8276ndash11 years 807 (695 ndash 937) lt LOD 738 (lt LOD ndash 876) 145 (113 ndash 680) 11212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 997 (882 ndash 117) 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 127 (962 ndash 184) 14940ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 228 (151 ndash 329) 13660 years and older lt LOD 784 (lt LOD ndash 927) 195 (164 ndash 314) 140FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 717 (lt LOD ndash 832) 220 (183 ndash 277) 8466ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 119dagger (103 ndash 199) 9612ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 108 (914 ndash 142) 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 162 (125 ndash 276) 17840ndash59 years 101 (886 ndash 116) lt LOD 877 (765 ndash 103) 282 (225 ndash 343) 16260 years and older 117 (947 ndash 144) lt LOD 110 (720 ndash 158) 316 (259 ndash 384) 120lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 28a5 Serum cis-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 217 (192 ndash 255) 27256ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 146 (121 ndash 242) 21212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 116 (979 ndash 139) 46220ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 174 (144 ndash 215) 65340ndash59 years lt LOD 720 (lt LOD ndash 779) 250 (211 ndash 314) 63460 years and older 107 (967 ndash 118) lt LOD 892 (783 ndash 100) 309 (257 ndash 370) 764MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 159 (142 ndash 192) 13366ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 149dagger (116 ndash 517) 10212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 926 (842 ndash 119) 23120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (118 ndash 159) 27840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 169 (146 ndash 199) 32460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 239 (182 ndash 314) 401FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 761 (704 ndash 828) 279 (234 ndash 348) 13896ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 143dagger (119 ndash 198) 11012ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 139 (112 ndash 185) 23120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 214 (162 ndash 370) 37540ndash59 years 103 (941 ndash 113) lt LOD 795 (718 ndash 966) 355 (273 ndash 396) 31060 years and older 126 (110 ndash 145) lt LOD 116 (875 ndash 138) 370 (316 ndash 480) 363lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
146 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population146 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 28b Serum cis-beta-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 264 (241 ndash 287) 7929 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 320 (287 ndash 364) 6616Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 207 (188 ndash 262) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 164 (150 ndash 184) 1014 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 195 (163 ndash 268) 77912ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 139 (130 ndash 155) 2206 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 147 (133 ndash 181) 178520ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 205 (182 ndash 246) 1716 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 251 (208 ndash 319) 152840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 330 (277 ndash 439) 1470 2005ndash2006 lt LOD 730 (lt LOD ndash 783) 373 (321 ndash 444) 125460 years and older 2001ndash2002 102 (943 ndash 111) lt LOD 899 (803 ndash 102) 350 (311 ndash 394) 1523 2005ndash2006 108 (985 ndash 117) lt LOD 903 (811 ndash 992) 459 (393 ndash 532) 1270Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 213 (194 ndash 241) 3835 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 226 (199 ndash 260) 3204Females 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 308 (273 ndash 370) 4094 2005ndash2006 lt LOD 759 (708 ndash 816) 388 (360 ndash 448) 3412Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 206 (185 ndash 242) 1990 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 226 (197 ndash 259) 1707Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 229 (196 ndash 269) 1864 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 281 (237 ndash 338) 1673Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 279 (248 ndash 328) 3450 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 344 (306 ndash 382) 2725lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
1471 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1472 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
070
075
080
085
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
070
075
080
085
50th
Per
cent
ile
1
2
3
4
5
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 28b Serum cisminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
148 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population148 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
9a
1 S
erum
bet
a-cr
ypto
xant
hin
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
770
(73
4 ndash
808
)1
90(1
63
ndash 2
06)
246
(22
6 ndash
263
)7
62(7
24
ndash 7
99)
241
(22
5 ndash
264
)30
5(2
87
ndash 33
2)
719
5A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs9
47(8
88
ndash 10
1)
341
(26
8 ndash
369
)3
90(3
32
ndash 4
23)
914
(85
2 ndash
966
)24
9(2
30
ndash 28
7)
304
(27
1 ndash
423
)85
512
ndash19
year
s7
82(7
42
ndash 8
23)
256
(21
3 ndash
297
)3
20(2
91
ndash 3
50)
749
(70
1 ndash
799
)20
3(1
88
ndash 23
4)
255
(23
6 ndash
272
)1
924
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
795
(75
2 ndash
840
)2
33(1
84
ndash 2
53)
278
(25
0 ndash
297
)7
81(7
31
ndash 8
18)
245
(21
7 ndash
288
)31
7(2
88
ndash 38
0)
167
940
ndash59
year
s7
24(6
60
ndash 7
94)
148
(11
4 ndash
192
)2
16(1
80
ndash 2
40)
703
(65
0 ndash
782
)24
8(2
15
ndash 29
2)
303
(27
7 ndash
411
)1
357
60 y
ears
and
old
er7
39(6
86
ndash 7
97)
152
(13
8 ndash
162
)1
98(1
62
ndash 2
25)
748
(70
3 ndash
813
)24
2(2
27
ndash 27
6)
319
(27
8 ndash
352
)1
380
Gen
der
Mal
es7
51(7
10
ndash 7
94)
186
(14
2 ndash
214
)2
41(2
10
ndash 2
70)
749
(71
2 ndash
788
)22
8(2
15
ndash 25
0)
284
(26
4 ndash
309
)3
514
Fem
ales
789
(75
3 ndash
827
)1
93(1
68
ndash 2
10)
254
(22
4 ndash
269
)7
74(7
28
ndash 8
14)
255
(23
4 ndash
281
)32
5(3
00
ndash 37
1)
368
1Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
130
(11
8 ndash
143
)3
45(3
15
ndash 3
89)
442
(38
7 ndash
486
)12
9(1
19
ndash 14
2)
362
(32
4 ndash
454
)46
2(4
07
ndash 63
0)
184
2N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks8
34(7
88
ndash 8
84)
232
(20
2 ndash
251
)2
89(2
59
ndash 3
11)
823
(78
0 ndash
881
)23
6(2
08
ndash 27
8)
298
(26
9 ndash
356
)1
848
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s6
94(6
59
ndash 7
32)
166
(14
7 ndash
192
)2
26(2
07
ndash 2
44)
696
(66
2 ndash
738
)20
5(1
97
ndash 21
9)
255
(23
3 ndash
282
)2
960
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
20
Seru
m b
etaminus
cryp
toxa
nthi
n(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
20 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 29a Serum betaminuscryptoxanthin Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m b
etaminus
cryp
toxa
nthi
nSe
rum
bet
aminuscr
ypto
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 5
1015
20
0 5
1015
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 149149
150 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population150 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 29a2 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 770 (734 ndash 808) 317 (295 ndash 336) 762 (724 ndash 799) 185 (175 ndash 197) 71956ndash11 years 947 (888 ndash 101) 447 (395 ndash 523) 914 (852 ndash 966) 195 (178 ndash 217) 85512ndash19 years 782 (742 ndash 823) 386 (364 ndash 401) 749 (701 ndash 799) 165 (152 ndash 178) 192420ndash39 years 795 (752 ndash 840) 342 (306 ndash 376) 781 (731 ndash 818) 182 (167 ndash 200) 167940ndash59 years 724 (660 ndash 794) 276 (248 ndash 306) 703 (650 ndash 782) 193 (172 ndash 212) 135760 years and older 739 (686 ndash 797) 282 (240 ndash 301) 748 (703 ndash 813) 190 (174 ndash 207) 1380MalesTotal 6 years and older 751 (710 ndash 794) 313 (287 ndash 338) 749 (712 ndash 788) 180 (171 ndash 193) 35146ndash11 years 970 (887 ndash 106) 486 (391 ndash 570) 933 (848 ndash 102) 192 (173 ndash 217) 42612ndash19 years 789 (736 ndash 846) 395 (355 ndash 437) 765 (702 ndash 842) 169 (150 ndash 186) 96120ndash39 years 786 (738 ndash 838) 349 (311 ndash 388) 774 (716 ndash 822) 179 (160 ndash 195) 73540ndash59 years 684 (609 ndash 769) 258 (216 ndash 291) 674 (612 ndash 768) 188 (167 ndash 219) 66860 years and older 701 (637 ndash 770) 287 (236 ndash 305) 716 (644 ndash 789) 176 (167 ndash 205) 724FemalesTotal 6 years and older 789 (753 ndash 827) 321 (299 ndash 340) 774 (728 ndash 814) 191 (179 ndash 202) 36816ndash11 years 923 (867 ndash 983) 421 (349 ndash 498) 882 (830 ndash 960) 197 (178 ndash 234) 42912ndash19 years 773 (726 ndash 823) 377 (348 ndash 396) 732 (678 ndash 801) 163 (149 ndash 178) 96320ndash39 years 804 (752 ndash 859) 332 (293 ndash 381) 787 (727 ndash 851) 193 (170 ndash 234) 94440ndash59 years 763 (694 ndash 839) 308 (266 ndash 333) 735 (662 ndash 825) 197 (172 ndash 209) 68960 years and older 773 (704 ndash 848) 279 (234 ndash 303) 773 (723 ndash 879) 200 (181 ndash 229) 656
Table 29a3 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 130 (118 ndash 143) 553 (521 ndash 591) 129 (119 ndash 142) 297 (259 ndash 340) 18426ndash11 years 124 (114 ndash 135) 601 (482 ndash 678) 123 (110 ndash 140) 248 (230 ndash 278) 29512ndash19 years 111 (103 ndash 121) 577 (511 ndash 634) 110 (102 ndash 121) 228 (192 ndash 261) 64620ndash39 years 136 (117 ndash 160) 547 (492 ndash 641) 135 (117 ndash 157) 319 (265 ndash 453) 44840ndash59 years 133 (117 ndash 152) 534 (480 ndash 581) 136 (119 ndash 158) 298 (258 ndash 353) 24560 years and older 133 (114 ndash 156) 560 (279 ndash 753) 134 (113 ndash 158) 297 (247 ndash 429) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 126 (112 ndash 141) 538 (494 ndash 592) 127 (114 ndash 144) 279 (245 ndash 327) 8816ndash11 years 125 (113 ndash 138) 602 (382 ndash 686) 125 (112 ndash 144) 243 (222 ndash 320) 14512ndash19 years 107 (974 ndash 119) 600 (502 ndash 651) 105 (942 ndash 116) 217 (185 ndash 260) 31320ndash39 years 135 (111 ndash 164) 538 (443 ndash 671) 138 (116 ndash 160) 296 (226 ndash 456) 19740ndash59 years 126 (105 ndash 150) 506 (345 ndash 565) 130 (104 ndash 155) 306 (250 ndash 450) 12160 years and older 120 (950 ndash 151) 424dagger (140 ndash 766) 114 (988 ndash 150) 269dagger (211 ndash 375) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 134 (122 ndash 146) 564 (531 ndash 610) 131 (122 ndash 142) 308 (268 ndash 393) 9616ndash11 years 123 (113 ndash 135) 587 (489 ndash 683) 118 (109 ndash 133) 260 (219 ndash 288) 15012ndash19 years 116 (106 ndash 127) 549 (435 ndash 631) 121 (109 ndash 130) 234 (199 ndash 304) 33320ndash39 years 138 (117 ndash 162) 549 (469 ndash 654) 130 (110 ndash 160) 347 (297 ndash 472) 25140ndash59 years 142 (122 ndash 164) 567 (359 ndash 724) 137 (125 ndash 163) 295 (249 ndash 365) 12460 years and older 145 (118 ndash 180) 579dagger (311 ndash 770) 154 (122 ndash 174) 301dagger (255 ndash 599) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1511 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1512 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 29a4 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 834 (788 ndash 884) 372 (351 ndash 402) 823 (780 ndash 881) 181 (172 ndash 193) 18486ndash11 years 119 (111 ndash 128) 605 (513 ndash 676) 117 (106 ndash 132) 228 (197 ndash 250) 23712ndash19 years 869 (799 ndash 946) 454 (416 ndash 492) 847 (765 ndash 940) 174 (157 ndash 190) 63720ndash39 years 826 (776 ndash 878) 397 (362 ndash 426) 795 (747 ndash 871) 163 (150 ndash 189) 36340ndash59 years 789 (695 ndash 897) 290 (254 ndash 355) 798 (688 ndash 910) 188 (172 ndash 223) 33260 years and older 738 (655 ndash 831) 316 (261 ndash 371) 731 (635 ndash 823) 168 (155 ndash 218) 279MalesTotal 6 years and older 823 (764 ndash 887) 358 (320 ndash 389) 803 (738 ndash 890) 190 (177 ndash 209) 9226ndash11 years 125 (112 ndash 140) 669 (492 ndash 769) 126 (106 ndash 147) 239 (215 ndash 256) 12712ndash19 years 880 (801 ndash 967) 443 (392 ndash 496) 850 (775 ndash 940) 182 (158 ndash 207) 32520ndash39 years 826 (773 ndash 883) 400 (365 ndash 431) 741 (704 ndash 798) 182 (153 ndash 216) 16840ndash59 years 749 (622 ndash 903) 263 (242 ndash 281) 764 (642 ndash 909) 190 (171 ndash 246) 15360 years and older 673 (608 ndash 745) 292 (243 ndash 329) 606 (509 ndash 720) 170 (156 ndash 178) 149FemalesTotal 6 years and older 844 (804 ndash 886) 387 (356 ndash 440) 839 (801 ndash 886) 173 (164 ndash 185) 9266ndash11 years 112 (974 ndash 130) 533dagger (418 ndash 655) 108 (990 ndash 122) 196dagger (178 ndash 300) 11012ndash19 years 859 (779 ndash 946) 466 (422 ndash 504) 846 (740 ndash 963) 166 (149 ndash 180) 31220ndash39 years 825 (769 ndash 886) 373 (350 ndash 418) 814 (780 ndash 894) 156 (137 ndash 201) 19540ndash59 years 824 (742 ndash 914) 364 (254 ndash 452) 822 (690 ndash 923) 185 (163 ndash 215) 17960 years and older 789 (667 ndash 933) 367 (229 ndash 400) 796 (664 ndash 920) 165 (147 ndash 262) 130dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 29a5 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 694 (659 ndash 732) 293 (272 ndash 314) 696 (662 ndash 738) 163 (153 ndash 174) 29606ndash11 years 829 (773 ndash 889) 421 (343 ndash 488) 812 (760 ndash 869) 157 (145 ndash 179) 23012ndash19 years 712 (660 ndash 768) 372 (331 ndash 393) 682 (607 ndash 764) 142 (131 ndash 161) 49720ndash39 years 690 (660 ndash 721) 301 (273 ndash 340) 693 (669 ndash 724) 151 (133 ndash 165) 71140ndash59 years 663 (599 ndash 733) 263 (235 ndash 288) 661 (611 ndash 728) 172 (146 ndash 200) 67960 years and older 705 (651 ndash 764) 275 (228 ndash 296) 726 (666 ndash 779) 177 (168 ndash 196) 843MalesTotal 6 years and older 683 (642 ndash 728) 292 (250 ndash 323) 690 (658 ndash 729) 159 (146 ndash 175) 14686ndash11 years 845 (744 ndash 960) 443 (350 ndash 565) 799 (729 ndash 915) 159 (140 ndash 210) 11212ndash19 years 738 (660 ndash 826) 387 (320 ndash 440) 710 (614 ndash 839) 145 (126 ndash 175) 25320ndash39 years 694 (651 ndash 740) 315 (280 ndash 353) 706 (675 ndash 753) 140 (121 ndash 167) 30940ndash59 years 639 (562 ndash 726) 242 (199 ndash 282) 631 (575 ndash 696) 176 (146 ndash 216) 35060 years and older 666 (602 ndash 737) 278 (223 ndash 304) 694 (582 ndash 773) 170 (152 ndash 188) 444FemalesTotal 6 years and older 705 (669 ndash 743) 294 (270 ndash 320) 704 (659 ndash 755) 166 (154 ndash 181) 14926ndash11 years 811 (734 ndash 895) 385 (304 ndash 445) 814 (769 ndash 860) 150 (133 ndash 220) 11812ndash19 years 684 (625 ndash 748) 357 (293 ndash 386) 657 (573 ndash 738) 140 (128 ndash 164) 24420ndash39 years 686 (645 ndash 728) 292 (253 ndash 338) 673 (629 ndash 741) 157 (135 ndash 182) 40240ndash59 years 687 (618 ndash 764) 284 (252 ndash 324) 684 (609 ndash 785) 165 (144 ndash 199) 32960 years and older 739 (669 ndash 817) 273 (226 ndash 294) 750 (674 ndash 869) 195 (170 ndash 212) 399
152 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population152 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 29b Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 746 (706 ndash 787) 245 (220 ndash 268) 740 (700 ndash 782) 230 (209 ndash 255) 7890 2005ndash2006 770 (734 ndash 808) 246 (226 ndash 263) 762 (724 ndash 799) 241 (225 ndash 264) 7195Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 943 (840 ndash 106) 330 (188 ndash 396) 909 (781 ndash 104) 307 (253 ndash 431) 4276ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 940 (871 ndash 102) 392 (328 ndash 422) 905 (829 ndash 102) 261 (219 ndash 316) 1006 2005ndash2006 947 (888 ndash 101) 390 (332 ndash 423) 914 (852 ndash 966) 249 (230 ndash 287) 85512ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 763 (720 ndash 808) 305 (258 ndash 331) 745 (700 ndash 799) 198 (185 ndash 223) 2199 2005ndash2006 782 (742 ndash 823) 320 (291 ndash 350) 749 (701 ndash 799) 203 (188 ndash 234) 192420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 711 (657 ndash 769) 240 (204 ndash 273) 683 (625 ndash 750) 229 (200 ndash 266) 1707 2005ndash2006 795 (752 ndash 840) 278 (250 ndash 297) 781 (731 ndash 818) 245 (217 ndash 288) 167940ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 728 (675 ndash 786) 239 (202 ndash 271) 716 (666 ndash 777) 232 (204 ndash 261) 1459 2005ndash2006 724 (660 ndash 794) 216 (180 ndash 240) 703 (650 ndash 782) 248 (215 ndash 292) 135760 years and older 2001ndash2002 744 (684 ndash 809) 194 (171 ndash 222) 764 (706 ndash 828) 235 (209 ndash 278) 1519 2005ndash2006 739 (686 ndash 797) 198 (162 ndash 225) 748 (703 ndash 813) 242 (227 ndash 276) 1380Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 728 (689 ndash 769) 241 (210 ndash 266) 732 (682 ndash 781) 223 (204 ndash 250) 3815 2005ndash2006 751 (710 ndash 794) 241 (210 ndash 270) 749 (712 ndash 788) 228 (215 ndash 250) 3514Females 2001ndash2002 763 (720 ndash 808) 248 (229 ndash 275) 745 (705 ndash 784) 238 (211 ndash 262) 4075 2005ndash2006 789 (753 ndash 827) 254 (224 ndash 269) 774 (728 ndash 814) 255 (234 ndash 281) 3681Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 121 (112 ndash 132) 414 (371 ndash 453) 121 (109 ndash 135) 345 (321 ndash 385) 1988 2005ndash2006 130 (118 ndash 143) 442 (387 ndash 486) 129 (119 ndash 142) 362 (324 ndash 454) 1842Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 803 (738 ndash 874) 299 (266 ndash 327) 792 (732 ndash 855) 230 (199 ndash 277) 1859 2005ndash2006 834 (788 ndash 884) 289 (259 ndash 311) 823 (780 ndash 881) 236 (208 ndash 278) 1848Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 680 (643 ndash 719) 236 (205 ndash 253) 671 (629 ndash 716) 196 (182 ndash 222) 3422 2005ndash2006 694 (659 ndash 732) 226 (207 ndash 244) 696 (662 ndash 738) 205 (197 ndash 219) 2960
Figure 29b Serum betaminuscryptoxanthin Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 50
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
40
30
20
10
16
14
12
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 153153
154 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population154 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
10a
1 S
erum
lute
inz
eaxa
nthi
n C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
138
(13
4 ndash
142
)4
95(4
69
ndash 5
19)
590
(56
8 ndash
618
)13
7(1
32
ndash 14
1)
313
(30
3 ndash
332
)38
5(3
70
ndash 40
0)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs13
1(1
26
ndash 13
7)
574
(41
3 ndash
647
)6
70(5
50
ndash 7
67)
133
(12
8 ndash
139
)24
5(2
35
ndash 27
4)
290
(27
3 ndash
302
)86
012
ndash19
year
s10
7(1
03
ndash 11
1)
491
(43
9 ndash
518
)5
67(5
21
ndash 5
91)
106
(10
0 ndash
111
)20
0(1
91
ndash 21
1)
227
(21
4 ndash
251
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
136
(13
1 ndash
141
)4
94(4
24
ndash 5
46)
591
(51
9 ndash
641
)13
6(1
29
ndash 14
4)
293
(27
7 ndash
321
)35
2(3
17
ndash 40
0)
168
840
ndash59
year
s14
5(1
38
ndash 15
2)
462
(40
2 ndash
531
)5
82(5
28
ndash 6
13)
145
(13
7 ndash
152
)35
7(3
33
ndash 37
8)
408
(38
5 ndash
461
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er15
5(1
49
ndash 16
2)
527
(47
2 ndash
583
)6
44(6
02
ndash 6
69)
157
(15
0 ndash
165
)35
9(3
28
ndash 40
3)
425
(39
7 ndash
512
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es13
6(1
31
ndash 14
0)
492
(44
8 ndash
530
)5
93(5
42
ndash 6
35)
135
(13
0 ndash
141
)30
7(2
87
ndash 31
4)
357
(33
3 ndash
390
)3
547
Fem
ales
140
(13
5 ndash
144
)4
98(4
62
ndash 5
26)
589
(56
9 ndash
613
)13
8(1
33
ndash 14
4)
328
(31
0 ndash
357
)39
9(3
84
ndash 41
5)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
151
(14
5 ndash
158
)6
36(5
62
ndash 6
79)
741
(67
9 ndash
783
)15
0(1
44
ndash 15
6)
313
(29
2 ndash
341
)35
5(3
32
ndash 40
8)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks15
3(1
48
ndash 15
8)
588
(52
0 ndash
637
)7
03(6
33
ndash 7
71)
154
(15
0 ndash
158
)31
5(2
94
ndash 35
1)
380
(34
8 ndash
417
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s13
2(1
28
ndash 13
6)
474
(44
6 ndash
496
)5
70(5
33
ndash 5
88)
129
(12
5 ndash
134
)30
9(2
91
ndash 32
8)
375
(34
4 ndash
399
)2
973
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 210a Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by age group Geometric Mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 155155
156 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population156 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 210a2 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 138 (134 ndash 142) 724 (691 ndash 749) 137 (132 ndash 141) 265 (257 ndash 273) 72546ndash11 years 131 (126 ndash 137) 793 (684 ndash 854) 133 (128 ndash 139) 207 (201 ndash 220) 86012ndash19 years 107 (103 ndash 111) 650 (619 ndash 674) 106 (100 ndash 111) 176 (169 ndash 184) 195420ndash39 years 136 (131 ndash 141) 740 (664 ndash 783) 136 (129 ndash 144) 251 (234 ndash 271) 168840ndash59 years 145 (138 ndash 152) 723 (670 ndash 758) 145 (137 ndash 152) 294 (275 ndash 310) 136560 years and older 155 (149 ndash 162) 789 (752 ndash 813) 157 (150 ndash 165) 290 (273 ndash 319) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 136 (131 ndash 140) 722 (678 ndash 761) 135 (130 ndash 141) 256 (245 ndash 262) 35476ndash11 years 134 (127 ndash 141) 808 (762 ndash 869) 136 (125 ndash 142) 205 (190 ndash 225) 42712ndash19 years 105 (101 ndash 109) 649 (606 ndash 686) 103 (991 ndash 109) 173 (167 ndash 183) 98020ndash39 years 134 (128 ndash 140) 726 (651 ndash 796) 134 (128 ndash 142) 238 (224 ndash 260) 73840ndash59 years 142 (134 ndash 150) 722 (599 ndash 790) 141 (131 ndash 151) 276 (266 ndash 310) 67360 years and older 155 (147 ndash 164) 794 (726 ndash 826) 159 (152 ndash 170) 278 (262 ndash 312) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 140 (135 ndash 144) 727 (677 ndash 756) 138 (133 ndash 144) 275 (267 ndash 285) 37076ndash11 years 129 (121 ndash 137) 763 (598 ndash 850) 131 (126 ndash 137) 214 (199 ndash 236) 43312ndash19 years 109 (103 ndash 114) 652 (598 ndash 693) 108 (101 ndash 115) 180 (169 ndash 191) 97420ndash39 years 138 (132 ndash 145) 742 (659 ndash 780) 138 (129 ndash 148) 257 (239 ndash 280) 95040ndash59 years 147 (139 ndash 156) 717 (676 ndash 756) 150 (138 ndash 162) 296 (289 ndash 322) 69260 years and older 156 (148 ndash 164) 780 (740 ndash 817) 156 (141 ndash 167) 298 (280 ndash 328) 658
Table 210a3 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 151 (145 ndash 158) 860 (807 ndash 917) 150 (144 ndash 156) 268 (252 ndash 286) 18446ndash11 years 132 (124 ndash 140) 843 (689 ndash 935) 133 (122 ndash 141) 211 (193 ndash 235) 29512ndash19 years 121 (115 ndash 127) 764 (722 ndash 801) 123 (117 ndash 129) 189 (180 ndash 200) 64620ndash39 years 154 (143 ndash 166) 896 (809 ndash 965) 154 (142 ndash 173) 262 (234 ndash 305) 44940ndash59 years 172 (160 ndash 185) 978 (736 ndash 110) 172 (162 ndash 185) 304 (273 ndash 363) 24660 years and older 186 (167 ndash 207) 996 (759 ndash 120) 187 (169 ndash 203) 322 (301 ndash 344) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 154 (145 ndash 163) 881 (800 ndash 951) 151 (144 ndash 160) 281 (256 ndash 311) 8836ndash11 years 130 (121 ndash 139) 875 (633 ndash 971) 131 (121 ndash 139) 196 (175 ndash 220) 14512ndash19 years 117 (110 ndash 125) 762 (685 ndash 820) 120 (109 ndash 129) 182 (174 ndash 192) 31320ndash39 years 160 (146 ndash 175) 947 (802 ndash 101) 158 (149 ndash 174) 285 (242 ndash 331) 19840ndash59 years 177 (157 ndash 199) 869 (555 ndash 116) 176 (161 ndash 199) 311 (270 ndash 521) 12260 years and older 191 (160 ndash 227) 107dagger (638 ndash 122) 185 (145 ndash 254) 341dagger (299 ndash 454) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 149 (142 ndash 156) 846 (768 ndash 934) 147 (141 ndash 155) 244 (233 ndash 270) 9616ndash11 years 134 (125 ndash 144) 794 (666 ndash 897) 136 (119 ndash 144) 234 (198 ndash 271) 15012ndash19 years 125 (119 ndash 131) 761 (708 ndash 814) 128 (123 ndash 131) 197 (183 ndash 208) 33320ndash39 years 147 (137 ndash 159) 818 (742 ndash 974) 147 (131 ndash 169) 231 (222 ndash 270) 25140ndash59 years 167 (156 ndash 180) 101 (740 ndash 109) 166 (145 ndash 184) 286 (237 ndash 442) 12460 years and older 182 (161 ndash 207) 982dagger (745 ndash 117) 188 (162 ndash 217) 306dagger (283 ndash 336) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1571 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1572 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 210a4 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 153 (148 ndash 158) 861 (821 ndash 904) 154 (150 ndash 158) 266 (252 ndash 284) 18916ndash11 years 158 (153 ndash 164) 105 (930 ndash 110) 162 (156 ndash 168) 239 (225 ndash 274) 24012ndash19 years 129 (123 ndash 135) 794 (737 ndash 838) 130 (121 ndash 137) 209 (195 ndash 221) 66520ndash39 years 145 (137 ndash 153) 829 (674 ndash 945) 144 (135 ndash 154) 253 (240 ndash 283) 36840ndash59 years 164 (155 ndash 174) 877 (781 ndash 951) 170 (158 ndash 182) 286 (266 ndash 302) 33560 years and older 174 (160 ndash 191) 899 (824 ndash 101) 177 (160 ndash 191) 315 (271 ndash 365) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 154 (149 ndash 159) 869 (826 ndash 942) 156 (149 ndash 163) 266 (256 ndash 284) 9496ndash11 years 159 (149 ndash 169) 111 (103 ndash 119) 159 (150 ndash 172) 231 (219 ndash 269) 12812ndash19 years 131 (124 ndash 138) 808 (727 ndash 868) 133 (122 ndash 146) 208 (196 ndash 219) 34320ndash39 years 146 (138 ndash 155) 848 (656 ndash 965) 142 (131 ndash 157) 263 (232 ndash 291) 17040ndash59 years 169 (158 ndash 181) 921 (766 ndash 997) 182 (156 ndash 193) 306 (275 ndash 360) 15660 years and older 171 (162 ndash 181) 883 (779 ndash 964) 179 (172 ndash 188) 290 (259 ndash 340) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 152 (145 ndash 158) 851 (769 ndash 912) 153 (148 ndash 159) 264 (246 ndash 291) 9426ndash11 years 158 (151 ndash 165) 957 (786 ndash 107) 165 (148 ndash 171) 240 (223 ndash 289) 11212ndash19 years 127 (119 ndash 136) 770 (662 ndash 868) 127 (114 ndash 136) 211 (191 ndash 235) 32220ndash39 years 144 (134 ndash 155) 803 (521 ndash 963) 147 (136 ndash 154) 246 (232 ndash 285) 19840ndash59 years 160 (150 ndash 171) 872 (723 ndash 934) 166 (156 ndash 176) 269 (246 ndash 299) 17960 years and older 177 (152 ndash 205) 908 (795 ndash 106) 173 (151 ndash 202) 332 (263 ndash 579) 131
Table 210a5 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 132 (128 ndash 136) 680 (648 ndash 716) 129 (125 ndash 134) 258 (251 ndash 269) 29736ndash11 years 125 (118 ndash 133) 768 (604 ndash 834) 127 (122 ndash 136) 198 (183 ndash 231) 23112ndash19 years 988 (946 ndash 103) 616 (575 ndash 648) 980 (934 ndash 103) 162 (150 ndash 171) 49920ndash39 years 127 (122 ndash 131) 656 (593 ndash 739) 124 (117 ndash 132) 236 (221 ndash 269) 71440ndash59 years 138 (130 ndash 146) 687 (626 ndash 725) 137 (126 ndash 151) 279 (267 ndash 302) 68360 years and older 150 (144 ndash 157) 759 (725 ndash 797) 152 (142 ndash 158) 285 (264 ndash 314) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 130 (125 ndash 134) 687 (645 ndash 722) 128 (122 ndash 135) 244 (235 ndash 257) 14726ndash11 years 129 (118 ndash 142) 795 (577 ndash 867) 130 (122 ndash 141) 189 (171 ndash 319) 11212ndash19 years 975 (924 ndash 103) 623 (555 ndash 675) 971 (933 ndash 100) 156 (143 ndash 169) 25420ndash39 years 124 (119 ndash 129) 655 (575 ndash 769) 123 (117 ndash 130) 227 (218 ndash 248) 30940ndash59 years 136 (128 ndash 144) 696 (583 ndash 771) 134 (123 ndash 149) 266 (245 ndash 299) 35160 years and older 150 (142 ndash 159) 759 (711 ndash 805) 154 (144 ndash 165) 266 (255 ndash 306) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 134 (129 ndash 138) 675 (620 ndash 726) 130 (124 ndash 137) 274 (260 ndash 281) 15016ndash11 years 121 (111 ndash 132) 673 (507 ndash 832) 124 (111 ndash 132) 199 (182 ndash 281) 11912ndash19 years 100 (921 ndash 109) 608 (523 ndash 657) 990 (918 ndash 111) 165 (153 ndash 181) 24520ndash39 years 129 (122 ndash 136) 660 (582 ndash 742) 126 (112 ndash 144) 250 (223 ndash 285) 40540ndash59 years 140 (130 ndash 150) 678 (598 ndash 728) 140 (125 ndash 157) 292 (275 ndash 307) 33260 years and older 151 (143 ndash 159) 758 (696 ndash 805) 147 (136 ndash 162) 292 (276 ndash 326) 400
158 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population158 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 210b Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 131 (125 ndash 136) 577 (553 ndash 600) 129 (122 ndash 135) 304 (286 ndash 322) 7923 2005ndash2006 138 (134 ndash 142) 590 (568 ndash 618) 137 (132 ndash 141) 313 (303 ndash 332) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 125 (118 ndash 132) 638 (582 ndash 704) 125 (120 ndash 131) 246 (222 ndash 315) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 125 (119 ndash 132) 661 (588 ndash 706) 123 (116 ndash 131) 248 (224 ndash 260) 1014 2005ndash2006 131 (126 ndash 137) 670 (550 ndash 767) 133 (128 ndash 139) 245 (235 ndash 274) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 104 (991 ndash 110) 499 (464 ndash 554) 104 (980 ndash 110) 209 (194 ndash 232) 2205 2005ndash2006 107 (103 ndash 111) 567 (521 ndash 591) 106 (100 ndash 111) 200 (191 ndash 211) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 121 (115 ndash 129) 547 (516 ndash 573) 120 (112 ndash 127) 271 (257 ndash 307) 1714 2005ndash2006 136 (131 ndash 141) 591 (519 ndash 641) 136 (129 ndash 144) 293 (277 ndash 321) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 144 (136 ndash 152) 647 (569 ndash 704) 141 (135 ndash 149) 326 (310 ndash 355) 1468 2005ndash2006 145 (138 ndash 152) 582 (528 ndash 613) 145 (137 ndash 152) 357 (333 ndash 378) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 152 (143 ndash 162) 614 (554 ndash 668) 153 (143 ndash 166) 351 (333 ndash 410) 1522 2005ndash2006 155 (149 ndash 162) 644 (602 ndash 669) 157 (150 ndash 165) 359 (328 ndash 403) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 130 (125 ndash 136) 567 (535 ndash 601) 130 (124 ndash 136) 298 (283 ndash 317) 3832 2005ndash2006 136 (131 ndash 140) 593 (542 ndash 635) 135 (130 ndash 141) 307 (287 ndash 314) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 131 (125 ndash 137) 587 (559 ndash 603) 127 (121 ndash 135) 314 (288 ndash 330) 4091 2005ndash2006 140 (135 ndash 144) 589 (569 ndash 613) 138 (133 ndash 144) 328 (310 ndash 357) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 137 (133 ndash 142) 658 (615 ndash 684) 136 (132 ndash 141) 285 (268 ndash 307) 1988 2005ndash2006 151 (145 ndash 158) 741 (679 ndash 783) 150 (144 ndash 156) 313 (292 ndash 341) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 142 (131 ndash 155) 680 (620 ndash 720) 141 (128 ndash 155) 307 (285 ndash 346) 1864 2005ndash2006 153 (148 ndash 158) 703 (633 ndash 771) 154 (150 ndash 158) 315 (294 ndash 351) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 126 (120 ndash 132) 560 (514 ndash 590) 124 (117 ndash 131) 288 (272 ndash 318) 3447 2005ndash2006 132 (128 ndash 136) 570 (533 ndash 588) 129 (125 ndash 134) 309 (291 ndash 328) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
35
30
25
20
15
16
14
12
10
8
8
7
6
5
4
i i
i i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i i i
i
i i i
i
i i i
i
i
i i
i i
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Figure 210b Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 40
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 159159
160 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population160 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
11a
1 S
erum
tran
s-ly
cope
ne C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
212
(20
7 ndash
217
)5
64(4
99
ndash 6
25)
781
(73
3 ndash
840
)22
7(2
22
ndash 23
2)
436
(42
4 ndash
449
)48
4(4
75
ndash 49
8)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs21
7(2
05
ndash 22
9)
767
(52
7 ndash
929
)9
48(7
38
ndash 10
9)
225
(21
1 ndash
237
)42
8(4
00
ndash 46
0)
461
(44
0 ndash
548
)86
012
ndash19
year
s21
9(2
11
ndash 22
6)
842
(73
1 ndash
878
)9
91(8
98
ndash 11
0)
223
(21
8 ndash
229
)42
6(4
02
ndash 45
1)
468
(44
4 ndash
527
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
239
(23
3 ndash
244
)8
24(7
38
ndash 8
96)
107
(89
7 ndash
114
)25
1(2
43
ndash 25
6)
461
(44
1 ndash
472
)51
6(4
89
ndash 53
5)
168
840
ndash59
year
s21
6(2
04
ndash 22
8)
513
(37
6 ndash
634
)7
69(6
02
ndash 8
98)
232
(22
1 ndash
244
)44
6(4
25
ndash 47
1)
500
(47
2 ndash
559
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
4(1
54
ndash 17
4)
375
(26
9 ndash
436
)5
19(4
32
ndash 5
97)
178
(16
8 ndash
190
)38
8(3
73
ndash 40
7)
444
(40
7 ndash
465
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es21
8(2
10
ndash 22
6)
579
(45
4 ndash
670
)7
85(6
99
ndash 8
89)
234
(22
6 ndash
243
)44
7(4
37
ndash 47
0)
521
(49
0 ndash
557
)3
547
Fem
ales
206
(20
0 ndash
212
)5
47(4
93
ndash 6
39)
776
(70
9 ndash
840
)22
2(2
15
ndash 22
6)
423
(41
2 ndash
439
)46
3(4
51
ndash 48
8)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
195
(19
1 ndash
200
)7
04(6
09
ndash 7
33)
880
(78
3 ndash
929
)20
2(1
96
ndash 20
9)
380
(36
4 ndash
402
)42
5(3
98
ndash 49
9)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks22
0(2
09
ndash 23
2)
629
(54
6 ndash
699
)8
11(7
39
ndash 8
77)
235
(22
6 ndash
247
)47
0(4
47
ndash 49
5)
535
(51
0 ndash
573
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s21
3(2
08
ndash 21
9)
546
(48
3 ndash
626
)7
69(7
04
ndash 8
47)
230
(22
4 ndash
235
)43
8(4
24
ndash 45
2)
485
(47
3 ndash
506
)2
973
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 211a Serum transminuslycopene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 161161
162 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population162 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 211a2 Serum trans-lycopene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 212 (207 ndash 217) 107 (101 ndash 113) 227 (222 ndash 232) 389 (377 ndash 398) 72546ndash11 years 217 (205 ndash 229) 116 (105 ndash 129) 225 (211 ndash 237) 383 (363 ndash 403) 86012ndash19 years 219 (211 ndash 226) 129 (122 ndash 136) 223 (218 ndash 229) 372 (358 ndash 391) 195420ndash39 years 239 (233 ndash 244) 134 (118 ndash 148) 251 (243 ndash 256) 402 (395 ndash 412) 168840ndash59 years 216 (204 ndash 228) 110 (950 ndash 119) 232 (221 ndash 244) 399 (384 ndash 418) 136560 years and older 164 (154 ndash 174) 714 (648 ndash 769) 178 (168 ndash 190) 337 (323 ndash 361) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 218 (210 ndash 226) 112 (103 ndash 118) 234 (226 ndash 243) 396 (381 ndash 410) 35476ndash11 years 226 (214 ndash 239) 128 (110 ndash 144) 231 (218 ndash 243) 386 (369 ndash 408) 42712ndash19 years 222 (214 ndash 230) 134 (115 ndash 142) 227 (220 ndash 236) 372 (363 ndash 387) 98020ndash39 years 251 (240 ndash 262) 146 (119 ndash 158) 262 (249 ndash 274) 414 (400 ndash 437) 73840ndash59 years 219 (201 ndash 239) 109 (858 ndash 124) 239 (223 ndash 256) 406 (373 ndash 439) 67360 years and older 163 (151 ndash 176) 744 (633 ndash 778) 178 (164 ndash 191) 335 (313 ndash 368) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 206 (200 ndash 212) 103 (956 ndash 111) 222 (215 ndash 226) 382 (367 ndash 395) 37076ndash11 years 208 (189 ndash 228) 104 (868 ndash 128) 217 (203 ndash 235) 373 (352 ndash 419) 43312ndash19 years 215 (201 ndash 230) 128 (107 ndash 137) 219 (210 ndash 232) 371 (346 ndash 406) 97420ndash39 years 227 (221 ndash 233) 129 (111 ndash 142) 237 (230 ndash 246) 390 (359 ndash 413) 95040ndash59 years 213 (201 ndash 225) 110 (950 ndash 119) 224 (210 ndash 243) 393 (386 ndash 408) 69260 years and older 164 (153 ndash 176) 689 (629 ndash 773) 179 (166 ndash 193) 342 (315 ndash 383) 658
Table 211a3 Serum trans-lycopene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 195 (191 ndash 200) 107 (101 ndash 112) 202 (196 ndash 209) 337 (328 ndash 344) 18446ndash11 years 196 (185 ndash 208) 110 (947 ndash 130) 201 (191 ndash 212) 324 (312 ndash 340) 29512ndash19 years 200 (192 ndash 209) 120 (101 ndash 128) 209 (198 ndash 221) 335 (323 ndash 352) 64620ndash39 years 209 (197 ndash 221) 116 (965 ndash 135) 220 (210 ndash 233) 347 (334 ndash 381) 44940ndash59 years 184 (173 ndash 195) 100 (904 ndash 110) 188 (182 ndash 194) 328 (306 ndash 370) 24660 years and older 155 (140 ndash 171) 771 (524 ndash 887) 161 (147 ndash 177) 286 (261 ndash 332) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 201 (194 ndash 208) 110 (996 ndash 120) 211 (201 ndash 222) 344 (322 ndash 376) 8836ndash11 years 190 (178 ndash 202) 109 (933 ndash 127) 195 (182 ndash 205) 321 (289 ndash 361) 14512ndash19 years 206 (192 ndash 221) 123 (872 ndash 136) 221 (199 ndash 234) 340 (327 ndash 355) 31320ndash39 years 219 (200 ndash 239) 132 (892 ndash 151) 231 (215 ndash 249) 351 (321 ndash 444) 19840ndash59 years 186 (171 ndash 202) 101 (736 ndash 113) 193 (178 ndash 207) 327 (289 ndash 399) 12260 years and older 155 (129 ndash 186) 741dagger (271 ndash 877) 162 (139 ndash 193) 313dagger (252 ndash 560) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 190 (184 ndash 195) 105 (100 ndash 110) 194 (185 ndash 202) 333 (321 ndash 341) 9616ndash11 years 204 (189 ndash 220) 114 (953 ndash 134) 212 (193 ndash 230) 325 (312 ndash 350) 15012ndash19 years 194 (186 ndash 203) 118 (101 ndash 122) 200 (194 ndash 209) 329 (315 ndash 357) 33320ndash39 years 197 (186 ndash 208) 108 (995 ndash 127) 200 (185 ndash 234) 341 (325 ndash 367) 25140ndash59 years 181 (168 ndash 196) 100 (901 ndash 110) 180 (169 ndash 191) 328 (305 ndash 345) 12460 years and older 155 (140 ndash 172) 798dagger (524 ndash 105) 160 (133 ndash 181) 267dagger (250 ndash 312) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1631 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1632 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 211a4 Serum trans-lycopene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 220 (209 ndash 232) 108 (977 ndash 118) 235 (226 ndash 247) 400 (391 ndash 417) 18916ndash11 years 256 (233 ndash 282) 137 (111 ndash 170) 270 (246 ndash 289) 418 (387 ndash 459) 24012ndash19 years 248 (235 ndash 262) 143 (129 ndash 154) 258 (236 ndash 274) 416 (391 ndash 449) 66520ndash39 years 257 (242 ndash 272) 145 (124 ndash 156) 263 (250 ndash 278) 424 (396 ndash 471) 36840ndash59 years 204 (191 ndash 218) 989 (868 ndash 108) 213 (199 ndash 233) 386 (362 ndash 434) 33560 years and older 143 (131 ndash 157) 620 (494 ndash 693) 153 (145 ndash 165) 312 (275 ndash 357) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 231 (219 ndash 243) 112 (987 ndash 124) 249 (233 ndash 264) 418 (398 ndash 449) 9496ndash11 years 262 (234 ndash 292) 164 (104 ndash 180) 270 (234 ndash 298) 401 (384 ndash 463) 12812ndash19 years 255 (241 ndash 270) 149 (135 ndash 161) 262 (239 ndash 278) 432 (395 ndash 517) 34320ndash39 years 280 (265 ndash 296) 153 (136 ndash 168) 279 (262 ndash 302) 478 (425 ndash 527) 17040ndash59 years 205 (183 ndash 229) 919 (670 ndash 109) 221 (189 ndash 264) 386 (356 ndash 513) 15660 years and older 146 (133 ndash 159) 556 (494 ndash 614) 155 (150 ndash 171) 321 (300 ndash 381) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 212 (198 ndash 227) 106 (930 ndash 116) 225 (211 ndash 237) 390 (372 ndash 410) 9426ndash11 years 251 (224 ndash 281) 124 (915 ndash 151) 267 (249 ndash 289) 421 (384 ndash 497) 11212ndash19 years 241 (219 ndash 266) 139 (105 ndash 155) 248 (221 ndash 276) 398 (366 ndash 439) 32220ndash39 years 238 (218 ndash 261) 136 (109 ndash 157) 250 (221 ndash 272) 391 (374 ndash 416) 19840ndash59 years 203 (192 ndash 216) 999 (903 ndash 113) 209 (181 ndash 233) 390 (348 ndash 443) 17960 years and older 141 (121 ndash 165) 671 (354 ndash 789) 150 (130 ndash 174) 281 (246 ndash 391) 131
Table 211a5 Serum trans-lycopene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 213 (208 ndash 219) 108 (101 ndash 113) 230 (224 ndash 235) 391 (375 ndash 406) 29736ndash11 years 214 (196 ndash 234) 111 (963 ndash 129) 221 (204 ndash 240) 375 (337 ndash 424) 23112ndash19 years 216 (206 ndash 226) 130 (111 ndash 137) 221 (214 ndash 227) 370 (350 ndash 399) 49920ndash39 years 246 (236 ndash 256) 137 (114 ndash 164) 256 (248 ndash 264) 407 (396 ndash 423) 71440ndash59 years 223 (209 ndash 239) 117 (954 ndash 130) 242 (229 ndash 253) 405 (383 ndash 422) 68360 years and older 166 (156 ndash 176) 732 (645 ndash 811) 180 (169 ndash 192) 342 (323 ndash 370) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 219 (210 ndash 229) 113 (103 ndash 119) 236 (227 ndash 248) 396 (379 ndash 416) 14726ndash11 years 226 (207 ndash 246) 128 (841 ndash 149) 230 (211 ndash 248) 383 (334 ndash 432) 11212ndash19 years 218 (206 ndash 232) 132 (100 ndash 143) 225 (211 ndash 243) 366 (358 ndash 384) 25420ndash39 years 257 (242 ndash 272) 148 (118 ndash 171) 265 (251 ndash 284) 415 (396 ndash 461) 30940ndash59 years 228 (206 ndash 252) 118 (802 ndash 140) 250 (232 ndash 270) 412 (381 ndash 440) 35160 years and older 163 (150 ndash 178) 749 (636 ndash 808) 177 (160 ndash 192) 337 (313 ndash 370) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 208 (200 ndash 217) 102 (948 ndash 111) 224 (215 ndash 231) 385 (365 ndash 403) 15016ndash11 years 201 (176 ndash 231) 966 (460 ndash 129) 207 (192 ndash 232) 367 (308 ndash 500) 11912ndash19 years 213 (194 ndash 233) 127 (921 ndash 142) 216 (203 ndash 235) 372 (339 ndash 415) 24520ndash39 years 235 (225 ndash 245) 130 (102 ndash 162) 246 (233 ndash 253) 402 (359 ndash 427) 40540ndash59 years 218 (203 ndash 236) 117 (946 ndash 129) 234 (214 ndash 253) 397 (379 ndash 411) 33260 years and older 169 (158 ndash 180) 700 (617 ndash 828) 183 (171 ndash 201) 344 (321 ndash 385) 400
164 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population164 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 211b Serum trans-lycopene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 206 (199 ndash 213) 787 (749 ndash 827) 222 (213 ndash 231) 425 (410 ndash 439) 7921 2005ndash2006 212 (207 ndash 217) 781 (733 ndash 840) 227 (222 ndash 232) 436 (424 ndash 449) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 161 (152 ndash 171) 616 (373 ndash 747) 173 (162 ndash 181) 339 (328 ndash 379) 4276ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 216 (207 ndash 225) 931 (820 ndash 983) 227 (214 ndash 236) 405 (377 ndash 470) 1012 2005ndash2006 217 (205 ndash 229) 948 (738 ndash 109) 225 (211 ndash 237) 428 (400 ndash 460) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 216 (211 ndash 221) 105 (969 ndash 111) 222 (218 ndash 227) 405 (381 ndash 432) 2205 2005ndash2006 219 (211 ndash 226) 991 (898 ndash 110) 223 (218 ndash 229) 426 (402 ndash 451) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 227 (215 ndash 239) 103 (902 ndash 115) 237 (225 ndash 249) 449 (424 ndash 471) 1714 2005ndash2006 239 (233 ndash 244) 107 (897 ndash 114) 251 (243 ndash 256) 461 (441 ndash 472) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 211 (201 ndash 221) 782 (702 ndash 861) 227 (214 ndash 241) 426 (412 ndash 438) 1468 2005ndash2006 216 (204 ndash 228) 769 (602 ndash 898) 232 (221 ndash 244) 446 (425 ndash 471) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 154 (146 ndash 163) 415 (292 ndash 513) 171 (161 ndash 179) 390 (364 ndash 413) 1522 2005ndash2006 164 (154 ndash 174) 519 (432 ndash 597) 178 (168 ndash 190) 388 (373 ndash 407) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 214 (206 ndash 223) 802 (731 ndash 880) 233 (223 ndash 242) 442 (428 ndash 463) 3832 2005ndash2006 218 (210 ndash 226) 785 (699 ndash 889) 234 (226 ndash 243) 447 (437 ndash 470) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 198 (192 ndash 205) 782 (713 ndash 834) 212 (204 ndash 220) 403 (389 ndash 421) 4089 2005ndash2006 206 (200 ndash 212) 776 (709 ndash 840) 222 (215 ndash 226) 423 (412 ndash 439) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 200 (192 ndash 208) 889 (784 ndash 962) 207 (201 ndash 217) 398 (381 ndash 420) 1987 2005ndash2006 195 (191 ndash 200) 880 (783 ndash 929) 202 (196 ndash 209) 380 (364 ndash 402) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 217 (210 ndash 223) 803 (683 ndash 911) 234 (222 ndash 243) 466 (449 ndash 490) 1864 2005ndash2006 220 (209 ndash 232) 811 (739 ndash 877) 235 (226 ndash 247) 470 (447 ndash 495) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 208 (201 ndash 216) 817 (755 ndash 872) 224 (213 ndash 235) 425 (409 ndash 440) 3446 2005ndash2006 213 (208 ndash 219) 769 (704 ndash 847) 230 (224 ndash 235) 438 (424 ndash 452) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
12
10
8
6
4
2
i i
i
i
i
i
i i i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i i i i
i i i
i i i
i
i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i i i i
i i
i i i i
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Figure 211b Serum transminuslycopene Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 165165
166 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population166 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
12a
1 S
erum
tota
l lyc
open
e C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
394
(38
5 ndash
402
)11
3(1
04
ndash 12
6)
154
(14
6 ndash
161
)41
8(4
10
ndash 42
6)
808
(78
8 ndash
825
)90
7(8
79
ndash 94
7)
714
9A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs39
7(3
75
ndash 42
0)
149
(10
7 ndash
178
)18
8(1
51
ndash 19
9)
409
(38
5 ndash
441
)78
4(7
48
ndash 82
5)
830
(80
6 ndash
105)
851
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
395
(38
2 ndash
408
)15
4(1
29
ndash 17
4)
191
(17
2 ndash
209
)40
6(3
96
ndash 42
0)
739
(71
5 ndash
790
)82
8(7
81
ndash 93
4)
190
720
ndash39
year
s43
8(4
27
ndash 44
9)
159
(14
0 ndash
178
)20
0(1
70
ndash 21
8)
452
(43
8 ndash
466
)83
3(8
14
ndash 86
1)
927
(87
4 ndash
993
)1
667
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
405
(38
2 ndash
429
)10
6(7
35
ndash 13
2)
150
(12
4 ndash
171
)43
1(4
11
ndash 45
3)
841
(79
9 ndash
892
)97
2(9
07
ndash 10
3)1
346
60 y
ears
and
old
er31
5(2
98
ndash 33
2)
808
(69
6 ndash
957
)10
7(9
50
ndash 12
4)
335
(31
4 ndash
359
)72
8(6
95
ndash 76
4)
817
(76
3 ndash
894
)1
378
Gen
der
Mal
es40
6(3
93
ndash 42
0)
114
(92
8 ndash
132
)15
6(1
39
ndash 17
3)
435
(42
2 ndash
447
)84
5(8
16
ndash 86
9)
952
(89
9 ndash
103)
349
3Fe
mal
es38
2(3
71
ndash 39
3)
111
(10
3 ndash
129
)15
3(1
42
ndash 16
4)
401
(38
9 ndash
416
)77
6(7
51
ndash 80
5)
860
(81
9 ndash
921
)3
656
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s36
2(3
53
ndash 37
1)
137
(11
8 ndash
143
)16
6(1
53
ndash 17
9)
374
(36
1 ndash
389
)70
5(6
70
ndash 74
0)
793
(74
1 ndash
913
)1
818
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
413
(39
2 ndash
435
)12
9(1
09
ndash 14
2)
167
(14
3 ndash
180
)43
1(4
11
ndash 45
5)
864
(83
0 ndash
895
)97
2(9
15
ndash 10
7)1
846
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s39
6(3
86
ndash 40
6)
109
(97
2 ndash
125
)15
1(1
42
ndash 16
0)
424
(41
3 ndash
433
)81
1(7
89
ndash 82
9)
897
(87
2 ndash
948
)2
943
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
60
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 212a Serum total lycopene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 2
0 40
60
0 2
0 40
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 167167
168 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population168 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 212a2 Serum total lycopene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 394 (385 ndash 402) 205 (195 ndash 213) 418 (410 ndash 426) 712 (695 ndash 727) 71496ndash11 years 397 (375 ndash 420) 215 (193 ndash 254) 409 (385 ndash 441) 676 (635 ndash 749) 85112ndash19 years 395 (382 ndash 408) 235 (218 ndash 246) 406 (396 ndash 420) 663 (631 ndash 696) 190720ndash39 years 438 (427 ndash 449) 246 (219 ndash 272) 452 (438 ndash 466) 740 (725 ndash 758) 166740ndash59 years 405 (382 ndash 429) 210 (186 ndash 229) 431 (411 ndash 453) 728 (703 ndash 771) 134660 years and older 315 (298 ndash 332) 143 (133 ndash 159) 335 (314 ndash 359) 628 (602 ndash 675) 1378MalesTotal 6 years and older 406 (393 ndash 420) 212 (201 ndash 222) 435 (422 ndash 447) 729 (709 ndash 756) 34936ndash11 years 414 (392 ndash 438) 237 (203 ndash 264) 421 (397 ndash 449) 695 (634 ndash 782) 42112ndash19 years 401 (385 ndash 418) 238 (213 ndash 260) 411 (400 ndash 425) 663 (646 ndash 694) 95520ndash39 years 464 (445 ndash 485) 268 (229 ndash 306) 483 (455 ndash 510) 785 (746 ndash 819) 73040ndash59 years 412 (377 ndash 450) 209 (152 ndash 239) 449 (426 ndash 471) 750 (710 ndash 814) 66360 years and older 313 (291 ndash 337) 143 (126 ndash 159) 344 (316 ndash 364) 620 (590 ndash 693) 724FemalesTotal 6 years and older 382 (371 ndash 393) 199 (188 ndash 211) 401 (389 ndash 416) 693 (670 ndash 717) 36566ndash11 years 379 (348 ndash 413) 194 (163 ndash 247) 398 (357 ndash 439) 662 (598 ndash 740) 43012ndash19 years 388 (362 ndash 415) 234 (200 ndash 246) 401 (378 ndash 427) 653 (601 ndash 726) 95220ndash39 years 413 (402 ndash 424) 226 (207 ndash 262) 427 (415 ndash 437) 716 (664 ndash 740) 93740ndash59 years 398 (376 ndash 421) 209 (189 ndash 228) 411 (378 ndash 450) 713 (688 ndash 756) 68360 years and older 316 (297 ndash 335) 142 (129 ndash 164) 330 (308 ndash 358) 646 (580 ndash 697) 654
Table 212a3 Serum total lycopene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 362 (353 ndash 371) 205 (195 ndash 217) 374 (361 ndash 389) 615 (588 ndash 635) 18186ndash11 years 355 (338 ndash 373) 210 (187 ndash 225) 355 (338 ndash 373) 584 (557 ndash 631) 29212ndash19 years 357 (345 ndash 370) 218 (196 ndash 234) 374 (360 ndash 387) 585 (556 ndash 618) 63920ndash39 years 388 (365 ndash 411) 227 (187 ndash 247) 410 (391 ndash 425) 638 (588 ndash 712) 44140ndash59 years 348 (327 ndash 371) 196 (174 ndash 211) 351 (326 ndash 385) 607 (573 ndash 655) 24060 years and older 299 (273 ndash 328) 147 (119 ndash 179) 301 (279 ndash 338) 547 (488 ndash 658) 206MalesTotal 6 years and older 376 (363 ndash 390) 214 (199 ndash 230) 392 (369 ndash 408) 631 (595 ndash 680) 8676ndash11 years 344 (326 ndash 364) 202 (178 ndash 224) 343 (317 ndash 361) 574 (505 ndash 734) 14212ndash19 years 369 (346 ndash 394) 225 (192 ndash 246) 391 (368 ndash 407) 597 (559 ndash 639) 31020ndash39 years 413 (378 ndash 451) 246 (166 ndash 277) 426 (406 ndash 456) 661 (583 ndash 944) 19240ndash59 years 356 (326 ndash 388) 190 (144 ndash 226) 364 (334 ndash 405) 587 (560 ndash 743) 12060 years and older 299 (251 ndash 357) 145dagger (580 ndash 182) 302 (260 ndash 361) 619dagger (480 ndash 863) 103FemalesTotal 6 years and older 348 (338 ndash 358) 200 (187 ndash 214) 353 (335 ndash 373) 595 (568 ndash 620) 9516ndash11 years 367 (344 ndash 391) 211 (177 ndash 244) 367 (343 ndash 404) 588 (563 ndash 622) 15012ndash19 years 345 (332 ndash 358) 206 (190 ndash 226) 348 (338 ndash 368) 578 (519 ndash 620) 32920ndash39 years 359 (339 ndash 381) 202 (175 ndash 227) 374 (333 ndash 419) 614 (561 ndash 686) 24940ndash59 years 340 (316 ndash 367) 196 (161 ndash 214) 330 (302 ndash 383) 610 (559 ndash 678) 12060 years and older 299 (273 ndash 328) 161dagger (121 ndash 205) 292 (266 ndash 357) 527dagger (480 ndash 599) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1691 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1692 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 212a4 Serum total lycopene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 413 (392 ndash 435) 214 (195 ndash 231) 431 (411 ndash 455) 755 (721 ndash 796) 18466ndash11 years 479 (433 ndash 529) 274 (205 ndash 318) 496 (446 ndash 563) 785 (739 ndash 844) 23612ndash19 years 443 (423 ndash 464) 269 (239 ndash 290) 458 (428 ndash 478) 731 (692 ndash 782) 63620ndash39 years 470 (442 ndash 501) 264 (232 ndash 296) 490 (455 ndash 523) 796 (761 ndash 829) 36340ndash59 years 392 (364 ndash 422) 200 (171 ndash 214) 408 (377 ndash 434) 737 (669 ndash 842) 33160 years and older 282 (260 ndash 306) 127 (104 ndash 154) 291 (266 ndash 327) 590 (530 ndash 684) 280MalesTotal 6 years and older 436 (410 ndash 463) 229 (195 ndash 245) 458 (428 ndash 484) 812 (764 ndash 878) 9226ndash11 years 495 (444 ndash 551) 306 (153 ndash 359) 504 (424 ndash 587) 768 (709 ndash 918) 12612ndash19 years 457 (431 ndash 486) 289 (256 ndash 302) 467 (436 ndash 504) 763 (693 ndash 902) 32420ndash39 years 516 (484 ndash 551) 297 (259 ndash 319) 514 (481 ndash 549) 863 (812 ndash 905) 16940ndash59 years 400 (353 ndash 453) 184 (132 ndash 229) 411 (368 ndash 474) 829 (672 ndash 975) 15360 years and older 289 (265 ndash 316) 125 (111 ndash 130) 311 (283 ndash 347) 595 (529 ndash 660) 150FemalesTotal 6 years and older 393 (370 ndash 418) 208 (185 ndash 222) 410 (394 ndash 430) 714 (687 ndash 741) 9246ndash11 years 463 (412 ndash 521) 246dagger (179 ndash 275) 485 (446 ndash 548) 785dagger (728 ndash 846) 11012ndash19 years 429 (395 ndash 464) 256 (201 ndash 281) 441 (398 ndash 480) 704 (673 ndash 753) 31220ndash39 years 434 (398 ndash 473) 236 (210 ndash 280) 445 (404 ndash 506) 726 (684 ndash 767) 19440ndash59 years 386 (363 ndash 410) 201 (171 ndash 215) 402 (367 ndash 430) 686 (636 ndash 758) 17860 years and older 277 (241 ndash 319) 128 (809 ndash 172) 286 (248 ndash 324) 576 (454 ndash 822) 130dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 212a5 Serum total lycopene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 396 (386 ndash 406) 204 (194 ndash 213) 424 (413 ndash 433) 715 (694 ndash 738) 29436ndash11 years 393 (359 ndash 431) 207 (189 ndash 249) 406 (377 ndash 449) 648 (587 ndash 780) 23012ndash19 years 392 (375 ndash 409) 233 (208 ndash 248) 407 (393 ndash 421) 662 (628 ndash 702) 48920ndash39 years 448 (432 ndash 465) 253 (215 ndash 293) 459 (440 ndash 484) 754 (725 ndash 778) 70640ndash59 years 416 (388 ndash 446) 222 (178 ndash 244) 447 (426 ndash 470) 739 (704 ndash 785) 67460 years and older 317 (300 ndash 335) 144 (133 ndash 162) 339 (317 ndash 367) 629 (602 ndash 674) 844MalesTotal 6 years and older 407 (392 ndash 423) 210 (197 ndash 220) 439 (425 ndash 452) 732 (709 ndash 760) 14616ndash11 years 415 (381 ndash 453) 236dagger (197 ndash 264) 423 (395 ndash 457) 660dagger (588 ndash 815) 11112ndash19 years 398 (371 ndash 426) 232 (199 ndash 270) 410 (384 ndash 430) 663 (635 ndash 698) 25120ndash39 years 472 (447 ndash 498) 268 (217 ndash 316) 494 (459 ndash 523) 787 (739 ndash 850) 30840ndash59 years 426 (384 ndash 471) 224 (150 ndash 273) 463 (440 ndash 490) 753 (709 ndash 827) 34660 years and older 312 (286 ndash 340) 144 (123 ndash 161) 339 (308 ndash 365) 620 (588 ndash 697) 445FemalesTotal 6 years and older 385 (369 ndash 401) 197 (182 ndash 213) 407 (389 ndash 425) 696 (668 ndash 726) 14826ndash11 years 370 (327 ndash 418) 191 (137 ndash 253) 391 (338 ndash 433) 619 (546 ndash 780) 11912ndash19 years 386 (351 ndash 423) 236 (180 ndash 256) 404 (370 ndash 434) 644 (579 ndash 756) 23820ndash39 years 425 (406 ndash 444) 229 (199 ndash 287) 432 (419 ndash 442) 721 (665 ndash 770) 39840ndash59 years 407 (376 ndash 440) 216 (175 ndash 245) 424 (390 ndash 474) 721 (687 ndash 787) 32860 years and older 322 (303 ndash 342) 143 (129 ndash 166) 338 (316 ndash 371) 645 (590 ndash 687) 399dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
170 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population170 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityEffectofsupplementalantioxidantsvitaminCvitaminEandcoenzymeQ10forthepreventionandtreatmentofcardiovasculardiseaseEvidenceReportTechnologyAssessmentNumber832003
AhujaJKGoldmanJDMoshfeghAJCurrentstatusofvitaminEnutritureAnnNYAcadSci20041031387ndash390
AlbanesDHeinonenOPTaylorPRVirtamoJEdwardsBKRautalahtiMetalAlpha-tocopherolandbeta-carotenesupplementandlungcancerincidenceinthealpha-tocopherolbeta-carotenecancerpreventionstudyeffectsofbase-linecharacteristicsandstudycomplianceJNatlCancerInst1996881560ndash1570
Al-DelaimyWKFerrariPSlimaniNPalaVJohanssonINilssonSetalPlasmacarotenoidsasbiomarkersofintakeoffruitsandvegetablesindividual-levelcorrelationsintheEuropeanProspectiveInvestigationintoCancerandNutrition(EPIC)EurJClinNutr2005591387ndash1396
BaileyRLGahcheJJLentinoCVDwyerJTEngelJSThomasPTetalDietarySupplementUseintheUnitedStates2003-2006JournalofNutrition2011141261-6
BallewCBowmanBASowellALGillespieCSerumretinoldistributionsinresidentsoftheUnitedStatesThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash1994AmJClinNutr200173586ndash593
BeersMHeditorVitamindeficiencydependencyandtoxicityInMerckManualofDiagnosisandTherapy18thedWhitehouseStation(NJ)MerckampCoInc2006[cited2011]Availableathttpwwwmerckcommmpesec01ch004ch004lhtml
BendichALangsethLSafetyofvitaminAAmJClinNutr1989Feb49(2)358-71
BoylstonTNolletLMLChemicalandbiochemicalaspectsofcolorinmusclefoodsInPerez-AlvarezJAandFernandez-LopezJeditorsHandbookofmeatpoultryandseafoodqualityAmes(IA)BlackwellPublishing2007pp25ndash44
BrittonGLiaaen-JensenSPfanderHeditorsCarotenoidshandbookBasel(Switzerland)Birkhaumluser2004
DuewerDLKlineMCSharplessKEThomasJBNISTmicronutrientsmeasurementqualityassuranceprogramcharacterizingthemeasurementcommunitylsquosperformanceovertimeAnalChem2000724163ndash4170
FordESSowellASerum prop-tocopherolstatusintheUnitedStatespopulationfindingsfromtheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyAmJEpidemiol1999150290ndash300
FordESVariationsinserumcarotenoidconcentrationsamongUnitedStatesadultsbyethnicityandsexEthnDis200010208ndash217
FordESGillespieCBallewCSowellAManninoDMSerumcarotenoidconcentrationsinUSchildrenandadolescentsAmJClinNutr200276818ndash827
FordESSchleicherRLMokdadAHAjaniUALiuSDistributionofserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherolandgamma-tocopherolintheUSpopulationAmJClinNutr200684375ndash383
GibsonRSPrinciplesofnutritionalassessment(2ndedn)NewYorkOxfordUniversityPress2005
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesvitaminCvitaminEseleniumandcarotenoidsWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2000
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesvitaminAvitaminKarsenicboronchromiumcopperiodineironmanganesemolybdenumnickelsiliconvanadiumandzincWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2001
KhachikFBeecherGRGoliMBLusbyWRSeparationandquantitationofcarotenoidsinfoodsMethodsEnzymol1992213347ndash359
KrinskyNIJohnsonEJCarotenoidactionsandtheirrelationtohealthanddiseaseMolAspectsMed200526459ndash516
LacherDAHughesJPCarrollMDEstimateofbiologicalvariationoflaboratoryanalytesbasedontheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyClinChem200551450ndash452
1711 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1712 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
LichtensteinAHAppelLJBrandsMCarnethonMDanielsSFranchHAetalSummaryofAmericanHeartAssociationdietandlifestylerecommendationsrevisionArteriosclerThrombVascBiol2006262186ndash2191MoshfeghAGoldmanJClevelandLWhatweeatinAmericaNHANES2001ndash02UsualnutrientintakesfromfoodcomparedtodietaryreferenceintakesBeltsville(MD)USDepartmentofAgricultureAgriculturalResearchService2005[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwarsusdagovSP2UserFilesPlace12355000pdf0102usualintaketables2001-02pdf
NapoliJLVitaminAbiochemistryandphysiologicalroleInCaballeroBAllenLPrenticeAeditorsEncyclopediaofhumannutrition2ndedAmsterdamElsevierLtd2006pp339ndash347
RedlichCABlanerWSVanBennekumAMChungJSCleverSLHolmCTetalEffectofsupplementationwithbeta-caroteneandvitaminAonlungnutrientlevelsCancerEpidemiolBiomarkersPrev19987211ndash214
RockCLMultivitamin-multimineralsupplementswhousesthemAmJClinNutr200785(suppl)277S-9S
RoodhooftJMLeadingcausesofblindnessworldwideBullSocBelgeOphthalmol200228319ndash25
ThomasRGGebhardtSENutsandseedsassourcesofalphaandgammatocopherolsICRWCRFInternationalResearchConference2006Jul13-14WashingtonDC[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwarsusdagovSP2UserFilesPlace12354500ArticlesAICR06_NutSeedpdf
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
WestJrKPVitaminAdeficiencyandinterventionsInCaballeroBAllenLPrenticeAeditorsEncyclopediaofhumannutrition2ndedAmsterdamElsevierLtd2006pp348ndash359
WHOSerumretinolconcentrationsfordeterminingtheprevalenceofvitaminAdeficiencyinpopulationsVitaminandMineralNutritionInformationSystemGenevaWorldHealthOrganization2011(WHONMHNHDMNM113)Availableathttpwwwwhointvmnisindicatorsretinolpdf
172 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population172 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Vitamin DBackground InformationSources and Physiological FunctionsVitaminD(calciferol)comprisesagroupoffatsolubleseco-sterolsfoundnaturallyinonlyafewfoodssuchasfish-liveroilsfattyfishesmushroomseggyolksandliverThetwomajorphysiologicallyrelevantformsofvitaminDareD2(ergocalciferol)andD3(cholecalciferol)VitaminD3isphotosynthesizedintheskinofvertebratesbytheactionofsolarultraviolet(UV)Bradiationon7-dehydrocholesterolpresentintheskin(Fieser1959)VitaminD2isproducedbyUVirradiationofergosterolwhichoccursinmoldsyeastandhigher-orderplantsUnderconditionsofregularsunexposuredietaryvitaminDintakeisofminorimportanceHoweverlatitudeseasonagingsunscreenuseandskinpigmentationinfluencetheproductionofvitaminD3bytheskin(InstituteofMedicine2011)IntheUnitedStatesmostofthedietaryintakeofvitaminDcomesfromfortifiedmilkproductsandotherfortifiedfoodssuchasbreakfastcerealsandorangejuice(InstituteofMedicine2011)BothvitaminD2andD3areusedinnonprescriptionvitaminDsupplementsbutvitaminD2istheonlyformavailablebyprescriptionintheUnitedStates(Holick2007)
VitaminDwithoutasubscriptrepresentseitherD2orD3orbothVitaminDperseisbiologicallyinertWhetherderivedfromtheskinordietvitaminDisonlyshort-livedincirculation(withahalf-lifeof1ndash2days)asitiseitherstoredinfatcellsormetabolizedintheliver(Mawer1972)IncirculationvitaminDisboundtovitaminD-bindingproteinandtransportedtotheliverwhereitisconvertedto25-hydroxyvitaminD[25(OH)D](DeLuca1984)ThismajorcirculatingformofvitaminDisagoodreflectionofcumulativeeffectsofexposuretosunlightanddietaryintakeofvitaminD(Haddad1973Holick1995)andisthereforeusedbyclinicianstodeterminevitaminDstatusTobebiologicallyactivatedatphysiologicconcentrations25(OH)Dmustbeconvertedinthekidneysto125-dihydroxyvitaminD[125(OH)2D]whichisthoughttoberesponsibleformostifnotallofthebiologicfunctionsofvitaminD(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)Theproductionof25(OH)DintheliverisafunctionofvitaminDavailabilityfromdietaryintakeandsunexposurewhereasproductionof125(OH)2DinthekidneyistightlyregulatedbymineralrequirementsInthelivervitaminD-25-hydroxylaseisdown-regulatedbyvitaminDanditsmetabolitestherebylimitinganyincreaseinthecirculatingconcentrationof25(OH)DfollowingintakesorfollowingproductionofvitaminDafterexposuretosunlightInthekidneyinresponsetoserumcalciumandphosphorusconcentrationstheproductionof125(OH)2Disregulatedthroughtheactionofparathyroidhormone(PTH)(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)
Health EffectsActivevitaminD(125-dihydroxyvitaminD)functionsasahormoneanditsmainbiologicfunctioninpeopleistomaintainserumcalciumandphosphorusconcentrationswithinthenormalrangebyenhancingtheefficiencyofthesmallintestinetoabsorbthesemineralsfromthediet(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)Whendietarycalciumintakeisinadequatetosatisfythebodyrsquoscalciumrequirement125(OH)2DalongwithPTHmobilizescalciumstoresfromtheboneInthekidney125(OH)2DincreasescalciumreabsorptionbythedistalrenaltubulesApartfromthesetraditionalcalcium-relatedactions125(OH)2Danditssyntheticanalogsareincreasinglyrecognizedfortheirpotentanti-proliferativepro-differentiativeandimmunomodulatoryactivities(Nagpal2005)
VitaminDdeficiencyischaracterizedbyinadequatemineralizationorbydemineralizationoftheskeletonAmongchildrenvitaminDdeficiencyisacommoncauseofbonedeformitiesknownasricketsVitaminDdeficiencyinadultsleadstoamineralizationdefectintheskeleton
1731 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1732 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
causingosteomalaciaanditinducessecondaryhyperparathyroidismwithconsequentbonelossandosteoporosisPotentialrolesforvitaminDbeyondbonehealthsuchaseffectsonmusclestrengththeriskforcancerandtheriskfortype2diabetesareunderintenseinvestigationTheAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality(AHRQ)reviewedtheeffectivenessandsafetyofvitaminDonoutcomesrelatedtobonehealth(Cranney2007)ThereportsuggeststhatvitaminDsupplementationhaspositiveeffectsonbonehealthinpostmenopausalwomenandoldermenAnotherAHRQsystematicreviewofvitaminDstatusandhealthoutcomesfoundnosignificantassociationsbetweenvitaminDstatusandtotalcancermortalitynordiditfindanyconclusiveevidencefortheassociationofvitaminDstatuswithcancerriskorcanceroutcome(Chung2009)ItalsofoundnoclearassociationbetweenvitaminDstatusandcardiometabolicoutcomesincludingfastingglucosebloodpressuremyocardialinfarctionorstrokeRandomizedtrialsshowednoclinicallysignificantconsistenteffectsofvitaminDsupplementationatthedosagesgiven(Pittas2010)
Intake RecommendationsWhatconstitutestheoptimalintakeofvitaminDremainsamatterofsomedisagreementCurrentrecommendationsfromtheInstituteofMedicine(2011)callfor400internationalunits(IU)[10micrograms(microg)]ofvitaminDdailyfrombirththroughage1yearforadequateintake(AI)]TheRecommendedDietaryAllowance(RDA)forthoseaged1ndash70yearsis600IU(15microg)and800IU(20microg)forthoseolderthan70yearsAccordingtotheDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthHumanServices2010)moderateevidenceshowsthatintakeofmilkandmilkproductsislinkedtoimprovedbonehealthespeciallyinchildrenandadolescentsIntheUnitedStatesmostdietaryvitaminDisobtainedfromfortifiedfoodsespeciallymilkTheTolerableUpperIntakeLevelforvitaminDis4000IU(100microg)perdayinNorthAmericaforindividuals9yearsofageandolderandrangesfrom1000IUto3000IUforinfantsandchildrenlessthan9yearsofageasintakeincreasesabovethisamountthepotentialriskforadverseconsequencesincreases
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsToassessvitaminDstatusonemeasurestheconcentrationof25(OH)Dinserumusingeitherantibody-basedmethodssuchasradioisotope-enzyme-linked-orchemiluminescence-immunoassaysorusingchemistry-basedmethodssuchasHPLCseparationwithUVortandemmassspectrometrydetectionStudieshaveshownthatstandardizedchemistry-basedmethodsareequivalentbutthatantibody-basedmethodsmayshowsignificantbiasSomeclinicallaboratoriesuseconventionalunitsfor25(OH)D(nanogrampermilliliter[ngmL])whereasotherlaboratoriesuseinternationalsystem(SI)units(nanomoleperliter[nmolL])TheconversionfactortoSIunitsis1ngmL=25nmolL
TheInstituteofMedicine(2011)committeetoreviewdietaryreferenceintakesforvitaminDandcalciumsuggestedthatpersonswithserum25(OH)Dconcentrationsoflessthan30nmolL(12ngmL)areatriskfordeficiencythosewithconcentrationsofatleast30butlessthan50nmolL(12tolessthan20ngmL)areatriskforinadequacyandthosewithconcentrationsbetween50ndash75nmolL(20ndash30ngmL)areconsideredsufficientTheCommitteeindicatedthatconcentrationsgreaterthan125nmolL(50ngmL)maybereasonforconcernOfinterest
174 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population174 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
topublichealthscientiststhereportindicatedthataserum25(OH)DlevelconsistentwiththeEstimatedAverageRequirementfordietaryintake(EAR)liesbetween30and50nmolLandthat40nmolLwasselectedfromthemiddleoftherangetoserveasthetargetedlevelformediandietaryrequirements(InstituteofMedicine2011)
Anumberofexternalqualityassuranceprogramsexistforserumorplasma25(OH)DconcentrationmeasurementsincludingthosesponsoredbyDEQAS(VitaminDExternalQualityAssessmentScheme)CollegeofAmericanPathologists(BoneandGrowthSurveyandAccuracy-BasedVitaminDSurvey)andNISTNIH(VitaminDMetabolitesQualityAssuranceProgram)Standardreferencematerials(SRM972)withcertifiedvaluesfor25(OH)D225(OH)D3andC3-epimerof25(OH)D3areavailablefromtheUSNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)Anadditionalsolvent-basedreferencematerialset(SRM2972)withcertifiedvaluesfor25(OH)D2and25(OH)D3isalsoavailable(httpswww-snistgovsrmorsview_detailcfmsrm=972)FurtherimprovementintheagreementbetweenlaboratoriesandmethodsisexpectedasmorelaboratoriesusetheseSRMs
Data in NHANESThedatainthisreportwereobtainedbyuseofanantibody-basedmethodspecificallyaradioimmunoassay(DiaSorinStillwaterMN)Themanufacturerreformulatedthekitinthelate1990sresultingindatathatwereonaverage12lowerthanthosegeneratedwiththeoriginalkitTomakeNHANESIIIdata(originalkit)comparabletodatafrom2001ndash2006(reformulatedkit)wefollowedtherecommendationsofapanelofexperts(Yetley2010)touseapublishedadjustmentequationfortheNHANESIIIdata(seeAnalyticNoteathttpwwwcdcgovnchsnhanesnhanes2005-2006VID_Dhtm)TheAnalyticNotealsoreportedthatthereformulatedkitshowedsomeassaydriftsbetween2001and2006Togenerate2003ndash2004and2005ndash2006tablesandfiguresweusedthepublicreleasedatafilesfromNovember2010Usingdatathatwerealreadyadjustedfortheseassaydriftswasthemostappropriatewaytomakecomparisonsacrosssurveycycles
Since1988NHANEShasmonitoredthevitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulationBydesignthissurveycollectsinformationandbiologicalsamplesinthesummerfrompeoplelivingathigherlatitudesandinthewinterfrompeoplelivingatlowerlatitudesBecausethedifferentracialandethnicgroupsarenotevenlydistributedacrossallgeographicregionsintheUnitedStatestheseason-latitudestructureofthesurveycanaffectcomparisonsbyraceorethnicityIntwoseasonalsubpopulationsfromNHANESIII(1988ndash1994)Lookeretal(2002)showedthatinthewinterandlowerlatitudesubpopulation1ndash5and25ndash57had25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan25nmolL(10ngmL)andlessthan625nmolL(25ngmL)respectivelyInthesummerandhigherlatitudesubpopulation1ndash3and21ndash49had25(OH)DconcentrationsbelowthesecutoffsMean25(OH)Dconcentrationswerehighestinnon-HispanicwhitesintermediateinMexicanAmericansandlowestinnon-HispanicblacksAmorerecentanalysisofNHANESIIIandNHANES2000ndash2004(Looker2008)demonstratedthatoverallmeanserum25(OH)Dwere5ndash9nmolLlowerin2000ndash2004thanin1988ndash1994inmostmalesbutnotinmostfemalesFactorsrelatedtochangesinvitaminDstatuswereincreasedbodymassindexdecreasedmilkintakeandincreasedusageofsunprotectioninthemorerecentsurveys
For more information about vitamin DseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryReferenceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2011)factsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements
(httpodsodnihgovHealth_InformationInformation_About_Individual_Dietary_Supplementsaspx)
1751 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1752 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
HighlightsSerum25-hydroxyvitaminD[25(OH)D]concentrationsintheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Concentrationsgenerallydecreasedwithincreasingagebull Noconsistentpatternwasobservedwithregardtogenderbull Amongthethreeraceethnicgroupsnon-Hispanicblackshadthelowest25(OH)D
concentrationsandnon-Hispanicwhiteshadthehighestconcentrationsbull ThelikelihoodofbeingvitaminDdeficientwassignificantlyinfluencedbyrace
ethnicityDuringthepastseveralyearsthevitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulationwasunderintensiveinvestigationtodeterminewhetheradownwardtrendwasapparentIntheanalysisbelowweuseddatathatwereadjustedforradioimmunoassayreformulationandassaydriftsaccordingtorecommendationsmadebyapanelofexperts(Yetley2010)Theage-adjustedmean25(OH)DconcentrationsintheUSpopulationdecreasedbyapproximately10betweenNHANESIIIandtheperiods2001ndash2002and2003ndash2006(FigureH2b)Decreaseswereseeninallgroupsshown(totalorstratifiedbygenderorraceethnicity)Similarlyarecentreportfoundthattheage-andseason-adjustedprevalenceatriskofdeficiency(serum25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan30nmolL)increasedbetween1988ndash1994and2001ndash2002from4to7formalesaged12yearsandolderandfrom7to11forfemalesaged12yearsandolder(Looker2011)
Figure H2bAge-adjustedgeometricmeanconcentrationsofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDintheUSpopulationaged12yearsandolderbygenderorraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithinademographicgroupbarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
Itisinterestingtonotethatnon-HispanicblacksoneyearandolderhadthehighestprevalenceofvitaminDdeficiency(serum25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan30nmolL)(FigureH2c)despiteclinicaldatashowingsuperiorbonehealthwithgreaterdensityandfewerfracturesthanotherraceethnicgroupsfurtherresearchisneededtoexplainthisunusualfinding(Aloia2008)HigherpeakbonemasshigherobesityratesgreatermusclemassandlowerboneturnoveraresomeofthefactorsthathavebeensuggestedtoprotectAfricanAmericansagainstfracture
a a
a a
a
a
b b b
b
b
b
b b b
b
c
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Total population
Males Females Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Seru
m 2
5-hy
drox
yvita
min
D (n
mol
L)
1988-1994 2001-2002 2003-2006
176 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population176 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
(Aloia2008)Non-HispanicblacksandMexicanAmericanshadthehighestprevalenceoflowserum25(OH)Dconcentrationscategorizedatriskforinadequacy(30tolessthan50nmolL)comparedtonon-Hispanicwhites(FigureH2c)
Figure H2cAge-adjustedprevalenceestimatesofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDconcentrationslessthan30and30tolessthan50nmolLintheUSpopulationaged1yearandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithineachvitaminDstatuscategorybarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
TheInstituteofMedicine(2011)reportconcludedthatserum25(OH)Dlevelsof40nmolLareatalevelconsistentwithadesirablemedianintakeofvitaminDNon-Hispanicblackshadsignificantlyhigherprevalenceofserumconcentrationslessthan40nmolL(FigureH2d)whichcorrespondstothetargetedlevelforthemediandietaryrequirementThemedianmeetstherequirementofapproximatelyhalfthepopulationthusindividualswithconcentrationslessthan40nmolLareatincreasedriskofadversehealthoutcomes
Figure H2dAge-adjustedprevalenceestimatesofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDconcentrationslessthan40nmolLintheUSpopulationaged1yearsandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsBarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
lt 30 nmolL 30 to lt 50 nmolL
a
b
c
a
b
c
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Prev
alen
ce (
)
lt 30 nmolL 30 to lt 50 nmolL
a
b
c
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Prev
alen
ce (
)
Mexican American Non-Hispanic black
lt 40 nmolL
Non-Hispanic white
1771 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1772 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Detailed ObservationsTheselectedobservationsmentionedbelowarederivedfromthetablesandfigurespresentednextStatementsaboutcategoricaldifferencesbetweendemographicgroupsnotedbelowarebasedonnon-overlappingconfidencelimitsfromunivariateanalysiswithoutadjustingfordemographicvariables(egagegenderraceethnicity)orotherbloodconcentrationdeterminants(egdietaryintakesupplementusagesmokingBMI)AmultivariateanalysismayalterthesizeandstatisticalsignificanceofthesecategoricaldifferencesFurthermoreadditionalsignificantdifferencesofsmallermagnitudemaybepresentdespitetheirlackofmentionhere(egifconfidencelimitsslightlyoverlaporifdifferencesarenotstatisticallysignificantbeforecovariateadjustmenthasoccurred)ForaselectionofcitationsofdescriptiveNHANESpapersrelatedtothesebiochemicalindicatorsofdietandnutritionseeAppendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2003ndash2006)bull Serum25(OH)Dconcentrationsdecreasedthroughadolescenceandthenstabilized
(Table213a1)bull Non-Hispanicblackshadthelowestconcentrationsofserum25(OH)D(Table
213a1)
Changes in geometric mean concentrations across surveysbull Geometricmean25(OH)Dconcentrationsremainedsteadyacrossthesurveycycles
from2001ndash2006(Table213b)
Prevalence estimates of low or high biochemical indicator concentrationsbull Between2003and20068ofthepopulationaged1yearandolderwereatriskfor
vitaminDdeficiencyasdefinedbyaserumconcentrationlt30nmolLwhereas24hadserumconcentrationsbetween30andlessthan50nmolLlevelsthatplacedthematriskforinadequacy(Tables213c1and213c2)Approximately17ofthepopulationhadconcentrationslt40nmolLwhichisconsideredthelevelassociatedwithdesirableintake(Tables213c3)Lessthan1hadserumconcentrationsgt125nmolLalevelthatmaybereasonforconcernaboutexcess(Tables213c4)
bull Lessthan2ofchildren(1ndash11years)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiency(Table213c1)
bull Morefemales(10)thanmales(6)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiency(Table213c1)
bull Morenon-Hispanicblacks(31)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiencythannon-Hispanicwhites(4)orMexicanAmericans(11)(Table213c1)
bull TheprevalenceofriskforvitaminDdeficiencyremainedsteadyacrossthe2001ndash2006surveycycles(Table213d1)
178 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population178 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
13a
1 S
erum
25-
hydr
oxyv
itam
in D
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n nm
olL
) for
the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
1 y
ear a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 1
year
and
old
er55
6(5
36
ndash 57
6)
185
(17
4 ndash
197
)23
2(2
14
ndash 25
0)
580
(56
3 ndash
599
)96
6(9
39
ndash 10
1)10
8(1
05 ndash
112
)16
604
Age
gro
up1ndash
5 ye
ars
686
(66
7 ndash
705
)36
9(3
29
ndash 38
8)
416
(39
5 ndash
434
)68
8(6
69
ndash 70
6)
996
(95
7 ndash
107)
107
(102
ndash 1
21)
179
96ndash
11 y
ears
638
(61
6 ndash
661
)30
5(2
73
ndash 31
6)
353
(32
0 ndash
387
)64
5(6
30
ndash 66
1)
972
(92
5 ndash
108)
105
(98
4 ndash
122)
176
812
ndash19
year
s55
1(5
24
ndash 58
0)
180
(15
6 ndash
201
)22
7(1
98
ndash 25
1)
576
(55
3 ndash
601
)98
4(9
43
ndash 10
8)11
1(1
06 ndash
123
)4
044
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
545
(52
1 ndash
570
)17
6(1
59
ndash 19
0)
218
(20
3 ndash
233
)56
6(5
44
ndash 58
9)
102
(97
2 ndash
108)
115
(110
ndash 1
22)
326
240
ndash59
year
s53
6(5
13
ndash 56
0)
178
(16
3 ndash
189
)21
7(1
98
ndash 23
6)
560
(54
1 ndash
581
)94
3(9
05
ndash 98
3)
103
(98
0 ndash
110)
266
060
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
541
(52
4 ndash
558
)19
1(1
81
ndash 20
1)
231
(21
6 ndash
246
)56
9(5
54
ndash 58
5)
919
(89
5 ndash
950
)10
0(9
66
ndash 10
6)3
071
Gen
der
Mal
es56
7(5
47
ndash 58
7)
207
(18
6 ndash
223
)25
8(2
38
ndash 27
3)
589
(57
1 ndash
607
)94
0(9
07
ndash 97
7)
103
(98
6 ndash
109)
814
5Fe
mal
es54
5(5
25
ndash 56
6)
176
(16
2 ndash
185
)21
2(1
98
ndash 22
5)
572
(55
2 ndash
592
)99
4(9
61
ndash 10
6)11
2(1
08 ndash
117
)8
459
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s48
7(4
63
ndash 51
2)
182
(16
8 ndash
194
)21
5(1
96
ndash 23
3)
499
(47
7 ndash
534
)81
8(7
92
ndash 84
7)
882
(85
4 ndash
920
)4
275
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
361
(34
3 ndash
380
)12
0(1
10
ndash 12
8)
143
(13
5 ndash
151
)36
6(3
42
ndash 39
1)
709
(68
5 ndash
737
)79
0(7
49
ndash 82
2)
434
9N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
619
(60
3 ndash
634
)24
9(2
33
ndash 25
9)
310
(29
1 ndash
326
)63
2(6
18
ndash 64
6)
102
(97
8 ndash
106)
113
(110
ndash 1
17)
669
8
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
(nmolL)
Overall
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 213a Serum 25minushydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
(nmolL)
(nmolL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 179179
180 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population180 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213a2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for the total US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 556 (536 ndash 576) 232 (214 ndash 250) 580 (563 ndash 599) 966 (939 ndash 101) 166041ndash5 years 686 (667 ndash 705) 416 (395 ndash 434) 688 (669 ndash 706) 996 (957 ndash 107) 17996ndash11 years 638 (616 ndash 661) 353 (320 ndash 387) 645 (630 ndash 661) 972 (925 ndash 108) 176812ndash19 years 551 (524 ndash 580) 227 (198 ndash 251) 576 (553 ndash 601) 984 (943 ndash 108) 404420ndash39 years 545 (521 ndash 570) 218 (203 ndash 233) 566 (544 ndash 589) 102 (972 ndash 108) 326240ndash59 years 536 (513 ndash 560) 217 (198 ndash 236) 560 (541 ndash 581) 943 (905 ndash 983) 266060 years and older 541 (524 ndash 558) 231 (216 ndash 246) 569 (554 ndash 585) 919 (895 ndash 950) 3071MalesTotal 1 year and older 567 (547 ndash 587) 258 (238 ndash 273) 589 (571 ndash 607) 940 (907 ndash 977) 81451ndash5 years 692 (670 ndash 715) 417 (401 ndash 435) 693 (667 ndash 716) 101 (967 ndash 106) 9046ndash11 years 655 (632 ndash 679) 369 (325 ndash 403) 658 (643 ndash 676) 980 (924 ndash 116) 86212ndash19 years 566 (540 ndash 593) 253 (225 ndash 280) 587 (564 ndash 612) 952 (888 ndash 105) 204920ndash39 years 537 (514 ndash 561) 236 (209 ndash 257) 559 (537 ndash 578) 906 (877 ndash 967) 147240ndash59 years 558 (533 ndash 584) 253 (224 ndash 270) 580 (558 ndash 608) 924 (881 ndash 987) 131160 years and older 556 (537 ndash 577) 260 (238 ndash 279) 575 (556 ndash 597) 919 (891 ndash 972) 1547FemalesTotal 1 year and older 545 (525 ndash 566) 212 (198 ndash 225) 572 (552 ndash 592) 994 (961 ndash 106) 84591ndash5 years 679 (658 ndash 700) 413 (374 ndash 443) 684 (663 ndash 703) 981 (933 ndash 113) 8956ndash11 years 619 (596 ndash 644) 340 (314 ndash 376) 628 (601 ndash 653) 964 (925 ndash 103) 90612ndash19 years 536 (506 ndash 569) 206 (180 ndash 229) 564 (531 ndash 595) 106 (965 ndash 114) 199520ndash39 years 553 (524 ndash 583) 205 (191 ndash 218) 576 (544 ndash 607) 110 (106 ndash 116) 179040ndash59 years 516 (492 ndash 542) 194 (183 ndash 206) 541 (508 ndash 570) 951 (915 ndash 992) 134960 years and older 529 (511 ndash 547) 217 (202 ndash 232) 564 (545 ndash 582) 920 (891 ndash 958) 1524
Table 213a3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 487 (463 ndash 512) 215 (196 ndash 233) 499 (477 ndash 534) 818 (792 ndash 847) 42751ndash5 years 648 (631 ndash 666) 425 (394 ndash 447) 643 (623 ndash 661) 938 (895 ndash 997) 5846ndash11 years 569 (550 ndash 588) 327 (309 ndash 349) 582 (563 ndash 598) 829 (807 ndash 869) 58912ndash19 years 468 (442 ndash 496) 220 (202 ndash 234) 478 (456 ndash 507) 748 (712 ndash 836) 128820ndash39 years 466 (436 ndash 497) 206 (176 ndash 235) 480 (454 ndash 515) 780 (756 ndash 831) 78940ndash59 years 444 (414 ndash 477) 194 (174 ndash 212) 458 (419 ndash 490) 798 (724 ndash 877) 47260 years and older 450 (424 ndash 478) 201 (176 ndash 214) 459 (436 ndash 481) 795 (734 ndash 895) 553MalesTotal 1 year and older 511 (487 ndash 537) 245 (217 ndash 266) 527 (494 ndash 555) 817 (790 ndash 852) 20731ndash5 years 652 (639 ndash 665) 446 (405 ndash 458) 644 (631 ndash 656) 949 (886 ndash 109) 2826ndash11 years 588 (568 ndash 608) 360 (323 ndash 388) 597 (578 ndash 623) 833 (805 ndash 922) 28612ndash19 years 495 (466 ndash 526) 238 (215 ndash 262) 500 (474 ndash 540) 780 (727 ndash 858) 64120ndash39 years 491 (455 ndash 528) 243 (197 ndash 262) 498 (471 ndash 541) 770 (731 ndash 865) 35340ndash59 years 474 (440 ndash 510) 209 (153 ndash 259) 474 (446 ndash 543) 798 (722 ndash 928) 23960 years and older 480 (440 ndash 522) 214 (183 ndash 250) 483 (436 ndash 543) 812 (744 ndash 967) 272FemalesTotal 1 year and older 462 (437 ndash 488) 198 (189 ndash 206) 477 (454 ndash 503) 821 (786 ndash 854) 22021ndash5 years 645 (618 ndash 672) 405 (360 ndash 443) 642 (599 ndash 675) 929 (891 ndash 986) 3026ndash11 years 548 (523 ndash 575) 311 (250 ndash 337) 566 (540 ndash 588) 823 (745 ndash 938) 30312ndash19 years 441 (414 ndash 471) 204 (173 ndash 225) 456 (424 ndash 480) 732 (677 ndash 803) 64720ndash39 years 439 (407 ndash 473) 185 (164 ndash 204) 449 (416 ndash 482) 802 (748 ndash 871) 43640ndash59 years 415 (379 ndash 453) 187 (175 ndash 200) 428 (373 ndash 468) 796 (709 ndash 850) 23360 years and older 427 (396 ndash 461) 191 (154 ndash 211) 443 (405 ndash 470) 780 (715 ndash 889) 281
1811 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1812 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213a4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 361 (343 ndash 380) 143 (135 ndash 151) 366 (342 ndash 391) 709 (685 ndash 737) 43491ndash5 years 555 (527 ndash 585) 294 (210 ndash 334) 575 (545 ndash 596) 866 (821 ndash 913) 5036ndash11 years 481 (457 ndash 506) 248 (234 ndash 257) 494 (473 ndash 522) 738 (715 ndash 802) 56112ndash19 years 342 (314 ndash 372) 138 (130 ndash 146) 346 (313 ndash 382) 683 (642 ndash 722) 142120ndash39 years 325 (304 ndash 348) 137 (127 ndash 148) 315 (292 ndash 342) 640 (611 ndash 704) 71640ndash59 years 341 (320 ndash 363) 133 (116 ndash 148) 347 (324 ndash 377) 662 (620 ndash 716) 62660 years and older 362 (341 ndash 383) 150 (132 ndash 159) 363 (338 ndash 397) 729 (676 ndash 803) 522MalesTotal 1 year and older 380 (359 ndash 403) 155 (140 ndash 166) 386 (359 ndash 414) 718 (690 ndash 786) 21661ndash5 years 565 (525 ndash 607) 300 (217 ndash 340) 584 (543 ndash 616) 891 (819 ndash 984) 2486ndash11 years 510 (481 ndash 541) 260 (230 ndash 284) 530 (493 ndash 565) 750 (705 ndash 887) 27712ndash19 years 369 (340 ndash 400) 146 (132 ndash 159) 381 (349 ndash 410) 708 (666 ndash 759) 74520ndash39 years 324 (298 ndash 351) 138 (116 ndash 152) 305 (284 ndash 333) 649 (590 ndash 823) 33940ndash59 years 374 (348 ndash 402) 159 (140 ndash 171) 382 (342 ndash 422) 696 (624 ndash 772) 29360 years and older 375 (349 ndash 403) 150 (128 ndash 166) 385 (347 ndash 427) 723 (661 ndash 792) 264FemalesTotal 1 year and older 345 (327 ndash 363) 136 (129 ndash 143) 349 (324 ndash 377) 696 (659 ndash 730) 21831ndash5 years 546 (512 ndash 582) 284 (132 ndash 352) 560 (533 ndash 588) 831 (797 ndash 944) 2556ndash11 years 453 (423 ndash 484) 236 (194 ndash 253) 460 (424 ndash 497) 730 (710 ndash 769) 28412ndash19 years 315 (288 ndash 345) 133 (125 ndash 142) 313 (277 ndash 343) 647 (593 ndash 715) 67620ndash39 years 327 (304 ndash 351) 137 (118 ndash 151) 324 (293 ndash 362) 630 (606 ndash 706) 37740ndash59 years 315 (292 ndash 340) 122 (105 ndash 132) 325 (286 ndash 352) 632 (587 ndash 753) 33360 years and older 353 (328 ndash 379) 150 (130 ndash 158) 347 (316 ndash 393) 735 (644 ndash 963) 258
Table 213a5 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 619 (603 ndash 634) 310 (291 ndash 326) 632 (618 ndash 646) 102 (978 ndash 106) 66981ndash5 years 736 (713 ndash 760) 490 (441 ndash 517) 723 (707 ndash 742) 105 (978 ndash 118) 5166ndash11 years 711 (682 ndash 741) 461 (435 ndash 481) 696 (675 ndash 718) 103 (961 ndash 119) 45712ndash19 years 652 (630 ndash 674) 374 (356 ndash 401) 647 (629 ndash 666) 107 (100 ndash 113) 105020ndash39 years 641 (618 ndash 665) 333 (298 ndash 363) 643 (618 ndash 666) 110 (107 ndash 115) 145840ndash59 years 589 (568 ndash 610) 274 (259 ndash 302) 604 (580 ndash 632) 967 (925 ndash 103) 136060 years and older 574 (559 ndash 589) 260 (242 ndash 277) 597 (583 ndash 611) 929 (908 ndash 972) 1857MalesTotal 1 year and older 624 (608 ndash 641) 337 (318 ndash 354) 636 (621 ndash 650) 974 (939 ndash 103) 33031ndash5 years 741 (717 ndash 766) 471 (415 ndash 523) 727 (704 ndash 748) 105 (992 ndash 116) 2796ndash11 years 726 (691 ndash 763) 471dagger (416 ndash 525) 709 (680 ndash 748) 105dagger (964 ndash 136) 21912ndash19 years 654 (632 ndash 677) 406 (373 ndash 427) 653 (635 ndash 671) 996 (935 ndash 112) 52820ndash39 years 616 (595 ndash 638) 335 (307 ndash 365) 623 (596 ndash 647) 968 (909 ndash 104) 64140ndash59 years 607 (585 ndash 630) 318 (284 ndash 340) 626 (599 ndash 648) 961 (900 ndash 104) 69160 years and older 587 (569 ndash 605) 305 (267 ndash 333) 600 (581 ndash 615) 927 (901 ndash 987) 945FemalesTotal 1 year and older 613 (596 ndash 631) 279 (256 ndash 303) 629 (610 ndash 645) 107 (102 ndash 111) 33951ndash5 years 731 (698 ndash 765) 498 (455 ndash 528) 719 (693 ndash 758) 105 (949 ndash 122) 2376ndash11 years 694 (666 ndash 724) 456 (427 ndash 476) 683 (656 ndash 708) 999 (948 ndash 109) 23812ndash19 years 649 (617 ndash 683) 349 (311 ndash 375) 639 (614 ndash 670) 112 (106 ndash 127) 52220ndash39 years 667 (635 ndash 700) 330 (264 ndash 371) 666 (635 ndash 696) 117 (112 ndash 128) 81740ndash59 years 571 (546 ndash 597) 248 (199 ndash 270) 584 (556 ndash 619) 972 (934 ndash 105) 66960 years and older 563 (546 ndash 580) 239 (220 ndash 257) 595 (578 ndash 612) 931 (900 ndash 998) 912dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
182 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population182 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213b Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 547 (526 ndash 568) 226 (204 ndash 249) 571 (551 ndash 593) 968 (924 ndash 105) 7807 2003ndash2004 555 (525 ndash 587) 242 (209 ndash 263) 575 (547 ndash 606) 972 (928 ndash 104) 7403 2005ndash2006 543 (515 ndash 573) 218 (201 ndash 235) 572 (548 ndash 597) 959 (919 ndash 103) 7402Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 682 (659 ndash 705) 413 (376 ndash 444) 687 (668 ndash 706) 978 (963 ndash 101) 895 2005ndash2006 690 (657 ndash 725) 418 (393 ndash 440) 691 (647 ndash 721) 103 (942 ndash 121) 9046ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 638 (605 ndash 673) 369 (319 ndash 397) 637 (604 ndash 668) 101 (901 ndash 138) 991 2003ndash2004 634 (602 ndash 667) 348 (312 ndash 405) 645 (618 ndash 669) 943 (875 ndash 109) 846 2005ndash2006 642 (608 ndash 677) 358 (319 ndash 386) 644 (626 ndash 668) 988 (925 ndash 129) 92212ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 551 (525 ndash 578) 245 (208 ndash 272) 567 (542 ndash 591) 961 (918 ndash 102) 2167 2003ndash2004 562 (522 ndash 606) 248 (210 ndash 273) 579 (539 ndash 618) 101 (941 ndash 112) 2059 2005ndash2006 540 (501 ndash 583) 212 (176 ndash 239) 573 (540 ndash 607) 963 (886 ndash 111) 198520ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 541 (518 ndash 565) 212 (194 ndash 231) 564 (540 ndash 590) 102 (948 ndash 110) 1691 2003ndash2004 544 (509 ndash 581) 225 (190 ndash 254) 561 (519 ndash 599) 104 (959 ndash 110) 1559 2005ndash2006 546 (511 ndash 584) 211 (190 ndash 233) 570 (542 ndash 601) 992 (955 ndash 113) 170340ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 540 (514 ndash 566) 214 (187 ndash 244) 568 (546 ndash 598) 949 (905 ndash 104) 1449 2003ndash2004 547 (511 ndash 585) 236 (187 ndash 269) 565 (536 ndash 602) 945 (890 ndash 102) 1278 2005ndash2006 526 (496 ndash 559) 208 (188 ndash 228) 555 (529 ndash 584) 941 (889 ndash 100) 138260 years and older 2001ndash2002 525 (499 ndash 553) 231 (211 ndash 244) 551 (524 ndash 577) 918 (884 ndash 950) 1509 2003ndash2004 552 (529 ndash 575) 242 (218 ndash 258) 576 (552 ndash 597) 941 (901 ndash 102) 1661 2005ndash2006 531 (504 ndash 559) 223 (204 ndash 243) 564 (541 ndash 589) 904 (875 ndash 939) 1410Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 565 (545 ndash 586) 258 (238 ndash 272) 583 (563 ndash 607) 960 (912 ndash 105) 3782 2003ndash2004 568 (536 ndash 602) 270 (237 ndash 294) 586 (558 ndash 617) 921 (888 ndash 982) 3638 2005ndash2006 551 (524 ndash 580) 238 (215 ndash 256) 577 (557 ndash 601) 941 (881 ndash 102) 3603Females 2001ndash2002 530 (506 ndash 555) 205 (180 ndash 227) 558 (535 ndash 581) 984 (926 ndash 108) 4025 2003ndash2004 543 (514 ndash 573) 213 (192 ndash 235) 563 (533 ndash 595) 103 (973 ndash 109) 3765 2005ndash2006 536 (505 ndash 569) 205 (186 ndash 223) 566 (538 ndash 595) 971 (931 ndash 107) 3799Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 489 (462 ndash 518) 230 (213 ndash 245) 501 (471 ndash 527) 816 (773 ndash 912) 1961 2003ndash2004 487 (460 ndash 516) 228 (194 ndash 255) 502 (471 ndash 534) 805 (772 ndash 841) 1802 2005ndash2006 459 (419 ndash 502) 200 (163 ndash 226) 473 (433 ndash 528) 785 (730 ndash 845) 1889Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 326 (313 ndash 340) 133 (109 ndash 144) 325 (311 ndash 342) 662 (639 ndash 685) 1821 2003ndash2004 363 (335 ndash 394) 143 (128 ndash 156) 370 (340 ndash 407) 691 (658 ndash 739) 1914 2005ndash2006 338 (316 ndash 362) 139 (130 ndash 148) 334 (307 ndash 371) 684 (645 ndash 711) 1932Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 609 (587 ndash 631) 299 (282 ndash 312) 622 (602 ndash 642) 102 (959 ndash 110) 3416 2003ndash2004 617 (593 ndash 642) 302 (270 ndash 336) 632 (608 ndash 652) 103 (973 ndash 109) 3155 2005ndash2006 610 (590 ndash 631) 310 (275 ndash 324) 623 (603 ndash 641) 990 (959 ndash 108) 3027
140
120
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
100
80
60
80
70
60
50
40
30
50
40
30
20
10
Total 1minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
Figure 213b Serum 25minushydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in nmolL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 183183
184 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population184 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213c1 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 30 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 81 (67 ndash 98) 23004000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 07 (04 ndash 13) 1460006ndash11 years 1768 18 (13 ndash 26) 44200012ndash19 years 4044 85 (65 ndash 112) 282300020ndash39 years 3262 95 (76 ndash 118) 753800040ndash59 years 2660 93 (74 ndash 117) 734300060 years and older 3071 88 (73 ndash 105) 4084000GenderMales 8145 63 (50 ndash 79) 8735000Females 8459 99 (81 ndash 119) 14288000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 113 (87 ndash 146) 2919000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 311 (274 ndash 351) 10623000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 36 (30 ndash 44) 6929000
1851 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1852 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213c2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (between 30ndash50 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 236 (216 ndash 258) 66859000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 89 (71 ndash 110) 17990006ndash11 years 1768 141 (115 ndash 172) 340700012ndash19 years 4044 242 (213 ndash 273) 800500020ndash39 years 3262 262 (236 ndash 290) 2090800040ndash59 years 2660 250 (222 ndash 280) 1972900060 years and older 3071 255 (237 ndash 274) 11879000GenderMales 8145 231 (208 ndash 256) 31909000Females 8459 241 (221 ndash 263) 34955000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 329 (296 ndash 364) 8514000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 395 (373 ndash 417) 13483000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 181 (162 ndash 202) 34769000
186 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population186 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213c3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 40 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 172 (147 ndash 200) 49431000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 27 (18 ndash 40) 5410006ndash11 years 1768 57 (42 ndash 77) 135800012ndash19 years 4044 171 (138 ndash 210) 572900020ndash39 years 3262 197 (164 ndash 234) 1572200040ndash59 years 2660 200 (166 ndash 239) 1640000060 years and older 3071 178 (155 ndash 204) 8602000GenderMales 8145 146 (123 ndash 174) 20576000Females 8459 196 (169 ndash 227) 28869000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 244 (201 ndash 293) 6635000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 516 (467 ndash 565) 17968000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 94 (79 ndash 112) 18114000
1871 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1872 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213c4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (gt 125 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 09 (06 ndash 12) 2449000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 sect sect6ndash11 years 1768 sect sect12ndash19 years 4044 14 (09 ndash 21) 45000020ndash39 years 3262 15 (09 ndash 24) 119300040ndash59 years 2660 06Dagger (03 ndash 12) 498000Dagger60 years and older 3071 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 134000DaggerGenderMales 8145 04 (03 ndash 07) 587000Females 8459 13 (09 ndash 19) 1867000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 4349 sect sectNon-Hispanic Whites 6698 12 (08 ndash 17) 2283000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
188 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population188 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213d1 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 30 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 84 (68 ndash 103) 21467000 2003ndash2004 7403 76 (55 ndash 105) 20049000 2005ndash2006 7402 95 (73 ndash 122) 25318000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 sect sect 2005ndash2006 904 07Dagger (03 ndash 15) 137000Dagger6ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 sect sect 2003ndash2004 846 15 (08 ndash 26) 350000 2005ndash2006 922 22 (14 ndash 35) 52400012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 70 (44 ndash 111) 2266000 2003ndash2004 2059 70 (46 ndash 107) 2327000 2005ndash2006 1985 100 (68 ndash 145) 335300020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 95 (77 ndash 115) 7498000 2003ndash2004 1559 93 (66 ndash 128) 7391000 2005ndash2006 1703 96 (69 ndash 133) 770000040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 94 (72 ndash 122) 7125000 2003ndash2004 1278 75 (48 ndash 114) 5910000 2005ndash2006 1382 110 (83 ndash 145) 905400060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 88 (67 ndash 113) 3921000 2003ndash2004 1661 83 (61 ndash 111) 3841000 2005ndash2006 1410 93 (72 ndash 118) 4488000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 62 (49 ndash 79) 7774000 2003ndash2004 3638 53 (35 ndash 81) 6830000 2005ndash2006 3603 80 (60 ndash 106) 10419000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 104 (82 ndash 130) 13726000 2003ndash2004 3765 98 (73 ndash 131) 13254000 2005ndash2006 3799 109 (82 ndash 142) 14894000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 89 (67 ndash 116) 1863000 2003ndash2004 1802 97 (71 ndash 133) 2218000 2005ndash2006 1889 150 (102 ndash 215) 3604000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 378 (345 ndash 412) 11654000 2003ndash2004 1914 285 (226 ndash 352) 8872000 2005ndash2006 1932 374 (322 ndash 429) 11915000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 37 (29 ndash 47) 6654000 2003ndash2004 3155 36 (26 ndash 49) 6423000 2005ndash2006 3027 40 (31 ndash 51) 7240000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1891 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1892 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213d2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (between 30ndash50 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 240 (217 ndash 264) 61533000 2003ndash2004 7403 245 (212 ndash 281) 64338000 2005ndash2006 7402 245 (217 ndash 275) 65423000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 86 (64 ndash 115) 1741000 2005ndash2006 904 92 (65 ndash 128) 18570006ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 147 (109 ndash 196) 3639000 2003ndash2004 846 133 (94 ndash 184) 3199000 2005ndash2006 922 150 (115 ndash 193) 355800012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 236 (204 ndash 271) 7638000 2003ndash2004 2059 238 (194 ndash 289) 7881000 2005ndash2006 1985 246 (208 ndash 288) 821400020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 248 (218 ndash 281) 19655000 2003ndash2004 1559 275 (231 ndash 324) 21959000 2005ndash2006 1703 249 (219 ndash 281) 1986600040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 243 (213 ndash 275) 18368000 2003ndash2004 1278 251 (210 ndash 296) 19828000 2005ndash2006 1382 248 (208 ndash 294) 2036500060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 269 (230 ndash 312) 12040000 2003ndash2004 1661 238 (216 ndash 260) 11054000 2005ndash2006 1410 273 (241 ndash 306) 13167000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 228 (204 ndash 254) 28420000 2003ndash2004 3638 236 (198 ndash 279) 30162000 2005ndash2006 3603 243 (212 ndash 278) 31683000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 251 (225 ndash 279) 33130000 2003ndash2004 3765 254 (221 ndash 289) 34190000 2005ndash2006 3799 246 (216 ndash 278) 33739000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 356 (310 ndash 405) 7496000 2003ndash2004 1802 349 (306 ndash 395) 7963000 2005ndash2006 1889 355 (300 ndash 413) 8515000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 400 (375 ndash 426) 12350000 2003ndash2004 1914 422 (381 ndash 463) 13140000 2005ndash2006 1932 390 (361 ndash 420) 12422000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 187 (166 ndash 210) 33627000 2003ndash2004 3155 186 (156 ndash 221) 33594000 2005ndash2006 3027 189 (160 ndash 222) 34271000
190 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population190 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213d3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 40 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 182 (155 ndash 213) 46723000 2003ndash2004 7403 172 (133 ndash 219) 45025000 2005ndash2006 7402 189 (153 ndash 231) 50461000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 30 (16 ndash 55) 612000 2005ndash2006 904 23 (14 ndash 37) 4670006ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 53 (32 ndash 87) 1313000 2003ndash2004 846 58 (34 ndash 97) 1399000 2005ndash2006 922 56 (40 ndash 79) 133800012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 175 (132 ndash 228) 5660000 2003ndash2004 2059 153 (112 ndash 206) 5078000 2005ndash2006 1985 189 (138 ndash 254) 632500020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 197 (162 ndash 236) 15557000 2003ndash2004 1559 199 (151 ndash 256) 15829000 2005ndash2006 1703 195 (149 ndash 252) 1558700040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 191 (160 ndash 227) 14488000 2003ndash2004 1278 185 (136 ndash 246) 14620000 2005ndash2006 1382 215 (168 ndash 270) 1759500060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 209 (169 ndash 257) 9371000 2003ndash2004 1661 164 (134 ndash 200) 7646000 2005ndash2006 1410 191 (155 ndash 234) 9241000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 148 (126 ndash 173) 18450000 2003ndash2004 3638 142 (104 ndash 191) 18138000 2005ndash2006 3603 166 (134 ndash 204) 21606000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 214 (181 ndash 253) 28325000 2003ndash2004 3765 200 (159 ndash 248) 26932000 2005ndash2006 3799 210 (168 ndash 260) 28849000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 233 (190 ndash 282) 4904000 2003ndash2004 1802 245 (191 ndash 308) 5582000 2005ndash2006 1889 289 (213 ndash 379) 6943000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 606 (571 ndash 641) 18708000 2003ndash2004 1914 510 (439 ndash 581) 15900000 2005ndash2006 1932 577 (503 ndash 647) 18374000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 104 (86 ndash 124) 18638000 2003ndash2004 3155 95 (70 ndash 128) 17121000 2005ndash2006 3027 101 (81 ndash 126) 18342000
1911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213d4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (gt 125 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 08 (05 ndash 12) 1998000 2003ndash2004 7403 10 (05 ndash 17) 2547000 2005ndash2006 7402 08 (06 ndash 12) 2224000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 sect sect 2005ndash2006 904 sect sect6ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 sect sect 2003ndash2004 846 sect sect 2005ndash2006 922 sect sect12ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 sect sect 2003ndash2004 2059 13 (07 ndash 23) 427000 2005ndash2006 1985 14Dagger (07 ndash 29) 478000Dagger20ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 10 (06 ndash 18) 821000 2003ndash2004 1559 17Dagger (08 ndash 34) 1334000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1703 13 (07 ndash 24) 105000040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 08Dagger (04 ndash 16) 616000Dagger 2003ndash2004 1278 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1382 sect sect60 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1661 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1410 sect sectGender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 sect sect 2003ndash2004 3638 sect sect 2005ndash2006 3603 05Dagger (02 ndash 10) 649000DaggerFemales 2001ndash2002 4025 11 (07 ndash 17) 1395000 2003ndash2004 3765 15 (08 ndash 29) 2071000 2005ndash2006 3799 11 (07 ndash 19) 1574000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1802 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1889 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1914 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1932 sect sectNon-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 10 (07 ndash 15) 1859000 2003ndash2004 3155 13 (07 ndash 25) 2391000 2005ndash2006 3027 11 (07 ndash 17) 2047000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
192 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population192 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAloiaJFAfricanAmericans25-hydroxyvitaminDandosteoporosisaparadoxAmJClinNutr200888(2)545Sndash550S
ChungMBalkEMBrendelMIpSLauJLeeJetalVitaminDandcalciumSystematicreviewofhealthoutcomesEvidRepTechnolAssessNo183AHRQPublicationNo09-E015RockvilleMDAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityAugust2009
CranneyAHorsleyTOrsquoDonnellSWeilerHAPuilLOoiDSetalEffectivenessandsafetyofvitaminDinrelationtobonehealthEvidRepTechnolAssessNo158AHRQPublicationNo07-E013RockvilleMDAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityAugust2007
DeLucaHFThemetabolismphysiologyandfunctionofvitaminDInKumarReditorVitaminDbasicandclinicalaspectsBoston(MA)MNijhoffPublishers1984pp1ndash68
DeLucaHFThevitaminDstoryacollaborativeeffortofbasicscienceandclinicalmedicineFASEBJ19882224ndash236
FieserLFFieserMVitaminDInSteroids1stedNewYorkReinholdPublishingCorporation1959pp90ndash168
HaddadJGHahnTJNaturalandsyntheticsourcesofcirculating25-hydroxy-vitaminDinmanNature1973244515ndash517
HolickMFVitaminDphotobiologymetabolismandclinicalapplicationsInDeGrootLJeditorEndocrinologyVol23rdedPhiladelphia(PA)WBSaunders1995pp990ndash1013
HolickMFVitaminDdeficiencyNEnglJMed2007357266ndash281
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesforcalciumandvitaminDWashingtonDCNationalAcademiesPress2011
LookerACDawson-HughsBCalvoMSGunterEWSayhounNRSerum25-hydroxyvitaminDstatusofadolescentsandadultsintwoseasonalsubpopulationsfromNHANESIIIBone200230771ndash777
LookerACPfeifferCMLacherDASchleicherRLPiccianoMFYetleyEASerum25-hydroxyvitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulation1988ndash1994comparedwith2000ndash2004AmJClinNutr2008881519ndash1527
LookerACJohnsonCLLacherDAPfeifferCMSchleicherRLSemposCTVitaminDstatusUnitedStates2001ndash2006NCHSDataBriefNo59HyattsvilleMDNationalCenterforHealthStatistics2011
MawerEBBlackhouseJHolmanCALumbGAStanburyDWThedistributionandstorageofvitaminDanditsmetabolitesinhumantissuesClinSci197243413ndash431
NagpalSNaSRathnachalamRNoncalcemicactionsofvitaminDreceptorligandsEndocrRev200526662ndash687
PittasAGChungMTrikalinosTMitriJBrendelMPatelKetalSystematicreviewVitaminDandcardiometabolicoutcomesAnnInternMed2010152307ndash314
ReichelHKoefflerHPNormanAWTheroleofvitaminDendocrinesysteminhealthanddiseaseNEnglJMed1989320980ndash991
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
YetleyEAPfeifferCMSchleicherRLPhinneyKWLacherDAChristakosSetalNHANESmonitoringofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDaroundtablesummaryJNutr20101402030Sndash2045S
1931 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Fatty AcidsBackground InformationNomenclatureFattyacidsareorganicacidscharacterizedbylongunbranchedaliphatictails(4-28carbons)attachedtoacarboxylgroupFattyacidsusuallypossessanevennumberofcarbonatomsandthecarbonchainmaycontainseveralunsaturatedorexclusivelysaturatedbondsThusfattyacidsdifferinchainlengthdegreeofsaturationlocationofthedoublebond(s)alongthechainandwhethertheorientationofhydrogenatomsadjacenttothedoublebondiscisortransFattyacidswithnodoublebondsarereferredtoassaturatedfattyacids(SFA)whilethosewithonedoublebondaremonounsaturatedfattyacids(MUFA)Fattyacidswithtwoormoredoublebondsaretermedpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFA)PUFAaremostoftencategorizedintotwogroupsdistinguishedbyadifferenceinlocationofthefirstdoublebondfromthemethylendoftheacylchainnamelyn-6andn-3Linoleicacid(182n-6)andalpha-linolenicacid(183n-3)arerepresentativesofthesetwogroupsEachcontains18carbonatomsbutdiffersinthenumberofdoublebonds(182n-6vs183n-3)andthelocationofthefirstdoublebond(182n-6 vs183n-3)Inthisreportunlessmarkedallunsaturatedfattyacidsareassumedtobeinthecisconfiguration
Sources and Physiological FunctionsGoodsourcesofPUFAincludesoybeancornandcottonseedoils(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)OilsthatarerichinMUFAincludeolivecanolaandsaffloweroils(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)RecentNHANESdataprovideinformationonthemajorfoodsourcesofvariousfattyacidsconsumedintheUnitedStates(USNationalInstitutesofHealth 2010aand2010b)Chickendishesdessertssaladdressingschipsnutsseedsandpizzaarethemainsourcesofn-6PUFAThemainsourcesofn-3PUFA(C183n-3)intheAmericandietaresaladdressingschickendishesdessertspizzabreadmayonnaiseandpastadisheswhereasthemainsourcesoflong-chainn-3PUFA(C205n-3andC226n-3)arefishandfishmixeddishesThechiefdietarysourcesofMUFA(C181)aredessertsmeatsnutsseedspizzaFrenchfriesandMexicanfoodsThemainsourcesofSFAintheAmericandietarefull-fatcheesepizzaanddessertsothersourcesincludechickendishescuredmeatsribsandburgers
Triacylglycerols(triglycerides)thebasicbuildingblocksoffatsandoilsaremadeupofthreefattyacidsesterifiedtoaglycerolmolecule(Lichtenstein2005)Theyareusuallycomposedof2ndash3differentkindsoffattyacidspermoleculeDuringdigestiondietarytriglyceridesfromanimalandvegetablefatsarehydrolyzedinthesmallintestinetoreleasefreefattyacidsTheseacidsentertheintestinalcellsandareusedtoresynthesizetriglycerideswhichbecomeincorporatedintolargelipoproteinparticlescalledchylomicronstheseinturnarereleasedintothelymphpriortoenteringtheplasmaFattyacidswith10orfewercarbonatomscanbeabsorbedfromthegutdirectlyintothebloodstreamwheretheyareboundtoalbuminintheplasmaAtdistalsitestriglyceridesareagainhydrolyzedbylipasesbeforefattyacidscanentercellsforfurthermetabolismOnceinsideperipheralcellsfreefattyacidsprovideanimmediatesourceofenergy(fattyacidsarethebodyrsquosmajorfuelsource)oractassubstrateforthebiosynthesisofsignalingmoleculessuchaseicosanoidsFreefattyacidsarealsoincorporatedintootherlipidclassessuchasphospholipidssphingolipidsandcholesterylestersortheymayberesynthesizedintotriglyceridesandstoredforlaterusePhospholipidswhicharecriticalstructuralcomponentsofcellularmembranestendtoincorporateunsaturatedfattyacidsandsoserveasareservoirforMUFAandPUFA
194 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population194 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Humansareincapableofdenovosynthesisofn-6andn-3PUFAbecausetheylacktheabilitytoinsertadoublebondanycloserthan9carbonsfromthemethylendThuslinoleic(182n-6)andalpha-linolenic(183n-3)acidarecalledldquoessentialrdquoPUFAinthattheyarerequiredforgoodhealthbutmustbederivedfromfoodsourcesratherthanthroughendogenousbiosynthesisormetabolismBothofthesefattyacidsaremetabolizedtolonger-chainmorehighlyunsaturatedformsNotethatSFAandMUFAinplasmaarenotexpectedtocloselyreflectdietaryintakebecausethesetwoclassesoffattyacidscanbeendogenouslysynthesizedfromcarbohydratesThestrongestcorrelationswithdietaryintakeareprovidedbyplasmaconcentrationsofn-3PUFAandtrans-fattyacids(Sun2007)
Health EffectsThemostcommonMUFAisoleicacid(C181n-9)althoughhumanscansynthesizethisfattyaciditisobtainedlargelythroughthedietEvidencesuggeststhatreplacingdietarycarbohydrateswithMUFAdecreasesLDL-cholesterolconcentrationbutthereislittleevidencethatMUFAareassociatedwithcoronaryheartdisease(Astrup2011)CurrentlyintensedebatesurroundsthequestionwhetherreductionindietarySFAreducesriskofcardiovasculardisease(Zelman2011)AtpresenttheDietaryGuidelinesforAmericansrecommendreducedintakeofSFA(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)RestrictingfatintakeandreplacingSFAwithothernutrientshasrevealedaddedcomplexityinthediet-heartissueAccordingtoevidencefromhumanstudiesreplacingSFAwithPUFAlowerscoronaryheartdiseaseriskwhereasreplacingSFAwithcarbohydrateeitherhasnobenefit(Micha2010)ormaybeharmfulorbeneficialdependinguponthequalityofthecarbohydrate(Jakobsen2009Jakobsen2010)CarbohydrateseitherrapidlyorslowlyincreasebloodglucosehighlyrefinedcarbohydratesareamongsttheformerandhigherintakeoftheseisassociatedwithgreaterriskfordevelopmentofdiabetesReplacingSFAwithhighlyrefinedcarbohydratesandaddedsugarsmaybeincreasingheartdiseaseriskthroughpromotionofobesityanddiabetes(Hu2010)
ThehearthealthyeffectsofPUFAaremostoftenassessedbasedontheireffectsontheconcentrationsoftotalcholesterolHDL-andLDL-cholesterolcholesterolratiosandortriglyceridesIntakeofn-6PUFAhelpstolowertotalcholesterolandLDL-cholesterolhoweverhighintakeofn-6fattyacidsmaysuppressHDL-cholesterollevelsIncontrastn-3fattyacidconsumptionhasbeenshowntomaintainandevenincreaseHDLstatus(InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute2001)IntheUnitedStatestheFDApermitsqualifiedhealthclaimstobemadeaboutadiet-diseaserelationshipforcardiovasculardiseasecurrently6ofthe7permittedclaimsforcardiovasculardiseasearerelatedtotheMUFAorPUFAcontentofnutsoilsandspreadsorfishoilsupplements
Deficiencyintheessentialfattyacidsisdeterminedbyuseofaplasmatriene-to-tetraeneratio(eicosatrienoic[C203n-9]arachidonic[C204n-6]acid)aratiogreaterthan02indicatesdeficiency(InstituteofMedicine2005)(NoteeicosatrienoicwasnotpartoftheplasmafattyacidprofilemeasuredforNHANES2003-2004)PUFAdeficiencymaymanifestwithneuropathyandskinproblemssuchasroughorscalyskinanddermatitis(InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute2001)
Intake RecommendationsBecausethebodymakesmorethanenoughSFAtomeetmetabolicneedspeoplehavenorequirementforthesefattyacidsEvidencesuggeststhatSFAarepositivelyassociatedwithtotalcholesterolandLDL-cholesterolconcentrationsandthuswithcardiovasculardiseaseriskLoweringdietaryintakeofSFAtonomorethan10ofcaloricintakeandreplacingthemwithMUFAandPUFAisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcardiovasculardiseasemoreoverloweringthepercentageofcaloriesderivedfromSFAto7ofcaloriescanfurtherreduceriskofcardiovasculardisease(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010Cleeman2001)TheNationalCholesterolEducationProgramExpertPanelonDetectionEvaluationandTreatmentofHighBloodCholesterolinAdults(ATPIII)recommends
1951 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1952 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
thatMUFAnotexceed20ofcalories(Cleeman2001)Guidanceaboutadequateintake(AI)isavailablefortheessentialfattyacidsTheAIoflinoleicacidis17gdformenand12gdforwomenForalpha-linolenicacidtheAIis16gdformenand11gdforwomenModerateevidenceshowsthatconsumptionofabout8ozofseafoodperweekwhichprovidesanaverageof250mgperdayofeicosapentaenoicacid(C205n-3)anddocosahexaenoicacid(C226n-3)reducescardiacdeathsamongpersonswithandwithoutcardiovasculardisease(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)Thisamountofseafoodisalsoassociatedwithimprovedinfanthealthoutcomessuchasvisualandcognitivedevelopmentwhenconsumedbypregnantorlactatingwomen(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)Currentlythereisnotenoughevidencetoestablishuppertolerablelimitsforn-3orn-6PUFA(InstituteofMedicine2005)
AccordingtotheAmericanHeartAssociationpatientswithcoronaryheartdiseaseshouldbeencouragedtoincreasetheirconsumptionofeicosapentaenoicacid(C205n-3)anddocosahexaenoicacid(C226n-3)toabout1gramperdaypreferablyfromoilyfishTheAmericanHeartAssociationDietaryGuidelinesrecommendatleasttwoservingsoffishperweek(particularlyfattyfish)forpatientswithoutdocumentedcoronaryheartdiseaseInadditioninclusionofvegetableoils(egsoybeancanolawalnutflaxseed)andfoodsources(egwalnutsflaxseeds)highinalpha-linolenicacid(C183n-3)isrecommendedinahealthydietforthegeneralpopulation(Kris-Etherton2002)TheAmericanHeartAssociationrecommends5-10ofenergyfromn-6fattyacids(Harris2009)whileAdultTreatmentPanelIIIrecommendsupto10oftotalcaloriesmaybeconsumedfrompolyunsaturatedfats(Cleeman2001)
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsThelongtermfattyacidcontentofthedietisbestrepresentedbytheadiposetissuetriglyceridecontentowingtothetwo-yearhalf-lifeofadiposetissuefattyacidsErythrocytesduetotheir120dayhalf-lifereflectintermediateterm(weeks-to-months)dietaryintakealthoughthisideahasbeenchallengedbydatademonstratinglargechangesinthefattyacidcompositionoferthyrocyteswithindaysofalteringdietaryfatintake(Hodson2008)Serumorplasmaconcentrationsrepresentmorerecentintake(days-to-weeks)FewstudieshavecomparedthefattyacidcompositionofplasmawithredbloodcellstoassesswhichsubstratebestreflectsdietaryintakeInonestudyfattyacidcorrelationswithfoodfrequencyquestionnairedatawereonlyslightlystrongerforerythrocytesthanforplasma(Sun2007)Thetriglyceridefractionofplasmaappearstodemonstratethegreatestday-to-dayvariationofanycirculatinglipidfractionThuswheneverserumorplasmaiscollectedforfattyacidanalysisfastingispreferredtominimizethewithin-andbetween-personvariabilityatthetimeofspecimencollection
Capillarygaschromatography(GC)isthetechniquemostfrequentlyusedtoseparatefattyacidsforquantitativeanalysisDetectionmethodsincludeflameionizationorelectroncapturenegativechemicalionizationmassspectrometryInternalstandardsareusedtocorrectforlossesduringsamplepreparationandimprovetheaccuracyandprecisionofmeasurements
Data in NHANESThedatainthisreportweregeneratedforfasted(ge8hours)adults(ge20years)byuseofgaschromatography-massspectrometry(GC-MS)basedonamodificationofthemethodofLagerstedtetal(2001)PlasmafattyacidconcentrationsarereportedinmicromolLunits
196 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population196 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Generallyfattyaciddataareexpressedaspercentagebyweightoftotalfattyacids(wt)althoughpercentagebymole(mol)wouldbemoremeaningfulThepossibleadvantagesofusingabsoluteconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidshavenotbeenwellinvestigated(Hodson2008)NodataexistonplasmaconcentrationsoffattyacidsinNHANESpriorto2003Thisreportshowsfirst-timeNHANESdatafor24plasmafattyacidsincluding6SFA7MUFAand11PUFAthesedatawereacquiredusingsurplusplasmafromNHANES2003-2004Theserumspecimenswerestoredat-70degCuntilfattyacidsweremeasuredduringtheperiod2010ndash2011Basedonlimitedinformationintheliteratureaboutabsoluteconcentrationsthese24fattyacidsareestimatedtocompriseatleast90ofthetotalfattyacidscirculatingintheplasmainalllipidclasses(fattyacylsglycerolipidsglycerophospholipidssphingolipidsandsterols)Allunsaturatedfattyacidsareassumedtobeinthecisconfigurationtrans-fattyacidswerenotmeasured
FormoreinformationaboutpolyunsaturatedfattyacidsseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryRefer-enceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2005)andfactsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements(httpodsodnihgovFactSheetsOmega3FattyAcidsandHealthasp)
HighlightsThesefirst-timeplasmaconcentrationsofsaturated(SFA)monounsaturated(MUFA)andpolyunsaturated(PUFA)fattyacidsintheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Ingeneralfattyacidscirculatedatlowerconcentrationsinyoungeradultsbull Plasmaconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidsweregenerallysimilarinmenandwomenbull Noconsistentraceethnicpatternwasobservedforplasmafattyacidconcentrations
howeverheart-healthypolyunsaturatedfattyacidsshowedraceethnicdifferencesAllthreeclassesoffattyacidscontainedrepresentativesatlow(lt100micromolL)andhighconcentrations(gt1000micromolL)(FigureH2e)
1971 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1972 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Figure H2eGeometricmeanplasmaconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidsintheUSpopulationfromfastedadultsaged20yearsandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003-2004
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsThey-axisisdisplayedonthelogarithmicscale
Saturated (SFA) Monounsaturated (MUFA) Polyunsaturated (PUFA)200 Arachidic acid 221n-9 Docosenoic acid 225n-6 Docosapentaenoic acid240 Lignoceric acid 141n-5 Myristoleic acid 202n-6 Eicosadienoic acid220 Doconsanoic acid 201n-9 Eicosenoic acid 224n-6 Docosatetraenoic acid140 Myristic acid 241n-9 Nervonic acid 225n-3 Docosapentaenoic acid180 Stearic acid 181n-9 cis-Vaccenic acid 205n-3 Eicosapentaenoic acid160 Palmitic acid 161n-9 Palmitoleic acid 183n-6 gamma-Linolenic acid
181n-9 Oleic acid 183n-3 alpha-Linolenic acid226n-3 Docosahexaenoic acid203n-6 homo-gamma-Linolenic acid204n-6 Arachidonic acid182n-6 Linoleic acid
Plasmaconcentrationsofheart-healthyPUFAshowedraceethnicdifferencesGeometricmeanconcentrationsofeicosapentaenoicacid(EPA)whichistypicallyderivedfromseafoodandsupplementswerehigherinfastednon-HispanicblacksandwhitescomparedwithMexican-Americanadults(FigureH2f )
Inadditionplasmaconcentrationsoftherelatedlong-chainpolyunsaturateddocosahexaenoicacid(DHA)werehigherinnon-HispanicblackcomparedwithMexican-Americanandnon-Hispanicwhiteadults(FigureH2g)
Trackingplasmafattyacidconcentrationsovertimewillshowprogresstowardmoreheart-healthydiets
1
10
100
1000
10000
200 240 220 140 180 160 221n-9 141n-5 201n-9 241n-9 181n-7 161n-7 181n-9 225n-6 202n-6 224n-6 225n-3 205n-3 183n-6 183n-3 226n-3 203n-6 204n-6 182n-6
Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated G
eom
etric
mea
n (
mol
L)
20
30
40
50
60
A
b
a a
10
0 Mexican American Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white
EPA
( m
olL
)
180
160
40
20
0
b
a
b
Mexican American Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white
DH
A (
mol
L)
140
120
100
80
60
Figure H2f (FPNFUSJDNFBOQMBTNBDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGFJDPTBQFOUBFOPJD Figure H2g (FPNFUSJDNFBOQMBTNBDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGEPDPTBIFYBFOPJD BDJEamp1JOUIF64QPQVMBUJPOGSPNGBTUFEBEVMUTBHFEZFBSTBOE BDJE)JOUIF64QPQVMBUJPOGSPNGBTUFEBEVMUTBHFEZFBSTBOE PMEFSCZSBDFFUIOJDJUZ13BUJPOBM)FBMUIBOEVUSJUJPOampYBNJOBUJPO4VSWFZ13 PMEFSCZSBDFFUIOJDJUZ13BUJPOBM)FBMUIBOEVUSJUJPOampYBNJOBUJPO 4VSWFZ13
ampSSPSCBSTSFQSFTFOUDPOiacuteEFODFJOUFSWBMTBSTOPUTIBSJOHBDPNNPOMFUUFSEJigraveFS ampSSPSCBSTSFQSFTFOUDPOiacuteEFODFJOUFSWBMTBSTOPUTIBSJOHBDPNNPOMFUUFS Q EJigraveFSQ
Detailed Observations ɨF TFMFDUFE PCTFSWBUJPOT NFOUJPOFE CFMPX BSF UBLFO GSPN UIF UBCMFT BOE eumlHVSFT QSFTFOUFE OFYU 4UBUFNFOUT BCPVU DBUFHPSJDBM EJecircFSFODFT CFUXFFO EFNPHSBQIJD HSPVQT OPUFE CFMPX BSF CBTFE PO OPOPWFSMBQQJOH DPOeumlEFODF MJNJUT GSPN VOJWBSJBUF BOBMZTJT XJUIPVU BEKVTUJOH GPS EFNPHSBQIJD WBSJBCMFT FH13 BHF13 HFOEFS13 SBDFFUIOJDJUZ PS PUIFS CMPPE DPODFOUSBUJPO EFUFSNJOBOUT FH13 EJFUBSZ JOUBLF13 TVQQMFNFOU VTBHF13 TNPLJOH13 NVMUJWBSJBUF BOBMZTJT NBZ BMUFS UIF TJ[F BOE TUBUJTUJDBM TJHOJeumlDBODF PG UIFTF DBUFHPSJDBM EJecircFSFODFT VSUIFSNPSF13 BEEJUJPOBM TJHOJeumlDBOU EJecircFSFODFT PG TNBMMFS NBHOJUVEF NBZ CF QSFTFOU EFTQJUF UIFJS MBDL PG NFOUJPO IFSF FH13 JG DPOeumlEFODF MJNJUT TMJHIUMZ PWFSMBQ PS JG EJecircFSFODFT BSF OPU TUBUJTUJDBMMZ TJHOJeumlDBOU CFGPSF DPWBSJBUF BEKVTUNFOU IBT PDDVSSFE PS B TFMFDUJPO PG DJUBUJPOT PG EFTDSJQUJWF )amp4 QBQFST SFMBUFE UP UIFTF CJPDIFNJDBM JOEJDBUPST PG EJFU BOE OVUSJUJPO13 TFF Appendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2003ndash2004) t ɨF NBKPSJUZ PG GBUUZ BDJET DJSDVMBUFE JO QMBTNB BU MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT JO ZPVOHFS
BEVMUT Z DPNQBSFE XJUI UIPTF JO UIF PMEFS BHF HSPVQT BOEPS Z 5BCMFT BB
t 8IJMF JO HFOFSBM13 QMBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG GBUUZ BDJET XFSF TJNJMBS JO NFO BOE XPNFO13 UIFSF XFSF B GFX MPOH DIBJO $$ FYDFQUJPOT JO XIJDI DPODFOUSBUJPOT XFSF IJHIFS JO XPNFO UIBO JO NFO 5BCMFT BB
t 1MBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ POFUIJSE PG 4 BOE UISFFRVBSUFST PG 6 XFSF GPVOE BU MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT JO OPO)JTQBOJD CMBDLT DPNQBSFE XJUI OPO)JTQBOJD XIJUFT BOEPS FYJDBO NFSJDBOT PUBCMZ13 OPO)JTQBOJD CMBDLT IBE TVCTUBOUJBMMZ MPXFS QMBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG NZSJTUJD 4 BOE NZSJTUPMFJD 6 BDJE UIBO OPO)JTQBOJD XIJUFT PS FYJDBO NFSJDBOT 5BCMFT B BOE B PS 1613 UIF QJDUVSF XBT NJYFE XJUI FBDI SBDFFUIOJD HSPVQ IBWJOH IJHIFS PS MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG BU MFBTU POF 16 DPNQBSFE XJUI POF PS CPUI SBDFFUIOJD HSPVQT
198198 22ndnd Nat National Rional Reporeport on Biochemict on Biochemical Indical Indicatorators of Diet and Nutrs of Diet and Nutritition in the Uion in the USS P Populatopulationion
1991 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1992 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
200 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population200 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
14a
1 P
lasm
a m
yris
tic
acid
(14
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
119
(113
ndash 1
25)
425
(39
9 ndash
451
)48
1(4
62
ndash 50
5)
116
(108
ndash 1
23)
308
(282
ndash 3
53)
392
(360
ndash 4
38)
179
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
110
(104
ndash 1
17)
390
(31
1 ndash
425
)45
0(4
25
ndash 46
8)
106
(99
0 ndash
118)
301
(252
ndash 3
70)
370
(330
ndash 5
33)
603
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
126
(117
ndash 1
36)
462
(41
4 ndash
479
)51
8(4
72
ndash 56
4)
120
(109
ndash 1
32)
329
(287
ndash 4
01)
410
(383
ndash 4
81)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er12
1(1
12 ndash
131
)44
5(3
79
ndash 47
5)
502
(46
3 ndash
545
)12
0(1
12 ndash
127
)30
0(2
43 ndash
366
)32
9(3
07 ndash
426
)67
9G
ende
rM
ales
120
(112
ndash 1
29)
406
(34
0 ndash
451
)47
6(4
48
ndash 52
6)
118
(105
ndash 1
29)
320
(285
ndash 3
84)
414
(366
ndash 5
08)
856
Fem
ales
117
(111
ndash 1
24)
446
(39
5 ndash
459
)48
3(4
59
ndash 50
8)
115
(107
ndash 1
21)
303
(258
ndash 3
59)
365
(325
ndash 4
34)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s12
6(1
10 ndash
144
)41
6dagger
(39
1 ndash
475
)48
5(4
06
ndash 52
3)
124
(108
ndash 1
44)
342
(304
ndash 4
70)
408dagger
(349
ndash 1
810
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks85
8(7
89
ndash 93
3)
328
dagger(2
79
ndash 38
3)
398
(30
2 ndash
435
)84
3(7
20
ndash 95
0)
223
(178
ndash 2
83)
261dagger
(229
ndash 4
10)
309
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s12
3(1
16 ndash
131
)45
6(3
84
ndash 47
8)
509
(46
5 ndash
558
)11
9(1
10 ndash
127
)31
0(2
86 ndash
364
)39
6(3
58 ndash
464
)98
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0
Plas
ma
myr
istic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
200 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 214a Plasma myristic acid (140) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
myr
istic
aci
dPl
asm
a m
yris
tic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 0
50
100
150
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 201201
202 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population202 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 214a2 Plasma myristic acid (140) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 119 (113 ndash 125) 579 (552 ndash 611) 116 (108 ndash 123) 248 (237 ndash 266) 179620ndash39 years 110 (104 ndash 117) 528 (494 ndash 559) 106 (990 ndash 118) 240 (209 ndash 260) 60340ndash59 years 126 (117 ndash 136) 618 (561 ndash 660) 120 (109 ndash 132) 266 (248 ndash 294) 51460 years and older 121 (112 ndash 131) 614 (546 ndash 670) 120 (112 ndash 127) 238 (224 ndash 256) 679MalesTotal 20 years and older 120 (112 ndash 129) 588 (547 ndash 615) 118 (105 ndash 129) 260 (243 ndash 272) 85620ndash39 years 112 (102 ndash 122) 534 (476 ndash 578) 106 (935 ndash 122) 245 (209 ndash 284) 27740ndash59 years 133 (120 ndash 147) 618 (575 ndash 706) 124 (109 ndash 154) 279 (265 ndash 336) 24760 years and older 115 (106 ndash 126) 582 (473 ndash 679) 119 (112 ndash 123) 226 (201 ndash 244) 332FemalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (111 ndash 124) 566 (536 ndash 615) 115 (107 ndash 121) 242 (225 ndash 270) 94020ndash39 years 109 (101 ndash 117) 513 (492 ndash 554) 106 (959 ndash 119) 226 (193 ndash 308) 32640ndash59 years 120 (111 ndash 131) 615 (516 ndash 649) 115 (107 ndash 123) 249 (226 ndash 301) 26760 years and older 126 (114 ndash 139) 641 (510 ndash 737) 121 (109 ndash 143) 244 (227 ndash 302) 347
Table 214a3 Plasma myristic acid (140) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (110 ndash 144) 546 (492 ndash 620) 124 (108 ndash 144) 277 (244 ndash 352) 37520ndash39 years 122 (951 ndash 155) 510 (454 ndash 561) 123 (839 ndash 158) 259 (212 ndash 1990) 13240ndash59 years 133 (112 ndash 159) 612dagger (465 ndash 760) 130 (953 ndash 155) 313dagger (248 ndash 387) 9360 years and older 135 (124 ndash 146) 680 (642 ndash 751) 133 (112 ndash 160) 252 (224 ndash 315) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (102 ndash 156) 563 (496 ndash 624) 123 (959 ndash 153) 282 (228 ndash 410) 18820ndash39 years 123 (864 ndash 175) 518dagger (466 ndash 572) 123 (678 ndash 214) 274dagger (202 ndash 556) 6740ndash59 years 136 (104 ndash 179) 685dagger (541 ndash 827) 125 (905 ndash 177) 305dagger (201 ndash 721) 4860 years and older 117 (104 ndash 131) 656dagger (482 ndash 714) 117 (104 ndash 135) 199dagger (164 ndash 390) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (110 ndash 145) 514 (407 ndash 653) 127 (108 ndash 152) 268 (240 ndash 339) 18720ndash39 years 119 (929 ndash 153) 505dagger (397 ndash 661) 121 (936 ndash 150) 245dagger (173 ndash 2410) 6540ndash59 years 130 (995 ndash 169) 500dagger (369 ndash 746) 134 (831 ndash 193) 313dagger (248 ndash 460) 4560 years and older 154 (131 ndash 180) 816dagger (545 ndash 951) 153 (120 ndash 195) 274dagger (228 ndash 391) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2031 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2032 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 214a4 Plasma myristic acid (140) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 858 (789 ndash 933) 448 (380 ndash 501) 843 (720 ndash 950) 161 (146 ndash 201) 30920ndash39 years 819 (727 ndash 922) 436 (337 ndash 481) 767 (669 ndash 921) 149 (128 ndash 249) 12540ndash59 years 919 (828 ndash 102) 445dagger (284 ndash 516) 934 (825 ndash 106) 184dagger (150 ndash 249) 9860 years and older 849 (763 ndash 945) 469dagger (362 ndash 587) 797 (718 ndash 952) 154dagger (129 ndash 188) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 873 (766 ndash 994) 409 (318 ndash 466) 853 (672 ndash 987) 170 (148 ndash 270) 14220ndash39 years 827 (677 ndash 101) 397dagger (285 ndash 470) 716 (615 ndash 101) 167dagger (128 ndash 466) 5740ndash59 years 988 (788 ndash 124) 412dagger (292 ndash 557) 978 (840 ndash 115) 229dagger (148 ndash 479) 4260 years and older 780 (642 ndash 946) 437dagger (360 ndash 528) 674 (589 ndash 104) 143dagger (121 ndash 187) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 847 (762 ndash 942) 465 (392 ndash 518) 830 (692 ndash 991) 153 (135 ndash 189) 16720ndash39 years 812 (724 ndash 912) 442dagger (339 ndash 515) 788 (646 ndash 987) 144dagger (110 ndash 259) 6840ndash59 years 870 (722 ndash 105) 466dagger (278 ndash 515) 865 (648 ndash 106) 160dagger (123 ndash 690) 5660 years and older 896 (783 ndash 103) 535dagger (398 ndash 638) 826 (735 ndash 103) 158dagger (120 ndash 194) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 214a5 Plasma myristic acid (140) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 123 (116 ndash 131) 616 (562 ndash 655) 119 (110 ndash 127) 250 (236 ndash 280) 98220ndash39 years 118 (110 ndash 126) 569 (501 ndash 640) 115 (103 ndash 123) 244 (216 ndash 303) 29440ndash59 years 127 (115 ndash 140) 638 (564 ndash 691) 120 (108 ndash 136) 266 (238 ndash 299) 27960 years and older 124 (114 ndash 136) 618 (535 ndash 708) 121 (116 ndash 134) 241 (225 ndash 301) 409MalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (115 ndash 137) 615 (560 ndash 672) 121 (107 ndash 141) 263 (243 ndash 273) 46520ndash39 years 119 (107 ndash 133) 583 (354 ndash 670) 115 (982 ndash 140) 245 (206 ndash 337) 12440ndash59 years 134 (120 ndash 151) 656 (578 ndash 723) 124 (108 ndash 163) 272 (264 ndash 317) 13960 years and older 120 (108 ndash 134) 588 (467 ndash 723) 121 (115 ndash 127) 229 (203 ndash 262) 202FemalesTotal 20 years and older 121 (114 ndash 128) 615 (556 ndash 642) 118 (110 ndash 123) 247 (223 ndash 303) 51720ndash39 years 116 (104 ndash 129) 555 (489 ndash 633) 114 (973 ndash 128) 240 (197 ndash 361) 17040ndash59 years 121 (108 ndash 135) 622 (483 ndash 690) 115 (104 ndash 123) 237 (195 ndash 399) 14060 years and older 128 (114 ndash 145) 641 (476 ndash 747) 124 (110 ndash 146) 248 (229 ndash 314) 207
204 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population204 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
15a
1 P
lasm
a pa
lmit
ic a
cid
(16
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
271
0(2
640
ndash 2
780
)1
570
(14
20 ndash
16
10)
169
0(1
610
ndash 1
770
)2
630
(25
40 ndash
27
30)
471
0(4
500
ndash 5
030
)5
370
(51
80 ndash
56
30)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
254
0(2
470
ndash 2
610
)1
440
(13
30 ndash
15
50)
159
0(1
480
ndash 1
670
)2
450
(23
80 ndash
25
40)
455
0(4
000
ndash 5
330
)5
340
(47
40 ndash
68
60)
609
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
278
0(2
680
ndash 2
880
)1
600
(13
30 ndash
17
50)
183
0(1
650
ndash 1
910
)2
650
(25
30 ndash
28
00)
475
0(4
560
ndash 5
320
)5
410
(52
60 ndash
57
60)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
890
(27
90 ndash
29
90)
175
0(1
610
ndash 1
860
)1
910
(17
60 ndash
19
70)
282
0(2
740
ndash 2
940
)4
630
(43
90 ndash
51
60)
522
0(4
830
ndash 5
790
)68
2G
ende
rM
ales
270
0(2
590
ndash 2
810
)1
560
(13
80 ndash
16
50)
167
0(1
570
ndash 1
790
)2
610
(25
00 ndash
27
10)
473
0(4
400
ndash 5
320
)5
630
(50
90 ndash
60
90)
863
Fem
ales
272
0(2
640
ndash 2
800
)1
570
(14
00 ndash
16
10)
171
0(1
660
ndash 1
780
)2
640
(25
40 ndash
27
60)
466
0(4
450
ndash 5
270
)5
350
(49
70 ndash
55
00)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s2
880
(27
10 ndash
30
50)
150
0dagger(1
310
ndash 1
710
)1
750
(15
00 ndash
18
30)
275
0(2
620
ndash 2
970
)5
430
(45
80 ndash
63
10)
598
0dagger(5
640
ndash 6
380
)37
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks2
450
(23
40 ndash
25
70)
154
0dagger(1
250
ndash 1
580
)1
590
(13
20 ndash
17
30)
233
0(2
240
ndash 2
480
)4
020
(36
10 ndash
45
10)
457
0dagger(4
050
ndash 8
480
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
272
0(2
630
ndash 2
810
)1
570
(13
80 ndash
16
10)
169
0(1
600
ndash 1
780
)2
650
(25
50 ndash
27
30)
472
0(4
430
ndash 5
270
)5
350
(49
30 ndash
56
40)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 215a Plasma palmitic acid (160) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
0
1000
20
00
3000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 205205
206 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population206 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 215a2 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2710 (2640 ndash 2780) 1890 (1820 ndash 1930) 2630 (2540 ndash 2730) 3990 (3820 ndash 4360) 180520ndash39 years 2540 (2470 ndash 2610) 1750 (1660 ndash 1810) 2450 (2380 ndash 2540) 3790 (3540 ndash 4260) 60940ndash59 years 2780 (2680 ndash 2880) 1950 (1910 ndash 1990) 2650 (2530 ndash 2800) 4160 (3840 ndash 4570) 51460 years and older 2890 (2790 ndash 2990) 2050 (1960 ndash 2140) 2820 (2740 ndash 2940) 4050 (3840 ndash 4430) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 2700 (2590 ndash 2810) 1880 (1760 ndash 1920) 2610 (2500 ndash 2710) 4010 (3790 ndash 4430) 86320ndash39 years 2540 (2400 ndash 2690) 1740 (1580 ndash 1820) 2470 (2340 ndash 2600) 3690 (3420 ndash 4540) 28240ndash59 years 2840 (2690 ndash 3000) 1950 (1890 ndash 2010) 2700 (2480 ndash 2870) 4420 (4030 ndash 4760) 24760 years and older 2750 (2640 ndash 2860) 1960 (1820 ndash 2070) 2730 (2620 ndash 2830) 3790 (3530 ndash 4380) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2720 (2640 ndash 2800) 1920 (1820 ndash 1970) 2640 (2540 ndash 2760) 3960 (3810 ndash 4370) 94220ndash39 years 2530 (2440 ndash 2640) 1760 (1670 ndash 1840) 2440 (2350 ndash 2580) 3870 (3510 ndash 4530) 32740ndash59 years 2730 (2620 ndash 2840) 1960 (1820 ndash 2090) 2590 (2530 ndash 2760) 3850 (3620 ndash 4630) 26760 years and older 3010 (2870 ndash 3150) 2180 (2050 ndash 2230) 2950 (2760 ndash 3150) 4340 (4000 ndash 4570) 348
Table 215a3 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2880 (2710 ndash 3050) 1900 (1720 ndash 2050) 2750 (2620 ndash 2970) 4540 (4130 ndash 5550) 37420ndash39 years 2730 (2510 ndash 2970) 1820 (1390 ndash 1970) 2700 (2350 ndash 2890) 4410 (3700 ndash 5680) 13140ndash59 years 3090 (2820 ndash 3380) 2000dagger (1480 ndash 2330) 2840 (2610 ndash 3290) 4940dagger (4130 ndash 6470) 9360 years and older 3140 (3010 ndash 3280) 2250 (1970 ndash 2420) 3150 (3010 ndash 3300) 4530 (3910 ndash 5350) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 2850 (2580 ndash 3160) 1890 (1570 ndash 2010) 2690 (2510 ndash 3180) 4500 (4020 ndash 5950) 18820ndash39 years 2730 (2320 ndash 3220) 1770dagger (1460 ndash 1940) 2540 (2090 ndash 3270) 4400dagger (3600 ndash 6350) 6740ndash59 years 3110 (2670 ndash 3630) 1950dagger (1790 ndash 2530) 2830 (2580 ndash 3400) 4580dagger (3880 ndash 7970) 4860 years and older 2910 (2740 ndash 3080) 2090dagger (1500 ndash 2420) 2900 (2580 ndash 3230) 3810dagger (3500 ndash 5010) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2900 (2660 ndash 3170) 1930 (1330 ndash 2180) 2790 (2450 ndash 3280) 4570 (4060 ndash 5360) 18620ndash39 years 2730 (2430 ndash 3070) 1840dagger (1300 ndash 2150) 2740 (2230 ndash 3080) 4330dagger (3560 ndash 6760) 6440ndash59 years 3060 (2650 ndash 3530) 2050dagger (1480 ndash 2330) 2890 (2460 ndash 3500) 4950dagger (3540 ndash 6010) 4560 years and older 3370 (3050 ndash 3740) 2370dagger (2060 ndash 2540) 3370 (2780 ndash 3790) 5020dagger (4210 ndash 6170) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2071 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2072 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 215a4 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2340 ndash 2570) 1750 (1600 ndash 1830) 2330 (2240 ndash 2480) 3430 (3330 ndash 3630) 31020ndash39 years 2350 (2170 ndash 2530) 1680 (1410 ndash 1810) 2190 (2070 ndash 2480) 3390 (3140 ndash 3730) 12640ndash59 years 2520 (2370 ndash 2680) 1790dagger (1620 ndash 1890) 2350 (2270 ndash 2590) 3430dagger (3370 ndash 4090) 9860 years and older 2620 (2490 ndash 2760) 2030dagger (1870 ndash 2180) 2510 (2430 ndash 2760) 3450dagger (3280 ndash 3770) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2280 ndash 2640) 1690 (1550 ndash 1810) 2340 (2180 ndash 2500) 3550 (3170 ndash 4270) 14320ndash39 years 2320 (2080 ndash 2600) 1570dagger (1310 ndash 1770) 2140 (1930 ndash 2710) 3410dagger (2940 ndash 9940) 5840ndash59 years 2620 (2330 ndash 2940) 1770dagger (1380 ndash 1950) 2370 (2290 ndash 2620) 4060dagger (2900 ndash 8390) 4260 years and older 2520 (2260 ndash 2820) 1740dagger (1640 ndash 1910) 2440 (2150 ndash 2980) 3290dagger (3000 ndash 4330) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2300 ndash 2620) 1800 (1690 ndash 1870) 2330 (2230 ndash 2570) 3380 (3210 ndash 3680) 16720ndash39 years 2370 (2170 ndash 2580) 1700dagger (1390 ndash 1850) 2230 (2030 ndash 2590) 3350dagger (3110 ndash 4210) 6840ndash59 years 2450 (2230 ndash 2680) 1780dagger (1260 ndash 1940) 2330 (2140 ndash 2650) 3370dagger (2930 ndash 6230) 5660 years and older 2690 (2520 ndash 2870) 2180dagger (1950 ndash 2240) 2530 (2400 ndash 2790) 3510dagger (3260 ndash 4220) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 215a5 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2720 (2630 ndash 2810) 1900 (1800 ndash 1950) 2650 (2550 ndash 2730) 3960 (3810 ndash 4420) 99120ndash39 years 2550 (2450 ndash 2640) 1720 (1600 ndash 1810) 2450 (2370 ndash 2590) 3790 (3510 ndash 4490) 30040ndash59 years 2750 (2630 ndash 2870) 1950 (1900 ndash 1990) 2640 (2500 ndash 2800) 4040 (3790 ndash 4700) 27960 years and older 2910 (2790 ndash 3030) 2040 (1950 ndash 2140) 2840 (2730 ndash 2990) 4150 (3840 ndash 4520) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 2700 (2580 ndash 2840) 1890 (1750 ndash 1940) 2630 (2500 ndash 2740) 3960 (3770 ndash 4500) 47120ndash39 years 2530 (2360 ndash 2720) 1680 (1540 ndash 1800) 2460 (2350 ndash 2620) 3630 (3260 ndash 5810) 12840ndash59 years 2810 (2630 ndash 2990) 1950 (1890 ndash 2010) 2700 (2460 ndash 2930) 4280 (3850 ndash 4740) 13960 years and older 2780 (2640 ndash 2920) 1950 (1760 ndash 2070) 2750 (2600 ndash 2930) 3830 (3530 ndash 4690) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2730 (2640 ndash 2820) 1920 (1810 ndash 1970) 2650 (2550 ndash 2770) 3970 (3810 ndash 4500) 52020ndash39 years 2560 (2410 ndash 2710) 1740 (1600 ndash 1870) 2440 (2280 ndash 2690) 3890 (3490 ndash 4960) 17240ndash59 years 2690 (2570 ndash 2830) 1940 (1720 ndash 2110) 2580 (2530 ndash 2710) 3780 (3510 ndash 4690) 14060 years and older 3020 (2860 ndash 3200) 2140 (2010 ndash 2250) 2960 (2750 ndash 3210) 4440 (4030 ndash 4660) 208
208 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population208 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
16a
1 P
lasm
a st
eari
c ac
id (1
80)
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
692
(678
ndash 7
06)
432
(411
ndash 4
44)
471
(440
ndash 4
84)
684
(663
ndash 7
05)
104
0(1
020
ndash 1
100
)1
180
(11
30 ndash
12
70)
180
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
649
(635
ndash 6
64)
420
(362
ndash 4
37)
444
(422
ndash 4
68)
638
(624
ndash 6
59)
998
(922
ndash 1
120
)1
150
(10
30 ndash
14
70)
609
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
718
(698
ndash 7
38)
430
(383
ndash 4
73)
481
(426
ndash 5
24)
711
(682
ndash 7
33)
110
0(1
040
ndash 1
160
)1
210
(11
30 ndash
13
50)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er72
4(7
03 ndash
746
)47
1(4
30 ndash
489
)51
1(4
73 ndash
534
)73
1(6
97 ndash
763
)1
030
(976
ndash 1
120
)1
130
(10
40 ndash
13
10)
682
Gen
der
Mal
es69
0(6
71 ndash
710
)43
3(4
08 ndash
469
)47
2(4
40 ndash
483
)67
3(6
44 ndash
711
)1
090
(10
30 ndash
12
00)
128
0(1
170
ndash 1
360
)86
4Fe
mal
es69
4(6
77 ndash
712
)42
1(3
99 ndash
441
)46
2(4
33 ndash
489
)68
9(6
67 ndash
712
)1
030
(975
ndash 1
080
)1
140
(10
80 ndash
11
90)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s71
0(6
77 ndash
745
)44
0dagger(4
11 ndash
467
)47
5(4
34 ndash
492
)71
0(6
66 ndash
748
)1
150
(10
30 ndash
13
20)
121
0dagger(1
170
ndash 1
330
)37
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks67
6(6
55 ndash
697
)44
0dagger(3
56 ndash
471
)47
3(4
35 ndash
495
)66
9(6
45 ndash
693
)96
1(9
01 ndash
11
30)
113
0dagger(9
98 ndash
20
10)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s69
2(6
76 ndash
709
)42
1(4
08 ndash
441
)46
5(4
30 ndash
485
)68
6(6
63 ndash
709
)1
040
(10
20 ndash
10
90)
117
0(1
090
ndash 1
270
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
0 10
00
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
1000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 216a Plasma stearic acid (180) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
0 10
00
0 50
0
20minus39 40minus59
Females
60+ 20minus39 40minus59
Males
60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39
Age (years)
40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59
Age (years)
60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 209209
210 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population210 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 216a2 Plasma stearic acid (180) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 692 (678 ndash 706) 515 (489 ndash 531) 684 (663 ndash 705) 939 (914 ndash 963) 180620ndash39 years 649 (635 ndash 664) 484 (468 ndash 498) 638 (624 ndash 659) 870 (831 ndash 932) 60940ndash59 years 718 (698 ndash 738) 545 (520 ndash 557) 711 (682 ndash 733) 989 (955 ndash 1030) 51560 years and older 724 (703 ndash 746) 552 (538 ndash 567) 731 (697 ndash 763) 930 (893 ndash 976) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 690 (671 ndash 710) 509 (483 ndash 527) 673 (644 ndash 711) 967 (930 ndash 1010) 86420ndash39 years 660 (636 ndash 686) 484 (469 ndash 504) 643 (615 ndash 672) 888 (831 ndash 1010) 28240ndash59 years 728 (697 ndash 761) 548 (520 ndash 571) 711 (646 ndash 752) 1020 (997 ndash 1040) 24860 years and older 679 (656 ndash 703) 514 (472 ndash 546) 679 (659 ndash 718) 874 (825 ndash 960) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 694 (677 ndash 712) 522 (484 ndash 543) 689 (667 ndash 712) 916 (892 ndash 951) 94220ndash39 years 639 (620 ndash 658) 483 (454 ndash 504) 635 (622 ndash 658) 849 (817 ndash 919) 32740ndash59 years 709 (685 ndash 733) 532 (478 ndash 566) 710 (687 ndash 733) 934 (900 ndash 990) 26760 years and older 763 (736 ndash 790) 617 (573 ndash 628) 763 (735 ndash 786) 971 (914 ndash 1020) 348
Table 216a3 Plasma stearic acid (180) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 710 (677 ndash 745) 503 (485 ndash 528) 710 (666 ndash 748) 997 (921 ndash 1160) 37420ndash39 years 678 (632 ndash 727) 492 (464 ndash 510) 664 (594 ndash 755) 971 (801 ndash 1330) 13140ndash59 years 756 (710 ndash 806) 534dagger (457 ndash 587) 746 (714 ndash 770) 1060dagger (915 ndash 1470) 9360 years and older 776 (735 ndash 820) 602 (491 ndash 646) 767 (720 ndash 815) 1060 (961 ndash 1180) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 705 (651 ndash 764) 501 (480 ndash 522) 690 (611 ndash 766) 1030 (919 ndash 1210) 18820ndash39 years 682 (596 ndash 779) 492dagger (456 ndash 508) 647 (540 ndash 805) 1040dagger (830 ndash 1330) 6740ndash59 years 753 (675 ndash 841) 529dagger (469 ndash 595) 725 (656 ndash 815) 1010dagger (911 ndash 1490) 4860 years and older 726 (678 ndash 776) 593dagger (457 ndash 610) 720 (658 ndash 783) 896dagger (832 ndash 1300) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 716 (677 ndash 758) 514 (443 ndash 559) 730 (669 ndash 777) 996 (885 ndash 1140) 18620ndash39 years 673 (620 ndash 732) 481dagger (340 ndash 555) 678 (629 ndash 751) 835dagger (791 ndash 1140) 6440ndash59 years 759 (696 ndash 828) 519dagger (439 ndash 624) 756 (700 ndash 819) 1070dagger (859 ndash 1410) 4560 years and older 826 (760 ndash 897) 624dagger (541 ndash 652) 810 (736 ndash 903) 1100dagger (1050 ndash 1250) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2111 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2112 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 216a4 Plasma stearic acid (180) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 676 (655 ndash 697) 509 (458 ndash 540) 669 (645 ndash 693) 886 (835 ndash 941) 31020ndash39 years 645 (610 ndash 682) 483 (435 ndash 514) 641 (587 ndash 672) 887 (808 ndash 945) 12640ndash59 years 706 (675 ndash 738) 542dagger (477 ndash 567) 693 (664 ndash 710) 908dagger (833 ndash 1120) 9860 years and older 705 (681 ndash 729) 561dagger (511 ndash 615) 711 (692 ndash 753) 834dagger (806 ndash 886) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 678 (645 ndash 713) 483 (455 ndash 524) 663 (618 ndash 696) 925 (854 ndash 1110) 14320ndash39 years 651 (602 ndash 704) 461dagger (422 ndash 517) 619 (569 ndash 687) 897dagger (803 ndash 2540) 5840ndash59 years 726 (665 ndash 792) 544dagger (475 ndash 557) 676 (621 ndash 738) 1010dagger (877 ndash 1670) 4260 years and older 662 (608 ndash 720) 503dagger (334 ndash 555) 673 (615 ndash 738) 830dagger (782 ndash 974) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 674 (649 ndash 699) 514 (354 ndash 567) 674 (644 ndash 702) 834 (789 ndash 1030) 16720ndash39 years 639 (604 ndash 677) 496dagger (446 ndash 515) 645 (594 ndash 667) 833dagger (715 ndash 1090) 6840ndash59 years 691 (651 ndash 733) 526dagger (353 ndash 589) 693 (643 ndash 710) 826dagger (774 ndash 2490) 5660 years and older 733 (710 ndash 757) 638dagger (558 ndash 668) 718 (696 ndash 779) 842dagger (800 ndash 885) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 216a5 Plasma stearic acid (180) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 692 (676 ndash 709) 515 (484 ndash 533) 686 (663 ndash 709) 940 (913 ndash 973) 99220ndash39 years 648 (627 ndash 669) 481 (441 ndash 507) 635 (614 ndash 661) 853 (823 ndash 953) 30040ndash59 years 710 (689 ndash 733) 540 (494 ndash 565) 705 (675 ndash 727) 969 (946 ndash 1020) 28060 years and older 726 (700 ndash 753) 546 (524 ndash 566) 733 (695 ndash 770) 940 (900 ndash 1020) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 691 (669 ndash 715) 512 (480 ndash 533) 678 (644 ndash 720) 959 (919 ndash 1010) 47220ndash39 years 662 (629 ndash 696) 484 (433 ndash 513) 654 (615 ndash 675) 844 (810 ndash 1250) 12840ndash59 years 723 (691 ndash 757) 558 (513 ndash 576) 709 (640 ndash 749) 1020 (975 ndash 1040) 14060 years and older 681 (653 ndash 711) 508 (471 ndash 545) 687 (652 ndash 726) 880 (819 ndash 1030) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 693 (673 ndash 713) 516 (481 ndash 537) 689 (664 ndash 713) 923 (899 ndash 954) 52020ndash39 years 636 (607 ndash 666) 460 (427 ndash 510) 627 (608 ndash 658) 874 (818 ndash 1000) 17240ndash59 years 698 (672 ndash 725) 519 (441 ndash 554) 699 (675 ndash 730) 934 (902 ndash 966) 14060 years and older 766 (733 ndash 801) 611 (543 ndash 630) 767 (735 ndash 801) 981 (911 ndash 1050) 208
212 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population212 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
17a
1 P
lasm
a ar
achi
dic
acid
(20
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
234
(23
0 ndash
239
)15
1(1
44
ndash 15
5)
162
(15
4 ndash
167
)23
2(2
29
ndash 23
6)
336
(32
5 ndash
359
)36
7(3
50
ndash 39
1)
175
7A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
222
(21
6 ndash
229
)14
8(1
33
ndash 15
2)
156
(15
0 ndash
162
)22
1(2
14
ndash 23
0)
316
(30
3 ndash
340
)33
9(3
24
ndash 36
6)
592
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
239
(23
3 ndash
245
)15
4(1
44
ndash 16
3)
168
(15
6 ndash
175
)23
5(2
29
ndash 24
2)
340
(32
4 ndash
368
)36
9(3
42
ndash 43
6)
500
60 y
ears
and
old
er24
8(2
41
ndash 25
4)
156
(13
7 ndash
163
)16
7(1
56
ndash 18
0)
249
(23
8 ndash
257
)36
1(3
38
ndash 38
6)
386
(36
5 ndash
422
)66
5G
ende
rM
ales
223
(21
8 ndash
228
)14
4(1
27
ndash 15
2)
155
(14
5 ndash
163
)22
0(2
17
ndash 22
3)
320
(31
4 ndash
328
)33
8(3
25
ndash 36
4)
843
Fem
ales
245
(23
9 ndash
251
)15
9(1
50
ndash 16
5)
169
(16
1 ndash
177
)24
3(2
37
ndash 25
1)
357
(33
6 ndash
384
)38
5(3
64
ndash 42
2)
914
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s22
5(2
13
ndash 23
8)
135
dagger(1
14
ndash 15
6)
156
(12
7 ndash
168
)22
4(2
11
ndash 23
7)
327
(31
2 ndash
355
)35
1dagger
(33
2 ndash
410
)36
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks23
2(2
21
ndash 24
3)
146
dagger(9
41
ndash 15
3)
154
(13
6 ndash
167
)22
7(2
19
ndash 23
5)
334
(31
2 ndash
408
)35
9dagger
(33
6 ndash
766
)30
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
236
(23
0 ndash
242
)15
3(1
41
ndash 15
8)
163
(15
3 ndash
168
)23
5(2
29
ndash 24
0)
341
(32
6 ndash
369
)37
5(3
56
ndash 39
5)
962
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
20 30
Plas
ma
arac
hidi
c ac
id(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 217a Plasma arachidic acid (200) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
arac
hidi
c ac
idPl
asm
a ar
achi
dic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 213213
214 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population214 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 217a2 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 234 (230 ndash 239) 176 (169 ndash 181) 232 (229 ndash 236) 312 (304 ndash 321) 175720ndash39 years 222 (216 ndash 229) 166 (160 ndash 172) 221 (214 ndash 230) 295 (287 ndash 306) 59240ndash59 years 239 (233 ndash 245) 183 (175 ndash 188) 235 (229 ndash 242) 314 (302 ndash 329) 50060 years and older 248 (241 ndash 254) 185 (180 ndash 191) 249 (238 ndash 257) 329 (319 ndash 342) 665MalesTotal 20 years and older 223 (218 ndash 228) 168 (160 ndash 175) 220 (217 ndash 223) 296 (290 ndash 310) 84320ndash39 years 214 (206 ndash 223) 164 (152 ndash 171) 210 (205 ndash 218) 281 (261 ndash 316) 27540ndash59 years 231 (222 ndash 239) 174 (166 ndash 180) 227 (220 ndash 238) 311 (292 ndash 321) 24160 years and older 226 (221 ndash 230) 168 (158 ndash 181) 224 (218 ndash 230) 294 (289 ndash 304) 327FemalesTotal 20 years and older 245 (239 ndash 251) 187 (180 ndash 190) 243 (237 ndash 251) 323 (312 ndash 336) 91420ndash39 years 231 (223 ndash 239) 169 (162 ndash 185) 234 (226 ndash 238) 301 (292 ndash 312) 31740ndash59 years 246 (241 ndash 252) 189 (183 ndash 193) 242 (235 ndash 253) 326 (307 ndash 344) 25960 years and older 267 (258 ndash 277) 201 (188 ndash 212) 269 (257 ndash 281) 354 (332 ndash 381) 338
Table 217a3 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 225 (213 ndash 238) 169 (153 ndash 182) 224 (211 ndash 237) 296 (279 ndash 331) 36720ndash39 years 222 (208 ndash 236) 165 (124 ndash 183) 218 (206 ndash 236) 295 (271 ndash 361) 13040ndash59 years 230 (211 ndash 250) 169dagger (139 ndash 187) 230 (214 ndash 252) 306dagger (274 ndash 416) 9160 years and older 227 (212 ndash 244) 174 (146 ndash 187) 229 (218 ndash 242) 293 (274 ndash 341) 146MalesTotal 20 years and older 221 (206 ndash 237) 168 (937 ndash 183) 224 (205 ndash 238) 283 (269 ndash 327) 18520ndash39 years 219 (202 ndash 239) 166dagger (117 ndash 190) 217 (196 ndash 239) 276dagger (245 ndash 363) 6640ndash59 years 224 (199 ndash 253) 159dagger (125 ndash 191) 230 (194 ndash 254) 293dagger (268 ndash 319) 4760 years and older 216 (195 ndash 240) 158dagger (937 ndash 187) 219 (202 ndash 247) 278dagger (255 ndash 327) 72FemalesTotal 20 years and older 230 (216 ndash 245) 168 (159 ndash 185) 225 (213 ndash 240) 310 (283 ndash 430) 18220ndash39 years 225 (206 ndash 245) 164dagger (129 ndash 185) 218 (202 ndash 239) 297dagger (273 ndash 437) 6440ndash59 years 236 (216 ndash 258) 173dagger (156 ndash 192) 228 (213 ndash 253) 318dagger (275 ndash 416) 4460 years and older 238 (219 ndash 259) 185dagger (131 ndash 206) 239 (222 ndash 245) 302dagger (272 ndash 401) 74dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2151 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2152 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 217a4 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 232 (221 ndash 243) 174 (159 ndash 184) 227 (219 ndash 235) 310 (293 ndash 331) 30720ndash39 years 225 (213 ndash 238) 170 (137 ndash 185) 220 (214 ndash 228) 305 (280 ndash 340) 12440ndash59 years 242 (226 ndash 258) 170dagger (153 ndash 191) 235 (225 ndash 252) 319dagger (294 ndash 359) 9860 years and older 232 (217 ndash 247) 183dagger (154 ndash 188) 229 (211 ndash 256) 295dagger (283 ndash 356) 85MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (212 ndash 237) 159 (117 ndash 182) 215 (207 ndash 228) 312 (290 ndash 358) 14220ndash39 years 214 (192 ndash 239) 149dagger (113 ndash 183) 207 (186 ndash 224) 312dagger (232 ndash 713) 5740ndash59 years 243 (217 ndash 271) 161dagger (147 ndash 197) 231 (213 ndash 265) 317dagger (294 ndash 486) 4260 years and older 216 (202 ndash 231) 155dagger (859 ndash 184) 212 (203 ndash 241) 279dagger (256 ndash 338) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 238 (226 ndash 251) 184 (162 ndash 199) 234 (222 ndash 251) 303 (287 ndash 348) 16520ndash39 years 234 (220 ndash 250) 187dagger (149 ndash 205) 228 (219 ndash 253) 295dagger (278 ndash 325) 6740ndash59 years 241 (227 ndash 256) 170dagger (148 ndash 205) 236 (218 ndash 258) 318dagger (277 ndash 549) 5660 years and older 242 (215 ndash 271) 186dagger (143 ndash 206) 239 (198 ndash 295) 299dagger (293 ndash 371) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 217a5 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 236 (230 ndash 242) 176 (167 ndash 184) 235 (229 ndash 240) 316 (306 ndash 326) 96220ndash39 years 222 (213 ndash 231) 165 (154 ndash 170) 220 (209 ndash 235) 296 (283 ndash 313) 29040ndash59 years 238 (231 ndash 246) 184 (174 ndash 193) 234 (229 ndash 241) 315 (299 ndash 343) 27060 years and older 252 (246 ndash 259) 190 (180 ndash 194) 253 (244 ndash 264) 335 (322 ndash 356) 402MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (217 ndash 230) 167 (161 ndash 176) 220 (217 ndash 224) 298 (290 ndash 312) 46020ndash39 years 212 (201 ndash 224) 163 (136 ndash 170) 208 (199 ndash 220) 285 (258 ndash 321) 12540ndash59 years 230 (219 ndash 242) 176 (156 ndash 186) 225 (219 ndash 238) 311 (289 ndash 324) 13660 years and older 229 (223 ndash 235) 169 (161 ndash 183) 228 (221 ndash 235) 296 (290 ndash 316) 199FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (240 ndash 257) 187 (177 ndash 191) 248 (238 ndash 257) 329 (314 ndash 356) 50220ndash39 years 230 (219 ndash 243) 167 (159 ndash 177) 236 (223 ndash 244) 301 (293 ndash 313) 16540ndash59 years 247 (240 ndash 255) 189 (182 ndash 197) 242 (233 ndash 255) 327 (305 ndash 371) 13460 years and older 274 (264 ndash 284) 209 (191 ndash 217) 276 (265 ndash 288) 360 (336 ndash 386) 203
216 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population216 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
18a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
noic
aci
d (2
20)
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
693
(67
7 ndash
710
)41
5(3
81
ndash 43
2)
452
(42
9 ndash
476
)69
5(6
80
ndash 71
4)
102
(99
0 ndash
108)
110
(106
ndash 1
17)
173
9
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s66
5(6
51
ndash 67
9)
426
(38
0 ndash
443
)46
1(4
30
ndash 48
1)
665
(65
0 ndash
685
)97
4(9
44
ndash 98
7)
999
(98
3 ndash
104)
589
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
718
(68
5 ndash
752
)41
6(2
01
ndash 45
2)
464
(40
2 ndash
495
)74
0(6
83
ndash 76
6)
105
(99
0 ndash
111)
111
(106
ndash 1
34)
496
60 y
ears
and
old
er70
2(6
82
ndash 72
4)
392
(31
7 ndash
429
)43
0(4
01
ndash 46
2)
709
(68
1 ndash
734
)10
9(1
05 ndash
114
)11
5(1
11 ndash
128
)65
4G
ende
rM
ales
658
(64
0 ndash
677
)39
3(3
42
ndash 42
4)
430
(39
7 ndash
451
)66
2(6
42
ndash 68
3)
964
(94
9 ndash
982
)10
5(9
82
ndash 11
1)83
4Fe
mal
es72
8(7
04
ndash 75
2)
434
(40
5 ndash
470
)48
4(4
51
ndash 50
3)
737
(70
7 ndash
756
)10
6(1
02 ndash
111
)11
3(1
08 ndash
128
)90
5Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
644
(61
3 ndash
677
)39
0dagger
(35
4 ndash
418
)42
0(3
74
ndash 46
5)
644
(60
9 ndash
674
)95
3(8
71
ndash 12
9)97
9dagger
(94
9 ndash
129)
367
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
696
(66
5 ndash
730
)41
1dagger
(20
8 ndash
472
)46
3(3
45
ndash 51
1)
694
(64
3 ndash
747
)10
6(1
04 ndash
107
)11
5dagger(1
07 ndash
123
)30
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
704
(68
9 ndash
720
)42
6(3
94
ndash 43
7)
469
(43
4 ndash
485
)70
9(6
94
ndash 72
8)
104
(99
2 ndash
110)
111
(108
ndash 1
21)
947
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80 100
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
(μmolL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
100 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 218a Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
(μmolL)
(μmolL)
0 20
40 60
80 100
0
20
40 60
80
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 217217
218 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population218 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 218a2 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 693 (677 ndash 710) 501 (487 ndash 515) 695 (680 ndash 714) 953 (930 ndash 977) 173920ndash39 years 665 (651 ndash 679) 497 (489 ndash 510) 665 (650 ndash 685) 895 (867 ndash 936) 58940ndash59 years 718 (685 ndash 752) 519 (475 ndash 559) 740 (683 ndash 766) 964 (938 ndash 100) 49660 years and older 702 (682 ndash 724) 491 (462 ndash 507) 709 (681 ndash 734) 100 (961 ndash 105) 654MalesTotal 20 years and older 658 (640 ndash 677) 481 (451 ndash 497) 662 (642 ndash 683) 905 (882 ndash 925) 83420ndash39 years 647 (626 ndash 668) 493 (468 ndash 512) 637 (610 ndash 662) 887 (826 ndash 936) 27440ndash59 years 687 (653 ndash 722) 483 (430 ndash 514) 709 (660 ndash 745) 922 (890 ndash 969) 23860 years and older 631 (608 ndash 655) 436 (408 ndash 470) 643 (606 ndash 679) 882 (852 ndash 917) 322FemalesTotal 20 years and older 728 (704 ndash 752) 524 (504 ndash 551) 737 (707 ndash 756) 987 (961 ndash 102) 90520ndash39 years 683 (662 ndash 706) 509 (484 ndash 517) 694 (668 ndash 716) 914 (860 ndash 974) 31540ndash59 years 749 (709 ndash 791) 566 (481 ndash 583) 765 (701 ndash 806) 990 (947 ndash 108) 25860 years and older 766 (738 ndash 796) 541 (491 ndash 585) 757 (732 ndash 801) 107 (103 ndash 112) 332
Table 218a3 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 644 (613 ndash 677) 478 (417 ndash 516) 644 (609 ndash 674) 871 (815 ndash 954) 36720ndash39 years 640 (608 ndash 674) 484 (420 ndash 506) 631 (597 ndash 668) 857 (801 ndash 954) 12940ndash59 years 665 (616 ndash 718) 481dagger (355 ndash 555) 677 (643 ndash 717) 879dagger (806 ndash 106) 9160 years and older 614 (564 ndash 669) 427 (386 ndash 472) 614 (598 ndash 642) 850 (746 ndash 120) 147MalesTotal 20 years and older 640 (605 ndash 677) 482 (389 ndash 527) 644 (608 ndash 671) 852 (807 ndash 904) 18520ndash39 years 652 (622 ndash 683) 496dagger (317 ndash 552) 638 (607 ndash 669) 868dagger (775 ndash 116) 6540ndash59 years 631 (563 ndash 706) 448dagger (355 ndash 556) 650 (557 ndash 720) 814dagger (748 ndash 977) 4760 years and older 596 (535 ndash 663) 388dagger (350 ndash 430) 613 (557 ndash 651) 876dagger (680 ndash 112) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 649 (606 ndash 696) 465 (412 ndash 507) 645 (599 ndash 713) 929 (795 ndash 120) 18220ndash39 years 625 (571 ndash 684) 422dagger (382 ndash 503) 613 (551 ndash 709) 836dagger (763 ndash 973) 6440ndash59 years 707 (651 ndash 766) 534dagger (374 ndash 571) 687 (657 ndash 767) 935dagger (850 ndash 106) 4460 years and older 631 (565 ndash 706) 470dagger (340 ndash 542) 620 (579 ndash 665) 829dagger (752 ndash 116) 74dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2191 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2192 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 218a4 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 696 (665 ndash 730) 521 (468 ndash 539) 694 (643 ndash 747) 942 (914 ndash 101) 30620ndash39 years 673 (639 ndash 708) 523 (424 ndash 541) 650 (628 ndash 712) 898 (867 ndash 976) 12440ndash59 years 752 (709 ndash 797) 531dagger (429 ndash 592) 786 (717 ndash 829) 104dagger (916 ndash 118) 9860 years and older 656 (619 ndash 695) 479dagger (278 ndash 532) 654 (619 ndash 681) 913dagger (811 ndash 118) 84MalesTotal 20 years and older 661 (621 ndash 703) 476 (331 ndash 532) 646 (616 ndash 684) 902 (879 ndash 980) 14120ndash39 years 635 (583 ndash 691) 492dagger (345 ndash 537) 615 (570 ndash 661) 866dagger (767 ndash 119) 5740ndash59 years 730 (643 ndash 830) 448dagger (395 ndash 592) 745 (620 ndash 854) 935dagger (867 ndash 171) 4260 years and older 596 (540 ndash 657) 412dagger (208 ndash 478) 602 (534 ndash 670) 813dagger (730 ndash 958) 42FemalesTotal 20 years and older 725 (692 ndash 760) 538 (503 ndash 561) 739 (663 ndash 784) 997 (914 ndash 106) 16520ndash39 years 706 (655 ndash 760) 530dagger (409 ndash 570) 713 (631 ndash 799) 915dagger (883 ndash 962) 6740ndash59 years 768 (725 ndash 814) 558dagger (433 ndash 610) 804 (724 ndash 845) 105dagger (916 ndash 117) 5660 years and older 697 (627 ndash 774) 531dagger (415 ndash 558) 678 (590 ndash 767) 100dagger (790 ndash 123) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 218a5 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 704 (689 ndash 720) 508 (494 ndash 517) 709 (694 ndash 728) 964 (946 ndash 985) 94720ndash39 years 671 (654 ndash 688) 499 (486 ndash 512) 681 (659 ndash 695) 906 (856 ndash 966) 28840ndash59 years 723 (687 ndash 760) 521 (485 ndash 563) 743 (683 ndash 769) 965 (934 ndash 103) 26760 years and older 723 (705 ndash 741) 501 (471 ndash 530) 725 (704 ndash 746) 102 (980 ndash 108) 392MalesTotal 20 years and older 669 (648 ndash 690) 492 (465 ndash 510) 678 (654 ndash 696) 920 (887 ndash 945) 45320ndash39 years 653 (625 ndash 682) 495 (446 ndash 517) 644 (618 ndash 686) 891 (808 ndash 973) 12540ndash59 years 696 (660 ndash 734) 499 (419 ndash 550) 723 (660 ndash 752) 931 (908 ndash 968) 13460 years and older 646 (616 ndash 677) 469 (431 ndash 494) 653 (624 ndash 697) 884 (856 ndash 920) 194FemalesTotal 20 years and older 739 (712 ndash 768) 528 (498 ndash 568) 744 (717 ndash 765) 993 (961 ndash 108) 49420ndash39 years 688 (660 ndash 717) 510 (475 ndash 521) 694 (678 ndash 726) 928 (856 ndash 981) 16340ndash59 years 750 (699 ndash 804) 564 (448 ndash 591) 765 (675 ndash 817) 986 (946 ndash 110) 13360 years and older 795 (771 ndash 819) 570 (499 ndash 621) 785 (756 ndash 833) 109 (105 ndash 113) 198
220 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population220 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
19a
1 P
lasm
a lig
noce
ric
acid
(24
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
540
(52
8 ndash
553
)31
2(2
95
ndash 33
0)
353
(32
7 ndash
368
)53
8(5
26
ndash 55
6)
809
(79
0 ndash
836
)87
0(8
49
ndash 90
2)
174
3A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
516
(50
3 ndash
530
)31
8(2
68
ndash 35
2)
356
(32
4 ndash
366
)51
3(4
98
ndash 52
9)
736
(71
8 ndash
786
)82
0(7
60
ndash 88
3)
583
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
564
(54
2 ndash
587
)33
2(2
87
ndash 37
6)
378
(32
9 ndash
396
)56
6(5
41
ndash 59
6)
811
(77
4 ndash
880
)86
8(8
36
ndash 94
4)
495
60 y
ears
and
old
er54
3(5
27
ndash 56
0)
291
(21
7 ndash
310
)31
6(3
00
ndash 34
2)
548
(52
4 ndash
575
)86
9(8
19
ndash 91
9)
923
(89
1 ndash
975
)66
5G
ende
rM
ales
537
(52
2 ndash
552
)30
6(2
85
ndash 33
0)
346
(30
7 ndash
377
)53
7(5
16
ndash 55
8)
808
(76
4 ndash
849
)86
1(8
45
ndash 93
1)
836
Fem
ales
544
(52
6 ndash
562
)32
4(2
98
ndash 35
0)
358
(32
6 ndash
370
)53
8(5
27
ndash 56
1)
807
(78
7 ndash
845
)87
3(8
38
ndash 91
9)
907
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s50
4(4
73
ndash 53
7)
299
dagger(1
92
ndash 32
6)
324
(28
7 ndash
360
)50
1(4
72
ndash 53
8)
764
(71
1 ndash
830
)80
7dagger
(76
9 ndash
117)
355
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
533
(50
5 ndash
562
)30
8dagger
(24
0 ndash
354
)34
8(2
70
ndash 38
0)
531
(49
6 ndash
570
)79
0(7
33
ndash 84
2)
839
dagger(7
90
ndash 11
2)30
2N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
547
(53
4 ndash
560
)31
5(2
87
ndash 33
6)
358
(33
1 ndash
372
)54
8(5
30
ndash 56
5)
814
(79
1 ndash
850
)87
2(8
51
ndash 92
1)
966
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
(μmolL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 219a Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
(μmolL)
(μmolL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 221221
222 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population222 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 219a2 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 540 (528 ndash 553) 390 (374 ndash 406) 538 (526 ndash 556) 742 (722 ndash 764) 174320ndash39 years 516 (503 ndash 530) 379 (366 ndash 396) 513 (498 ndash 529) 690 (665 ndash 718) 58340ndash59 years 564 (542 ndash 587) 414 (379 ndash 437) 566 (541 ndash 596) 760 (729 ndash 792) 49560 years and older 543 (527 ndash 560) 371 (336 ndash 395) 548 (524 ndash 575) 779 (764 ndash 814) 665MalesTotal 20 years and older 537 (522 ndash 552) 391 (371 ndash 410) 537 (516 ndash 558) 726 (708 ndash 748) 83620ndash39 years 531 (512 ndash 551) 395 (379 ndash 423) 521 (501 ndash 555) 709 (676 ndash 749) 27240ndash59 years 563 (536 ndash 590) 411 (347 ndash 442) 561 (535 ndash 605) 751 (717 ndash 831) 23860 years and older 503 (483 ndash 524) 336 (302 ndash 378) 504 (471 ndash 550) 702 (685 ndash 744) 326FemalesTotal 20 years and older 544 (526 ndash 562) 390 (365 ndash 416) 538 (527 ndash 561) 761 (725 ndash 784) 90720ndash39 years 501 (487 ndash 516) 366 (348 ndash 379) 502 (489 ndash 519) 673 (649 ndash 696) 31140ndash59 years 565 (539 ndash 593) 422 (390 ndash 436) 570 (535 ndash 600) 760 (722 ndash 796) 25760 years and older 578 (555 ndash 602) 399 (353 ndash 423) 585 (552 ndash 613) 828 (789 ndash 890) 339
Table 219a3 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 504 (473 ndash 537) 371 (315 ndash 395) 501 (472 ndash 538) 694 (669 ndash 737) 35520ndash39 years 501 (465 ndash 539) 371 (306 ndash 388) 492 (447 ndash 561) 687 (637 ndash 763) 12040ndash59 years 525 (475 ndash 580) 388dagger (210 ndash 445) 533 (471 ndash 596) 716dagger (658 ndash 814) 8960 years and older 467 (415 ndash 527) 330 (192 ndash 369) 471 (401 ndash 539) 664 (587 ndash 973) 146MalesTotal 20 years and older 529 (492 ndash 569) 393 (330 ndash 431) 524 (487 ndash 562) 722 (678 ndash 775) 17620ndash39 years 540 (503 ndash 581) 407dagger (378 ndash 444) 523 (481 ndash 577) 697dagger (638 ndash 848) 6140ndash59 years 527 (459 ndash 605) 367dagger (288 ndash 459) 532 (460 ndash 605) 724dagger (653 ndash 812) 4560 years and older 467 (409 ndash 534) 322dagger (192 ndash 367) 482 (384 ndash 543) 691dagger (558 ndash 891) 70FemalesTotal 20 years and older 476 (446 ndash 507) 326 (303 ndash 367) 465 (434 ndash 510) 678 (618 ndash 711) 17920ndash39 years 453 (410 ndash 500) 320dagger (298 ndash 366) 432 (379 ndash 526) 646dagger (576 ndash 787) 5940ndash59 years 522 (473 ndash 577) 392dagger (210 ndash 434) 533 (448 ndash 602) 696dagger (611 ndash 832) 4460 years and older 467 (398 ndash 548) 347dagger (254 ndash 380) 453 (394 ndash 547) 638dagger (544 ndash 973) 76dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2231 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2232 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 219a4 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 533 (505 ndash 562) 386 (354 ndash 409) 531 (496 ndash 570) 718 (703 ndash 743) 30220ndash39 years 512 (482 ndash 545) 372 (299 ndash 416) 499 (480 ndash 557) 679 (651 ndash 742) 12340ndash59 years 576 (546 ndash 608) 409dagger (339 ndash 462) 581 (542 ndash 633) 730dagger (710 ndash 857) 9560 years and older 509 (461 ndash 562) 373dagger (298 ndash 402) 508 (435 ndash 552) 741dagger (630 ndash 948) 84MalesTotal 20 years and older 534 (500 ndash 569) 388 (270 ndash 433) 528 (491 ndash 586) 718 (681 ndash 806) 14020ndash39 years 513 (472 ndash 557) 388dagger (262 ndash 435) 499 (463 ndash 559) 665dagger (631 ndash 838) 5740ndash59 years 586 (521 ndash 659) 409dagger (322 ndash 489) 601 (506 ndash 701) 738dagger (701 ndash 112) 4160 years and older 492 (445 ndash 544) 306dagger (240 ndash 409) 495 (445 ndash 547) 707dagger (623 ndash 791) 42FemalesTotal 20 years and older 532 (501 ndash 566) 382 (353 ndash 408) 533 (492 ndash 577) 720 (696 ndash 782) 16220ndash39 years 512 (477 ndash 548) 368dagger (281 ndash 411) 497 (460 ndash 574) 693dagger (653 ndash 729) 6640ndash59 years 568 (538 ndash 601) 399dagger (349 ndash 462) 566 (519 ndash 613) 722dagger (703 ndash 852) 5460 years and older 520 (450 ndash 601) 397dagger (314 ndash 404) 524 (408 ndash 620) 782dagger (620 ndash 952) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 219a5 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 547 (534 ndash 560) 396 (377 ndash 416) 548 (530 ndash 565) 753 (730 ndash 773) 96620ndash39 years 518 (501 ndash 536) 379 (359 ndash 412) 515 (494 ndash 539) 689 (660 ndash 726) 29340ndash59 years 567 (542 ndash 593) 420 (386 ndash 432) 570 (536 ndash 608) 764 (728 ndash 808) 27060 years and older 557 (541 ndash 573) 382 (334 ndash 410) 563 (540 ndash 586) 787 (769 ndash 823) 403MalesTotal 20 years and older 541 (525 ndash 558) 394 (361 ndash 418) 547 (518 ndash 565) 728 (705 ndash 772) 46120ndash39 years 532 (505 ndash 560) 394 (358 ndash 428) 525 (495 ndash 568) 705 (660 ndash 829) 12640ndash59 years 569 (539 ndash 600) 421 (350 ndash 447) 571 (531 ndash 618) 766 (717 ndash 859) 13560 years and older 511 (486 ndash 538) 348 (297 ndash 390) 514 (471 ndash 564) 702 (684 ndash 758) 200FemalesTotal 20 years and older 552 (531 ndash 574) 397 (366 ndash 425) 551 (530 ndash 573) 766 (742 ndash 792) 50520ndash39 years 506 (485 ndash 528) 367 (324 ndash 412) 513 (486 ndash 532) 673 (648 ndash 699) 16740ndash59 years 565 (532 ndash 599) 418 (382 ndash 431) 569 (530 ndash 620) 764 (718 ndash 812) 13560 years and older 599 (578 ndash 620) 409 (367 ndash 449) 604 (583 ndash 625) 854 (799 ndash 915) 203
224 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population224 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
20a
1 P
lasm
a m
yris
tole
ic a
cid
(14
1n-5
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
657
(60
8 ndash
709
)1
45(1
31
ndash 1
56)
179
(16
8 ndash
196
)6
50(5
90
ndash 6
99)
239
(21
4 ndash
293
)32
1(2
70
ndash 40
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
621
(56
7 ndash
680
)1
47(1
17
ndash 1
64)
176
(16
4 ndash
201
)6
05(5
34
ndash 6
75)
240
(19
3 ndash
326
)31
9(2
48
ndash 67
0)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
706
(63
0 ndash
790
)1
44(1
11
ndash 1
69)
186
(16
3 ndash
202
)6
87(6
20
ndash 7
62)
258
(21
4 ndash
346
)34
6(2
70
ndash 52
9)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er6
39(5
61
ndash 7
26)
140
(11
7 ndash
167
)1
73(1
56
ndash 1
99)
640
(55
3 ndash
745
)23
3(1
93
ndash 30
9)
269
(23
4 ndash
407
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
635
(57
0 ndash
707
)1
25(1
05
ndash 1
39)
170
(14
1 ndash
182
)6
47(5
47
ndash 7
28)
249
(22
8 ndash
297
)33
0(2
94
ndash 40
6)
865
Fem
ales
677
(62
6 ndash
732
)1
59(1
46
ndash 1
75)
194
(17
1 ndash
232
)6
51(5
96
ndash 6
96)
234
(19
9 ndash
312
)30
7(2
39
ndash 48
1)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s6
95(5
89
ndash 8
20)
153
dagger(1
02
ndash 1
80)
182
(15
1 ndash
205
)6
83(5
44
ndash 8
30)
261
(21
1 ndash
356
)33
1dagger
(27
4 ndash
684
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
91(3
50
ndash 4
38)
106
dagger(7
03 ndash
11
7)1
18(1
06
ndash 1
42)
378
(31
7 ndash
449
)12
8(1
15
ndash 21
4)
203
dagger(1
37
ndash 31
3)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s7
07(6
45
ndash 7
74)
165
(14
2 ndash
179
)2
06(1
80
ndash 2
33)
684
(62
2 ndash
746
)24
9(2
23
ndash 31
8)
327
(27
0 ndash
436
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
Plas
ma
myr
isto
leic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
15
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 220a Plasma myristoleic acid (141nndash5) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
myr
isto
leic
aci
dPl
asm
a m
yris
tole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 5
1015
0
510
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 225225
226 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population226 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 220a2 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 657 (608 ndash 709) 241 (226 ndash 259) 650 (590 ndash 699) 185 (167 ndash 205) 180820ndash39 years 621 (567 ndash 680) 233 (208 ndash 252) 605 (534 ndash 675) 169 (148 ndash 204) 61040ndash59 years 706 (630 ndash 790) 253 (220 ndash 294) 687 (620 ndash 762) 196 (180 ndash 222) 51560 years and older 639 (561 ndash 726) 243 (204 ndash 289) 640 (553 ndash 745) 173 (131 ndash 234) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 635 (570 ndash 707) 220 (201 ndash 235) 647 (547 ndash 728) 185 (165 ndash 212) 86520ndash39 years 608 (523 ndash 708) 210 (203 ndash 233) 609 (500 ndash 732) 169 (145 ndash 239) 28240ndash59 years 702 (606 ndash 812) 227 (180 ndash 281) 698 (549 ndash 866) 210 (185 ndash 262) 24860 years and older 574 (508 ndash 648) 226 (168 ndash 261) 582 (544 ndash 642) 137 (109 ndash 200) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 677 (626 ndash 732) 273 (252 ndash 296) 651 (596 ndash 696) 184 (153 ndash 216) 94320ndash39 years 634 (567 ndash 708) 262 (206 ndash 294) 591 (531 ndash 692) 172 (139 ndash 224) 32840ndash59 years 709 (637 ndash 790) 287 (239 ndash 340) 681 (629 ndash 717) 187 (138 ndash 233) 26760 years and older 697 (587 ndash 826) 291 (176 ndash 322) 689 (555 ndash 806) 200 (161 ndash 238) 348
Table 220a3 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 695 (589 ndash 820) 226 (182 ndash 282) 683 (544 ndash 830) 194 (172 ndash 225) 37620ndash39 years 679 (503 ndash 917) 211 (171 ndash 275) 639 (479 ndash 910) 187 (152 ndash 327) 13240ndash59 years 717 (573 ndash 897) 248dagger (166 ndash 292) 696 (546 ndash 972) 200dagger (161 ndash 320) 9360 years and older 730 (627 ndash 849) 303 (265 ndash 326) 748 (522 ndash 967) 167 (146 ndash 249) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 679 (524 ndash 879) 227 (179 ndash 293) 658 (463 ndash 866) 200 (158 ndash 249) 18920ndash39 years 679 (448 ndash 103) 215dagger (185 ndash 242) 656 (374 ndash 118) 202dagger (153 ndash 427) 6740ndash59 years 708 (481 ndash 104) 269dagger (187 ndash 306) 677 (371 ndash 123) 188dagger (140 ndash 520) 4860 years and older 590 (457 ndash 762) 272dagger (176 ndash 330) 560 (354 ndash 859) 136dagger (990 ndash 183) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 716 (600 ndash 855) 203 (153 ndash 355) 686 (560 ndash 913) 187 (163 ndash 239) 18720ndash39 years 678 (495 ndash 930) 196dagger (151 ndash 390) 602 (464 ndash 928) 163dagger (129 ndash 156) 6540ndash59 years 727 (508 ndash 104) 193dagger (162 ndash 255) 732 (375 ndash 134) 222dagger (164 ndash 301) 4560 years and older 888 (736 ndash 107) 363dagger (233 ndash 414) 924 (746 ndash 129) 174dagger (148 ndash 432) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2271 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2272 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 220a4 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 391 (350 ndash 438) 148 (128 ndash 169) 378 (317 ndash 449) 104 (824 ndash 127) 31020ndash39 years 395 (333 ndash 470) 168 (129 ndash 190) 354 (305 ndash 470) 102 (780 ndash 127) 12640ndash59 years 407 (355 ndash 466) 144dagger (107 ndash 166) 421 (282 ndash 490) 117dagger (828 ndash 214) 9860 years and older 351 (315 ndash 392) 130dagger (107 ndash 163) 337 (294 ndash 454) 913dagger (734 ndash 114) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 395 (324 ndash 480) 123 (106 ndash 146) 423 (279 ndash 493) 113 (812 ndash 216) 14320ndash39 years 399 (296 ndash 536) 137dagger (992 ndash 192) 341 (261 ndash 534) 107dagger (765 ndash 613) 5840ndash59 years 430 (303 ndash 610) 108dagger (703 ndash 128) 474 (411 ndash 689) 124dagger (822 ndash 247) 4260 years and older 313 (227 ndash 432) 130dagger (116 ndash 149) 253 (160 ndash 517) 855dagger (621 ndash 142) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 389 (346 ndash 437) 170 (143 ndash 207) 360 (310 ndash 446) 884 (745 ndash 127) 16720ndash39 years 393 (338 ndash 456) 177dagger (145 ndash 194) 365 (311 ndash 477) 832dagger (665 ndash 126) 6840ndash59 years 390 (315 ndash 482) 166dagger (144 ndash 221) 342 (247 ndash 470) 890dagger (734 ndash 193) 5660 years and older 378 (323 ndash 442) 125dagger (999 ndash 233) 354 (309 ndash 469) 924dagger (598 ndash 195) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 220a5 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 707 (645 ndash 774) 283 (249 ndash 302) 684 (622 ndash 746) 195 (169 ndash 230) 99220ndash39 years 697 (626 ndash 777) 279 (235 ndash 308) 661 (591 ndash 753) 185 (151 ndash 246) 30040ndash59 years 739 (643 ndash 848) 287 (224 ndash 354) 697 (617 ndash 794) 198 (170 ndash 267) 28060 years and older 672 (580 ndash 778) 263 (226 ndash 301) 672 (574 ndash 772) 179 (138 ndash 235) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 684 (601 ndash 779) 247 (207 ndash 286) 677 (568 ndash 791) 187 (169 ndash 227) 47220ndash39 years 684 (571 ndash 820) 239 (203 ndash 295) 653 (525 ndash 827) 170 (144 ndash 317) 12840ndash59 years 731 (616 ndash 867) 249 (182 ndash 296) 703 (470 ndash 104) 210 (181 ndash 276) 14060 years and older 613 (525 ndash 715) 243 (175 ndash 289) 636 (573 ndash 686) 159 (110 ndash 239) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 728 (668 ndash 793) 316 (281 ndash 349) 686 (652 ndash 722) 196 (159 ndash 238) 52020ndash39 years 709 (599 ndash 839) 294 (237 ndash 349) 667 (566 ndash 811) 190 (147 ndash 280) 17240ndash59 years 746 (648 ndash 859) 356 (206 ndash 404) 684 (633 ndash 723) 189 (134 ndash 433) 14060 years and older 727 (590 ndash 894) 301 (159 ndash 369) 709 (555 ndash 867) 207 (170 ndash 252) 208
228 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population228 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
21a
1 P
lasm
a pa
lmit
olei
c ac
id (1
61n
-7)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
217
(205
ndash 2
29)
733
(65
1 ndash
781
)84
0(7
90
ndash 89
6)
213
(196
ndash 2
30)
563
(526
ndash 6
64)
727
(657
ndash 8
06)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
195
(185
ndash 2
05)
725
(60
4 ndash
787
)82
0(7
50
ndash 84
1)
185
(173
ndash 1
94)
539
(450
ndash 6
74)
685
(611
ndash 8
40)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
228
(210
ndash 2
48)
693
(45
2 ndash
781
)82
4(7
13
ndash 96
8)
228
(206
ndash 2
51)
572
(525
ndash 7
72)
770
(671
ndash 8
37)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er23
8(2
20 ndash
259
)84
8(6
54
ndash 94
1)
100
(87
9 ndash
113)
241
(216
ndash 2
63)
559
(528
ndash 6
49)
676
(589
ndash 7
63)
681
Gen
der
Mal
es20
7(1
90 ndash
225
)69
0(5
34
ndash 74
7)
777
(68
8 ndash
840
)20
3(1
82 ndash
225
)56
2(4
95 ndash
683
)68
2(5
78 ndash
926
)86
3Fe
mal
es22
6(2
14 ndash
239
)83
2(7
12
ndash 88
4)
934
(89
1 ndash
104)
226
(204
ndash 2
43)
567
(528
ndash 6
79)
729
(630
ndash 8
46)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s24
0(2
09 ndash
277
)78
6dagger
(60
0 ndash
862
)87
0(6
42
ndash 95
4)
239
(204
ndash 2
81)
692
(594
ndash 7
80)
769dagger
(699
ndash 1
110
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks15
7(1
48 ndash
167
)64
8dagger
(47
2 ndash
689
)70
3(6
42
ndash 73
2)
151
(142
ndash 1
62)
429
(352
ndash 5
29)
523dagger
(433
ndash 7
55)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s22
1(2
08 ndash
236
)74
9(5
30
ndash 83
5)
889
(79
3 ndash
965
)22
1(2
01 ndash
237
)55
4(5
22 ndash
661
)72
2(6
15 ndash
831
)99
0dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 40
0
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
400 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 221a Plasma palmitoleic acid (161nndash7) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 40
0 0
100
200
300
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 229229
230 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population230 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 221a2 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 217 (205 ndash 229) 105 (977 ndash 109) 213 (196 ndash 230) 454 (424 ndash 497) 180520ndash39 years 195 (185 ndash 205) 923 (865 ndash 983) 185 (173 ndash 194) 411 (357 ndash 472) 61040ndash59 years 228 (210 ndash 248) 106 (929 ndash 118) 228 (206 ndash 251) 475 (444 ndash 549) 51460 years and older 238 (220 ndash 259) 122 (111 ndash 135) 241 (216 ndash 263) 467 (429 ndash 540) 681MalesTotal 20 years and older 207 (190 ndash 225) 926 (840 ndash 989) 203 (182 ndash 225) 456 (400 ndash 525) 86320ndash39 years 192 (171 ndash 215) 839 (769 ndash 938) 185 (169 ndash 211) 410 (344 ndash 542) 28240ndash59 years 223 (198 ndash 251) 974 (780 ndash 108) 218 (184 ndash 273) 501 (450 ndash 594) 24860 years and older 207 (191 ndash 224) 112 (926 ndash 121) 206 (186 ndash 228) 386 (339 ndash 450) 333FemalesTotal 20 years and older 226 (214 ndash 239) 114 (108 ndash 123) 226 (204 ndash 243) 453 (421 ndash 525) 94220ndash39 years 197 (185 ndash 211) 108 (922 ndash 111) 184 (170 ndash 199) 406 (352 ndash 495) 32840ndash59 years 233 (217 ndash 250) 126 (994 ndash 133) 231 (213 ndash 256) 455 (395 ndash 534) 26660 years and older 267 (240 ndash 298) 137 (115 ndash 150) 271 (242 ndash 297) 537 (493 ndash 585) 348
Table 221a3 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 240 (209 ndash 277) 101 (643 ndash 131) 239 (204 ndash 281) 571 (498 ndash 645) 37520ndash39 years 223 (181 ndash 274) 952 (600 ndash 129) 221 (175 ndash 274) 498 (386 ndash 737) 13240ndash59 years 267 (232 ndash 307) 117dagger (798 ndash 143) 250 (233 ndash 272) 639dagger (545 ndash 804) 9360 years and older 277 (262 ndash 292) 144 (136 ndash 158) 281 (250 ndash 308) 510 (446 ndash 587) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 237 (192 ndash 292) 960 (616 ndash 134) 226 (178 ndash 290) 578 (489 ndash 687) 18820ndash39 years 225 (169 ndash 300) 928dagger (616 ndash 130) 215 (153 ndash 314) 519dagger (406 ndash 844) 6740ndash59 years 267 (194 ndash 367) 111dagger (798 ndash 150) 240 (190 ndash 353) 715dagger (438 ndash 942) 4860 years and older 230 (192 ndash 276) 131dagger (641 ndash 158) 223 (180 ndash 280) 375dagger (309 ndash 876) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 245 (207 ndash 291) 110 (611 ndash 132) 248 (188 ndash 316) 558 (421 ndash 749) 18720ndash39 years 220 (172 ndash 281) 984dagger (600 ndash 130) 225 (161 ndash 293) 449dagger (352 ndash 1110) 6540ndash59 years 267 (204 ndash 350) 119dagger (885 ndash 144) 252 (148 ndash 396) 613dagger (517 ndash 766) 4560 years and older 328 (284 ndash 378) 166dagger (120 ndash 215) 353 (281 ndash 398) 528dagger (469 ndash 739) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2311 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2312 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 221a4 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample10th 50th 90th size
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 157 (148 ndash 167) 780 (720 ndash 841) 151 (142 ndash 162) 326 (270 ndash 421) 31020ndash39 years 149 (136 ndash 164) 787 (718 ndash 850) 148 (126 ndash 164) 309 (221 ndash 430) 12640ndash59 years 161 (144 ndash 180) 724dagger (650 ndash 825) 149 (135 ndash 175) 333dagger (288 ndash 508) 9860 years and older 171 (155 ndash 189) 895dagger (614 ndash 102) 171 (152 ndash 193) 316dagger (265 ndash 397) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (138 ndash 172) 740 (533 ndash 824) 157 (132 ndash 174) 323 (267 ndash 437) 14320ndash39 years 146 (126 ndash 169) 710dagger (470 ndash 794) 145 (122 ndash 168) 305dagger (220 ndash 863) 5840ndash59 years 163 (128 ndash 206) 727dagger (426 ndash 813) 168 (115 ndash 204) 371dagger (231 ndash 814) 4260 years and older 164 (130 ndash 205) 983dagger (608 ndash 114) 152 (123 ndash 206) 280dagger (222 ndash 430) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 159 (142 ndash 178) 844 (710 ndash 906) 149 (134 ndash 172) 331 (254 ndash 494) 16720ndash39 years 152 (132 ndash 175) 854dagger (755 ndash 944) 147 (121 ndash 167) 314dagger (190 ndash 543) 6840ndash59 years 160 (134 ndash 190) 713dagger (584 ndash 862) 144 (112 ndash 205) 317dagger (255 ndash 1360) 5660 years and older 176 (150 ndash 205) 894dagger (499 ndash 104) 178 (142 ndash 235) 322dagger (251 ndash 548) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 221a5 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 221 (208 ndash 236) 109 (992 ndash 116) 221 (201 ndash 237) 453 (411 ndash 498) 99020ndash39 years 199 (184 ndash 215) 955 (840 ndash 109) 191 (174 ndash 207) 406 (348 ndash 496) 30040ndash59 years 229 (208 ndash 251) 107 (968 ndash 126) 230 (214 ndash 253) 462 (409 ndash 525) 27960 years and older 243 (221 ndash 267) 125 (114 ndash 136) 247 (219 ndash 272) 484 (415 ndash 556) 411MalesTotal 20 years and older 208 (189 ndash 229) 958 (812 ndash 108) 202 (182 ndash 231) 447 (386 ndash 520) 47120ndash39 years 190 (164 ndash 221) 839 (691 ndash 972) 185 (159 ndash 215) 359 (319 ndash 554) 12840ndash59 years 222 (196 ndash 252) 982 (743 ndash 111) 223 (175 ndash 277) 470 (410 ndash 582) 14060 years and older 211 (192 ndash 232) 113 (921 ndash 124) 201 (182 ndash 241) 392 (343 ndash 481) 203FemalesTotal 20 years and older 234 (219 ndash 249) 122 (108 ndash 133) 232 (220 ndash 250) 455 (408 ndash 538) 51920ndash39 years 206 (187 ndash 228) 109 (919 ndash 118) 194 (173 ndash 221) 414 (346 ndash 644) 17240ndash59 years 235 (216 ndash 256) 130 (999 ndash 146) 239 (220 ndash 257) 452 (362 ndash 532) 13960 years and older 273 (238 ndash 314) 138 (108 ndash 165) 274 (243 ndash 303) 550 (460 ndash 661) 208
232 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population232 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
22a
1 P
lasm
a ci
s-va
ccen
ic a
cid
(18
1n-7
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
146
(141
ndash 1
50)
753
(65
1 ndash
810
)83
6(7
62
ndash 89
7)
143
(139
ndash 1
48)
262
(251
ndash 2
74)
303
(283
ndash 3
44)
176
2A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
131
(126
ndash 1
38)
656
(58
6 ndash
753
)76
9(6
33
ndash 82
7)
129
(122
ndash 1
37)
235
(214
ndash 2
59)
269
(248
ndash 3
44)
589
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
148
(143
ndash 1
54)
764
(64
4 ndash
855
)86
6(7
51
ndash 95
5)
144
(139
ndash 1
50)
282
(251
ndash 3
09)
333
(298
ndash 5
33)
501
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
8(1
62 ndash
173
)94
1(8
53
ndash 10
2)10
3(9
34
ndash 10
9)16
6(1
62 ndash
172
)26
6(2
58 ndash
297
)30
1(2
78 ndash
344
)67
2G
ende
rM
ales
145
(139
ndash 1
51)
715
(62
4 ndash
812
)83
4(7
04
ndash 90
3)
141
(135
ndash 1
48)
265
(242
ndash 3
01)
325
(277
ndash 3
90)
845
Fem
ales
147
(141
ndash 1
53)
777
(61
8 ndash
817
)85
8(7
54
ndash 92
0)
145
(139
ndash 1
51)
260
(240
ndash 2
82)
301
(273
ndash 3
45)
917
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s15
2(1
38 ndash
166
)65
9dagger
(55
7 ndash
827
)80
9(5
80
ndash 93
1)
146
(136
ndash 1
64)
304
(258
ndash 3
78)
336dagger
(326
ndash 3
84)
373
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
129
(120
ndash 1
38)
695
dagger(5
45
ndash 74
7)
748
(68
0 ndash
803
)12
5(1
17 ndash
134
)23
7(2
06 ndash
354
)29
5dagger(2
51 ndash
429
)30
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
146
(140
ndash 1
52)
770
(62
1 ndash
854
)86
7(7
51
ndash 93
1)
144
(139
ndash 1
49)
260
(242
ndash 2
75)
298
(275
ndash 3
37)
958
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0
Plas
ma
cisminus
vacc
enic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
300 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 222a Plasma cisminusvaccenic acid (181nndash7) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
cisminus
vacc
enic
aci
dPl
asm
a ci
sminusva
ccen
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 0
100
200
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 233233
234 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population234 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 222a2 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (141 ndash 150) 951 (892 ndash 998) 143 (139 ndash 148) 225 (216 ndash 234) 176220ndash39 years 131 (126 ndash 138) 870 (780 ndash 937) 129 (122 ndash 137) 200 (190 ndash 215) 58940ndash59 years 148 (143 ndash 154) 999 (921 ndash 104) 144 (139 ndash 150) 229 (211 ndash 262) 50160 years and older 168 (162 ndash 173) 113 (107 ndash 119) 166 (162 ndash 172) 242 (231 ndash 259) 672MalesTotal 20 years and older 145 (139 ndash 151) 951 (878 ndash 102) 141 (135 ndash 148) 222 (210 ndash 241) 84520ndash39 years 132 (126 ndash 139) 879 (734 ndash 948) 129 (123 ndash 138) 197 (184 ndash 222) 27340ndash59 years 149 (139 ndash 160) 998 (855 ndash 105) 146 (133 ndash 159) 240 (208 ndash 301) 24260 years and older 160 (153 ndash 167) 109 (972 ndash 117) 161 (150 ndash 168) 226 (215 ndash 258) 330FemalesTotal 20 years and older 147 (141 ndash 153) 950 (885 ndash 998) 145 (139 ndash 151) 227 (213 ndash 238) 91720ndash39 years 131 (123 ndash 139) 858 (780 ndash 928) 129 (119 ndash 138) 203 (190 ndash 222) 31640ndash59 years 147 (140 ndash 154) 998 (875 ndash 105) 144 (139 ndash 147) 219 (187 ndash 301) 25960 years and older 174 (166 ndash 181) 117 (107 ndash 127) 172 (163 ndash 182) 248 (237 ndash 273) 342
Table 222a3 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (138 ndash 166) 972 (663 ndash 108) 146 (136 ndash 164) 240 (222 ndash 324) 37320ndash39 years 140 (125 ndash 157) 834 (557 ndash 108) 140 (125 ndash 154) 226 (188 ndash 347) 13040ndash59 years 168 (146 ndash 192) 102dagger (900 ndash 110) 157 (145 ndash 183) 270dagger (240 ndash 375) 9260 years and older 179 (171 ndash 187) 123 (731 ndash 139) 177 (169 ndash 184) 277 (247 ndash 310) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 151 (130 ndash 176) 946 (581 ndash 111) 144 (127 ndash 178) 255 (217 ndash 331) 18720ndash39 years 139 (117 ndash 166) 833dagger (581 ndash 108) 136 (117 ndash 168) 224dagger (179 ndash 350) 6640ndash59 years 175 (142 ndash 216) 103dagger (888 ndash 127) 159 (139 ndash 212) 321dagger (229 ndash 454) 4760 years and older 167 (142 ndash 197) 101dagger (688 ndash 140) 155 (140 ndash 209) 263dagger (217 ndash 634) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (142 ndash 162) 972 (728 ndash 104) 153 (137 ndash 167) 235 (222 ndash 261) 18620ndash39 years 141 (124 ndash 160) 877dagger (579 ndash 102) 144 (113 ndash 169) 221dagger (186 ndash 410) 6440ndash59 years 159 (133 ndash 191) 986dagger (812 ndash 109) 151 (125 ndash 188) 246dagger (197 ndash 421) 4560 years and older 190 (173 ndash 210) 130dagger (110 ndash 142) 187 (165 ndash 214) 284dagger (228 ndash 375) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2351 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2352 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 222a4 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (120 ndash 138) 826 (748 ndash 884) 125 (117 ndash 134) 202 (186 ndash 225) 30520ndash39 years 119 (107 ndash 134) 805 (637 ndash 849) 112 (998 ndash 134) 184 (155 ndash 395) 12440ndash59 years 133 (121 ndash 146) 801dagger (695 ndash 898) 124 (118 ndash 135) 204dagger (187 ndash 266) 9660 years and older 151 (145 ndash 157) 108dagger (996 ndash 115) 143 (141 ndash 147) 218dagger (191 ndash 303) 85MalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (119 ndash 139) 798 (719 ndash 848) 124 (117 ndash 134) 205 (185 ndash 235) 14120ndash39 years 118 (104 ndash 133) 722dagger (541 ndash 828) 114 (890 ndash 136) 185dagger (136 ndash 435) 5740ndash59 years 136 (117 ndash 158) 803dagger (697 ndash 903) 121 (117 ndash 132) 221dagger (188 ndash 409) 4160 years and older 151 (136 ndash 168) 108dagger (891 ndash 116) 147 (136 ndash 168) 217dagger (179 ndash 250) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (116 ndash 143) 849 (671 ndash 949) 126 (111 ndash 139) 197 (165 ndash 284) 16420ndash39 years 121 (102 ndash 142) 826dagger (568 ndash 943) 111 (991 ndash 140) 177dagger (153 ndash 284) 6740ndash59 years 130 (117 ndash 145) 767dagger (669 ndash 921) 128 (115 ndash 136) 197dagger (163 ndash 575) 5560 years and older 150 (139 ndash 162) 108dagger (102 ndash 124) 141 (136 ndash 148) 214dagger (180 ndash 323) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 222a5 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (140 ndash 152) 958 (898 ndash 102) 144 (139 ndash 149) 222 (211 ndash 234) 95820ndash39 years 131 (123 ndash 139) 888 (700 ndash 955) 127 (120 ndash 138) 200 (183 ndash 218) 28540ndash59 years 145 (139 ndash 153) 100 (891 ndash 104) 144 (137 ndash 149) 219 (199 ndash 244) 27060 years and older 168 (162 ndash 174) 113 (106 ndash 117) 167 (162 ndash 172) 247 (231 ndash 261) 403MalesTotal 20 years and older 144 (138 ndash 150) 963 (896 ndash 103) 141 (132 ndash 149) 217 (205 ndash 240) 45620ndash39 years 131 (122 ndash 140) 928 (677 ndash 971) 125 (117 ndash 139) 185 (173 ndash 229) 12140ndash59 years 145 (135 ndash 156) 998 (841 ndash 105) 144 (127 ndash 158) 224 (203 ndash 276) 13660 years and older 161 (153 ndash 169) 109 (950 ndash 116) 163 (151 ndash 170) 229 (216 ndash 260) 199FemalesTotal 20 years and older 148 (141 ndash 154) 956 (879 ndash 103) 147 (141 ndash 152) 226 (209 ndash 240) 50220ndash39 years 131 (122 ndash 141) 877 (618 ndash 954) 130 (121 ndash 139) 204 (187 ndash 234) 16440ndash59 years 146 (137 ndash 155) 100 (862 ndash 105) 144 (139 ndash 148) 212 (180 ndash 322) 13460 years and older 174 (166 ndash 183) 116 (103 ndash 128) 171 (162 ndash 183) 253 (235 ndash 279) 204
236 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population236 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tab
le 2
23
a1
Pla
sma
olei
c ac
id (1
81n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
210
0(2
050
ndash 2
150
)1
110
(10
30 ndash
11
70)
122
0(1
170
ndash 1
270
)2
070
(20
00 ndash
21
50)
385
0(3
590
ndash 4
220
)4
480
(42
30 ndash
49
40)
179
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
191
0(1
840
ndash 1
980
)1
020
(955
ndash 1
080
)1
130
(10
80 ndash
11
70)
184
0(1
750
ndash 1
970
)3
710
(31
20 ndash
41
40)
419
0(3
770
ndash 8
650
)60
840
ndash59
year
s2
160
(21
00 ndash
22
30)
116
0(9
93 ndash
12
20)
128
0(1
180
ndash 1
350
)2
120
(20
10 ndash
21
90)
415
0(3
610
ndash 4
800
)4
790
(42
90 ndash
53
20)
512
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
360
(22
90 ndash
24
40)
133
0(1
290
ndash 1
400
)1
430
(13
40 ndash
15
50)
238
0(2
290
ndash 2
450
)3
850
(34
90 ndash
44
10)
441
0(4
120
ndash 4
930
)67
8G
ende
rM
ales
214
0(2
060
ndash 2
220
)1
140
(10
40 ndash
12
10)
123
0(1
160
ndash 1
300
)2
100
(20
10 ndash
22
00)
411
0(3
560
ndash 4
930
)4
930
(45
00 ndash
55
30)
858
Fem
ales
207
0(2
000
ndash 2
140
)1
090
(972
ndash 1
140
)1
200
(11
30 ndash
12
70)
202
0(1
940
ndash 2
140
)3
810
(34
90 ndash
40
20)
424
0(4
030
ndash 4
400
)94
0Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
224
0(2
060
ndash 2
430
)1
110dagger
(871
ndash 1
240
)1
270
(987
ndash 1
340
)2
170
(19
90 ndash
24
70)
428
0(3
850
ndash 5
240
)4
940dagger
(44
00 ndash
66
40)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
181
0(1
730
ndash 1
890
)1
020dagger
(892
ndash 1
080
)1
150
(10
10 ndash
11
80)
171
0(1
620
ndash 1
830
)3
180
(28
90 ndash
37
60)
376
0dagger(3
350
ndash 8
200
)30
8N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
213
0(2
060
ndash 2
200
)1
120
(990
ndash 1
210
)1
230
(11
40 ndash
13
20)
212
0(2
020
ndash 2
180
)3
840
(35
80 ndash
41
90)
438
0(4
160
ndash 4
930
)98
6dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
Plas
ma
olei
c ac
id(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 223a Plasma oleic acid (181nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
olei
c ac
idPl
asm
a ol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
0
1000
20
00
3000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 237237
238 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population238 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 223a2 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2100 (2050 ndash 2150) 1360 (1310 ndash 1400) 2070 (2000 ndash 2150) 3230 (3090 ndash 3440) 179820ndash39 years 1910 (1840 ndash 1980) 1240 (1200 ndash 1300) 1840 (1750 ndash 1970) 2900 (2710 ndash 3160) 60840ndash59 years 2160 (2100 ndash 2230) 1410 (1350 ndash 1530) 2120 (2010 ndash 2190) 3380 (3100 ndash 3660) 51260 years and older 2360 (2290 ndash 2440) 1630 (1550 ndash 1690) 2380 (2290 ndash 2450) 3360 (3200 ndash 3640) 678MalesTotal 20 years and older 2140 (2060 ndash 2220) 1360 (1310 ndash 1410) 2100 (2010 ndash 2200) 3340 (3060 ndash 3660) 85820ndash39 years 1960 (1850 ndash 2080) 1240 (1220 ndash 1310) 1890 (1770 ndash 2060) 2950 (2640 ndash 3700) 28140ndash59 years 2250 (2120 ndash 2400) 1410 (1310 ndash 1550) 2200 (1970 ndash 2350) 3580 (3180 ndash 4480) 24760 years and older 2310 (2220 ndash 2400) 1600 (1400 ndash 1730) 2340 (2170 ndash 2420) 3310 (3040 ndash 3850) 330FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2070 (2000 ndash 2140) 1380 (1300 ndash 1410) 2020 (1940 ndash 2140) 3180 (2960 ndash 3370) 94020ndash39 years 1860 (1790 ndash 1940) 1220 (1140 ndash 1300) 1780 (1700 ndash 1940) 2820 (2570 ndash 3620) 32740ndash59 years 2080 (2000 ndash 2160) 1400 (1330 ndash 1520) 2000 (1920 ndash 2140) 3100 (2830 ndash 3700) 26560 years and older 2410 (2280 ndash 2530) 1660 (1480 ndash 1740) 2430 (2270 ndash 2530) 3410 (3260 ndash 3820) 348
Table 223a3 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (2060 ndash 2430) 1410 (1250 ndash 1500) 2170 (1990 ndash 2470) 3680 (3330 ndash 4270) 37520ndash39 years 2080 (1850 ndash 2350) 1320 (882 ndash 1470) 2020 (1710 ndash 2390) 3330 (2900 ndash 4590) 13240ndash59 years 2460 (2220 ndash 2730) 1610dagger (1140 ndash 1790) 2330 (2090 ndash 2670) 4210dagger (3520 ndash 5160) 9360 years and older 2630 (2460 ndash 2820) 1800 (1740 ndash 1820) 2650 (2320 ndash 2900) 3730 (3570 ndash 4720) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (1970 ndash 2540) 1410 (1150 ndash 1510) 2160 (1820 ndash 2570) 3940 (3120 ndash 4880) 18820ndash39 years 2080 (1720 ndash 2500) 1340dagger (989 ndash 1480) 1930 (1530 ndash 2550) 3390dagger (2640 ndash 5270) 6740ndash59 years 2560 (2160 ndash 3040) 1550dagger (1280 ndash 1980) 2490 (2000 ndash 3090) 4270dagger (3570 ndash 5640) 4860 years and older 2460 (2160 ndash 2800) 1790dagger (1030 ndash 1830) 2350 (1900 ndash 3040) 3440dagger (3270 ndash 4860) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (2060 ndash 2450) 1400 (859 ndash 1680) 2160 (2020 ndash 2500) 3500 (3280 ndash 3970) 18720ndash39 years 2090 (1810 ndash 2410) 1240dagger (831 ndash 1570) 2020 (1750 ndash 2330) 3210dagger (2850 ndash 4200) 6540ndash59 years 2350 (2020 ndash 2730) 1590dagger (1080 ndash 1770) 2200 (1990 ndash 2730) 3760dagger (2920 ndash 5280) 4560 years and older 2800 (2470 ndash 3180) 1890dagger (1600 ndash 2040) 2730 (2320 ndash 3420) 4260dagger (3660 ndash 5490) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2391 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2392 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 223a4 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 1810 (1730 ndash 1890) 1210 (1170 ndash 1260) 1710 (1620 ndash 1830) 2750 (2610 ndash 2990) 30820ndash39 years 1680 (1560 ndash 1810) 1170 (1050 ndash 1210) 1540 (1470 ndash 1760) 2470 (2310 ndash 3740) 12540ndash59 years 1900 (1750 ndash 2050) 1240dagger (1060 ndash 1310) 1790 (1640 ndash 1970) 2840dagger (2610 ndash 3590) 9760 years and older 2000 (1870 ndash 2150) 1400dagger (1190 ndash 1570) 1960 (1800 ndash 2190) 2800dagger (2670 ndash 3020) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 1850 (1720 ndash 1990) 1200 (1140 ndash 1240) 1720 (1570 ndash 1920) 2930 (2470 ndash 4190) 14220ndash39 years 1710 (1540 ndash 1910) 1140dagger (887 ndash 1230) 1560 (1380 ndash 1830) 2480dagger (2400 ndash 6770) 5740ndash59 years 2000 (1730 ndash 2310) 1290dagger (1010 ndash 1410) 1850 (1600 ndash 2060) 3160dagger (2570 ndash 8560) 4260 years and older 1980 (1730 ndash 2270) 1350dagger (1080 ndash 1620) 1960 (1700 ndash 2140) 2870dagger (2440 ndash 4520) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 1770 (1670 ndash 1890) 1210 (1150 ndash 1280) 1700 (1600 ndash 1840) 2660 (2460 ndash 2960) 16620ndash39 years 1650 (1510 ndash 1810) 1160dagger (1080 ndash 1250) 1540 (1470 ndash 1710) 2430dagger (2130 ndash 3240) 6840ndash59 years 1820 (1640 ndash 2030) 1200dagger (863 ndash 1280) 1760 (1620 ndash 2010) 2620dagger (2360 ndash 6740) 5560 years and older 2010 (1880 ndash 2160) 1410dagger (1280 ndash 1590) 1930 (1700 ndash 2400) 2780dagger (2640 ndash 3030) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 223a5 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2130 (2060 ndash 2200) 1390 (1320 ndash 1480) 2120 (2020 ndash 2180) 3240 (3100 ndash 3430) 98620ndash39 years 1940 (1820 ndash 2050) 1260 (1140 ndash 1360) 1870 (1750 ndash 2040) 2820 (2630 ndash 3710) 29940ndash59 years 2150 (2070 ndash 2220) 1400 (1320 ndash 1550) 2140 (2030 ndash 2180) 3320 (3020 ndash 3600) 27960 years and older 2390 (2310 ndash 2470) 1650 (1530 ndash 1730) 2420 (2330 ndash 2480) 3410 (3250 ndash 3700) 408MalesTotal 20 years and older 2170 (2070 ndash 2280) 1380 (1290 ndash 1520) 2150 (2040 ndash 2240) 3300 (3030 ndash 3630) 46820ndash39 years 1990 (1830 ndash 2170) 1250 (1070 ndash 1380) 1960 (1760 ndash 2130) 2830 (2610 ndash 4110) 12840ndash59 years 2230 (2080 ndash 2380) 1390 (1220 ndash 1570) 2200 (1950 ndash 2370) 3460 (3020 ndash 4000) 14060 years and older 2350 (2240 ndash 2460) 1600 (1390 ndash 1730) 2400 (2320 ndash 2470) 3340 (3070 ndash 4100) 200FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2090 (2010 ndash 2180) 1390 (1320 ndash 1470) 2080 (1970 ndash 2160) 3200 (2910 ndash 3660) 51820ndash39 years 1880 (1770 ndash 2000) 1260 (1120 ndash 1360) 1790 (1670 ndash 2010) 2810 (2530 ndash 3860) 17140ndash59 years 2070 (1980 ndash 2170) 1410 (1100 ndash 1560) 2010 (1890 ndash 2160) 3100 (2720 ndash 3910) 13960 years and older 2430 (2300 ndash 2560) 1670 (1470 ndash 1810) 2430 (2250 ndash 2540) 3470 (3220 ndash 4060) 208
240 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population240 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
24a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cose
noic
aci
d (2
01n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
136
(13
2 ndash
141
)6
69(6
33
ndash 7
03)
756
(68
3 ndash
798
)13
3(1
28
ndash 13
8)
259
(24
2 ndash
305
)33
1(2
99
ndash 38
3)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
126
(12
0 ndash
133
)6
35(5
53
ndash 6
66)
682
(63
5 ndash
749
)12
1(1
14
ndash 12
9)
258
(22
7 ndash
373
)34
7(2
63
ndash 45
2)
608
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
135
(13
0 ndash
141
)6
96(4
20
ndash 7
54)
759
(70
0 ndash
825
)13
2(1
23
ndash 13
8)
257
(23
6 ndash
317
)31
8(2
76
ndash 47
0)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er15
6(1
51
ndash 16
1)
894
(75
0 ndash
941
)9
74(8
98
ndash 10
3)
151
(14
7 ndash
158
)26
0(2
44
ndash 30
4)
311
(28
1 ndash
395
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
139
(13
3 ndash
145
)6
70(6
12
ndash 7
50)
768
(67
2 ndash
827
)13
5(1
29
ndash 14
2)
287
(24
6 ndash
334
)37
1(3
18
ndash 42
5)
865
Fem
ales
134
(12
8 ndash
140
)6
66(5
98
ndash 7
01)
748
(68
3 ndash
784
)13
0(1
26
ndash 13
6)
249
(23
2 ndash
266
)30
1(2
61
ndash 35
3)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s15
4(1
44
ndash 16
5)
686
dagger(6
00
ndash 8
62)
865
(63
3 ndash
925
)14
7(1
37
ndash 16
4)
331
(27
9 ndash
408
)38
7dagger
(33
2 ndash
459
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks11
7(1
10
ndash 12
4)
611
dagger(5
11
ndash 6
37)
639
(60
8 ndash
685
)11
1(1
02
ndash 12
1)
234
(21
3 ndash
281
)29
4dagger
(25
1 ndash
513
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
136
(13
1 ndash
142
)6
83(5
83
ndash 7
46)
763
(67
0 ndash
815
)13
4(1
29
ndash 13
8)
249
(23
5 ndash
301
)31
7(2
65
ndash 39
3)
989
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
20
25
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
25
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 224a Plasma eicosenoic acid (201nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 5
1015
2025
0
5 10
1520
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 241241
242 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population242 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 224a2 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (132 ndash 141) 846 (794 ndash 895) 133 (128 ndash 138) 222 (214 ndash 232) 180520ndash39 years 126 (120 ndash 133) 785 (691 ndash 820) 121 (114 ndash 129) 216 (203 ndash 232) 60840ndash59 years 135 (130 ndash 141) 871 (775 ndash 934) 132 (123 ndash 138) 223 (203 ndash 242) 51460 years and older 156 (151 ndash 161) 107 (103 ndash 109) 151 (147 ndash 158) 231 (218 ndash 246) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 139 (133 ndash 145) 877 (841 ndash 897) 135 (129 ndash 142) 228 (212 ndash 247) 86520ndash39 years 127 (119 ndash 135) 788 (697 ndash 843) 122 (116 ndash 130) 212 (178 ndash 258) 28240ndash59 years 142 (133 ndash 153) 896 (839 ndash 970) 139 (127 ndash 147) 232 (205 ndash 315) 24860 years and older 156 (150 ndash 162) 105 (102 ndash 109) 149 (144 ndash 161) 235 (218 ndash 248) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 134 (128 ndash 140) 818 (755 ndash 894) 130 (126 ndash 136) 218 (210 ndash 229) 94020ndash39 years 126 (118 ndash 134) 774 (679 ndash 808) 120 (108 ndash 132) 217 (206 ndash 234) 32640ndash59 years 129 (123 ndash 136) 831 (729 ndash 914) 125 (119 ndash 131) 199 (185 ndash 230) 26660 years and older 156 (149 ndash 164) 108 (970 ndash 114) 151 (146 ndash 159) 226 (216 ndash 251) 348
Table 224a3 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (144 ndash 165) 939 (868 ndash 103) 147 (137 ndash 164) 269 (227 ndash 332) 37620ndash39 years 146 (132 ndash 162) 893 (704 ndash 980) 141 (121 ndash 165) 235 (203 ndash 408) 13240ndash59 years 164 (148 ndash 182) 102dagger (711 ndash 117) 152 (146 ndash 168) 284dagger (251 ndash 329) 9360 years and older 176 (163 ndash 191) 120 (104 ndash 126) 167 (146 ndash 198) 277 (248 ndash 371) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (137 ndash 173) 918 (878 ndash 106) 147 (133 ndash 168) 261 (218 ndash 398) 18920ndash39 years 145 (120 ndash 177) 887dagger (799 ndash 935) 142 (115 ndash 167) 227dagger (175 ndash 409) 6740ndash59 years 170 (148 ndash 196) 105dagger (701 ndash 126) 153 (145 ndash 177) 307dagger (246 ndash 448) 4860 years and older 170 (146 ndash 197) 117dagger (588 ndash 133) 164 (128 ndash 214) 253dagger (214 ndash 596) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (144 ndash 165) 959 (632 ndash 104) 150 (136 ndash 166) 271 (226 ndash 353) 18720ndash39 years 147 (132 ndash 164) 904dagger (632 ndash 101) 140 (116 ndash 166) 238dagger (215 ndash 387) 6540ndash59 years 157 (133 ndash 186) 979dagger (666 ndash 119) 149 (128 ndash 188) 264dagger (191 ndash 384) 4560 years and older 183 (159 ndash 210) 119dagger (958 ndash 130) 168 (146 ndash 214) 323dagger (243 ndash 380) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2431 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2432 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 224a4 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (110 ndash 124) 728 (635 ndash 786) 111 (102 ndash 121) 200 (177 ndash 221) 31020ndash39 years 109 (978 ndash 121) 675 (607 ndash 751) 990 (905 ndash 114) 197 (150 ndash 259) 12640ndash59 years 121 (109 ndash 133) 740dagger (583 ndash 831) 114 (101 ndash 124) 200dagger (168 ndash 334) 9860 years and older 134 (127 ndash 141) 943dagger (818 ndash 988) 131 (122 ndash 146) 197dagger (177 ndash 243) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 119 (111 ndash 128) 712 (618 ndash 771) 110 (988 ndash 123) 212 (176 ndash 358) 14320ndash39 years 109 (962 ndash 124) 633dagger (590 ndash 747) 997 (873 ndash 122) 172dagger (147 ndash 352) 5840ndash59 years 128 (105 ndash 156) 786dagger (524 ndash 880) 111 (928 ndash 140) 213dagger (166 ndash 611) 4260 years and older 136 (124 ndash 150) 907dagger (671 ndash 105) 123 (112 ndash 150) 223dagger (189 ndash 257) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 115 (104 ndash 127) 729 (637 ndash 799) 113 (996 ndash 125) 190 (158 ndash 251) 16720ndash39 years 109 (936 ndash 126) 688dagger (596 ndash 770) 960 (886 ndash 119) 202dagger (146 ndash 260) 6840ndash59 years 115 (102 ndash 129) 720dagger (509 ndash 795) 116 (998 ndash 125) 176dagger (141 ndash 408) 5660 years and older 133 (124 ndash 142) 942dagger (821 ndash 977) 133 (126 ndash 146) 180dagger (153 ndash 243) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 224a5 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (131 ndash 142) 860 (788 ndash 922) 134 (129 ndash 138) 220 (207 ndash 233) 98920ndash39 years 126 (118 ndash 136) 788 (683 ndash 826) 121 (114 ndash 130) 216 (194 ndash 242) 29840ndash59 years 133 (127 ndash 139) 871 (753 ndash 956) 130 (119 ndash 137) 217 (190 ndash 231) 27960 years and older 158 (152 ndash 163) 108 (104 ndash 111) 152 (147 ndash 159) 231 (217 ndash 254) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 139 (132 ndash 145) 891 (824 ndash 944) 136 (129 ndash 142) 222 (204 ndash 242) 47220ndash39 years 125 (115 ndash 137) 792 (633 ndash 895) 119 (114 ndash 130) 182 (157 ndash 422) 12840ndash59 years 139 (129 ndash 150) 897 (792 ndash 980) 138 (119 ndash 147) 222 (199 ndash 255) 14060 years and older 158 (151 ndash 166) 106 (102 ndash 112) 153 (147 ndash 164) 234 (217 ndash 266) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 134 (128 ndash 141) 817 (757 ndash 908) 131 (126 ndash 137) 218 (205 ndash 234) 51720ndash39 years 127 (117 ndash 138) 783 (575 ndash 815) 123 (107 ndash 137) 217 (206 ndash 256) 17040ndash59 years 126 (119 ndash 134) 842 (689 ndash 947) 121 (117 ndash 130) 190 (172 ndash 229) 13960 years and older 157 (149 ndash 165) 109 (105 ndash 114) 151 (145 ndash 159) 228 (212 ndash 261) 208
244 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population244 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
25a
1 P
lasm
a do
cose
noic
aci
d (2
21n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
344
(29
7 ndash
399
)lt
LOD
712
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
25)
362
(33
0 ndash
407
)10
3(9
50
ndash 12
2)
136
(11
8 ndash
166
)1
604
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s3
36(2
75
ndash 4
11)
lt LO
D6
12(lt
LO
D ndash
13
8)3
46(3
10
ndash 4
06)
116
(93
2 ndash
167
)14
7(1
24
ndash 20
1)
533
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
339
(28
9 ndash
397
)3
10(lt
LO
D ndash
677
)7
29(lt
LO
D ndash
11
5)3
51(3
16
ndash 4
23)
945
(86
2 ndash
134
)12
6(1
08
ndash 16
6)
454
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
67(3
18
ndash 4
24)
421
(lt L
OD
ndash 8
90)
831
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
46)
393
(35
5 ndash
447
)9
69(8
60
ndash 10
9)
112
(97
4 ndash
155
)61
7G
ende
rM
ales
334
(28
5 ndash
392
)lt
LOD
620
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
11)
354
(32
4 ndash
404
)10
1(9
39
ndash 11
9)
129
(10
9 ndash
140
)76
7Fe
mal
es3
54(3
04
ndash 4
12)
334
(lt L
OD
ndash 9
36)
941
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
41)
366
(33
3 ndash
423
)11
0(8
65
ndash 14
7)
147
(11
9 ndash
177
)83
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
338
(28
3 ndash
403
)lt
LOD
dagger6
92(lt
LO
D ndash
14
6)3
69(3
32
ndash 4
29)
105
(74
0 ndash
230
)13
3dagger
(87
8 ndash
238
)34
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
81(3
39
ndash 4
29)
673
dagger(lt
LO
D ndash
14
7)1
43(lt
LO
D ndash
17
2)3
83(3
46
ndash 4
50)
108
(94
1 ndash
150
)13
4dagger
(11
0 ndash
201
)28
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
336
(27
9 ndash
405
)lt
LOD
613
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
15)
354
(31
6 ndash
423
)10
1(9
13
ndash 12
6)
136
(11
4 ndash
168
)86
3lt
LO
D m
eans
less
than
the
limit
of d
etec
tion
whi
ch m
ay v
ary
for s
ome
com
poun
ds b
y ye
ar S
ee A
ppen
dix
D fo
r LO
D
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
4 6
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 225a Plasma docosenoic acid (221nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
02
46
02
4
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 245245
246 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population246 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 225a2 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 344 (297 ndash 399) 138 (670 ndash 182) 362 (330 ndash 407) 815 (741 ndash 951) 160420ndash39 years 336 (275 ndash 411) 138 (lt LOD ndash 187) 346 (310 ndash 406) 864 (727 ndash 113) 53340ndash59 years 339 (289 ndash 397) 121 (624 ndash 179) 351 (316 ndash 423) 803 (704 ndash 944) 45460 years and older 367 (318 ndash 424) 155 (813 ndash 194) 393 (355 ndash 447) 786 (743 ndash 868) 617MalesTotal 20 years and older 334 (285 ndash 392) 122 (372 ndash 185) 354 (324 ndash 404) 837 (759 ndash 960) 76720ndash39 years 333 (263 ndash 420) 111 (lt LOD ndash 189) 338 (294 ndash 418) 918 (758 ndash 123) 24940ndash59 years 332 (285 ndash 386) 121 (324 ndash 187) 368 (316 ndash 439) 806 (679 ndash 960) 21960 years and older 342 (295 ndash 395) 133 (641 ndash 175) 365 (335 ndash 395) 793 (745 ndash 969) 299FemalesTotal 20 years and older 354 (304 ndash 412) 147 (937 ndash 184) 366 (333 ndash 423) 782 (724 ndash 941) 83720ndash39 years 340 (283 ndash 408) 144 (483 ndash 170) 358 (295 ndash 423) 758 (698 ndash 146) 28440ndash59 years 346 (285 ndash 419) 116 (666 ndash 176) 344 (303 ndash 443) 792 (718 ndash 115) 23560 years and older 389 (333 ndash 454) 177 (727 ndash 227) 425 (369 ndash 532) 769 (738 ndash 854) 318lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 225a3 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 338 (283 ndash 403) 147 (698 ndash 186) 369 (332 ndash 429) 740 (631 ndash 123) 34520ndash39 years 370 (296 ndash 462) 158 (lt LOD ndash 235) 397 (354 ndash 450) 741 (618 ndash 162) 11740ndash59 years 297 (204 ndash 431) 120dagger (lt LOD ndash 185) 345 (209 ndash 469) 748dagger (526 ndash 122) 9160 years and older 304 (244 ndash 379) 148 (lt LOD ndash 190) 341 (289 ndash 383) 686 (567 ndash 120) 137MalesTotal 20 years and older 357 (284 ndash 449) 151 (lt LOD ndash 196) 393 (352 ndash 430) 815 (607 ndash 238) 17020ndash39 years 372 (268 ndash 516) 138dagger (lt LOD ndash 215) 400 (327 ndash 492) 788dagger (600 ndash 238) 5840ndash59 years 347 (250 ndash 481) 147dagger (lt LOD ndash 204) 382 (277 ndash 466) 818dagger (528 ndash 115) 4760 years and older 300 (175 ndash 514) 147dagger (lt LOD ndash 217) 341 (176 ndash 576) 710dagger (504 ndash 131) 65FemalesTotal 20 years and older 316 (254 ndash 392) 143 (lt LOD ndash 187) 355 (285 ndash 470) 683 (585 ndash 788) 17520ndash39 years 367 (303 ndash 443) 168dagger (lt LOD ndash 249) 376 (330 ndash 488) 710dagger (569 ndash 182) 5940ndash59 years 248 (154 ndash 398) 740dagger (lt LOD ndash 171) 287 (188 ndash 431) 629dagger (479 ndash 122) 4460 years and older 308 (253 ndash 375) 148dagger (lt LOD ndash 210) 339 (265 ndash 384) 646dagger (482 ndash 108) 72lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2471 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2472 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 225a4 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 381 (339 ndash 429) 176 (712 ndash 222) 383 (346 ndash 450) 837 (702 ndash 134) 28020ndash39 years 352 (285 ndash 434) 168 (lt LOD ndash 211) 354 (315 ndash 417) 810 (561 ndash 234) 11640ndash59 years 404 (353 ndash 464) 164dagger (lt LOD ndash 246) 452 (373 ndash 502) 815dagger (720 ndash 116) 8260 years and older 428 (365 ndash 501) 224dagger (542 ndash 255) 419 (330 ndash 558) 849dagger (712 ndash 190) 82MalesTotal 20 years and older 366 (311 ndash 430) 182 (lt LOD ndash 226) 363 (308 ndash 453) 958 (705 ndash 134) 13020ndash39 years 331 (246 ndash 444) 150dagger (lt LOD ndash 227) 328 (235 ndash 453) 750dagger (546 ndash 238) 5440ndash59 years 395 (314 ndash 496) 176dagger (lt LOD ndash 260) 400 (307 ndash 503) 973dagger (686 ndash 146) 3560 years and older 434 (373 ndash 505) 186dagger (lt LOD ndash 252) 387 (328 ndash 641) 945dagger (802 ndash 190) 41FemalesTotal 20 years and older 394 (340 ndash 456) 175 (128 ndash 216) 414 (339 ndash 492) 810 (684 ndash 162) 15020ndash39 years 370 (287 ndash 477) 168dagger (lt LOD ndash 225) 357 (318 ndash 443) 827dagger (530 ndash 197) 6240ndash59 years 412 (348 ndash 489) 157dagger (381 ndash 246) 486 (340 ndash 624) 808dagger (693 ndash 119) 4760 years and older 424 (322 ndash 558) 230dagger (177 ndash 261) 423 (258 ndash 659) 756dagger (637 ndash 118) 41lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 225a5 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 336 (279 ndash 405) 118 (420 ndash 178) 354 (316 ndash 423) 812 (740 ndash 959) 86320ndash39 years 321 (241 ndash 427) 109 (lt LOD ndash 187) 337 (271 ndash 430) 851 (727 ndash 119) 25540ndash59 years 333 (277 ndash 401) 111 (402 ndash 171) 344 (298 ndash 449) 810 (696 ndash 110) 24260 years and older 363 (307 ndash 429) 149 (647 ndash 190) 393 (352 ndash 455) 777 (744 ndash 850) 366MalesTotal 20 years and older 321 (264 ndash 391) 109 (lt LOD ndash 185) 348 (305 ndash 420) 814 (722 ndash 956) 41220ndash39 years 310 (219 ndash 439) 749dagger (lt LOD ndash 186) 320 (256 ndash 488) 897dagger (737 ndash 128) 11040ndash59 years 321 (269 ndash 382) 108 (lt LOD ndash 191) 352 (301 ndash 438) 762 (591 ndash 968) 12260 years and older 338 (285 ndash 402) 137 (534 ndash 182) 363 (333 ndash 415) 779 (698 ndash 924) 180FemalesTotal 20 years and older 351 (289 ndash 425) 136 (604 ndash 176) 366 (321 ndash 430) 792 (738 ndash 104) 45120ndash39 years 331 (257 ndash 424) 137 (lt LOD ndash 189) 361 (273 ndash 430) 762 (664 ndash 169) 14540ndash59 years 346 (274 ndash 436) 109 (381 ndash 171) 343 (289 ndash 500) 843 (734 ndash 139) 12060 years and older 385 (320 ndash 463) 154 (484 ndash 218) 422 (361 ndash 548) 771 (739 ndash 861) 186lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
248 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population248 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
26a
1 P
lasm
a ne
rvon
ic a
cid
(24
1n-9
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
749
(72
4 ndash
774
)45
6(4
29
ndash 47
8)
498
(45
9 ndash
520
)75
0(7
20
ndash 77
7)
116
(112
ndash 1
21)
126
(122
ndash 1
34)
169
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
722
(68
7 ndash
758
)44
5(4
01
ndash 45
9)
478
(44
5 ndash
516
)72
1(6
78
ndash 77
2)
109
(103
ndash 1
15)
118
(112
ndash 1
26)
573
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
743
(71
5 ndash
771
)46
4(3
49
ndash 50
4)
512
(46
2 ndash
532
)74
1(7
14
ndash 77
6)
109
(105
ndash 1
21)
123
(113
ndash 1
40)
492
60 y
ears
and
old
er81
0(7
77
ndash 84
6)
441
(41
8 ndash
499
)50
7(4
46
ndash 53
2)
799
(77
2 ndash
848
)12
8(1
21 ndash
138
)13
7(1
29 ndash
161
)63
1G
ende
rM
ales
720
(69
5 ndash
745
)44
3(4
03
ndash 45
9)
470
(44
5 ndash
509
)71
9(6
98
ndash 74
4)
109
(105
ndash 1
14)
118
(113
ndash 1
27)
816
Fem
ales
777
(74
8 ndash
807
)47
9(4
46
ndash 50
0)
516
(47
0 ndash
553
)77
6(7
43
ndash 80
0)
121
(116
ndash 1
26)
131
(124
ndash 1
41)
880
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s74
4(7
10
ndash 78
0)
464
dagger(3
26
ndash 52
8)
514
(43
8 ndash
543
)76
0(7
11
ndash 77
9)
108
(101
ndash 1
21)
115dagger
(108
ndash 1
57)
373
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
773
(72
1 ndash
828
)44
4dagger
(23
7 ndash
492
)49
3(3
89
ndash 53
8)
775
(72
6 ndash
818
)12
3(1
15 ndash
131
)12
9dagger(1
24 ndash
161
)28
8N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
741
(71
3 ndash
770
)45
0(4
25
ndash 46
4)
492
(45
4 ndash
518
)74
0(7
10
ndash 77
4)
117
(111
ndash 1
22)
127
(122
ndash 1
35)
914
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0
Plas
ma
nerv
onic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
150 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 226a Plasma nervonic acid (241nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
nerv
onic
aci
dPl
asm
a ne
rvon
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 0
50
100
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 249249
250 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population250 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 226a2 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 749 (724 ndash 774) 544 (519 ndash 566) 750 (720 ndash 777) 103 (996 ndash 108) 169620ndash39 years 722 (687 ndash 758) 530 (483 ndash 562) 721 (678 ndash 772) 973 (942 ndash 103) 57340ndash59 years 743 (715 ndash 771) 550 (528 ndash 576) 741 (714 ndash 776) 987 (949 ndash 105) 49260 years and older 810 (777 ndash 846) 559 (518 ndash 600) 799 (772 ndash 848) 118 (110 ndash 124) 631MalesTotal 20 years and older 720 (695 ndash 745) 528 (498 ndash 548) 719 (698 ndash 744) 986 (956 ndash 102) 81620ndash39 years 709 (670 ndash 750) 525 (461 ndash 554) 692 (648 ndash 763) 991 (940 ndash 106) 26740ndash59 years 721 (694 ndash 749) 531 (473 ndash 572) 726 (711 ndash 746) 962 (889 ndash 104) 24060 years and older 739 (709 ndash 770) 514 (463 ndash 552) 742 (711 ndash 783) 103 (980 ndash 112) 309FemalesTotal 20 years and older 777 (748 ndash 807) 569 (527 ndash 595) 776 (743 ndash 800) 107 (101 ndash 115) 88020ndash39 years 734 (700 ndash 770) 539 (484 ndash 582) 749 (715 ndash 776) 969 (929 ndash 104) 30640ndash59 years 764 (732 ndash 798) 574 (519 ndash 598) 768 (704 ndash 812) 101 (977 ndash 109) 25260 years and older 873 (828 ndash 920) 620 (557 ndash 654) 863 (807 ndash 926) 123 (119 ndash 135) 322
Table 226a3 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 744 (710 ndash 780) 553 (507 ndash 586) 760 (711 ndash 779) 991 (937 ndash 107) 37320ndash39 years 739 (696 ndash 786) 553 (439 ndash 589) 758 (704 ndash 778) 961 (933 ndash 108) 12940ndash59 years 739 (693 ndash 786) 543dagger (466 ndash 588) 740 (690 ndash 813) 966dagger (894 ndash 122) 9360 years and older 786 (748 ndash 827) 587 (502 ndash 621) 802 (766 ndash 825) 105 (987 ndash 115) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 742 (710 ndash 776) 555 (527 ndash 577) 735 (705 ndash 777) 996 (934 ndash 107) 18720ndash39 years 740 (705 ndash 776) 545dagger (463 ndash 587) 722 (695 ndash 787) 949dagger (912 ndash 107) 6540ndash59 years 741 (684 ndash 802) 557dagger (460 ndash 599) 701 (669 ndash 806) 102dagger (890 ndash 127) 4860 years and older 766 (693 ndash 847) 532dagger (395 ndash 634) 780 (663 ndash 883) 104dagger (975 ndash 157) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 746 (697 ndash 799) 552 (459 ndash 593) 772 (672 ndash 820) 966 (908 ndash 116) 18620ndash39 years 739 (673 ndash 812) 553dagger (431 ndash 591) 771 (636 ndash 797) 986dagger (892 ndash 129) 6440ndash59 years 736 (671 ndash 808) 509dagger (445 ndash 594) 784 (634 ndash 855) 921dagger (862 ndash 121) 4560 years and older 805 (745 ndash 870) 605dagger (326 ndash 670) 806 (735 ndash 883) 104dagger (925 ndash 159) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2511 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2512 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 226a4 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 773 (721 ndash 828) 544 (493 ndash 574) 775 (726 ndash 818) 110 (102 ndash 121) 28820ndash39 years 731 (672 ndash 796) 509 (443 ndash 558) 741 (675 ndash 798) 101 (936 ndash 128) 11640ndash59 years 799 (741 ndash 862) 563dagger (500 ndash 619) 787 (728 ndash 816) 112dagger (996 ndash 137) 9360 years and older 841 (748 ndash 946) 553dagger (433 ndash 592) 877 (772 ndash 942) 122dagger (114 ndash 131) 79MalesTotal 20 years and older 744 (677 ndash 818) 533 (452 ndash 555) 744 (674 ndash 811) 111 (970 ndash 128) 13320ndash39 years 693 (585 ndash 820) 452dagger (237 ndash 539) 674 (603 ndash 806) 104dagger (817 ndash 129) 5440ndash59 years 789 (722 ndash 863) 567dagger (539 ndash 662) 766 (688 ndash 814) 109dagger (942 ndash 133) 4060 years and older 823 (736 ndash 920) 547dagger (496 ndash 622) 845 (597 ndash 104) 117dagger (104 ndash 129) 39FemalesTotal 20 years and older 796 (734 ndash 864) 557 (501 ndash 601) 793 (731 ndash 886) 109 (101 ndash 123) 15520ndash39 years 766 (687 ndash 854) 556dagger (486 ndash 613) 754 (703 ndash 862) 989dagger (920 ndash 123) 6240ndash59 years 806 (723 ndash 900) 555dagger (434 ndash 629) 792 (710 ndash 895) 112dagger (101 ndash 160) 5360 years and older 853 (716 ndash 102) 518dagger (397 ndash 628) 892 (758 ndash 952) 123dagger (101 ndash 167) 40dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 226a5 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 741 (713 ndash 770) 535 (513 ndash 562) 740 (710 ndash 774) 102 (986 ndash 109) 91420ndash39 years 705 (665 ndash 748) 519 (452 ndash 562) 707 (648 ndash 762) 940 (881 ndash 109) 28140ndash59 years 732 (701 ndash 765) 539 (510 ndash 576) 736 (698 ndash 776) 976 (919 ndash 108) 26560 years and older 810 (771 ndash 851) 554 (518 ndash 587) 799 (757 ndash 854) 118 (109 ndash 132) 368MalesTotal 20 years and older 706 (681 ndash 731) 521 (481 ndash 541) 710 (684 ndash 734) 972 (907 ndash 101) 43720ndash39 years 684 (643 ndash 727) 520 (437 ndash 557) 663 (617 ndash 730) 922 (844 ndash 109) 12040ndash59 years 710 (678 ndash 745) 528 (463 ndash 544) 723 (709 ndash 742) 932 (864 ndash 107) 13560 years and older 730 (700 ndash 761) 509 (435 ndash 548) 737 (685 ndash 788) 102 (939 ndash 113) 182FemalesTotal 20 years and older 775 (738 ndash 813) 562 (519 ndash 592) 774 (724 ndash 810) 108 (101 ndash 119) 47720ndash39 years 725 (679 ndash 775) 519 (452 ndash 576) 741 (689 ndash 783) 961 (900 ndash 115) 16140ndash59 years 755 (717 ndash 794) 572 (519 ndash 593) 747 (684 ndash 807) 100 (947 ndash 109) 13060 years and older 884 (831 ndash 941) 618 (535 ndash 684) 883 (798 ndash 965) 126 (119 ndash 137) 186
252 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population252 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
27a
1 P
lasm
a lin
olei
c ac
id (1
82n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
345
0(3
390
ndash 3
510
)2
210
(20
70 ndash
23
00)
237
0(2
310
ndash 2
450
)3
430
(33
70 ndash
35
20)
498
0(4
810
ndash 5
190
)5
410
(51
40 ndash
58
40)
180
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
334
0(3
260
ndash 3
410
)2
150
(18
30 ndash
22
90)
234
0(2
200
ndash 2
460
)3
310
(32
40 ndash
33
70)
481
0(4
630
ndash 5
230
)5
250
(49
10 ndash
62
60)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
352
0(3
440
ndash 3
600
)2
230
(17
40 ndash
23
60)
242
0(2
250
ndash 2
570
)3
500
(34
10 ndash
36
20)
506
0(4
830
ndash 5
610
)5
550
(51
10 ndash
58
80)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
520
(34
30 ndash
36
00)
225
0(1
960
ndash 2
320
)2
360
(22
80 ndash
24
90)
357
0(3
480
ndash 3
640
)5
090
(48
70 ndash
52
20)
544
0(5
160
ndash 5
890
)68
1G
ende
rM
ales
338
0(3
300
ndash 3
470
)2
240
(21
20 ndash
23
10)
234
0(2
310
ndash 2
410
)3
360
(32
40 ndash
34
50)
490
0(4
640
ndash 5
360
)5
240
(50
90 ndash
58
10)
863
Fem
ales
350
0(3
430
ndash 3
580
)2
170
(19
10 ndash
23
40)
242
0(2
300
ndash 2
540
)3
530
(34
50 ndash
36
00)
504
0(4
880
ndash 5
280
)5
500
(51
00 ndash
59
00)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s3
730
(35
70 ndash
39
00)
232
0dagger(1
840
ndash 2
480
)2
490
(23
30 ndash
26
10)
366
0(3
510
ndash 3
900
)5
800
(52
70 ndash
65
70)
632
0dagger(5
810
ndash 7
000
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
210
(30
90 ndash
33
40)
214
0dagger(1
850
ndash 2
200
)2
250
(21
10 ndash
23
60)
313
0(3
030
ndash 3
230
)4
610
(44
60 ndash
48
10)
496
0dagger(4
640
ndash 8
680
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
344
0(3
370
ndash 3
510
)2
210
(20
20 ndash
23
00)
236
0(2
270
ndash 2
500
)3
440
(33
60 ndash
35
40)
495
0(4
800
ndash 5
080
)5
190
(50
50 ndash
57
80)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
00
4000
60
00
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 227a Plasma linoleic acid (182nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 20
00
4000
60
00
0 20
00
4000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 253253
254 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population254 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 227a2 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3450 (3390 ndash 3510) 2610 (2550 ndash 2700) 3430 (3370 ndash 3520) 4570 (4410 ndash 4730) 180620ndash39 years 3340 (3260 ndash 3410) 2570 (2470 ndash 2610) 3310 (3240 ndash 3370) 4410 (4280 ndash 4670) 61040ndash59 years 3520 (3440 ndash 3600) 2700 (2520 ndash 2780) 3500 (3410 ndash 3620) 4700 (4510 ndash 4830) 51560 years and older 3520 (3430 ndash 3600) 2690 (2480 ndash 2790) 3570 (3480 ndash 3640) 4580 (4410 ndash 4870) 681MalesTotal 20 years and older 3380 (3300 ndash 3470) 2590 (2480 ndash 2680) 3360 (3240 ndash 3450) 4510 (4240 ndash 4720) 86320ndash39 years 3280 (3190 ndash 3380) 2510 (2420 ndash 2600) 3210 (3150 ndash 3320) 4380 (4030 ndash 4910) 28240ndash59 years 3530 (3430 ndash 3620) 2710 (2600 ndash 2790) 3490 (3350 ndash 3640) 4610 (4350 ndash 4860) 24860 years and older 3320 (3220 ndash 3420) 2420 (2320 ndash 2570) 3370 (3180 ndash 3510) 4310 (4160 ndash 4680) 333FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3500 (3430 ndash 3580) 2640 (2580 ndash 2740) 3530 (3450 ndash 3600) 4660 (4490 ndash 4820) 94320ndash39 years 3390 (3270 ndash 3510) 2590 (2530 ndash 2630) 3390 (3280 ndash 3520) 4420 (4270 ndash 4860) 32840ndash59 years 3510 (3390 ndash 3630) 2630 (2350 ndash 2860) 3530 (3420 ndash 3620) 4790 (4380 ndash 5030) 26760 years and older 3690 (3580 ndash 3800) 2870 (2770 ndash 2940) 3700 (3600 ndash 3790) 4820 (4540 ndash 5080) 348
Table 227a3 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3730 (3570 ndash 3900) 2700 (2500 ndash 2900) 3660 (3510 ndash 3900) 5170 (4740 ndash 5900) 37520ndash39 years 3630 (3350 ndash 3920) 2620 (2350 ndash 2730) 3530 (3280 ndash 3960) 5120 (4570 ndash 6320) 13240ndash59 years 3920 (3720 ndash 4130) 2900dagger (2410 ndash 3150) 3810 (3690 ndash 4100) 5370dagger (4730 ndash 7050) 9360 years and older 3860 (3540 ndash 4210) 2910 (2120 ndash 3360) 3840 (3530 ndash 4250) 5050 (4590 ndash 6170) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 3700 (3460 ndash 3950) 2630 (2330 ndash 2910) 3640 (3280 ndash 4140) 5100 (4650 ndash 6350) 18820ndash39 years 3600 (3220 ndash 4040) 2490dagger (2310 ndash 2860) 3500 (3030 ndash 4300) 5020dagger (4440 ndash 6640) 6740ndash59 years 3890 (3610 ndash 4200) 3010dagger (2020 ndash 3250) 3860 (3600 ndash 4150) 5050dagger (4530 ndash 7450) 4860 years and older 3750 (3490 ndash 4030) 2750dagger (2170 ndash 3290) 3760 (3580 ndash 3990) 4960dagger (4330 ndash 5580) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3780 (3610 ndash 3960) 2710 (2260 ndash 3040) 3680 (3530 ndash 3920) 5260 (4810 ndash 5960) 18720ndash39 years 3660 (3320 ndash 4030) 2710dagger (1840 ndash 3050) 3550 (3470 ndash 3910) 5130dagger (4350 ndash 6500) 6540ndash59 years 3950 (3680 ndash 4250) 2720dagger (2350 ndash 3130) 3780 (3580 ndash 4330) 5440dagger (4800 ndash 6970) 4560 years and older 3970 (3440 ndash 4580) 2920dagger (2120 ndash 3520) 3930 (3450 ndash 4570) 5080dagger (4570 ndash 6220) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2551 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2552 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 227a4 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3210 (3090 ndash 3340) 2430 (2350 ndash 2490) 3130 (3030 ndash 3230) 4250 (4120 ndash 4540) 31020ndash39 years 3140 (2940 ndash 3340) 2360 (2150 ndash 2460) 3050 (2860 ndash 3230) 4200 (4030 ndash 4570) 12640ndash59 years 3280 (3110 ndash 3470) 2540dagger (2240 ndash 2690) 3160 (3040 ndash 3260) 4330dagger (4100 ndash 5000) 9860 years and older 3290 (3080 ndash 3510) 2470dagger (1190 ndash 2710) 3410 (3090 ndash 3550) 4210dagger (3930 ndash 5080) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 3190 (3070 ndash 3320) 2350 (2180 ndash 2480) 3070 (2980 ndash 3190) 4380 (3940 ndash 4840) 14320ndash39 years 3120 (2900 ndash 3350) 2320dagger (1800 ndash 2450) 3030 (2790 ndash 3290) 4110dagger (3750 ndash 7040) 5840ndash59 years 3370 (3190 ndash 3570) 2610dagger (2200 ndash 2750) 3160 (2990 ndash 3280) 4570dagger (4110 ndash 8980) 4260 years and older 3050 (2750 ndash 3380) 2300dagger (1190 ndash 2500) 3070 (2730 ndash 3650) 4010dagger (3800 ndash 4250) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3230 (3050 ndash 3410) 2460 (2390 ndash 2560) 3180 (2970 ndash 3380) 4210 (4040 ndash 5050) 16720ndash39 years 3160 (2920 ndash 3410) 2410dagger (2220 ndash 2470) 3100 (2820 ndash 3340) 4230dagger (3900 ndash 5030) 6840ndash59 years 3220 (3000 ndash 3440) 2490dagger (2160 ndash 2630) 3100 (2910 ndash 3410) 4120dagger (3720 ndash 7490) 5660 years and older 3450 (3190 ndash 3720) 2640dagger (2420 ndash 2910) 3430 (3050 ndash 3750) 4350dagger (4100 ndash 5080) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 227a5 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3440 (3370 ndash 3510) 2620 (2530 ndash 2710) 3440 (3360 ndash 3540) 4520 (4340 ndash 4720) 99120ndash39 years 3330 (3250 ndash 3420) 2580 (2520 ndash 2620) 3310 (3250 ndash 3380) 4360 (4130 ndash 4730) 30040ndash59 years 3470 (3370 ndash 3580) 2690 (2360 ndash 2830) 3480 (3340 ndash 3620) 4560 (4300 ndash 4820) 28060 years and older 3530 (3430 ndash 3630) 2680 (2420 ndash 2800) 3590 (3490 ndash 3690) 4600 (4440 ndash 4930) 411MalesTotal 20 years and older 3360 (3260 ndash 3470) 2580 (2440 ndash 2690) 3370 (3210 ndash 3500) 4330 (4130 ndash 4740) 47120ndash39 years 3250 (3140 ndash 3370) 2530 (2420 ndash 2600) 3210 (3130 ndash 3330) 4150 (3860 ndash 5070) 12840ndash59 years 3480 (3340 ndash 3630) 2710 (2430 ndash 2830) 3480 (3290 ndash 3650) 4430 (4200 ndash 4930) 14060 years and older 3330 (3210 ndash 3450) 2420 (2300 ndash 2580) 3370 (3090 ndash 3600) 4320 (4110 ndash 4780) 203FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3510 (3430 ndash 3590) 2660 (2570 ndash 2770) 3530 (3420 ndash 3610) 4660 (4480 ndash 4820) 52020ndash39 years 3410 (3240 ndash 3580) 2610 (2430 ndash 2740) 3390 (3250 ndash 3580) 4390 (4180 ndash 4970) 17240ndash59 years 3470 (3330 ndash 3610) 2570 (2220 ndash 2870) 3480 (3340 ndash 3610) 4720 (4290 ndash 4940) 14060 years and older 3720 (3580 ndash 3860) 2900 (2810 ndash 2970) 3760 (3640 ndash 3840) 4860 (4530 ndash 5140) 208
256 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population256 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
28a
1 P
lasm
a al
pha-
linol
enic
aci
d (1
83n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
631
(60
5 ndash
658
)25
2(2
14
ndash 27
5)
300
(26
0 ndash
331
)61
4(5
89
ndash 63
7)
137
(128
ndash 1
51)
165
(153
ndash 1
92)
180
1A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
581
(55
8 ndash
606
)24
9(1
99
ndash 26
6)
273
(25
2 ndash
303
)57
5(5
52
ndash 59
9)
127
(117
ndash 1
50)
159
(137
ndash 2
21)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
650
(60
7 ndash
696
)25
1(1
43
ndash 30
3)
308
(22
7 ndash
356
)61
2(5
82
ndash 66
9)
134
(127
ndash 1
62)
174
(157
ndash 2
03)
513
60 y
ears
and
old
er69
0(6
52
ndash 73
0)
293
(20
8 ndash
332
)33
5(2
84
ndash 36
4)
683
(64
9 ndash
723
)14
3(1
38 ndash
154
)15
9(1
47 ndash
234
)67
8G
ende
rM
ales
621
(58
8 ndash
655
)23
0(1
70
ndash 26
2)
276
(22
4 ndash
317
)59
9(5
73
ndash 64
2)
142
(128
ndash 1
72)
173
(155
ndash 2
10)
859
Fem
ales
641
(61
1 ndash
672
)27
2(2
36
ndash 30
6)
328
(27
5 ndash
347
)62
4(5
99
ndash 65
5)
131
(123
ndash 1
50)
158
(146
ndash 1
84)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s69
0(6
38
ndash 74
5)
239
dagger(2
01
ndash 30
7)
318
(24
3 ndash
361
)66
2(5
96
ndash 73
9)
160
(135
ndash 2
46)
199dagger
(159
ndash 4
21)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
538
(50
4 ndash
574
)24
5dagger
(13
3 ndash
288
)28
8(2
37
ndash 30
8)
505
(48
2 ndash
531
)11
5(1
07 ndash
147
)14
9dagger(1
21 ndash
362
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
633
(59
9 ndash
668
)25
2(2
00
ndash 27
5)
295
(25
8 ndash
330
)62
3(5
89
ndash 65
7)
133
(124
ndash 1
53)
157
(143
ndash 1
93)
986
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0
Plas
ma
alph
aminuslin
olen
icac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
150
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 228a Plasma alphaminuslinolenic acid (183nndash3) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
alph
aminuslin
olen
icPl
asm
a al
phaminus
linol
enic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 0
50
100
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 257257
258 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population258 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 228a2 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Samplesize10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 631 (605 ndash 658) 353 (331 ndash 380) 614 (589 ndash 637) 114 (110 ndash 121) 180120ndash39 years 581 (558 ndash 606) 329 (308 ndash 342) 575 (552 ndash 599) 107 (982 ndash 116) 61040ndash59 years 650 (607 ndash 696) 376 (313 ndash 405) 612 (582 ndash 669) 117 (110 ndash 128) 51360 years and older 690 (652 ndash 730) 393 (348 ndash 432) 683 (649 ndash 723) 123 (112 ndash 137) 678MalesTotal 20 years and older 621 (588 ndash 655) 336 (286 ndash 370) 599 (573 ndash 642) 116 (110 ndash 127) 85920ndash39 years 569 (535 ndash 606) 316 (275 ndash 343) 557 (512 ndash 596) 107 (981 ndash 121) 28240ndash59 years 659 (615 ndash 706) 345 (239 ndash 437) 636 (581 ndash 729) 125 (112 ndash 132) 24660 years and older 654 (601 ndash 712) 353 (317 ndash 398) 638 (572 ndash 738) 120 (107 ndash 147) 331FemalesTotal 20 years and older 641 (611 ndash 672) 381 (351 ndash 397) 624 (599 ndash 655) 113 (106 ndash 122) 94220ndash39 years 593 (561 ndash 627) 340 (307 ndash 362) 591 (560 ndash 626) 105 (934 ndash 125) 32840ndash59 years 642 (584 ndash 704) 385 (341 ndash 406) 588 (553 ndash 657) 112 (103 ndash 125) 26760 years and older 720 (673 ndash 771) 429 (365 ndash 475) 711 (669 ndash 766) 123 (109 ndash 141) 347
Table 228a3 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 690 (638 ndash 745) 394 (302 ndash 430) 662 (596 ndash 739) 133 (117 ndash 159) 37520ndash39 years 656 (562 ndash 766) 368 (252 ndash 413) 614 (546 ndash 738) 125 (111 ndash 215) 13240ndash59 years 738 (654 ndash 832) 438dagger (301 ndash 478) 705 (590 ndash 884) 133dagger (115 ndash 146) 9360 years and older 761 (655 ndash 885) 436 (344 ndash 474) 759 (676 ndash 829) 136 (108 ndash 292) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 689 (611 ndash 777) 405 (258 ndash 435) 659 (546 ndash 802) 134 (113 ndash 201) 18820ndash39 years 662 (523 ndash 839) 393dagger (228 ndash 426) 585 (446 ndash 865) 130dagger (919 ndash 222) 6740ndash59 years 744 (597 ndash 928) 437dagger (227 ndash 508) 704 (556 ndash 959) 133dagger (105 ndash 421) 4860 years and older 706 (603 ndash 825) 396dagger (318 ndash 470) 696 (551 ndash 794) 125dagger (947 ndash 292) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 691 (621 ndash 768) 375 (231 ndash 448) 662 (602 ndash 732) 131 (118 ndash 147) 18720ndash39 years 647 (514 ndash 815) 327dagger (201 ndash 437) 636 (550 ndash 734) 125dagger (102 ndash 278) 6540ndash59 years 730 (634 ndash 841) 414dagger (231 ndash 521) 690 (541 ndash 879) 132dagger (110 ndash 194) 4560 years and older 816 (644 ndash 103) 452dagger (323 ndash 581) 820 (648 ndash 948) 144dagger (111 ndash 197) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2591 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2592 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 228a4 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 538 (504 ndash 574) 318 (294 ndash 340) 505 (482 ndash 531) 917 (810 ndash 112) 31020ndash39 years 504 (446 ndash 568) 307 (264 ndash 331) 481 (430 ndash 530) 768 (690 ndash 142) 12640ndash59 years 562 (520 ndash 606) 328dagger (234 ndash 362) 515 (471 ndash 551) 990dagger (818 ndash 315) 9860 years and older 594 (533 ndash 662) 359dagger (294 ndash 404) 600 (535 ndash 630) 929dagger (814 ndash 142) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 534 (486 ndash 587) 294 (241 ndash 324) 517 (449 ndash 553) 933 (789 ndash 149) 14320ndash39 years 496 (412 ndash 598) 288dagger (133 ndash 335) 455 (424 ndash 579) 757dagger (653 ndash 523) 5840ndash59 years 579 (499 ndash 672) 297dagger (181 ndash 352) 516 (409 ndash 637) 124dagger (974 ndash 284) 4260 years and older 564 (488 ndash 651) 306dagger (253 ndash 399) 598 (462 ndash 725) 907dagger (790 ndash 105) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 541 (500 ndash 585) 344 (321 ndash 370) 503 (475 ndash 546) 889 (774 ndash 120) 16720ndash39 years 510 (457 ndash 569) 327dagger (281 ndash 359) 482 (412 ndash 577) 801dagger (670 ndash 134) 6840ndash59 years 549 (478 ndash 629) 352dagger (231 ndash 399) 512 (443 ndash 576) 847dagger (758 ndash 332) 5660 years and older 614 (537 ndash 701) 388dagger (329 ndash 432) 592 (520 ndash 648) 101dagger (815 ndash 142) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 228a5 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 633 (599 ndash 668) 349 (323 ndash 380) 623 (589 ndash 657) 113 (109 ndash 120) 98620ndash39 years 583 (555 ndash 613) 324 (302 ndash 341) 584 (564 ndash 619) 103 (938 ndash 116) 30040ndash59 years 640 (579 ndash 707) 375 (281 ndash 408) 605 (573 ndash 680) 114 (108 ndash 123) 27860 years and older 694 (651 ndash 740) 394 (343 ndash 441) 690 (651 ndash 727) 125 (111 ndash 140) 408MalesTotal 20 years and older 618 (581 ndash 657) 330 (275 ndash 366) 606 (574 ndash 654) 113 (108 ndash 124) 46720ndash39 years 557 (522 ndash 595) 306 (264 ndash 337) 551 (477 ndash 606) 103 (956 ndash 113) 12840ndash59 years 648 (596 ndash 705) 337 (161 ndash 457) 636 (581 ndash 708) 116 (108 ndash 132) 13860 years and older 658 (601 ndash 721) 360 (292 ndash 416) 638 (571 ndash 744) 118 (109 ndash 145) 201FemalesTotal 20 years and older 647 (610 ndash 685) 382 (346 ndash 400) 628 (598 ndash 670) 113 (106 ndash 121) 51920ndash39 years 608 (567 ndash 651) 340 (304 ndash 373) 610 (564 ndash 661) 103 (888 ndash 128) 17240ndash59 years 632 (552 ndash 723) 384 (336 ndash 407) 584 (521 ndash 681) 111 (102 ndash 120) 14060 years and older 725 (670 ndash 785) 419 (347 ndash 481) 712 (673 ndash 766) 127 (108 ndash 154) 207
260 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population260 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
29a
1 P
lasm
a ga
mm
a-lin
olen
ic a
cid
(18
3n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
469
(45
0 ndash
490
)17
1(1
37
ndash 19
1)
202
(19
0 ndash
220
)49
0(4
64
ndash 51
5)
100
(94
2 ndash
106)
117
(107
ndash 1
27)
179
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
417
(39
4 ndash
441
)15
0(1
26
ndash 17
7)
193
(15
1 ndash
212
)41
9(3
87
ndash 46
5)
851
(79
1 ndash
105)
998
(86
2 ndash
140)
603
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
510
(48
4 ndash
538
)18
4(1
50
ndash 19
4)
204
(18
3 ndash
240
)53
3(5
01
ndash 56
4)
108
(96
5 ndash
118)
121
(113
ndash 1
29)
513
60 y
ears
and
old
er49
6(4
59
ndash 53
6)
183
(14
4 ndash
203
)22
0(2
03
ndash 23
6)
512
(46
1 ndash
570
)10
2(9
74
ndash 11
9)11
5(1
04 ndash
142
)67
9G
ende
rM
ales
480
(45
5 ndash
506
)17
1(1
31
ndash 20
3)
220
(18
7 ndash
235
)50
0(4
80
ndash 52
4)
992
(90
5 ndash
120)
120
(105
ndash 1
29)
855
Fem
ales
460
(43
7 ndash
484
)16
8(1
28
ndash 19
1)
195
(17
0 ndash
216
)47
2(4
40
ndash 50
6)
100
(92
8 ndash
106)
110
(106
ndash 1
28)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s41
8(3
81
ndash 45
8)
126
dagger(6
25
ndash 15
0)
151
(99
0 ndash
186
)43
1(3
84
ndash 49
9)
940
(89
7 ndash
115)
116dagger
(96
3 ndash
132)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
425
(40
4 ndash
447
)16
5dagger
(14
9 ndash
183
)20
6(1
58
ndash 23
1)
428
(40
0 ndash
464
)84
1(7
67
ndash 11
2)10
5dagger(8
67
ndash 13
8)30
9N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
488
(46
1 ndash
516
)19
2(1
39
ndash 21
3)
221
(19
7 ndash
238
)50
5(4
75
ndash 53
2)
101
(93
4 ndash
108)
117
(105
ndash 1
28)
981
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icacid (μ
molL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 229a Plasma gammaminuslinolenic acid (183nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icPlasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icacid (μ
molL)
acid (μ
molL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 261261
262 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population262 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 229a2 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 469 (450 ndash 490) 244 (229 ndash 258) 490 (464 ndash 515) 857 (821 ndash 903) 179520ndash39 years 417 (394 ndash 441) 225 (206 ndash 241) 419 (387 ndash 465) 752 (699 ndash 809) 60340ndash59 years 510 (484 ndash 538) 257 (234 ndash 295) 533 (501 ndash 564) 905 (871 ndash 947) 51360 years and older 496 (459 ndash 536) 267 (239 ndash 291) 512 (461 ndash 570) 908 (828 ndash 101) 679MalesTotal 20 years and older 480 (455 ndash 506) 256 (238 ndash 270) 500 (480 ndash 524) 857 (812 ndash 944) 85520ndash39 years 457 (427 ndash 488) 251 (217 ndash 269) 488 (443 ndash 521) 795 (684 ndash 905) 27740ndash59 years 527 (495 ndash 562) 263 (239 ndash 308) 557 (515 ndash 592) 919 (856 ndash 110) 24660 years and older 443 (403 ndash 487) 247 (195 ndash 277) 445 (424 ndash 484) 798 (705 ndash 101) 332FemalesTotal 20 years and older 460 (437 ndash 484) 230 (215 ndash 248) 472 (440 ndash 506) 851 (804 ndash 898) 94020ndash39 years 382 (353 ndash 413) 215 (166 ndash 231) 373 (347 ndash 413) 730 (626 ndash 790) 32640ndash59 years 495 (463 ndash 530) 245 (201 ndash 278) 517 (482 ndash 558) 897 (819 ndash 101) 26760 years and older 544 (500 ndash 592) 291 (262 ndash 306) 579 (507 ndash 645) 972 (880 ndash 105) 347
Table 229a3 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 418 (381 ndash 458) 195 (152 ndash 228) 431 (384 ndash 499) 835 (773 ndash 898) 37520ndash39 years 385 (332 ndash 445) 181 (130 ndash 202) 404 (326 ndash 511) 712 (670 ndash 870) 13240ndash59 years 474 (429 ndash 523) 242dagger (173 ndash 276) 483 (396 ndash 551) 949dagger (815 ndash 123) 9360 years and older 469 (409 ndash 537) 240 (133 ndash 291) 487 (419 ndash 610) 860 (791 ndash 897) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 442 (381 ndash 512) 206 (145 ndash 263) 459 (384 ndash 548) 873 (740 ndash 916) 18820ndash39 years 433 (346 ndash 542) 201dagger (722 ndash 252) 467 (328 ndash 600) 813dagger (671 ndash 107) 6740ndash59 years 471 (379 ndash 586) 258dagger (942 ndash 317) 447 (380 ndash 552) 942dagger (709 ndash 155) 4860 years and older 411 (335 ndash 505) 213dagger (111 ndash 256) 429 (269 ndash 608) 710dagger (575 ndash 131) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 390 (344 ndash 441) 165 (106 ndash 219) 401 (330 ndash 506) 824 (722 ndash 906) 18720ndash39 years 328 (265 ndash 406) 147dagger (625 ndash 193) 346 (290 ndash 414) 616dagger (506 ndash 896) 6540ndash59 years 476 (414 ndash 548) 210dagger (150 ndash 274) 513 (350 ndash 616) 949dagger (812 ndash 108) 4560 years and older 529 (460 ndash 607) 266dagger (956 ndash 391) 553 (503 ndash 622) 889dagger (864 ndash 982) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2631 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2632 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 229a4 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 425 (404 ndash 447) 237 (220 ndash 251) 428 (400 ndash 464) 737 (683 ndash 800) 30920ndash39 years 380 (351 ndash 412) 221 (182 ndash 241) 371 (327 ndash 418) 673 (618 ndash 762) 12540ndash59 years 492 (455 ndash 532) 270dagger (199 ndash 330) 501 (486 ndash 533) 822dagger (730 ndash 111) 9860 years and older 429 (401 ndash 459) 253dagger (119 ndash 300) 458 (398 ndash 486) 685dagger (663 ndash 740) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 447 (412 ndash 484) 248 (225 ndash 275) 442 (387 ndash 512) 754 (728 ndash 886) 14220ndash39 years 417 (373 ndash 466) 234dagger (147 ndash 263) 425 (325 ndash 520) 731dagger (603 ndash 181) 5740ndash59 years 511 (451 ndash 578) 279dagger (232 ndash 348) 488 (392 ndash 588) 885dagger (731 ndash 121) 4260 years and older 409 (356 ndash 469) 236dagger (200 ndash 263) 398 (333 ndash 513) 694dagger (574 ndash 831) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 409 (389 ndash 430) 224 (189 ndash 252) 417 (378 ndash 462) 693 (659 ndash 786) 16720ndash39 years 353 (326 ndash 382) 212dagger (155 ndash 243) 367 (299 ndash 391) 600dagger (506 ndash 822) 6840ndash59 years 479 (423 ndash 542) 218dagger (178 ndash 333) 508 (464 ndash 540) 781dagger (682 ndash 109) 5660 years and older 442 (396 ndash 494) 254dagger (119 ndash 310) 468 (365 ndash 540) 683dagger (617 ndash 784) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 229a5 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 488 (461 ndash 516) 256 (239 ndash 278) 505 (475 ndash 532) 869 (822 ndash 932) 98120ndash39 years 441 (409 ndash 476) 240 (218 ndash 267) 453 (390 ndash 509) 763 (695 ndash 847) 29440ndash59 years 519 (481 ndash 560) 266 (228 ndash 322) 542 (500 ndash 587) 903 (864 ndash 947) 27860 years and older 506 (461 ndash 555) 268 (228 ndash 296) 524 (462 ndash 587) 925 (832 ndash 104) 409MalesTotal 20 years and older 496 (460 ndash 534) 263 (239 ndash 296) 514 (490 ndash 535) 861 (797 ndash 101) 46420ndash39 years 477 (436 ndash 521) 263 (225 ndash 295) 498 (468 ndash 529) 805 (677 ndash 115) 12440ndash59 years 544 (500 ndash 592) 285 (240 ndash 333) 569 (517 ndash 607) 924 (855 ndash 117) 13860 years and older 447 (398 ndash 503) 246 (163 ndash 287) 446 (418 ndash 497) 809 (674 ndash 119) 202FemalesTotal 20 years and older 481 (454 ndash 509) 246 (224 ndash 277) 491 (451 ndash 535) 873 (821 ndash 922) 51720ndash39 years 413 (372 ndash 458) 230 (201 ndash 252) 396 (358 ndash 454) 755 (647 ndash 817) 17040ndash59 years 495 (448 ndash 548) 254 (192 ndash 315) 505 (462 ndash 561) 889 (770 ndash 103) 14060 years and older 561 (506 ndash 622) 296 (228 ndash 335) 606 (528 ndash 660) 974 (883 ndash 107) 207
264 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population264 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
30a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cosa
dien
oic
acid
(20
2n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
212
(20
7 ndash
218
)11
2(1
05
ndash 11
6)
124
(11
9 ndash
128
)20
9(2
03
ndash 21
6)
369
(35
1 ndash
399
)42
2(3
99
ndash 47
3)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
202
(19
5 ndash
209
)10
4(9
44
ndash 11
0)
113
(10
7 ndash
120
)19
4(1
86
ndash 20
3)
385
(35
8 ndash
432
)43
9(4
07
ndash 50
1)
607
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
215
(20
6 ndash
223
)11
7(1
03
ndash 12
2)
128
(11
8 ndash
137
)21
2(2
03
ndash 22
4)
354
(33
9 ndash
403
)42
0(3
81
ndash 47
5)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er22
8(2
21
ndash 23
5)
129
(10
6 ndash
140
)14
3(1
31
ndash 15
3)
231
(22
3 ndash
236
)35
4(3
37
ndash 37
4)
386
(36
6 ndash
466
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
204
(19
7 ndash
212
)11
4(1
06
ndash 11
9)
126
(11
8 ndash
130
)20
2(1
93
ndash 21
1)
329
(31
3 ndash
371
)40
0(3
51
ndash 44
9)
865
Fem
ales
220
(21
3 ndash
227
)11
0(1
04
ndash 11
4)
122
(11
4 ndash
130
)21
7(2
10
ndash 22
3)
385
(36
4 ndash
438
)46
5(4
09
ndash 49
6)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s25
2(2
35
ndash 27
1)
114
dagger(8
60
ndash 13
3)
133
(11
3 ndash
144
)24
9(2
28
ndash 26
6)
495
(43
2 ndash
693
)55
0dagger
(49
5 ndash
121)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
192
(18
3 ndash
201
)10
8dagger
(90
0 ndash
112
)11
4(1
05
ndash 12
5)
190
(18
1 ndash
197
)33
5(2
84
ndash 40
5)
363
dagger(3
46
ndash 51
6)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s20
9(2
03
ndash 21
5)
112
(98
3 ndash
118
)12
3(1
17
ndash 12
9)
207
(20
1 ndash
214
)35
0(3
35
ndash 38
1)
407
(36
9 ndash
465
)99
0dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
eico
sadi
enoi
cac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 230a Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
eico
sadi
enoi
cPl
asm
a ei
cosa
dien
oic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 265265
266 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population266 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 230a2 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 212 (207 ndash 218) 141 (135 ndash 146) 209 (203 ndash 216) 320 (308 ndash 338) 180520ndash39 years 202 (195 ndash 209) 130 (120 ndash 137) 194 (186 ndash 203) 331 (309 ndash 366) 60740ndash59 years 215 (206 ndash 223) 145 (132 ndash 153) 212 (203 ndash 224) 308 (300 ndash 337) 51560 years and older 228 (221 ndash 235) 162 (152 ndash 168) 231 (223 ndash 236) 322 (310 ndash 334) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 204 (197 ndash 212) 139 (130 ndash 147) 202 (193 ndash 211) 296 (281 ndash 313) 86520ndash39 years 193 (184 ndash 202) 131 (116 ndash 139) 192 (181 ndash 199) 283 (264 ndash 314) 28240ndash59 years 212 (203 ndash 222) 145 (129 ndash 153) 209 (196 ndash 228) 303 (281 ndash 324) 24860 years and older 214 (206 ndash 222) 153 (132 ndash 166) 210 (203 ndash 219) 295 (281 ndash 334) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 220 (213 ndash 227) 144 (137 ndash 148) 217 (210 ndash 223) 342 (325 ndash 362) 94020ndash39 years 211 (201 ndash 223) 129 (122 ndash 138) 200 (190 ndash 212) 363 (343 ndash 394) 32540ndash59 years 217 (206 ndash 229) 146 (122 ndash 157) 214 (205 ndash 222) 315 (299 ndash 378) 26760 years and older 240 (231 ndash 249) 167 (156 ndash 177) 240 (231 ndash 254) 335 (324 ndash 357) 348
Table 230a3 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 252 (235 ndash 271) 157 (134 ndash 172) 249 (228 ndash 266) 421 (356 ndash 512) 37520ndash39 years 243 (217 ndash 273) 141 (126 ndash 167) 235 (205 ndash 278) 439 (337 ndash 556) 13140ndash59 years 266 (246 ndash 288) 177dagger (123 ndash 202) 255 (245 ndash 265) 423dagger (358 ndash 733) 9360 years and older 268 (254 ndash 283) 199 (181 ndash 204) 264 (247 ndash 276) 370 (351 ndash 493) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 247 (222 ndash 275) 149 (130 ndash 172) 247 (224 ndash 266) 399 (319 ndash 637) 18920ndash39 years 238 (201 ndash 282) 137dagger (121 ndash 159) 239 (198 ndash 288) 365dagger (288 ndash 564) 6740ndash59 years 264 (242 ndash 289) 176dagger (125 ndash 206) 252 (238 ndash 269) 416dagger (347 ndash 733) 4860 years and older 258 (236 ndash 282) 187dagger (107 ndash 205) 256 (221 ndash 279) 370dagger (313 ndash 692) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 259 (240 ndash 280) 167 (114 ndash 174) 251 (222 ndash 277) 458 (376 ndash 559) 18620ndash39 years 251 (218 ndash 288) 145dagger (108 ndash 172) 227 (201 ndash 270) 488dagger (372 ndash 566) 6440ndash59 years 268 (231 ndash 312) 183dagger (860 ndash 206) 257 (230 ndash 283) 422dagger (329 ndash 583) 4560 years and older 278 (240 ndash 322) 202dagger (178 ndash 208) 269 (229 ndash 345) 361dagger (347 ndash 515) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2671 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2672 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 230a4 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 192 (183 ndash 201) 128 (113 ndash 137) 190 (181 ndash 197) 278 (254 ndash 338) 31020ndash39 years 183 (170 ndash 197) 122 (109 ndash 131) 179 (163 ndash 191) 264 (245 ndash 361) 12640ndash59 years 198 (186 ndash 211) 133dagger (105 ndash 149) 192 (178 ndash 211) 281dagger (261 ndash 349) 9860 years and older 205 (196 ndash 213) 142dagger (126 ndash 154) 211 (197 ndash 224) 275dagger (253 ndash 282) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 184 (173 ndash 195) 123 (109 ndash 133) 179 (165 ndash 192) 264 (243 ndash 316) 14320ndash39 years 172 (164 ndash 181) 113dagger (943 ndash 132) 164 (160 ndash 182) 251dagger (220 ndash 487) 5840ndash59 years 200 (178 ndash 223) 138dagger (102 ndash 155) 182 (168 ndash 204) 319dagger (262 ndash 522) 4260 years and older 189 (167 ndash 213) 124dagger (853 ndash 145) 196 (171 ndash 215) 256dagger (235 ndash 350) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 198 (183 ndash 215) 129 (112 ndash 147) 194 (183 ndash 216) 282 (248 ndash 406) 16720ndash39 years 193 (171 ndash 218) 125dagger (112 ndash 141) 185 (168 ndash 201) 321dagger (245 ndash 478) 6840ndash59 years 197 (180 ndash 215) 129dagger (830 ndash 154) 193 (175 ndash 221) 270dagger (236 ndash 965) 5660 years and older 215 (201 ndash 231) 159dagger (131 ndash 177) 219 (199 ndash 232) 277dagger (243 ndash 405) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 230a5 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 209 (203 ndash 215) 140 (131 ndash 147) 207 (201 ndash 214) 310 (298 ndash 333) 99020ndash39 years 197 (189 ndash 205) 128 (117 ndash 136) 193 (181 ndash 200) 331 (295 ndash 371) 29840ndash59 years 208 (197 ndash 219) 139 (127 ndash 151) 208 (198 ndash 218) 302 (280 ndash 322) 28060 years and older 227 (219 ndash 235) 160 (145 ndash 168) 230 (220 ndash 238) 319 (299 ndash 335) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 200 (193 ndash 207) 137 (128 ndash 148) 199 (189 ndash 208) 282 (271 ndash 304) 47220ndash39 years 184 (174 ndash 195) 127 (109 ndash 139) 183 (173 ndash 194) 257 (233 ndash 296) 12840ndash59 years 205 (194 ndash 216) 141 (128 ndash 151) 204 (187 ndash 225) 282 (273 ndash 306) 14060 years and older 213 (204 ndash 222) 154 (129 ndash 167) 210 (201 ndash 221) 294 (280 ndash 334) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 218 (209 ndash 227) 143 (132 ndash 148) 215 (209 ndash 222) 338 (318 ndash 362) 51820ndash39 years 209 (195 ndash 225) 128 (120 ndash 137) 200 (185 ndash 214) 369 (341 ndash 404) 17040ndash59 years 211 (197 ndash 227) 138 (118 ndash 154) 211 (202 ndash 220) 309 (282 ndash 365) 14060 years and older 239 (228 ndash 251) 165 (150 ndash 181) 241 (230 ndash 255) 332 (322 ndash 352) 208
268 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population268 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
31a
1 P
lasm
a ho
mo-
gam
ma-
linol
enic
aci
d (2
03n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
151
(147
ndash 1
56)
732
(67
9 ndash
796
)87
5(8
46
ndash 89
9)
151
(145
ndash 1
56)
262
(254
ndash 2
74)
289
(281
ndash 3
20)
180
6
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s14
5(1
40 ndash
149
)71
5(5
77
ndash 78
3)
849
(75
9 ndash
913
)13
9(1
35 ndash
146
)25
1(2
39 ndash
276
)28
1(2
62 ndash
317
)60
940
ndash59
year
s15
5(1
47 ndash
163
)72
0(6
77
ndash 86
3)
883
(83
1 ndash
940
)15
6(1
47 ndash
164
)26
5(2
58 ndash
286
)31
2(2
84 ndash
337
)51
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
156
(148
ndash 1
64)
770
(62
8 ndash
840
)86
6(7
77
ndash 92
8)
158
(148
ndash 1
67)
262
(254
ndash 2
85)
288
(275
ndash 3
57)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es14
5(1
39 ndash
153
)72
8(6
22
ndash 76
4)
861
(76
4 ndash
900
)14
4(1
35 ndash
153
)25
2(2
37 ndash
277
)28
1(2
60 ndash
373
)86
4Fe
mal
es15
7(1
52 ndash
162
)72
9(6
79
ndash 84
9)
885
(84
7 ndash
930
)15
6(1
50 ndash
163
)27
2(2
61 ndash
287
)30
4(2
87 ndash
321
)94
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
166
(154
ndash 1
79)
822
dagger(5
89
ndash 89
6)
920
(77
8 ndash
101)
167
(153
ndash 1
80)
297
(260
ndash 3
63)
330dagger
(295
ndash 7
16)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
131
(128
ndash 1
35)
700
dagger(5
28
ndash 75
7)
767
(70
3 ndash
855
)13
1(1
27 ndash
136
)20
3(1
96 ndash
230
)22
3dagger(2
06 ndash
276
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
152
(146
ndash 1
59)
760
(67
7 ndash
846
)88
9(8
49
ndash 92
9)
152
(144
ndash 1
57)
261
(250
ndash 2
81)
287
(275
ndash 3
24)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0
Plas
ma
hom
ominusga
mm
aminuslin
olen
icac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 231a Plasma homominusgammaminuslinolenic acid (203nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
hom
ominusga
mm
aminuslin
olen
icPl
asm
a ho
mominus
gam
maminus
linol
enic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 0
100
200
300 NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 269269
270 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population270 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 231a2 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 151 (147 ndash 156) 984 (952 ndash 102) 151 (145 ndash 156) 232 (221 ndash 245) 180620ndash39 years 145 (140 ndash 149) 956 (924 ndash 994) 139 (135 ndash 146) 223 (213 ndash 239) 60940ndash59 years 155 (147 ndash 163) 102 (942 ndash 107) 156 (147 ndash 164) 240 (222 ndash 258) 51460 years and older 156 (148 ndash 164) 100 (943 ndash 104) 158 (148 ndash 167) 236 (222 ndash 250) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 145 (139 ndash 153) 967 (931 ndash 100) 144 (135 ndash 153) 222 (210 ndash 246) 86420ndash39 years 141 (134 ndash 149) 952 (882 ndash 977) 137 (131 ndash 145) 219 (201 ndash 247) 28240ndash59 years 153 (144 ndash 163) 101 (938 ndash 107) 155 (141 ndash 161) 232 (217 ndash 272) 24760 years and older 140 (131 ndash 150) 922 (840 ndash 979) 141 (133 ndash 153) 203 (185 ndash 244) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 157 (152 ndash 162) 102 (966 ndash 105) 156 (150 ndash 163) 241 (227 ndash 258) 94220ndash39 years 148 (142 ndash 154) 973 (919 ndash 103) 142 (135 ndash 156) 226 (209 ndash 270) 32740ndash59 years 157 (148 ndash 167) 104 (933 ndash 107) 157 (151 ndash 166) 241 (214 ndash 264) 26760 years and older 170 (162 ndash 178) 107 (984 ndash 115) 175 (159 ndash 185) 258 (236 ndash 274) 348
Table 231a3 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 166 (154 ndash 179) 103 (903 ndash 109) 167 (153 ndash 180) 258 (245 ndash 293) 37520ndash39 years 158 (140 ndash 177) 967 (828 ndash 104) 158 (131 ndash 189) 254 (239 ndash 295) 13140ndash59 years 178 (166 ndash 192) 110dagger (814 ndash 129) 178 (168 ndash 186) 289dagger (241 ndash 360) 9360 years and older 177 (169 ndash 185) 119 (108 ndash 130) 185 (169 ndash 199) 245 (237 ndash 261) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 161 (143 ndash 181) 103 (850 ndash 114) 161 (138 ndash 192) 246 (222 ndash 296) 18920ndash39 years 157 (133 ndash 185) 102dagger (654 ndash 113) 148 (121 ndash 204) 248dagger (215 ndash 329) 6740ndash59 years 171 (149 ndash 196) 111dagger (841 ndash 132) 168 (148 ndash 194) 244dagger (213 ndash 361) 4860 years and older 160 (146 ndash 176) 113dagger (499 ndash 123) 165 (143 ndash 181) 228dagger (188 ndash 288) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 172 (155 ndash 190) 930 (656 ndash 109) 175 (159 ndash 201) 272 (240 ndash 716) 18620ndash39 years 159 (135 ndash 188) 894dagger (558 ndash 103) 160 (127 ndash 200) 269dagger (225 ndash 716) 6440ndash59 years 188 (162 ndash 217) 106dagger (659 ndash 149) 190 (171 ndash 214) 303dagger (244 ndash 372) 4560 years and older 194 (183 ndash 207) 128dagger (117 ndash 135) 204 (193 ndash 214) 258dagger (238 ndash 328) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2711 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2712 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 231a4 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 131 (128 ndash 135) 915 (813 ndash 961) 131 (127 ndash 136) 187 (181 ndash 200) 31020ndash39 years 129 (122 ndash 136) 880 (725 ndash 960) 128 (117 ndash 139) 186 (172 ndash 206) 12640ndash59 years 136 (130 ndash 143) 988dagger (630 ndash 109) 134 (128 ndash 141) 198dagger (182 ndash 235) 9860 years and older 130 (123 ndash 136) 859dagger (754 ndash 928) 134 (117 ndash 147) 183dagger (173 ndash 215) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 125 (119 ndash 131) 825 (737 ndash 949) 121 (112 ndash 130) 188 (173 ndash 203) 14320ndash39 years 119 (111 ndash 128) 777dagger (531 ndash 947) 115 (106 ndash 130) 174dagger (168 ndash 196) 5840ndash59 years 136 (129 ndash 144) 997dagger (714 ndash 105) 128 (118 ndash 147) 197dagger (174 ndash 261) 4260 years and older 120 (107 ndash 134) 763dagger (459 ndash 902) 118 (105 ndash 141) 184dagger (156 ndash 213) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (129 ndash 144) 930 (854 ndash 103) 135 (124 ndash 150) 186 (180 ndash 206) 16720ndash39 years 137 (125 ndash 149) 926dagger (776 ndash 104) 134 (116 ndash 159) 193dagger (174 ndash 272) 6840ndash59 years 136 (126 ndash 147) 942dagger (490 ndash 116) 135 (128 ndash 145) 189dagger (156 ndash 298) 5660 years and older 136 (124 ndash 149) 926dagger (707 ndash 102) 144 (115 ndash 160) 182dagger (171 ndash 216) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 231a5 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (146 ndash 159) 993 (942 ndash 103) 152 (144 ndash 157) 233 (218 ndash 250) 99120ndash39 years 147 (140 ndash 154) 972 (912 ndash 103) 140 (135 ndash 148) 226 (215 ndash 245) 30040ndash59 years 154 (143 ndash 165) 101 (929 ndash 107) 156 (143 ndash 166) 232 (213 ndash 261) 27960 years and older 158 (149 ndash 167) 100 (919 ndash 107) 160 (148 ndash 172) 242 (226 ndash 256) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (137 ndash 155) 970 (908 ndash 101) 144 (134 ndash 155) 222 (206 ndash 254) 47120ndash39 years 142 (129 ndash 156) 952 (736 ndash 101) 136 (126 ndash 147) 222 (187 ndash 279) 12840ndash59 years 152 (139 ndash 165) 100 (904 ndash 107) 155 (134 ndash 165) 227 (210 ndash 284) 13960 years and older 142 (132 ndash 153) 936 (869 ndash 994) 141 (133 ndash 154) 206 (184 ndash 250) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 159 (152 ndash 165) 104 (970 ndash 106) 157 (150 ndash 168) 242 (224 ndash 261) 52020ndash39 years 151 (143 ndash 160) 995 (935 ndash 109) 141 (135 ndash 160) 232 (210 ndash 285) 17240ndash59 years 156 (144 ndash 169) 103 (862 ndash 107) 156 (149 ndash 168) 240 (210 ndash 264) 14060 years and older 172 (161 ndash 184) 107 (881 ndash 124) 177 (161 ndash 191) 260 (245 ndash 271) 208
272 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population272 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
32a
1 P
lasm
a ar
achi
doni
c ac
id (2
04n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
776
(761
ndash 7
91)
445
(418
ndash 4
63)
484
(456
ndash 5
00)
789
(772
ndash 8
05)
118
0(1
150
ndash 1
230
)1
320
(12
40 ndash
14
20)
180
7
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s73
5(7
16 ndash
755
)42
9(3
86 ndash
455
)47
9(4
45 ndash
504
)73
7(7
13 ndash
761
)1
110
(10
50 ndash
12
30)
123
0(1
140
ndash 1
380
)61
040
ndash59
year
s79
3(7
72 ndash
814
)44
5(3
72 ndash
470
)48
0(4
50 ndash
496
)80
8(7
85 ndash
829
)1
220
(11
60 ndash
13
60)
138
0(1
260
ndash 1
560
)51
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
819
(798
ndash 8
41)
448
(421
ndash 4
80)
502
(460
ndash 5
35)
841
(814
ndash 8
68)
120
0(1
180
ndash 1
260
)1
430
(13
10 ndash
14
90)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es76
4(7
44 ndash
785
)45
2(4
24 ndash
473
)48
0(4
55 ndash
495
)78
0(7
56 ndash
806
)1
150
(10
90 ndash
12
20)
123
0(1
160
ndash 1
460
)86
4Fe
mal
es78
7(7
69 ndash
806
)42
9(3
86 ndash
465
)49
0(4
36 ndash
520
)79
2(7
69 ndash
821
)1
220
(11
80 ndash
13
00)
137
0(1
320
ndash 1
460
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
722
(678
ndash 7
68)
419dagger
(376
ndash 4
32)
440
(396
ndash 4
87)
726
(675
ndash 7
68)
111
0(1
040
ndash 1
310
)1
290dagger
(11
40 ndash
14
60)
376
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
884
(839
ndash 9
32)
526dagger
(226
ndash 5
72)
576
(493
ndash 6
11)
883
(831
ndash 9
41)
133
0(1
260
ndash 1
580
)1
520dagger
(13
60 ndash
17
70)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s77
3(7
52 ndash
795
)44
5(4
19 ndash
463
)48
5(4
46 ndash
511
)78
5(7
67 ndash
807
)1
160
(11
20 ndash
12
20)
126
0(1
190
ndash 1
480
)99
1dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
0 10
00
1500
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
1500
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 232a Plasma arachidonic acid (204nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
0 10
00
1500
0
500
1000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 273273
274 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population274 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 232a2 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 776 (761 ndash 791) 538 (516 ndash 560) 789 (772 ndash 805) 1070 (1040 ndash 1110) 180720ndash39 years 735 (716 ndash 755) 529 (510 ndash 542) 737 (713 ndash 761) 1000 (959 ndash 1080) 61040ndash59 years 793 (772 ndash 814) 534 (488 ndash 569) 808 (785 ndash 829) 1090 (1050 ndash 1140) 51460 years and older 819 (798 ndash 841) 562 (533 ndash 591) 841 (814 ndash 868) 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 764 (744 ndash 785) 534 (502 ndash 547) 780 (756 ndash 806) 1040 (1000 ndash 1090) 86420ndash39 years 739 (710 ndash 769) 533 (505 ndash 542) 736 (713 ndash 766) 999 (945 ndash 1100) 28240ndash59 years 792 (761 ndash 825) 529 (487 ndash 566) 823 (795 ndash 842) 1070 (1020 ndash 1150) 24760 years and older 761 (726 ndash 798) 532 (453 ndash 570) 796 (740 ndash 839) 1030 (986 ndash 1100) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 787 (769 ndash 806) 549 (517 ndash 575) 792 (769 ndash 821) 1100 (1050 ndash 1160) 94320ndash39 years 732 (710 ndash 755) 523 (497 ndash 552) 738 (705 ndash 766) 1010 (956 ndash 1120) 32840ndash59 years 793 (755 ndash 833) 534 (464 ndash 597) 787 (753 ndash 864) 1130 (1020 ndash 1230) 26760 years and older 870 (844 ndash 896) 620 (551 ndash 654) 878 (854 ndash 904) 1150 (1120 ndash 1200) 348
Table 232a3 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 722 (678 ndash 768) 499 (439 ndash 536) 726 (675 ndash 768) 1030 (975 ndash 1080) 37620ndash39 years 681 (631 ndash 735) 483 (413 ndash 526) 687 (628 ndash 745) 993 (892 ndash 1070) 13240ndash59 years 778 (718 ndash 844) 510dagger (420 ndash 602) 774 (749 ndash 835) 1120dagger (948 ndash 1350) 9360 years and older 811 (777 ndash 846) 567 (496 ndash 592) 826 (769 ndash 874) 1170 (1050 ndash 1330) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 719 (669 ndash 773) 502 (426 ndash 535) 745 (674 ndash 788) 1030 (937 ndash 1090) 18920ndash39 years 689 (637 ndash 746) 503dagger (380 ndash 540) 707 (609 ndash 758) 983dagger (851 ndash 1110) 6740ndash59 years 770 (675 ndash 878) 489dagger (377 ndash 606) 800 (748 ndash 843) 1040dagger (881 ndash 1460) 4860 years and older 776 (714 ndash 842) 527dagger (376 ndash 590) 811 (643 ndash 924) 1090dagger (1000 ndash 1360) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 724 (659 ndash 796) 479 (352 ndash 582) 716 (653 ndash 782) 1020 (945 ndash 1310) 18720ndash39 years 670 (591 ndash 760) 436dagger (352 ndash 539) 676 (626 ndash 723) 987dagger (856 ndash 1310) 6540ndash59 years 788 (711 ndash 874) 567dagger (447 ndash 616) 756 (652 ndash 885) 1250dagger (964 ndash 1430) 4560 years and older 844 (790 ndash 902) 586dagger (580 ndash 600) 835 (810 ndash 873) 1220dagger (987 ndash 1940) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2751 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2752 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 232a4 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 884 (839 ndash 932) 630 (588 ndash 670) 883 (831 ndash 941) 1220 (1160 ndash 1330) 31020ndash39 years 836 (776 ndash 901) 602 (542 ndash 635) 839 (769 ndash 887) 1210 (1040 ndash 1380) 12640ndash59 years 936 (858 ndash 1020) 681dagger (513 ndash 711) 942 (827 ndash 1040) 1230dagger (1170 ndash 1760) 9860 years and older 919 (859 ndash 983) 714dagger (534 ndash 744) 933 (830 ndash 1030) 1200dagger (1160 ndash 1330) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 870 (817 ndash 925) 591 (512 ndash 659) 859 (811 ndash 976) 1200 (1130 ndash 1330) 14320ndash39 years 811 (737 ndash 892) 580dagger (479 ndash 616) 812 (692 ndash 891) 1120dagger (1020 ndash 1660) 5840ndash59 years 953 (875 ndash 1040) 666dagger (501 ndash 727) 984 (780 ndash 1070) 1230dagger (1110 ndash 2240) 4260 years and older 886 (774 ndash 1010) 535dagger (226 ndash 722) 940 (833 ndash 1050) 1180dagger (1130 ndash 1440) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 895 (829 ndash 967) 648 (588 ndash 704) 884 (823 ndash 958) 1230 (1130 ndash 1470) 16720ndash39 years 858 (773 ndash 952) 616dagger (570 ndash 661) 857 (746 ndash 955) 1230dagger (1010 ndash 1390) 6840ndash59 years 923 (818 ndash 1040) 679dagger (468 ndash 714) 912 (824 ndash 1020) 1230dagger (1100 ndash 2020) 5660 years and older 940 (889 ndash 995) 740dagger (715 ndash 762) 916 (809 ndash 1040) 1220dagger (1130 ndash 1490) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 232a5 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 773 (752 ndash 795) 539 (497 ndash 569) 785 (767 ndash 807) 1050 (1010 ndash 1100) 99120ndash39 years 733 (711 ndash 755) 533 (490 ndash 569) 736 (706 ndash 766) 971 (929 ndash 1060) 30040ndash59 years 782 (749 ndash 817) 531 (465 ndash 579) 800 (777 ndash 830) 1040 (1010 ndash 1120) 27960 years and older 815 (788 ndash 843) 562 (504 ndash 604) 839 (811 ndash 870) 1110 (1070 ndash 1140) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 760 (733 ndash 788) 534 (488 ndash 558) 783 (752 ndash 810) 1000 (981 ndash 1050) 47120ndash39 years 731 (702 ndash 762) 527 (480 ndash 562) 735 (698 ndash 771) 957 (899 ndash 1160) 12840ndash59 years 789 (748 ndash 832) 539 (476 ndash 569) 823 (786 ndash 863) 1030 (997 ndash 1160) 13960 years and older 752 (711 ndash 795) 524 (444 ndash 573) 769 (715 ndash 833) 998 (962 ndash 1110) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 785 (761 ndash 811) 552 (500 ndash 583) 786 (769 ndash 816) 1080 (1040 ndash 1160) 52020ndash39 years 733 (701 ndash 768) 532 (432 ndash 583) 738 (699 ndash 768) 997 (920 ndash 1150) 17240ndash59 years 776 (722 ndash 835) 530 (403 ndash 598) 780 (726 ndash 858) 1060 (991 ndash 1240) 14060 years and older 873 (841 ndash 905) 610 (541 ndash 665) 889 (857 ndash 916) 1150 (1120 ndash 1200) 208
276 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population276 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
33a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cosa
pent
aeno
ic a
cid
(20
5n-3
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
421
(39
5 ndash
450
)14
8(1
18
ndash 16
1)
171
(15
7 ndash
186
)40
9(3
76
ndash 43
8)
113
(103
ndash 1
38)
151
(136
ndash 1
76)
180
6
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s35
9(3
38
ndash 38
1)
135
(91
0 ndash
149
)15
8(1
36
ndash 16
8)
342
(32
0 ndash
362
)10
6(8
43
ndash 13
7)13
4(1
10 ndash
193
)60
940
ndash59
year
s45
5(4
18
ndash 49
5)
171
(14
6 ndash
174
)19
0(1
71
ndash 20
8)
450
(41
0 ndash
483
)11
4(1
02 ndash
153
)15
6(1
34 ndash
200
)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
485
(43
3 ndash
544
)15
3(7
79
ndash 19
9)
200
(11
8 ndash
231
)49
4(4
35
ndash 53
8)
132
(111
ndash 1
62)
175
(139
ndash 2
07)
682
Gen
der
Mal
es43
1(3
98
ndash 46
6)
157
(11
2 ndash
169
)17
1(1
55
ndash 20
1)
414
(37
6 ndash
451
)12
1(1
03 ndash
150
)15
6(1
36 ndash
199
)86
3Fe
mal
es41
3(3
87
ndash 44
1)
141
(11
2 ndash
157
)16
9(1
52
ndash 18
3)
401
(37
5 ndash
431
)11
1(9
99
ndash 14
3)14
6(1
18 ndash
177
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
310
(28
7 ndash
335
)8
80dagger
(60
3 ndash
109
)10
9(7
53
ndash 15
3)
314
(28
4 ndash
354
)77
1(6
90
ndash 86
4)
865
dagger(7
91
ndash 98
9)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
388
(34
7 ndash
434
)14
9dagger
(10
8 ndash
161
)16
7(1
44
ndash 18
8)
361
(33
0 ndash
416
)11
3(9
53
ndash 16
9)14
1dagger(1
14 ndash
247
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
435
(39
8 ndash
477
)15
8(1
16
ndash 17
3)
181
(14
9 ndash
208
)42
6(3
81
ndash 46
0)
112
(101
ndash 1
42)
152
(133
ndash 1
77)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma eicosape
ntaeno
icacid (μ
molL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 233a Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma eicosape
ntaeno
icPlasma eicosape
ntaeno
icacid (μ
molL)
acid (μ
molL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 277277
278 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population278 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 233a2 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 421 (395 ndash 450) 208 (189 ndash 222) 409 (376 ndash 438) 899 (800 ndash 999) 180620ndash39 years 359 (338 ndash 381) 182 (167 ndash 202) 342 (320 ndash 362) 745 (648 ndash 942) 60940ndash59 years 455 (418 ndash 495) 228 (194 ndash 262) 450 (410 ndash 483) 928 (815 ndash 103) 51560 years and older 485 (433 ndash 544) 244 (156 ndash 291) 494 (435 ndash 538) 100 (906 ndash 116) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 431 (398 ndash 466) 210 (185 ndash 230) 414 (376 ndash 451) 928 (814 ndash 104) 86320ndash39 years 387 (356 ndash 420) 187 (168 ndash 206) 361 (343 ndash 405) 861 (708 ndash 108) 28140ndash59 years 473 (425 ndash 527) 234 (208 ndash 266) 457 (400 ndash 489) 974 (822 ndash 136) 24860 years and older 442 (387 ndash 505) 221 (104 ndash 275) 446 (387 ndash 513) 887 (748 ndash 109) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 413 (387 ndash 441) 204 (185 ndash 222) 401 (375 ndash 431) 863 (766 ndash 101) 94320ndash39 years 333 (309 ndash 360) 174 (158 ndash 198) 314 (301 ndash 341) 646 (565 ndash 808) 32840ndash59 years 439 (401 ndash 481) 219 (172 ndash 275) 434 (403 ndash 478) 846 (766 ndash 100) 26760 years and older 524 (472 ndash 581) 252 (215 ndash 297) 517 (492 ndash 571) 105 (945 ndash 134) 348
Table 233a3 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 310 (287 ndash 335) 158 (111 ndash 184) 314 (284 ndash 354) 638 (581 ndash 700) 37520ndash39 years 280 (249 ndash 314) 154 (896 ndash 183) 283 (217 ndash 351) 591 (509 ndash 681) 13240ndash59 years 355 (307 ndash 410) 170dagger (122 ndash 190) 359 (310 ndash 408) 762dagger (568 ndash 915) 9360 years and older 382 (358 ndash 407) 179 (129 ndash 216) 405 (343 ndash 435) 729 (611 ndash 956) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 331 (299 ndash 368) 164 (155 ndash 184) 343 (290 ndash 379) 689 (604 ndash 779) 18820ndash39 years 306 (254 ndash 368) 161dagger (995 ndash 189) 294 (222 ndash 407) 639dagger (502 ndash 780) 6740ndash59 years 393 (316 ndash 488) 162dagger (118 ndash 223) 376 (300 ndash 513) 822dagger (661 ndash 180) 4860 years and older 336 (299 ndash 378) 160dagger (128 ndash 183) 344 (242 ndash 435) 565dagger (489 ndash 161) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 286 (249 ndash 328) 138 (713 ndash 183) 291 (234 ndash 351) 602 (491 ndash 765) 18720ndash39 years 248 (201 ndash 307) 108dagger (603 ndash 182) 235 (199 ndash 316) 531dagger (393 ndash 901) 6540ndash59 years 316 (274 ndash 364) 171dagger (881 ndash 198) 313 (268 ndash 379) 559dagger (463 ndash 840) 4560 years and older 429 (367 ndash 501) 222dagger (891 ndash 263) 433 (381 ndash 493) 850dagger (637 ndash 147) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2791 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2792 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 233a4 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 388 (347 ndash 434) 199 (175 ndash 212) 361 (330 ndash 416) 803 (648 ndash 121) 31020ndash39 years 339 (283 ndash 408) 179 (150 ndash 201) 326 (251 ndash 406) 648 (534 ndash 253) 12640ndash59 years 429 (372 ndash 496) 208dagger (164 ndash 248) 399 (353 ndash 442) 963dagger (721 ndash 147) 9860 years and older 460 (392 ndash 539) 272dagger (194 ndash 304) 445 (362 ndash 511) 886dagger (643 ndash 209) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 399 (344 ndash 462) 189 (153 ndash 222) 355 (324 ndash 416) 106 (706 ndash 134) 14320ndash39 years 349 (269 ndash 453) 166dagger (129 ndash 195) 333 (246 ndash 430) 648dagger (519 ndash 150) 5840ndash59 years 444 (375 ndash 525) 210dagger (173 ndash 265) 360 (308 ndash 501) 117dagger (795 ndash 206) 4260 years and older 484 (345 ndash 677) 261dagger (752 ndash 324) 444 (350 ndash 592) 102dagger (611 ndash 209) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 380 (340 ndash 424) 201 (185 ndash 214) 362 (304 ndash 439) 712 (613 ndash 105) 16720ndash39 years 332 (279 ndash 395) 186dagger (132 ndash 204) 297 (256 ndash 357) 643dagger (447 ndash 253) 6840ndash59 years 418 (349 ndash 502) 198dagger (126 ndash 255) 413 (358 ndash 464) 712dagger (640 ndash 193) 5660 years and older 445 (397 ndash 500) 255dagger (200 ndash 305) 441 (352 ndash 511) 759dagger (628 ndash 104) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 233a5 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 435 (398 ndash 477) 219 (186 ndash 247) 426 (381 ndash 460) 905 (784 ndash 102) 99120ndash39 years 375 (343 ndash 410) 204 (163 ndash 219) 353 (320 ndash 383) 747 (638 ndash 110) 29940ndash59 years 458 (415 ndash 506) 239 (188 ndash 277) 452 (405 ndash 487) 890 (787 ndash 101) 28060 years and older 490 (425 ndash 565) 235 (117 ndash 296) 499 (442 ndash 548) 101 (917 ndash 117) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 443 (401 ndash 489) 219 (173 ndash 258) 431 (376 ndash 476) 898 (782 ndash 105) 47120ndash39 years 401 (359 ndash 447) 206 (169 ndash 227) 378 (348 ndash 429) 890 (678 ndash 119) 12740ndash59 years 480 (422 ndash 546) 251 (207 ndash 275) 473 (400 ndash 502) 924 (809 ndash 140) 14060 years and older 443 (380 ndash 516) 218 (103 ndash 286) 448 (376 ndash 523) 872 (756 ndash 105) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 429 (390 ndash 472) 218 (183 ndash 246) 420 (379 ndash 456) 913 (767 ndash 104) 52020ndash39 years 354 (317 ndash 394) 182 (158 ndash 219) 319 (302 ndash 370) 682 (543 ndash 112) 17240ndash59 years 438 (391 ndash 489) 223 (123 ndash 300) 433 (378 ndash 484) 810 (742 ndash 100) 14060 years and older 535 (464 ndash 616) 246 (187 ndash 309) 535 (493 ndash 597) 110 (965 ndash 138) 208
280 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population280 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
34a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
tetr
aeno
ic a
cid
(22
4n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
250
(24
4 ndash
256
)12
1(1
04
ndash 13
1)
144
(13
3 ndash
149
)24
7(2
41
ndash 25
6)
430
(41
6 ndash
447
)47
7(4
54
ndash 53
5)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
244
(23
4 ndash
254
)12
2(1
04
ndash 13
8)
143
(13
1 ndash
150
)23
9(2
31
ndash 24
9)
411
(38
8 ndash
460
)47
1(4
28
ndash 58
0)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
255
(24
5 ndash
264
)11
2(9
62
ndash 12
9)
143
(12
0 ndash
154
)25
0(2
43
ndash 26
6)
445
(42
1 ndash
462
)50
0(4
50
ndash 63
4)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er25
3(2
46
ndash 26
0)
126
(93
4 ndash
144
)14
8(1
29
ndash 15
8)
257
(24
5 ndash
266
)42
2(3
96
ndash 45
3)
471
(44
7 ndash
495
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
253
(24
4 ndash
262
)11
8(9
72
ndash 13
1)
145
(13
5 ndash
149
)25
0(2
43
ndash 26
1)
424
(41
0 ndash
449
)46
8(4
46
ndash 58
2)
865
Fem
ales
247
(24
0 ndash
255
)12
2(9
93
ndash 13
9)
143
(13
0 ndash
151
)24
5(2
36
ndash 25
6)
437
(41
4 ndash
459
)48
0(4
48
ndash 56
3)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s27
5(2
56
ndash 29
5)
131
dagger(1
12
ndash 15
6)
158
(12
9 ndash
166
)27
4(2
51
ndash 29
6)
473
(45
9 ndash
533
)58
5dagger
(48
0 ndash
669
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks26
0(2
51
ndash 26
8)
134
dagger(9
11
ndash 15
0)
150
(13
2 ndash
167
)25
8(2
43
ndash 26
8)
450
(42
0 ndash
467
)50
4dagger
(46
1 ndash
729
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
248
(23
9 ndash
256
)12
1(1
00
ndash 13
5)
145
(13
0 ndash
151
)24
6(2
39
ndash 25
6)
419
(39
6 ndash
447
)47
2(4
45
ndash 56
1)
992
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 234a Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 281281
282 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population282 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 234a2 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 250 (244 ndash 256) 168 (157 ndash 174) 247 (241 ndash 256) 377 (367 ndash 394) 180820ndash39 years 244 (234 ndash 254) 167 (150 ndash 175) 239 (231 ndash 249) 371 (347 ndash 391) 61040ndash59 years 255 (245 ndash 264) 170 (148 ndash 180) 250 (243 ndash 266) 394 (374 ndash 416) 51560 years and older 253 (246 ndash 260) 167 (160 ndash 175) 257 (245 ndash 266) 370 (363 ndash 383) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 253 (244 ndash 262) 169 (158 ndash 180) 250 (243 ndash 261) 382 (365 ndash 400) 86520ndash39 years 252 (238 ndash 266) 171 (148 ndash 187) 245 (236 ndash 261) 383 (355 ndash 408) 28240ndash59 years 261 (249 ndash 273) 173 (147 ndash 195) 259 (245 ndash 279) 398 (368 ndash 437) 24860 years and older 241 (229 ndash 253) 160 (148 ndash 168) 243 (225 ndash 265) 359 (342 ndash 376) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 247 (240 ndash 255) 165 (154 ndash 174) 245 (236 ndash 256) 375 (360 ndash 406) 94320ndash39 years 236 (225 ndash 248) 158 (144 ndash 171) 231 (213 ndash 247) 359 (327 ndash 388) 32840ndash59 years 249 (234 ndash 265) 156 (145 ndash 175) 246 (234 ndash 264) 383 (353 ndash 433) 26760 years and older 263 (251 ndash 276) 176 (164 ndash 185) 262 (249 ndash 278) 383 (363 ndash 439) 348
Table 234a3 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 275 (256 ndash 295) 179 (155 ndash 196) 274 (251 ndash 296) 431 (406 ndash 466) 37620ndash39 years 263 (240 ndash 288) 164 (121 ndash 195) 261 (219 ndash 299) 411 (366 ndash 478) 13240ndash59 years 291 (268 ndash 316) 182dagger (132 ndash 202) 284 (262 ndash 312) 456dagger (422 ndash 599) 9360 years and older 305 (293 ndash 318) 206 (176 ndash 224) 302 (283 ndash 321) 436 (404 ndash 485) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 277 (250 ndash 308) 184 (136 ndash 203) 273 (244 ndash 311) 415 (391 ndash 487) 18920ndash39 years 269 (236 ndash 306) 185dagger (126 ndash 207) 262 (225 ndash 299) 404dagger (361 ndash 586) 6740ndash59 years 291 (245 ndash 346) 179dagger (138 ndash 213) 283 (253 ndash 338) 446dagger (370 ndash 635) 4860 years and older 294 (262 ndash 329) 188dagger (170 ndash 212) 285 (246 ndash 341) 450dagger (374 ndash 672) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 272 (246 ndash 301) 169 (114 ndash 197) 276 (238 ndash 303) 435 (403 ndash 505) 18720ndash39 years 255 (222 ndash 292) 156dagger (112 ndash 180) 251 (200 ndash 323) 429dagger (344 ndash 584) 6540ndash59 years 290 (256 ndash 329) 185dagger (132 ndash 216) 272 (237 ndash 316) 458dagger (420 ndash 613) 4560 years and older 316 (302 ndash 331) 208dagger (178 ndash 258) 311 (298 ndash 332) 417dagger (369 ndash 669) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2831 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2832 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 234a4 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 260 (251 ndash 268) 174 (155 ndash 187) 258 (243 ndash 268) 386 (370 ndash 411) 31020ndash39 years 253 (241 ndash 264) 175 (148 ndash 189) 240 (226 ndash 263) 378 (346 ndash 442) 12640ndash59 years 272 (250 ndash 295) 174dagger (143 ndash 198) 267 (247 ndash 282) 411dagger (388 ndash 463) 9860 years and older 256 (229 ndash 286) 168dagger (911 ndash 205) 258 (240 ndash 294) 357dagger (333 ndash 403) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 267 (246 ndash 289) 175 (130 ndash 195) 258 (230 ndash 291) 416 (380 ndash 460) 14320ndash39 years 257 (241 ndash 275) 175dagger (113 ndash 197) 238 (217 ndash 275) 399dagger (340 ndash 759) 5840ndash59 years 286 (248 ndash 330) 180dagger (127 ndash 207) 269 (237 ndash 304) 419dagger (366 ndash 968) 4260 years and older 256 (203 ndash 323) 153dagger (911 ndash 239) 260 (241 ndash 316) 370dagger (320 ndash 475) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 254 (240 ndash 270) 173 (151 ndash 187) 256 (236 ndash 272) 364 (344 ndash 404) 16720ndash39 years 249 (231 ndash 268) 175dagger (134 ndash 192) 245 (223 ndash 277) 359dagger (308 ndash 463) 6840ndash59 years 261 (227 ndash 301) 156dagger (134 ndash 200) 266 (227 ndash 279) 391dagger (311 ndash 118) 5660 years and older 256 (236 ndash 276) 175dagger (134 ndash 213) 251 (235 ndash 274) 355dagger (325 ndash 366) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 234a5 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (239 ndash 256) 168 (156 ndash 175) 246 (239 ndash 256) 368 (353 ndash 379) 99220ndash39 years 241 (228 ndash 256) 164 (146 ndash 176) 238 (229 ndash 249) 355 (321 ndash 396) 30040ndash59 years 250 (235 ndash 266) 172 (145 ndash 186) 247 (236 ndash 265) 368 (348 ndash 413) 28060 years and older 252 (243 ndash 260) 166 (156 ndash 174) 256 (241 ndash 270) 369 (363 ndash 382) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 249 (238 ndash 261) 169 (150 ndash 181) 247 (240 ndash 261) 367 (351 ndash 383) 47220ndash39 years 248 (229 ndash 267) 170 (125 ndash 189) 243 (233 ndash 261) 363 (330 ndash 397) 12840ndash59 years 258 (241 ndash 275) 178 (109 ndash 198) 252 (244 ndash 279) 369 (352 ndash 440) 14060 years and older 239 (225 ndash 254) 159 (145 ndash 168) 241 (221 ndash 266) 349 (335 ndash 372) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 246 (237 ndash 256) 166 (154 ndash 174) 244 (235 ndash 256) 369 (344 ndash 410) 52020ndash39 years 236 (219 ndash 254) 158 (143 ndash 172) 230 (210 ndash 251) 346 (319 ndash 456) 17240ndash59 years 244 (224 ndash 266) 159 (137 ndash 180) 243 (225 ndash 259) 355 (329 ndash 445) 14060 years and older 263 (250 ndash 276) 173 (165 ndash 180) 262 (247 ndash 281) 387 (363 ndash 444) 208
284 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population284 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
35a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
ic-3
aci
d (2
25n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
416
(40
2 ndash
431
)22
1(1
72
ndash 23
8)
245
(22
8 ndash
258
)41
4(4
00
ndash 42
8)
727
(69
7 ndash
767
)82
9(7
85
ndash 92
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
381
(37
1 ndash
390
)20
0(1
51
ndash 22
7)
232
(20
9 ndash
244
)38
0(3
68
ndash 39
3)
630
(58
0 ndash
733
)73
0(6
55
ndash 95
1)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
431
(41
1 ndash
453
)22
2(1
35
ndash 24
3)
249
(20
6 ndash
269
)43
2(4
06
ndash 46
0)
770
(72
6 ndash
810
)84
9(7
94
ndash 10
5)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
455
(42
3 ndash
488
)24
5(1
17
ndash 26
7)
265
(23
6 ndash
285
)45
7(4
28
ndash 49
1)
740
(70
7 ndash
819
)82
0(7
66
ndash 97
8)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es42
8(4
10
ndash 44
8)
242
(15
0 ndash
256
)26
2(2
47
ndash 27
1)
425
(40
6 ndash
441
)72
7(6
81
ndash 81
6)
872
(78
7 ndash
972
)86
5Fe
mal
es40
5(3
91
ndash 42
0)
205
(13
6 ndash
228
)23
1(2
07
ndash 24
5)
406
(38
8 ndash
420
)72
7(6
78
ndash 78
6)
804
(75
5 ndash
898
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
399
(37
2 ndash
429
)16
9dagger
(12
1 ndash
223
)22
4(1
41
ndash 25
0)
400
(36
4 ndash
441
)71
5(6
78
ndash 79
3)
809
dagger(7
25
ndash 11
2)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks38
9(3
68
ndash 41
0)
201
dagger(1
75
ndash 21
5)
223
(20
6 ndash
238
)38
1(3
62
ndash 40
0)
645
(62
0 ndash
801
)85
0dagger
(67
0 ndash
108)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s42
1(4
01
ndash 44
1)
228
(15
6 ndash
242
)24
7(2
25
ndash 26
7)
422
(40
4 ndash
438
)71
7(6
79
ndash 78
5)
812
(75
5 ndash
927
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
0 40
60
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus3ac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 235a Plasma docosapentaenoicminus3 acid (225nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus3Pl
asm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
icminus3
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 2
0 40
60
0 2
0 40
60
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 285285
286 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population286 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 235a2 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 416 (402 ndash 431) 274 (262 ndash 284) 414 (400 ndash 428) 623 (604 ndash 654) 180820ndash39 years 381 (371 ndash 390) 261 (248 ndash 267) 380 (368 ndash 393) 548 (524 ndash 599) 61040ndash59 years 431 (411 ndash 453) 276 (260 ndash 298) 432 (406 ndash 460) 652 (616 ndash 697) 51560 years and older 455 (423 ndash 488) 296 (258 ndash 337) 457 (428 ndash 491) 676 (630 ndash 724) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 428 (410 ndash 448) 288 (269 ndash 304) 425 (406 ndash 441) 637 (600 ndash 680) 86520ndash39 years 408 (391 ndash 426) 273 (256 ndash 291) 405 (385 ndash 429) 591 (540 ndash 662) 28240ndash59 years 449 (419 ndash 480) 302 (284 ndash 316) 442 (407 ndash 478) 680 (633 ndash 779) 24860 years and older 431 (392 ndash 474) 287 (234 ndash 331) 429 (409 ndash 472) 603 (581 ndash 661) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 405 (391 ndash 420) 262 (248 ndash 274) 406 (388 ndash 420) 614 (599 ndash 650) 94320ndash39 years 356 (344 ndash 367) 239 (228 ndash 257) 358 (342 ndash 377) 504 (484 ndash 566) 32840ndash59 years 416 (393 ndash 441) 261 (231 ndash 277) 419 (393 ndash 447) 612 (586 ndash 712) 26760 years and older 475 (448 ndash 503) 300 (268 ndash 342) 480 (445 ndash 506) 701 (677 ndash 745) 348
Table 235a3 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 399 (372 ndash 429) 259 (202 ndash 295) 400 (364 ndash 441) 612 (578 ndash 679) 37620ndash39 years 369 (334 ndash 407) 244 (152 ndash 272) 368 (342 ndash 399) 549 (501 ndash 751) 13240ndash59 years 445 (394 ndash 503) 278dagger (255 ndash 309) 449 (394 ndash 482) 694dagger (583 ndash 127) 9360 years and older 465 (452 ndash 479) 305 (257 ndash 356) 466 (445 ndash 508) 674 (575 ndash 809) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 416 (376 ndash 460) 268 (221 ndash 309) 405 (363 ndash 464) 674 (591 ndash 745) 18920ndash39 years 389 (340 ndash 444) 254dagger (152 ndash 307) 372 (355 ndash 408) 605dagger (523 ndash 731) 6740ndash59 years 473 (379 ndash 590) 294dagger (262 ndash 319) 466 (333 ndash 601) 768dagger (558 ndash 127) 4860 years and older 443 (408 ndash 480) 279dagger (205 ndash 322) 464 (406 ndash 500) 633dagger (552 ndash 831) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 380 (346 ndash 416) 243 (131 ndash 296) 392 (341 ndash 449) 575 (522 ndash 608) 18720ndash39 years 343 (296 ndash 399) 200dagger (121 ndash 283) 353 (306 ndash 411) 506dagger (471 ndash 854) 6540ndash59 years 416 (384 ndash 450) 259dagger (172 ndash 325) 415 (369 ndash 472) 602dagger (559 ndash 748) 4560 years and older 487 (456 ndash 520) 315dagger (276 ndash 392) 502 (444 ndash 529) 692dagger (574 ndash 902) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2871 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2872 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 235a4 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 389 (368 ndash 410) 256 (246 ndash 265) 381 (362 ndash 400) 593 (551 ndash 624) 31020ndash39 years 360 (327 ndash 395) 243 (215 ndash 258) 352 (320 ndash 381) 546 (486 ndash 635) 12640ndash59 years 411 (374 ndash 452) 266dagger (243 ndash 280) 400 (352 ndash 442) 603dagger (572 ndash 845) 9860 years and older 430 (404 ndash 458) 305dagger (213 ndash 342) 430 (395 ndash 477) 606dagger (546 ndash 636) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 408 (385 ndash 432) 261 (247 ndash 292) 387 (377 ndash 414) 602 (588 ndash 692) 14320ndash39 years 381 (338 ndash 430) 253dagger (203 ndash 285) 377 (323 ndash 399) 598dagger (442 ndash 131) 5840ndash59 years 434 (417 ndash 451) 284dagger (247 ndash 305) 403 (386 ndash 421) 685dagger (572 ndash 108) 4260 years and older 444 (411 ndash 480) 317dagger (178 ndash 367) 449 (409 ndash 505) 605dagger (582 ndash 646) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 374 (350 ndash 401) 244 (224 ndash 262) 368 (343 ndash 401) 544 (518 ndash 625) 16720ndash39 years 343 (312 ndash 377) 219dagger (188 ndash 258) 335 (289 ndash 388) 530dagger (454 ndash 645) 6840ndash59 years 395 (335 ndash 465) 239dagger (206 ndash 271) 393 (339 ndash 448) 580dagger (486 ndash 148) 5660 years and older 422 (390 ndash 457) 295dagger (256 ndash 343) 417 (378 ndash 477) 566dagger (525 ndash 701) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 235a5 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 421 (401 ndash 441) 277 (261 ndash 290) 422 (404 ndash 438) 628 (600 ndash 674) 99220ndash39 years 388 (375 ndash 402) 267 (248 ndash 281) 388 (368 ndash 410) 547 (521 ndash 615) 30040ndash59 years 428 (401 ndash 457) 276 (248 ndash 301) 433 (397 ndash 470) 636 (608 ndash 680) 28060 years and older 456 (418 ndash 498) 295 (250 ndash 337) 458 (425 ndash 501) 680 (641 ndash 730) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 431 (407 ndash 456) 292 (269 ndash 312) 431 (406 ndash 453) 630 (596 ndash 669) 47220ndash39 years 415 (394 ndash 436) 275 (264 ndash 293) 423 (391 ndash 444) 564 (530 ndash 721) 12840ndash59 years 445 (411 ndash 482) 308 (271 ndash 322) 442 (397 ndash 483) 661 (616 ndash 750) 14060 years and older 430 (384 ndash 481) 295 (149 ndash 339) 427 (397 ndash 475) 602 (573 ndash 700) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 412 (393 ndash 431) 265 (245 ndash 282) 413 (388 ndash 430) 624 (592 ndash 711) 52020ndash39 years 366 (347 ndash 386) 248 (228 ndash 283) 368 (342 ndash 385) 500 (465 ndash 612) 17240ndash59 years 411 (380 ndash 446) 260 (223 ndash 277) 420 (388 ndash 466) 601 (571 ndash 730) 14060 years and older 480 (444 ndash 518) 295 (248 ndash 345) 484 (441 ndash 526) 724 (684 ndash 751) 208
288 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population288 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
36a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
ic-6
aci
d (2
25n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
196
(18
9 ndash
204
)8
56(7
60
ndash 9
46)
980
(93
0 ndash
105
)19
3(1
86
ndash 20
1)
390
(36
1 ndash
424
)46
5(4
29
ndash 52
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
195
(18
6 ndash
205
)9
15(8
17
ndash 9
51)
988
(92
5 ndash
111
)18
8(1
79
ndash 20
0)
414
(35
5 ndash
463
)47
8(4
51
ndash 54
4)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
194
(18
4 ndash
204
)8
37(4
40
ndash 9
67)
980
(77
9 ndash
111
)19
0(1
83
ndash 20
5)
360
(34
5 ndash
391
)41
6(3
72
ndash 50
8)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er20
3(1
95
ndash 21
2)
800
(58
8 ndash
884
)9
63(8
26
ndash 10
8)
205
(19
5 ndash
215
)41
4(3
79
ndash 48
4)
521
(46
8 ndash
580
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
186
(17
7 ndash
197
)8
11(6
96
ndash 9
23)
966
(88
3 ndash
104
)18
6(1
78
ndash 19
3)
346
(32
2 ndash
405
)42
8(3
86
ndash 45
2)
865
Fem
ales
206
(19
8 ndash
214
)8
92(7
74
ndash 9
55)
995
(93
0 ndash
112
)20
5(1
92
ndash 21
7)
419
(38
5 ndash
478
)50
6(4
64
ndash 59
0)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s23
5(2
10
ndash 26
2)
104
dagger(6
86
ndash 11
5)
116
(89
4 ndash
135
)22
8(1
97
ndash 27
1)
476
(44
2 ndash
560
)53
6dagger
(48
5 ndash
602
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks21
3(2
03
ndash 22
4)
927
dagger(5
89
ndash 10
3)
102
(93
5 ndash
116
)20
8(1
97
ndash 22
4)
430
(40
4 ndash
504
)50
6dagger
(45
0 ndash
632
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
191
(18
3 ndash
199
)8
15(7
49
ndash 9
20)
967
(85
2 ndash
106
)18
9(1
83
ndash 19
8)
360
(34
0 ndash
409
)45
2(4
07
ndash 51
4)
992
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus6ac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 236a Plasma docosapentaenoicminus6 acid (225nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus6Pl
asm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
icminus6
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 289289
290 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population290 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 236a2 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 196 (189 ndash 204) 118 (114 ndash 123) 193 (186 ndash 201) 325 (314 ndash 339) 180820ndash39 years 195 (186 ndash 205) 118 (112 ndash 129) 188 (179 ndash 200) 324 (313 ndash 348) 61040ndash59 years 194 (184 ndash 204) 115 (112 ndash 121) 190 (183 ndash 205) 318 (298 ndash 342) 51560 years and older 203 (195 ndash 212) 122 (106 ndash 128) 205 (195 ndash 215) 332 (312 ndash 386) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 186 (177 ndash 197) 117 (110 ndash 123) 186 (178 ndash 193) 298 (288 ndash 321) 86520ndash39 years 184 (173 ndash 196) 121 (108 ndash 131) 180 (171 ndash 187) 296 (272 ndash 334) 28240ndash59 years 190 (177 ndash 203) 118 (106 ndash 124) 190 (176 ndash 207) 294 (281 ndash 333) 24860 years and older 184 (172 ndash 197) 104 (964 ndash 117) 187 (177 ndash 200) 312 (279 ndash 356) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 206 (198 ndash 214) 120 (113 ndash 127) 205 (192 ndash 217) 345 (330 ndash 366) 94320ndash39 years 206 (194 ndash 219) 116 (988 ndash 130) 205 (187 ndash 222) 350 (324 ndash 412) 32840ndash59 years 198 (183 ndash 213) 113 (107 ndash 121) 191 (178 ndash 217) 343 (311 ndash 364) 26760 years and older 220 (207 ndash 233) 137 (124 ndash 144) 220 (207 ndash 231) 355 (314 ndash 485) 348
Table 236a3 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 235 (210 ndash 262) 141 (115 ndash 150) 228 (197 ndash 271) 428 (389 ndash 461) 37620ndash39 years 220 (196 ndash 248) 132 (909 ndash 149) 210 (180 ndash 257) 408 (335 ndash 458) 13240ndash59 years 249 (216 ndash 287) 142dagger (850 ndash 165) 247 (206 ndash 296) 438dagger (384 ndash 526) 9360 years and older 285 (244 ndash 333) 178 (151 ndash 197) 282 (234 ndash 339) 451 (368 ndash 719) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (198 ndash 254) 137 (104 ndash 157) 212 (191 ndash 260) 387 (340 ndash 446) 18920ndash39 years 211 (185 ndash 241) 133dagger (951 ndash 154) 198 (176 ndash 232) 334dagger (290 ndash 512) 6740ndash59 years 241 (197 ndash 296) 138dagger (648 ndash 177) 245 (181 ndash 333) 425dagger (317 ndash 527) 4860 years and older 267 (229 ndash 312) 164dagger (127 ndash 192) 261 (207 ndash 332) 418dagger (353 ndash 561) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (215 ndash 287) 141 (921 ndash 150) 245 (201 ndash 314) 447 (414 ndash 538) 18720ndash39 years 234 (193 ndash 282) 120dagger (852 ndash 148) 221 (150 ndash 321) 455dagger (352 ndash 104) 6540ndash59 years 258 (204 ndash 326) 144dagger (105 ndash 168) 246 (180 ndash 358) 435dagger (374 ndash 709) 4560 years and older 303 (239 ndash 383) 195dagger (143 ndash 210) 288 (224 ndash 415) 488dagger (379 ndash 719) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 236a4 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 213 (203 ndash 224) 124 (104 ndash 135) 208 (197 ndash 224) 353 (333 ndash 415) 31020ndash39 years 210 (192 ndash 228) 128 (117 ndash 134) 199 (183 ndash 235) 348 (315 ndash 508) 12640ndash59 years 215 (194 ndash 237) 121dagger (942 ndash 135) 217 (197 ndash 226) 349dagger (305 ndash 440) 9860 years and older 221 (184 ndash 266) 128dagger (589 ndash 149) 229 (176 ndash 284) 377dagger (326 ndash 457) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 200 (181 ndash 222) 117 (926 ndash 132) 198 (183 ndash 216) 348 (309 ndash 436) 14320ndash39 years 188 (172 ndash 206) 114dagger (594 ndash 134) 189 (159 ndash 199) 328dagger (276 ndash 478) 5840ndash59 years 214 (182 ndash 251) 122dagger (972 ndash 138) 217 (181 ndash 232) 329dagger (270 ndash 895) 4260 years and older 211 (156 ndash 287) 926dagger (589 ndash 155) 215 (160 ndash 317) 399dagger (322 ndash 503) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (203 ndash 247) 130 (103 ndash 146) 220 (195 ndash 253) 353 (330 ndash 452) 16720ndash39 years 229 (193 ndash 272) 140dagger (993 ndash 161) 222 (184 ndash 270) 353dagger (318 ndash 100) 6840ndash59 years 216 (187 ndash 249) 111dagger (875 ndash 135) 213 (189 ndash 264) 351dagger (282 ndash 994) 5660 years and older 228 (193 ndash 269) 130dagger (721 ndash 150) 232 (174 ndash 297) 337dagger (324 ndash 477) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 236a5 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 191 (183 ndash 199) 117 (110 ndash 123) 189 (183 ndash 198) 311 (294 ndash 326) 99220ndash39 years 190 (179 ndash 202) 116 (968 ndash 129) 185 (173 ndash 203) 313 (291 ndash 330) 30040ndash59 years 187 (173 ndash 203) 114 (101 ndash 126) 186 (176 ndash 196) 296 (276 ndash 333) 28060 years and older 199 (192 ndash 206) 119 (104 ndash 128) 201 (193 ndash 213) 319 (305 ndash 352) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 180 (170 ndash 191) 114 (101 ndash 123) 183 (176 ndash 190) 283 (267 ndash 308) 47220ndash39 years 177 (163 ndash 192) 115 (897 ndash 131) 175 (168 ndash 185) 274 (225 ndash 397) 12840ndash59 years 183 (169 ndash 198) 116 (823 ndash 137) 188 (169 ndash 202) 287 (259 ndash 316) 14060 years and older 181 (168 ndash 195) 104 (964 ndash 117) 186 (169 ndash 204) 299 (267 ndash 331) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 202 (193 ndash 211) 121 (112 ndash 128) 202 (186 ndash 216) 329 (313 ndash 356) 52020ndash39 years 203 (189 ndash 219) 115 (955 ndash 132) 205 (180 ndash 225) 326 (309 ndash 428) 17240ndash59 years 192 (171 ndash 214) 114 (100 ndash 125) 184 (168 ndash 219) 323 (274 ndash 372) 14060 years and older 215 (204 ndash 227) 135 (120 ndash 141) 216 (205 ndash 229) 336 (305 ndash 495) 208
292 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population292 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
37a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
hexa
enoi
c ac
id (2
26n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
125
(118
ndash 1
33)
549
(52
4 ndash
578
)61
1(5
62
ndash 65
2)
121
(114
ndash 1
28)
277
(248
ndash 3
10)
323
(302
ndash 3
72)
180
8
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s11
5(1
08 ndash
122
)54
3(4
55
ndash 57
3)
581
(53
6 ndash
625
)11
1(1
02 ndash
119
)25
4(2
28 ndash
316
)31
6(2
75 ndash
484
)61
040
ndash59
year
s12
5(1
15 ndash
136
)54
1(5
02
ndash 58
3)
606
(53
8 ndash
656
)12
1(1
11 ndash
136
)27
2(2
37 ndash
303
)30
5(2
90 ndash
400
)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
145
(135
ndash 1
56)
645
(54
8 ndash
704
)73
5(5
62
ndash 81
9)
142
(132
ndash 1
54)
305
(268
ndash 3
58)
373
(330
ndash 3
98)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es11
7(1
10 ndash
125
)53
9(4
93
ndash 55
7)
579
(54
0 ndash
624
)11
4(1
07 ndash
123
)25
3(2
29 ndash
299
)30
3(2
77 ndash
368
)86
5Fe
mal
es13
3(1
25 ndash
141
)57
8(4
83
ndash 63
0)
652
(56
1 ndash
720
)12
7(1
21 ndash
135
)29
3(2
58 ndash
323
)33
7(3
15 ndash
385
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
111
(105
ndash 1
19)
544
dagger(4
64
ndash 58
0)
588
(55
2 ndash
602
)11
1(9
98
ndash 12
3)21
1(1
91 ndash
251
)25
0dagger(2
18 ndash
342
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks14
0(1
24 ndash
157
)64
9dagger
(47
5 ndash
724
)72
5(5
94
ndash 80
3)
133
(118
ndash 1
52)
304
(254
ndash 4
25)
348dagger
(321
ndash 4
16)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s12
2(1
13 ndash
130
)54
7(5
13
ndash 56
2)
595
(55
0 ndash
646
)11
7(1
10 ndash
127
)25
9(2
41 ndash
294
)31
5(2
83 ndash
375
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
2931 Water-Soluble Vitamins
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 237a Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 0
50
100
150
200
250 NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
294 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population294 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 237a2 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 125 (118 ndash 133) 717 (671 ndash 749) 121 (114 ndash 128) 227 (208 ndash 244) 180820ndash39 years 115 (108 ndash 122) 670 (623 ndash 716) 111 (102 ndash 119) 204 (187 ndash 234) 61040ndash59 years 125 (115 ndash 136) 701 (623 ndash 777) 121 (111 ndash 136) 217 (201 ndash 244) 51560 years and older 145 (135 ndash 156) 842 (735 ndash 943) 142 (132 ndash 154) 247 (234 ndash 268) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (110 ndash 125) 679 (625 ndash 717) 114 (107 ndash 123) 206 (189 ndash 235) 86520ndash39 years 107 (995 ndash 115) 623 (576 ndash 681) 102 (932 ndash 113) 186 (170 ndash 209) 28240ndash59 years 122 (110 ndash 135) 687 (614 ndash 744) 118 (106 ndash 135) 219 (189 ndash 296) 24860 years and older 131 (119 ndash 143) 778 (536 ndash 928) 125 (117 ndash 142) 219 (194 ndash 256) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 133 (125 ndash 141) 756 (687 ndash 800) 127 (121 ndash 135) 238 (223 ndash 256) 94320ndash39 years 123 (115 ndash 133) 724 (618 ndash 786) 117 (110 ndash 127) 220 (194 ndash 283) 32840ndash59 years 128 (117 ndash 138) 723 (593 ndash 794) 124 (112 ndash 143) 210 (201 ndash 256) 26760 years and older 158 (148 ndash 169) 914 (825 ndash 991) 154 (144 ndash 168) 272 (249 ndash 307) 348
Table 237a3 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 111 (105 ndash 119) 671 (578 ndash 730) 111 (998 ndash 123) 185 (165 ndash 199) 37620ndash39 years 102 (911 ndash 114) 600 (553 ndash 676) 100 (806 ndash 122) 161 (150 ndash 204) 13240ndash59 years 127 (117 ndash 137) 849dagger (566 ndash 943) 125 (112 ndash 139) 189dagger (163 ndash 266) 9360 years and older 129 (118 ndash 142) 812 (611 ndash 922) 131 (114 ndash 144) 202 (185 ndash 246) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 107 (997 ndash 114) 648 (551 ndash 692) 104 (953 ndash 124) 165 (158 ndash 188) 18920ndash39 years 961 (858 ndash 108) 594dagger (524 ndash 671) 994 (782 ndash 119) 147dagger (136 ndash 158) 6740ndash59 years 129 (110 ndash 152) 833dagger (668 ndash 939) 127 (101 ndash 153) 194dagger (155 ndash 355) 4860 years and older 120 (109 ndash 132) 690dagger (461 ndash 901) 121 (105 ndash 143) 190dagger (159 ndash 272) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 118 (105 ndash 131) 688 (523 ndash 833) 116 (102 ndash 133) 191 (166 ndash 250) 18720ndash39 years 110 (905 ndash 134) 604dagger (540 ndash 737) 109 (757 ndash 150) 191dagger (158 ndash 325) 6540ndash59 years 124 (111 ndash 139) 879dagger (523 ndash 991) 119 (110 ndash 139) 173dagger (150 ndash 268) 4560 years and older 139 (115 ndash 168) 889dagger (770 ndash 107) 133 (109 ndash 164) 229dagger (183 ndash 334) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2951 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2952 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 237a4 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 140 (124 ndash 157) 834 (724 ndash 908) 133 (118 ndash 152) 251 (207 ndash 333) 31020ndash39 years 128 (107 ndash 153) 772 (664 ndash 890) 119 (103 ndash 140) 237 (177 ndash 367) 12640ndash59 years 142 (127 ndash 159) 841dagger (699 ndash 958) 133 (119 ndash 157) 234dagger (204 ndash 374) 9860 years and older 173 (155 ndash 193) 117dagger (562 ndash 135) 173 (149 ndash 197) 258dagger (216 ndash 368) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (114 ndash 147) 724 (604 ndash 822) 124 (110 ndash 145) 233 (198 ndash 361) 14320ndash39 years 112 (899 ndash 141) 679dagger (525 ndash 761) 107 (845 ndash 140) 193dagger (143 ndash 367) 5840ndash59 years 143 (124 ndash 165) 778dagger (621 ndash 894) 131 (113 ndash 171) 283dagger (217 ndash 404) 4260 years and older 161 (138 ndash 189) 113dagger (475 ndash 127) 159 (144 ndash 175) 251dagger (195 ndash 368) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 148 (129 ndash 171) 962 (808 ndash 104) 136 (120 ndash 176) 254 (203 ndash 442) 16720ndash39 years 142 (118 ndash 172) 931dagger (807 ndash 988) 127 (106 ndash 186) 254dagger (191 ndash 340) 6840ndash59 years 141 (121 ndash 165) 903dagger (476 ndash 110) 132 (119 ndash 163) 208dagger (184 ndash 442) 5660 years and older 181 (162 ndash 201) 121dagger (638 ndash 136) 182 (149 ndash 213) 258dagger (222 ndash 351) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 237a5 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 122 (113 ndash 130) 698 (644 ndash 745) 117 (110 ndash 127) 215 (202 ndash 235) 99220ndash39 years 111 (102 ndash 121) 652 (584 ndash 724) 110 (978 ndash 118) 201 (170 ndash 258) 30040ndash59 years 118 (108 ndash 130) 659 (553 ndash 757) 114 (106 ndash 128) 206 (181 ndash 252) 28060 years and older 142 (131 ndash 155) 842 (678 ndash 953) 136 (125 ndash 154) 244 (233 ndash 266) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 113 (105 ndash 122) 653 (596 ndash 718) 112 (102 ndash 121) 198 (178 ndash 229) 47220ndash39 years 102 (944 ndash 110) 608 (548 ndash 681) 961 (844 ndash 113) 180 (157 ndash 212) 12840ndash59 years 115 (103 ndash 128) 649 (537 ndash 735) 113 (978 ndash 127) 194 (167 ndash 303) 14060 years and older 128 (116 ndash 142) 770 (493 ndash 930) 121 (113 ndash 141) 213 (188 ndash 254) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 130 (120 ndash 140) 744 (653 ndash 790) 124 (116 ndash 133) 229 (209 ndash 259) 52020ndash39 years 121 (109 ndash 134) 724 (543 ndash 792) 114 (104 ndash 127) 204 (178 ndash 315) 17240ndash59 years 122 (111 ndash 133) 680 (525 ndash 789) 120 (106 ndash 139) 207 (188 ndash 244) 14060 years and older 156 (142 ndash 170) 895 (810 ndash 974) 150 (132 ndash 174) 274 (243 ndash 330) 208
296 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population296 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAstrupADyerbergJElwoodPHermansenKHuFBJakobsenMUetalTheroleofreducingintakesofsaturatedfatinthepreventionofcardiovasculardiseasewheredoestheevidencestandin2010AmJClinNutr201193684ndash688
CleemanJIGrundySMBeckerDClarkLTCooperRSDenkeMAetalExecutivesummaryoftheThirdReportoftheNationalCholesterolEducationProgram(NCEP)expertpanelondetectionevaluationandtreatmentofhighbloodcholesterolinadults(AdultTreatmentPanelIII)JAMA2001285(19)2486ndash2497
HarrisWSMozaffarianDRimmEKris-EthertonPRudelLLAppelLJetalOmega-6fattyacidsandriskforcardiovasculardiseaseascienceadvisoryfromtheAmericanHeartAssociationNutritionSubcommitteeoftheCouncilonNutritionPhysicalActivityandMetabolismCouncilonCardiovascularNursingandCouncilonEpidemiologyandPreventionCirculation2009119902ndash907
HodsonLSkeaffCMFieldingBAFattyacidcompositionofadiposetissueandbloodinhumansanditsuseasabiomarkerofdietaryintakeProgressinLipidResearch200847348ndash80
HuFBArerefinedcarbohydratesworsethansaturatedfatAmJClinNutr2010911541-2
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesforenergycarbohydratefiberfatfattyacidscholesterolproteinandaminoacidsWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2005
InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute8theditionPresentKnowledgeinNutritionWashingtonDCILSIPress2001
JakobsenMUOrsquoReillyEJHeitmannBLPereiraMABaumllterKFraserGEetalMajortypesofdietaryfatandriskofcoronaryheartdiseaseapooledanalysisof11cohortstudiesAmJClinNutr2009891425ndash1432
JakobsenMUDethlefsenCJoensenAMSteggerJTjonnelandASchmidtEBOvervadKIntakeofcarbohydratescomparedwithintakeofsaturatedfattyacidsandriskofmyocardialinfarctionimportanceoftheglycemicindexAmJClinNutr2010911764ndash1768
Kris-EthertonPMHarrisWSAppelLJfortheNutritionCommitteeFishconsumptionfishoilomega-3fattyacidsandcardiovasculardiseaseCirculation20021062747ndash2757
LagerstedtSAHinrichsDRBattSMMageraMJRinaldoPMcConnellJPQuantitativedeterminationofplasmaC8-C26totalfattyacidsforthebiochemicaldiagnosisofnutritionalandmetabolicdisordersMolGenetMetab20017338ndash45
LichtensteinAHFatsandoilsInBenjaminCedEncyclopediaofHumanNutritionOxfordElsevier2005pp177ndash186
MichaRMozaffarianDSaturatedfatandcardiometabolicriskfactorscoronaryheartdiseasestrokeanddiabetesafreshlookattheevidenceLipids201045893ndash905
SunQMaJCamposHHankinsonSEHuFBComparisonbetweenplasmaanderythrocytefattyacidcontentasbiomarkersoffattyacidintakeinUSwomenAmJClinNutr20078674ndash81
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
USNationalInstitutesofHealthNationalCancerInstituteSourcesofSaturatedFatStearicAcidampCholesterolRaisingFatamongtheUSPopulation2005ndash06RiskFactorMonitoringandMethodsBranchWebsiteAppliedResearchProgramUpdatedDecember212010aAvailableathttpriskfactorcancergovdietfoodsourcessat_fat
USNationalInstitutesofHealthNationalCancerInstituteSourcesofSelectedFattyAcidsamongtheUSPopulation2005ndash06RiskFactorMonitoringandMethodsBranchWebsiteAppliedResearchProgramUpdatedDecember212010bAvailableathttpriskfactorcancergovdietfoodsourcesfatty_acids
ZelmanKThegreatfatdebateAcloserlookatthecontroversy-Questioningthevalidityofage-olddietaryguidanceJAmDietAssoc2011111(5)655ndash658
891 Water-Soluble Vitamins 892 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
tomatoeseggsnutsandseedsandsnackfoodsPlasmaconcentrationsoftocopherolsvarywidelyamonghealthyindividualsandarehighlycorrelatedwithplasmalipidconcentrations(Ford1999Ford2006)
Health EffectsInadequateorexcessiveintakeofvitaminsAorEcanleadtovariousdisordersForexamplevitaminAdeficiencyconsideredtobethemaincauseofchildhoodblindnessinlow-incomecountries(Roodhooft2002)isarareconditionintheUnitedStatesProminentsignsofvitaminAdeficiencyincludenightblindnesscornealthinningandconjunctivalmetaplasiaVitaminAisalsoessentialforproperimmunefunctionepithelialgrowthandrepairbonegrowthreproductionandnormalembryonicandfetaldevelopment(West2006)Acutetoxicityresultingfromsingleorshort-termlargedosesofpreformedvitaminAischaracterizedbynauseavomitingheadachevertigoblurredvisionincreasedcerebrospinalfluidpressureandlackofmuscularcoordinationCentralnervoussystemeffectsliverabnormalitiesboneandskinchangesandothernonspecificadverseeffectscanbeindicativeofchronichypervitaminosisAConsumingexcessamountsofvitaminAduringearlypregnancymayleadtoseriousbirthdefects(InstituteofMedicine2001)
SerumorplasmaconcentrationsofcarotenoidsareconsideredamongthebestbiologicalmarkersforfruitandvegetableintakeThestrongestdietarypredictorsofserumcarotenoidconcentrationsarefruits(forsourcesofbeta-cryptoxanthin)carrotsandrootvegetables(forsourcesofcarotenes)andtomatoproducts(forsourcesoftrans-lycopene)(Al-Delaimy2005)ResearchstudieshaveshowninconsistenciesintherelationbetweencarotenoidintakeandprotectionfromcancerCarotenoidsinfoodsevenwhenconsumedoverlongperiodsandinlargeamountsarenotknowntoproduceadversehealtheffectsHoweverresultsofinterventionstudiesofsmokerswhoused20ndash30milligrams(mg)ofbeta-caroteneperdayshowedthatthisgrouphadmorelungcancersthanplacebo-treatedgroups(Albanes1996Redlich1998)
VitaminEdeficiencyoccursonlyrarelyinpeopleandovertdeficiencysymptomsinpeopleconsuminglow-vitaminEdietshaveneverbeendescribed(InstituteofMedicine2000)ThemainmanifestationofvitaminEdeficiencyisperipheralneuropathycharacterizedbythedegenerationofthelarge-caliberaxonsofsensoryneurons(InstituteofMedicine2000)Theupperlimit(UL)forvitaminEintake(1000mgday)isbasedonhemorrhagiceffectshoweveracausalassociationbetweenexcessalpha-tocopherolintakeinapparentlyhealthyindividualsandadversehealthoutcomeshasnotconsistentlybeenshown(InstituteofMedicine2000)Studiesevaluatingtocopherolstoreducetheriskforcardiovasculardiseasedemonstratedinconsistentfindings(AgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality2003)TheAmericanHeartAssociationcurrentlyadvisesthatantioxidantsupplements(suchasvitaminsEandCandbeta-carotene)shouldnotbeusedforprimaryorsecondarypreventionofcardiovasculardisease(Lichtenstein2006)NeverthelesstheAmericanHeartAssociationrecommendsconsumingfoodsourcesofantioxidantnutrientsprincipallyfromavarietyofplant-derivedfoodssuchasfruitsvegetableswholegrainsandvegetableoils
Intake Recommendations TheNationalAcademyofScienceshasestablisheddietary-requirementintakevaluesforvitaminsAandEbydeterminingtheAdequateIntake(AI)forinfantsandtherecommendeddietaryallowance(RDA)forolderagegroups(InstituteofMedicine2000and2001)TheRDAforvitaminAinretinolequivalentsis900microgdayformenand700microgdayforwomenforchildrenandadolescents(1ndash18years)theRDArangesfrom300ndash900microgdayForinfants(0ndash12months)theAIissetat400ndash500microgdayofretinolequivalentsTheTolerableUpperIntakeLevel(UL)foradultsissetat3000microgdayofpreformedvitaminAwhereastheULforinfants(600microgday)youngerchildren1ndash8years(600-900microgday)olderchildren9ndash13years(1700microgday)and
90 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population90 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
adolescents14ndash18years(2800microgday)areage-dependentForadultstheRDAforvitaminEis15mgdayofalpha-tocopherolforchildrenandadolescents(1ndash18years)theRDArangesfrom6ndash15mgdayThereisnoRDAforotherformsofvitaminEsuchasgamma-tocopherolTheULforvitaminEwhichappliestoalleightstereoisomersofalpha-tocopherolis1000mgdayforadultsaULforinfantscouldnotbeestablishedandthusonlyfoodandformulasourcesofdietaryintakearerecommendedTheULforchildrenandadolescentsrangesfrom200-800mgdayofvitaminEAlthoughnoquantitativerecommendationsareavailablefortheintakeofcarotenoidsexistingrecommendationssupportincreasedconsumptionofcarotenoid-richfruitsandvegetablesCurrentpublichealthguidelinesadvisethatpeopleconsumeatleast25cupsoffruitsandvegetablesadaydependingoncaloricneedtoensureadequatenutrientintake(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsThebestwaytodetermineinadequatevitaminAstatusisthroughhepaticbiopsybutthisinvasiveprocedureisunsuitableforpopulationstudiesSerumorplasmaretinolismeasuredbyuseofhighperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)withultraviolet(UV)detectionafterseparationfromitscarrierretinolbindingprotein(RBP)BecauseretinoliscloselycorrelatedwithRBPthemeasurementofthistransportproteinthroughenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)hasalsobeenusedtoassessvitaminAstatusInmostpopulationsserumRBPhasbeenshowntobeasuitablesurrogateforretinolSerumorplasmaconcentrationsofcarotenoidsaremeasuredbyuseofHPLCandvisiblelight(450nm)absorbance
Clinicallaboratoriestypicallyuseconventionalunitsforserumconcentrationsofthesefat-solublemicronutrients(microgperdeciliter[dL])Conversionfactorstointernationalsystem(SI)unitsare1microgdL=00349micromoleperliter(mmolL)forvitaminAand1microgdL=002322mmolLforvitaminEDependingonitsmolecularweighteachcarotenoidhasaspecificconversionfactor
InternationalreferencematerialsforvitaminsAandEandcarotenoidsareavailablefromtheUSNationalInstitutesofStandardsandTechnology(httpswww-snistgovsrmorsview_detailcfmsrm=968e)AmongmostlaboratoriesparticipatinginanexternalqualityassuranceprogramstandardizedHPLCmethodsformeasuringfat-solublemicronutrientsshowconsistentagreementofvalues(Duewer2000)
ThediagnosisofvitaminAorEdeficiencyissupportedbymeasuringtheseconcentrationsinthebodyPeoplewithserumretinolconcentrationsoflessthan20microgdLareconsideredvitaminAdeficientandthosewithserumconcentrationsoflessthan10microgdLareconsideredseverelydeficient(West2006)Serumretinolvaluesdonotalwaysreflecttotalbodystatusbecauseofhomeostatic
controlandthereforeareoftennotusefulforassessingthevitaminAstatusofindividualsAdditionaltestsmayberequiredtoconfirmvitaminAdeficiencywhen20microgdLisusedasacutoff(Gibson2005)ThedistributionofserumretinolvaluesinapopulationtogetherwiththeprevalenceofindividualswithserumretinolvaluesbelowagivencutoffpointprovideimportantinformationaboutthevitaminAstatusofapopulationWHO(2011)recommendsusingtheprevalenceofserumretinolconcentrationsoflessthanorequalto20microgdLtodefinepublichealthproblemsinvolvingvitaminAdeficiencyasmild(2ndash9)moderate(10ndash19)orsevere(ge20)InchronichypervitaminosisAserumconcentrationsaregenerallygreaterthan100microgdL(Bendich1989)Carotenoid
911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
deficiencyhasnodefinedserumconcentrationsThelaboratorydiagnosisofvitaminEdeficiencyisbasedonserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherol(lessthan500microgdLorlessthan08mgofalpha-tocopherolpergramoftotallipids)(Beers2006)Suchconcentrationsareassociatedwithinvitrohydrogenperoxide-inducedredbloodcelllysisnotwithclinicaldeficiencysymptoms(InstituteofMedicine2000)
Data in NHANESThefat-solublemicronutrientsvitaminAEandcarotenoidspresentedinthisreportweremeasuredbyasingleassaypanelemployingHPLCseparationanddetectionbyuseofUVorvisiblelight(HPLC-UVvis)ThisisthesamemethodusedduringthefirstfouryearsofthecontinuousNHANESsurvey(1999-2002)
Since1971variousfat-solublemicronutrientshavebeenmeasuredintheserumofNHANESparticipantsInNHANESIII(1988ndash1994)clinicallylowconcentrationsofserumretinolwereuncommoninUSresidentsaged4yearsandolderalthoughracialethnicandsocioeconomicdifferencesexisted(Ballew2001)Variationsinserumcarotenoidconcentrationsbyethnicityandsexwerefoundforadultschildrenandadolescents(Ford2000Ford2002)Fordetalalsofoundsociodemographicvariationsinserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherolamongUSadultsinNHANESIII(1999)andalpha-andgamma-tocopherolinNHANES1999ndash2000(2006)Applicationofthemostcommoncut-offvalueforserumalpha-tocopherolconcentrationsinNHANES1999ndash2000(500microgdL)demonstratedalowprevalenceofvitaminEdeficiencydespitethefactthattheUSDepartmentofAgriculture-estimateddietaryintakesofvitaminEwerelowandthatmostoftheUSpopulationdidnotmeetdietaryintakerecommendations
For more information on these fat-soluble micronutrientsseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryReferenceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2000and2001)andthevitaminfactsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements(httpodsodnihgovHealth_InformationVitamin_and_Mineral_Supplement_Fact_Sheetsaspx)
HighlightsSerumconcentrationsoffat-solublemicronutrients(vitaminAEandcarotenoids)intheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Withfewexceptionsthehighestconcentrationsoffat-solublemicronutrientswerefoundinpersons60yearsandolder
bull Noconsistentpatternwasobservedwithregardtogenderorraceethnicitybull ThelikelihoodofbeingvitaminAorEdeficientwasverylowthroughoutthe
populationbull ThelikelihoodofvitaminAexcesswasalsoverylowbutitincreasedwithincreasingage
Formorethan20yearsthemajorityoftheUSpopulation(greaterthan95)hashadadequateserumconcentrationsofvitaminA(gt20microgdL)andvitaminE(gt500microgdL)
DespiteNHANES2001ndash2002dietaryintakedatademonstratingthat93oftheUSpopulationconsumedlessthantheEstimatedAverageRequirement(EAR)forvitaminE(Moshfegh2005)fordecadesmeanserumvitaminEconcentrationshaveremainedconsistentlyadequate(FigureH2a)withlessthan1ofthepopulationvitaminEdeficientAnalysesofNHANESdatashowedthatin1999ndash200052ofadults(Rock2007)andin2003ndash200649ofthetotalUSpopulation(Bailey2011)useddietarysupplementsthustheintakedata(foodandsupplements)forvitaminEseemtobeinconsistentwiththebiomarkerdataSeveralexplanatorypossibilitieshavebeenraisedincludingasuggestionthattheintakeoffats(and
92 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population92 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
fat-solublenutrients)isunder-reportedinoverweightandobesesubjectsthedatabaseoffoodvaluesisnotaccurateandorthattheEARforvitaminEneedsadjustmentLowintakewithoutwidespreadmanifestationofdeficiencysuggeststheneedforfurtherevaluationstodeterminewhetherimprovedestimatesarenecessaryeitherinthenutrienttablesorindietaryintake
Figure H2aAge-adjustedgeometricmeanconcentrationsofserumvitaminE(alpha-tocopherol)intheUSpopulationaged6yearsandolderbygenderorraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithinademographicgroupbarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
Detailed ObservationsTheselectedobservationsmentionedbelowarederivedfromthetablesandfigurespresentednextStatementsaboutcategoricaldifferencesbetweendemographicgroupsnotedbelowarebasedonnon-overlappingconfidencelimitsfromunivariateanalysiswithoutadjustingfordemographicvariables(egagegenderraceethnicity)orotherbloodconcentrationdeterminants(egdietaryintakesupplementusagesmokingBMI)AmultivariateanalysismayalterthesizeandstatisticalsignificanceofthesecategoricaldifferencesFurthermoreadditionalsignificantdifferencesofsmallermagnitudemaybepresentdespitetheirlackofmentionhere(egifconfidencelimitsslightlyoverlaporifdifferencesarenotstatisticallysignificantbeforecovariateadjustmenthasoccurred)ForaselectionofcitationsofdescriptiveNHANESpapersrelatedtothesebiochemicalindicatorsofdietandnutritionseeAppendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2005ndash2006)bull SerumvitaminAconcentrationsincreasedwithage(Table21a1andFigure21a)bull Serumretinylpalmitateconcentrationsweresimilaracrossagerangeswithaslight
decreaseintheadolescentyears(Table22a1andFigure22a)bull SerumvitaminEconcentrationsdecreasedthroughoutchildhoodthenincreasedwith
agetoconcentrationshigherthanthoseseeninearlychildhood(Table24a1andFigure24a)whileserumgamma-tocopherolconcentrationsremainedrelativelyconstantthroughoutthelifecycledecreasingslightlyinolderpersons(Table25a1andFigure25a)
a a a a a
a b b b
b
b
b c c
b b
b
c
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Total population
Males Females Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
1988-1994 1999-2002 2005-2006
931 Water-Soluble Vitamins 932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
bull Serumalpha-carotenetrans-beta-caroteneandluteinzeaxanthinconcentrationsdecreasedthroughoutchildhoodthenincreasedwithagetoconcentrationshigherthanthoseseeninearlychildhood(Tables26a127a1and210a1andFigures26a27a210a)
bull Serumbeta-cryptoxanthinconcentrationsdecreasedinearlychildhoodandthenremainedsteady(Table29a1andFigure29a)
bull Serumtrans-lycopeneandtotallycopeneconcentrationswerehighestinyoungadultsandlowestinolderpersons(Tables211a1and212a1andFigures211a212a)
bull FemaleshadhigherserumvitaminEthanmaleswhilemaleshadhigherserumvitaminAconcentrationsthanfemales(Tables24a1and21a1)
bull Femaleshadhigherserumalpha-caroteneandtrans-beta-caroteneconcentrationsthanmalesandmaleshadhigherserumtotallycopeneconcentrationsthanfemales(Tables26a127a1and212a1)
bull Non-HispanicwhiteshadthehighestconcentrationsofserumvitaminAandvitaminEandthelowestconcentrationsofserumgamma-tocopherolNon-HispanicwhiteshadthelowestconcentrationsofserumluteinzeaxanthinNon-Hispanicblackshadthelowestconcentrationsofserumalpha-caroteneMexicanAmericanshadthehighestconcentrationsofserumbeta-cryptoxanthinandthelowestconcentrationsofserumtrans-lycopeneandtotallycopene(Tables21a124a125a1210a126a129a1211a1and212a1)
Changes in geometric mean concentrations across survey cyclesbull SerumvitaminAconcentrationsincreasedbetween1999ndash2000and2001ndash2002then
heldsteadythroughthe2005ndash2006surveyperiod(Table21b)bull SerumvitaminEandgamma-tocopherolconcentrationsheldsteadybetween1999ndash
2000and2005ndash2006(Tables24band25b)bull Serumalpha-carotenetrans-beta-carotenebeta-cryptoxanthinluteinzeaxanthin
andtrans-lycopeneconcentrationsdidnotchangeappreciablyacrossthesurveycycles(Tables26b27b29b210band211b)
bull Prevalenceestimatesofloworhighbiochemicalindicatorconcentrationsbull In2005ndash2006lessthan1ofthepopulationaged6yearsandolderhadavitaminA
orvitaminEdeficiencydefinedaslt20microgdLandlt500microgdLrespectively(Tables21c1and24c)About2howeverwereatriskforanexcessofvitaminAorgt100microgdL(Table21c2)
bull Between1999and2006theprevalenceoflowserumvitaminAwaslessthan1ofallpersons(Table21d1)andtheprevalenceofhighserumvitaminAwas1ndash2ofallpersons(Table21d2)
bull Between1999and2006theprevalenceoflowserumvitaminEwas2orlessforalmostallgroupsexceptforadolescentsforwhomtheprevalencewas2ndash4(Table24d)
94 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population94 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
1a
1 S
erum
vit
amin
A C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
547
(53
8 ndash
556
)29
6(2
87
ndash 30
5)
325
(31
8 ndash
332
)55
2(5
42
ndash 56
1)
878
(85
6 ndash
905
)96
7(9
31
ndash 10
1)7
254
Age
gro
up6ndash
11 y
ears
364
(35
6 ndash
372
)22
8(1
99
ndash 24
8)
256
(24
3 ndash
269
)36
6(3
59
ndash 37
3)
524
(49
1 ndash
543
)54
4(5
33
ndash 57
3)
860
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
465
(45
4 ndash
477
)28
9(2
86
ndash 29
6)
320
(30
6 ndash
330
)46
0(4
46
ndash 47
5)
696
(66
9 ndash
731
)75
7(7
14
ndash 82
9)
195
420
ndash39
year
s54
3(5
33
ndash 55
3)
312
(29
2 ndash
321
)33
9(3
22
ndash 35
1)
547
(53
5 ndash
556
)84
4(8
19
ndash 87
9)
891
(87
2 ndash
933
)1
688
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
587
(57
7 ndash
597
)33
1(3
14
ndash 34
2)
368
(36
0 ndash
380
)59
5(5
81
ndash 60
4)
903
(87
2 ndash
943
)10
0(9
47
ndash 10
7)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er64
4(6
28
ndash 66
1)
364
(31
6 ndash
388
)40
2(3
82
ndash 43
0)
649
(63
1 ndash
670
)99
8(9
62
ndash 10
2)10
8(1
05 ndash
115
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es57
2(5
63
ndash 58
2)
303
(29
2 ndash
312
)33
6(3
27
ndash 34
8)
580
(57
1 ndash
590
)89
0(8
65
ndash 93
0)
100
(93
3 ndash
104)
354
7Fe
mal
es52
4(5
13
ndash 53
5)
289
(27
7 ndash
301
)31
9(3
12
ndash 32
6)
524
(50
8 ndash
538
)85
9(8
33
ndash 88
7)
948
(89
8 ndash
103)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
484
(47
3 ndash
495
)27
8(2
62
ndash 28
6)
303
(29
3 ndash
312
)48
8(4
68
ndash 50
2)
737
(71
9 ndash
770
)82
1(7
62
ndash 88
4)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks48
3(4
73
ndash 49
3)
257
(23
8 ndash
275
)28
8(2
76
ndash 29
8)
481
(47
0 ndash
495
)82
0(7
84
ndash 85
5)
897
(86
1 ndash
936
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s57
4(5
64
ndash 58
4)
315
(30
6 ndash
324
)34
8(3
30
ndash 36
2)
579
(56
8 ndash
590
)89
8(8
76
ndash 93
3)
100
(95
6 ndash
104)
297
3
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Serum vita
min A
(μgdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 21a Serum vitamin A Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Serum vita
min A
Serum vita
min A
(μgdL
) (μgdL
) 0
20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 9595
96 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population96 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21a2 Serum vitamin A Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 547 (538 ndash 556) 366 (358 ndash 374) 552 (542 ndash 561) 800 (781 ndash 822) 72546ndash11 years 364 (356 ndash 372) 280 (275 ndash 291) 366 (359 ndash 373) 475 (457 ndash 501) 86012ndash19 years 465 (454 ndash 477) 352 (339 ndash 359) 460 (446 ndash 475) 632 (607 ndash 669) 195420ndash39 years 543 (533 ndash 553) 381 (365 ndash 392) 547 (535 ndash 556) 777 (741 ndash 816) 168840ndash59 years 587 (577 ndash 597) 412 (395 ndash 430) 595 (581 ndash 604) 810 (790 ndash 852) 136560 years and older 644 (628 ndash 661) 464 (447 ndash 479) 649 (631 ndash 670) 884 (860 ndash 917) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 572 (563 ndash 582) 385 (378 ndash 392) 580 (571 ndash 590) 818 (797 ndash 850) 35476ndash11 years 364 (354 ndash 373) 281 (264 ndash 291) 363 (350 ndash 372) 475 (457 ndash 516) 42712ndash19 years 482 (469 ndash 496) 364 (353 ndash 377) 481 (463 ndash 498) 645 (629 ndash 674) 98020ndash39 years 591 (577 ndash 605) 444 (423 ndash 460) 584 (568 ndash 602) 809 (768 ndash 845) 73840ndash59 years 618 (607 ndash 630) 442 (416 ndash 471) 632 (624 ndash 642) 845 (801 ndash 920) 67360 years and older 660 (639 ndash 681) 484 (460 ndash 500) 664 (637 ndash 687) 904 (863 ndash 972) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 524 (513 ndash 535) 356 (343 ndash 364) 524 (508 ndash 538) 775 (750 ndash 790) 37076ndash11 years 365 (353 ndash 378) 280 (275 ndash 294) 369 (359 ndash 380) 470 (451 ndash 523) 43312ndash19 years 447 (435 ndash 459) 337 (333 ndash 350) 438 (427 ndash 451) 607 (570 ndash 666) 97420ndash39 years 500 (487 ndash 513) 345 (327 ndash 361) 493 (483 ndash 509) 726 (695 ndash 759) 95040ndash59 years 559 (541 ndash 577) 399 (369 ndash 412) 558 (538 ndash 585) 784 (742 ndash 828) 69260 years and older 632 (613 ndash 652) 451 (430 ndash 472) 639 (625 ndash 657) 877 (840 ndash 912) 658
Table 21a3 Serum vitamin A Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 484 (473 ndash 495) 334 (326 ndash 342) 488 (468 ndash 502) 686 (667 ndash 703) 18446ndash11 years 356 (344 ndash 370) 276 (248 ndash 289) 358 (338 ndash 376) 462 (450 ndash 482) 29512ndash19 years 449 (433 ndash 464) 341 (334 ndash 350) 444 (432 ndash 461) 588 (556 ndash 647) 64620ndash39 years 501 (491 ndash 512) 360 (333 ndash 373) 503 (487 ndash 533) 691 (668 ndash 727) 44940ndash59 years 536 (524 ndash 548) 390 (366 ndash 410) 526 (507 ndash 556) 717 (672 ndash 853) 24660 years and older 555 (528 ndash 583) 408 (373 ndash 428) 570 (547 ndash 584) 781 (729 ndash 854) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 519 (500 ndash 539) 365 (337 ndash 385) 533 (502 ndash 559) 707 (688 ndash 733) 8836ndash11 years 356 (339 ndash 374) 272 (240 ndash 288) 354 (330 ndash 387) 468 (456 ndash 491) 14512ndash19 years 474 (456 ndash 493) 361 (338 ndash 380) 470 (450 ndash 486) 609 (587 ndash 657) 31320ndash39 years 548 (524 ndash 573) 413 (366 ndash 439) 560 (540 ndash 590) 706 (680 ndash 743) 19840ndash59 years 591 (560 ndash 623) 458 (429 ndash 474) 579 (539 ndash 631) 777 (705 ndash 110) 12260 years and older 576 (533 ndash 623) 426dagger (198 ndash 474) 576 (551 ndash 620) 795dagger (706 ndash 930) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 447 (440 ndash 455) 321 (313 ndash 327) 437 (427 ndash 452) 642 (621 ndash 670) 9616ndash11 years 357 (346 ndash 368) 280 (240 ndash 294) 360 (343 ndash 376) 457 (422 ndash 527) 15012ndash19 years 423 (410 ndash 437) 333 (322 ndash 338) 416 (402 ndash 430) 559 (523 ndash 615) 33320ndash39 years 450 (439 ndash 462) 319 (298 ndash 338) 432 (417 ndash 466) 666 (612 ndash 695) 25140ndash59 years 484 (471 ndash 497) 356 (324 ndash 374) 491 (465 ndash 502) 639 (577 ndash 813) 12460 years and older 538 (509 ndash 569) 394dagger (329 ndash 423) 535 (514 ndash 589) 759dagger (729 ndash 830) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
971 Water-Soluble Vitamins 972 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21a4 Serum vitamin A Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 483 (473 ndash 493) 320 (312 ndash 328) 481 (470 ndash 495) 721 (700 ndash 751) 18916ndash11 years 356 (340 ndash 373) 266 (240 ndash 285) 357 (345 ndash 368) 473 (446 ndash 518) 24012ndash19 years 411 (400 ndash 422) 305 (294 ndash 313) 409 (397 ndash 426) 542 (528 ndash 575) 66520ndash39 years 473 (458 ndash 489) 323 (298 ndash 353) 479 (449 ndash 505) 677 (636 ndash 716) 36840ndash59 years 532 (514 ndash 550) 354 (333 ndash 372) 537 (503 ndash 572) 771 (728 ndash 857) 33560 years and older 599 (563 ndash 637) 401 (362 ndash 456) 607 (566 ndash 645) 851 (788 ndash 914) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 512 (499 ndash 525) 340 (329 ndash 352) 519 (502 ndash 536) 748 (709 ndash 790) 9496ndash11 years 354 (341 ndash 368) 262 (232 ndash 287) 353 (335 ndash 366) 462 (437 ndash 519) 12812ndash19 years 422 (408 ndash 437) 306 (288 ndash 320) 420 (397 ndash 447) 581 (551 ndash 607) 34320ndash39 years 533 (521 ndash 545) 389 (357 ndash 404) 541 (523 ndash 555) 712 (659 ndash 777) 17040ndash59 years 573 (549 ndash 598) 390 (358 ndash 426) 584 (540 ndash 629) 848 (748 ndash 927) 15660 years and older 608 (570 ndash 649) 400 (339 ndash 467) 625 (599 ndash 647) 860 (784 ndash 110) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 459 (447 ndash 471) 311 (294 ndash 321) 449 (435 ndash 467) 701 (659 ndash 746) 9426ndash11 years 358 (330 ndash 390) 267 (198 ndash 288) 361 (330 ndash 388) 476 (442 ndash 542) 11212ndash19 years 399 (387 ndash 412) 301 (294 ndash 308) 402 (387 ndash 417) 511 (499 ndash 531) 32220ndash39 years 427 (411 ndash 443) 292 (243 ndash 320) 424 (404 ndash 445) 604 (574 ndash 635) 19840ndash59 years 499 (468 ndash 533) 334 (319 ndash 343) 488 (459 ndash 535) 733 (681 ndash 847) 17960 years and older 593 (554 ndash 634) 398 (367 ndash 438) 603 (546 ndash 645) 849 (779 ndash 902) 131
Table 21a5 Serum vitamin A Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 574 (564 ndash 584) 390 (378 ndash 400) 579 (568 ndash 590) 820 (798 ndash 853) 29736ndash11 years 368 (355 ndash 382) 286 (266 ndash 301) 371 (354 ndash 382) 476 (453 ndash 530) 23112ndash19 years 485 (468 ndash 502) 370 (355 ndash 384) 483 (459 ndash 500) 662 (631 ndash 693) 49920ndash39 years 575 (559 ndash 591) 414 (391 ndash 430) 571 (560 ndash 586) 814 (771 ndash 856) 71440ndash59 years 604 (592 ndash 616) 433 (412 ndash 456) 605 (593 ndash 626) 819 (792 ndash 880) 68360 years and older 654 (638 ndash 670) 471 (453 ndash 488) 660 (638 ndash 679) 895 (867 ndash 926) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 597 (585 ndash 609) 409 (394 ndash 419) 604 (589 ndash 621) 841 (807 ndash 878) 14726ndash11 years 370 (356 ndash 386) 286 (251 ndash 303) 370 (351 ndash 384) 474 (453 ndash 532) 11212ndash19 years 502 (483 ndash 522) 385 (352 ndash 404) 498 (475 ndash 520) 668 (643 ndash 697) 25420ndash39 years 618 (599 ndash 638) 471 (451 ndash 484) 608 (583 ndash 635) 838 (798 ndash 878) 30940ndash59 years 633 (615 ndash 652) 453 (401 ndash 499) 640 (627 ndash 661) 850 (800 ndash 101) 35160 years and older 668 (646 ndash 690) 497 (461 ndash 504) 671 (638 ndash 702) 906 (873 ndash 990) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 553 (541 ndash 564) 376 (362 ndash 392) 556 (544 ndash 566) 798 (782 ndash 824) 15016ndash11 years 366 (345 ndash 389) 282 (260 ndash 305) 371 (349 ndash 389) 481 (443 ndash 547) 11912ndash19 years 466 (446 ndash 488) 359 (334 ndash 374) 455 (431 ndash 485) 637 (595 ndash 701) 24520ndash39 years 535 (516 ndash 553) 367 (342 ndash 397) 531 (512 ndash 549) 761 (728 ndash 831) 40540ndash59 years 577 (560 ndash 594) 416 (402 ndash 435) 577 (556 ndash 596) 791 (756 ndash 839) 33260 years and older 643 (622 ndash 665) 464 (445 ndash 483) 648 (627 ndash 674) 879 (841 ndash 950) 400
98 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population98 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21b Serum vitamin A Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 528 (518 ndash 538) 307 (298 ndash 316) 535 (522 ndash 549) 856 (839 ndash 872) 7102 2001ndash2002 552 (541 ndash 564) 326 (318 ndash 335) 560 (547 ndash 573) 884 (866 ndash 916) 7935 2005ndash2006 547 (538 ndash 556) 325 (318 ndash 332) 552 (542 ndash 561) 878 (856 ndash 905) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 323 (316 ndash 331) 220 (190 ndash 231) 331 (315 ndash 346) 462 (411 ndash 663) 352 2001ndash2002 338 (331 ndash 346) 243 (165 ndash 255) 340 (331 ndash 352) 471 (443 ndash 503) 4306ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 351 (345 ndash 356) 253 (236 ndash 261) 354 (350 ndash 358) 485 (461 ndash 523) 866 2001ndash2002 373 (362 ndash 385) 265 (258 ndash 274) 373 (362 ndash 390) 516 (501 ndash 540) 1014 2005ndash2006 364 (356 ndash 372) 256 (243 ndash 269) 366 (359 ndash 373) 524 (491 ndash 543) 86012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 457 (447 ndash 466) 301 (291 ndash 309) 458 (450 ndash 469) 694 (669 ndash 718) 2111 2001ndash2002 480 (471 ndash 489) 318 (304 ndash 333) 485 (476 ndash 493) 712 (690 ndash 742) 2206 2005ndash2006 465 (454 ndash 477) 320 (306 ndash 330) 460 (446 ndash 475) 696 (669 ndash 731) 195420ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 521 (508 ndash 534) 330 (311 ndash 343) 528 (512 ndash 545) 803 (779 ndash 830) 1461 2001ndash2002 548 (533 ndash 563) 342 (326 ndash 353) 558 (544 ndash 575) 834 (809 ndash 866) 1716 2005ndash2006 543 (533 ndash 553) 339 (322 ndash 351) 547 (535 ndash 556) 844 (819 ndash 879) 168840ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 590 (576 ndash 606) 359 (342 ndash 381) 598 (579 ndash 615) 904 (864 ndash 968) 1191 2001ndash2002 603 (592 ndash 615) 375 (348 ndash 399) 612 (598 ndash 627) 946 (903 ndash 978) 1474 2005ndash2006 587 (577 ndash 597) 368 (360 ndash 380) 595 (581 ndash 604) 903 (872 ndash 943) 136560 years and older 1999ndash2000 625 (611 ndash 640) 397 (363 ndash 419) 630 (613 ndash 650) 943 (901 ndash 995) 1473 2001ndash2002 650 (636 ndash 665) 403 (380 ndash 414) 654 (641 ndash 674) 102 (986 ndash 108) 1525 2005ndash2006 644 (628 ndash 661) 402 (382 ndash 430) 649 (631 ndash 670) 998 (962 ndash 102) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 558 (544 ndash 573) 319 (301 ndash 338) 575 (558 ndash 588) 863 (846 ndash 906) 3450 2001ndash2002 585 (572 ndash 598) 344 (334 ndash 355) 598 (580 ndash 617) 915 (887 ndash 937) 3841 2005ndash2006 572 (563 ndash 582) 336 (327 ndash 348) 580 (571 ndash 590) 890 (865 ndash 930) 3547Females 1999ndash2000 501 (491 ndash 511) 302 (287 ndash 312) 500 (488 ndash 510) 841 (812 ndash 870) 3652 2001ndash2002 523 (511 ndash 535) 317 (309 ndash 324) 525 (510 ndash 539) 866 (840 ndash 883) 4094 2005ndash2006 524 (513 ndash 535) 319 (312 ndash 326) 524 (508 ndash 538) 859 (833 ndash 887) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 470 (461 ndash 478) 290 (280 ndash 297) 469 (455 ndash 483) 756 (736 ndash 790) 2410 2001ndash2002 486 (472 ndash 500) 298 (288 ndash 307) 488 (474 ndash 504) 766 (734 ndash 821) 1991 2005ndash2006 484 (473 ndash 495) 303 (293 ndash 312) 488 (468 ndash 502) 737 (719 ndash 770) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 458 (442 ndash 474) 278 (264 ndash 283) 454 (431 ndash 476) 757 (725 ndash 811) 1590 2001ndash2002 472 (461 ndash 483) 282 (274 ndash 289) 470 (453 ndash 486) 802 (773 ndash 857) 1864 2005ndash2006 483 (473 ndash 493) 288 (276 ndash 298) 481 (470 ndash 495) 820 (784 ndash 855) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 556 (542 ndash 571) 334 (312 ndash 347) 568 (550 ndash 582) 873 (854 ndash 905) 2456 2001ndash2002 579 (564 ndash 595) 347 (331 ndash 362) 589 (568 ndash 607) 913 (889 ndash 935) 3455 2005ndash2006 574 (564 ndash 584) 348 (330 ndash 362) 579 (568 ndash 590) 898 (876 ndash 933) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
i
i i
70
i i i
i i
i
i
i
i
i i
i i
i
i
i i
i i i
i i
i
i i
i
i i i
40
60
80
100
95th
Per
cent
ile
i i i
i i
i i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i i i
i
i i
i
i i
Figure 21b Serum vitamin A Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
60
50
40
30
40
35
30
25
20
15
i
i i
i
i i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i
i i
i
i i
i i i
i i i
i i i
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 9999
100 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population100 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21c1 Serum vitamin A PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin A concentration (lt 20 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence
(95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 03 (01 ndash 05) 711000Age group 6ndash11 years 860 10 (06 ndash 15) 231000 12ndash19 years 1954 sect sect 20ndash39 years 1688 sect sect 40ndash59 years 1365 sect sect 60 years and older 1387 sect sectGender Males 3547 sect sect Females 3707 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 317000DaggerRaceethnicity Mexican Americans 1844 sect sect Non-Hispanic Blacks 1891 05 (03 ndash 07) 145000 Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 386000DaggerDagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1011 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1012 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21c2 Serum vitamin A PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of high serum vitamin A concentration (gt 100 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 21 (16 ndash 27) 5573000Age group 6ndash11 years 860 sect sect 12ndash19 years 1954 sect sect 20ndash39 years 1688 11Dagger (05 ndash 23) 847000Dagger 40ndash59 years 1365 27 (18 ndash 39) 2182000 60 years and older 1387 48 (38 ndash 60) 2301000Gender Males 3547 25 (18 ndash 34) 3265000 Females 3707 17 (10 ndash 29) 2306000Raceethnicity Mexican Americans 1844 05Dagger (03 ndash 11) 129000Dagger Non-Hispanic Blacks 1891 11 (06 ndash 20) 348000 Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 26 (20 ndash 35) 4752000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
102 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population102 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 21d1 Serum vitamin A Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin A concentration (lt 20 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7102 01 (01 ndash 02) 360000 2001ndash2002 7935 03 (02 ndash 04) 698000 2005ndash2006 7254 03 (01 ndash 05) 711000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 352 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 866 10 (06 ndash 16) 243000 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 10 (06 ndash 15) 23100012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2111 sect sect 2001ndash2002 2206 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1954 sect sect20ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1461 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1716 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1191 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1474 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1365 sect sect60 years and older 1999ndash2000 1473 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1525 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1387 sect sectGender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3450 01Dagger (01 ndash 03) 179000Dagger 2001ndash2002 3841 04 (02 ndash 07) 456000 2005ndash2006 3547 sect sectFemales 1999ndash2000 3652 01 (01 ndash 02) 181000 2001ndash2002 4094 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 242000Dagger 2005ndash2006 3707 02Dagger (01 ndash 04) 317000DaggerRaceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 04Dagger (02 ndash 08) 75000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1991 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1590 05 (03 ndash 08) 153000 2001ndash2002 1864 07 (03 ndash 12) 201000 2005ndash2006 1891 05 (03 ndash 07) 145000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2456 sect sect 2001ndash2002 3455 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 398000Dagger 2005ndash2006 2973 02Dagger (01 ndash 05) 386000DaggerDagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1031 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1032 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 21d2 Serum vitamin A Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of high serum vitamin A concentration (gt 100 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7102 13 (10 ndash 18) 3312000 2001ndash2002 7935 20 (16 ndash 25) 5242000 2005ndash2006 7254 21 (16 ndash 27) 5573000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 352 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 866 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 sect sect12ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2111 sect sect 2001ndash2002 2206 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1954 sect sect20ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1461 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1716 06Dagger (02 ndash 13) 437000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1688 11Dagger (05 ndash 23) 847000Dagger40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1191 24 (14 ndash 40) 1688000 2001ndash2002 1474 29 (20 ndash 44) 2222000 2005ndash2006 1365 27 (18 ndash 39) 218200060 years and older 1999ndash2000 1473 32 (21 ndash 48) 1381000 2001ndash2002 1525 59 (43 ndash 80) 2628000 2005ndash2006 1387 48 (38 ndash 60) 2301000Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3450 14 (09 ndash 24) 1741000 2001ndash2002 3841 24 (19 ndash 30) 3013000 2005ndash2006 3547 25 (18 ndash 34) 3265000Females 1999ndash2000 3652 12 (07 ndash 20) 1570000 2001ndash2002 4094 17 (12 ndash 24) 2226000 2005ndash2006 3707 17 (10 ndash 29) 2306000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1991 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1844 05Dagger (03 ndash 11) 129000DaggerNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1590 12 (07 ndash 22) 376000 2001ndash2002 1864 17Dagger (08 ndash 37) 519000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1891 11 (06 ndash 20) 348000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2456 17 (12 ndash 24) 2962000 2001ndash2002 3455 24 (19 ndash 29) 4296000 2005ndash2006 2973 26 (20 ndash 35) 4752000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
104 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population104 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
2a
1 S
erum
reti
nyl p
alm
itat
e C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
211
(20
5 ndash
217
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
08(1
99
ndash 2
17)
567
(53
5 ndash
603
)7
35(6
93
ndash 7
96)
694
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs2
15(2
01
ndash 2
29)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
214
(19
3 ndash
227
)5
01(4
70
ndash 5
81)
618
(56
7 ndash
884
)82
712
ndash19
year
s1
90(1
84
ndash 1
97)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
183
(17
4 ndash
194
)4
78(4
51
ndash 5
37)
619
(57
7 ndash
677
)1
865
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
213
(20
4 ndash
223
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
18(2
03
ndash 2
29)
500
(46
7 ndash
536
)6
31(5
70
ndash 7
62)
162
040
ndash59
year
s2
14(2
04
ndash 2
25)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
212
(20
0 ndash
224
)6
15(5
46
ndash 6
80)
758
(67
4 ndash
910
)1
315
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
14(2
01
ndash 2
28)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
204
(18
8 ndash
223
)6
87(6
04
ndash 8
01)
880
(78
6 ndash
117
)1
319
Gen
der
Mal
es2
15(2
08
ndash 2
23)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
214
(20
4 ndash
224
)5
89(5
50
ndash 6
32)
726
(67
8 ndash
826
)3
397
Fem
ales
207
(20
1 ndash
212
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
01(1
94
ndash 2
11)
551
(49
6 ndash
612
)7
45(6
53
ndash 8
14)
354
9Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
185
(17
8 ndash
191
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D1
78(1
69
ndash 1
88)
477
(44
0 ndash
518
)5
69(5
19
ndash 7
49)
174
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks2
04(1
90
ndash 2
19)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
203
(18
4 ndash
220
)5
00(4
65
ndash 5
76)
636
(57
0 ndash
756
)1
842
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s2
17(2
10
ndash 2
25)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
217
(20
4 ndash
227
)6
02(5
60
ndash 6
49)
782
(70
4 ndash
874
)2
838
lt LO
D m
eans
less
than
the
limit
of d
etec
tion
whi
ch m
ay v
ary
for s
ome
com
poun
ds b
y ye
ar S
ee A
ppen
dix
D fo
r LO
D
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
2 3
4
Seru
m re
tinyl
pal
mita
te(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 22a Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by age group Geometric Mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m re
tinyl
pal
mita
teSe
rum
retin
yl p
alm
itate
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
01
23
4 0
12
3
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 105105
106 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population106 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 22a2 Serum retinyl palmitate Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 211 (205 ndash 217) lt LOD 208 (199 ndash 217) 440 (428 ndash 454) 69466ndash11 years 215 (201 ndash 229) lt LOD 214 (193 ndash 227) 419 (402 ndash 462) 82712ndash19 years 190 (184 ndash 197) lt LOD 183 (174 ndash 194) 379 (360 ndash 410) 186520ndash39 years 213 (204 ndash 223) lt LOD 218 (203 ndash 229) 416 (386 ndash 443) 162040ndash59 years 214 (204 ndash 225) lt LOD 212 (200 ndash 224) 457 (423 ndash 515) 131560 years and older 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 204 (188 ndash 223) 499 (454 ndash 560) 1319MalesTotal 6 years and older 215 (208 ndash 223) lt LOD 214 (204 ndash 224) 452 (439 ndash 469) 33976ndash11 years 226 (205 ndash 248) lt LOD 222 (202 ndash 236) 456 (413 ndash 545) 41112ndash19 years 193 (182 ndash 205) lt LOD 185 (172 ndash 202) 384 (355 ndash 426) 93520ndash39 years 224 (209 ndash 239) lt LOD 230 (214 ndash 243) 442 (404 ndash 469) 71440ndash59 years 215 (201 ndash 230) lt LOD 214 (201 ndash 227) 466 (429 ndash 553) 65060 years and older 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 203 (187 ndash 225) 504 (447 ndash 560) 687FemalesTotal 6 years and older 207 (201 ndash 212) lt LOD 201 (194 ndash 211) 429 (413 ndash 444) 35496ndash11 years 205 (186 ndash 225) lt LOD 203 (181 ndash 225) 402 (376 ndash 441) 41612ndash19 years 188 (180 ndash 195) lt LOD 182 (169 ndash 192) 369 (344 ndash 431) 93020ndash39 years 202 (194 ndash 211) lt LOD 203 (191 ndash 218) 387 (365 ndash 431) 90640ndash59 years 213 (203 ndash 224) lt LOD 210 (197 ndash 224) 448 (400 ndash 550) 66560 years and older 214 (197 ndash 233) lt LOD 205 (178 ndash 231) 495 (436 ndash 643) 632lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 22a3 Serum retinyl palmitate Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 185 (178 ndash 191) lt LOD 178 (169 ndash 188) 384 (360 ndash 409) 17466ndash11 years 179 (167 ndash 191) lt LOD 168 (158 ndash 180) 366 (309 ndash 425) 27512ndash19 years 165 (156 ndash 174) lt LOD 162 (157 ndash 167) 311 (287 ndash 351) 61420ndash39 years 190 (177 ndash 204) lt LOD 187 (168 ndash 204) 394 (368 ndash 449) 43240ndash59 years 189 (178 ndash 202) lt LOD 181 (167 ndash 200) 408 (350 ndash 479) 23360 years and older 195 (178 ndash 214) lt LOD 179 (163 ndash 206) 457 (378 ndash 589) 192MalesTotal 6 years and older 191 (180 ndash 203) lt LOD 184 (169 ndash 200) 399 (370 ndash 470) 8326ndash11 years 173 (156 ndash 191) lt LOD 160 (151 ndash 179) 368 (285 ndash 504) 13612ndash19 years 169 (156 ndash 183) lt LOD 164 (156 ndash 175) 312 (270 ndash 394) 29420ndash39 years 199 (174 ndash 227) lt LOD 195 (167 ndash 227) 421 (382 ndash 531) 19340ndash59 years 205 (186 ndash 226) lt LOD 198 (155 ndash 244) 435 (376 ndash 544) 11460 years and older 186 (156 ndash 222) lt LODdagger 176 (135 ndash 241) 445dagger (355 ndash 543) 95FemalesTotal 6 years and older 178 (170 ndash 185) lt LOD 172 (163 ndash 183) 356 (344 ndash 371) 9146ndash11 years 185 (170 ndash 202) lt LOD 176 (163 ndash 194) 364 (314 ndash 487) 13912ndash19 years 161 (152 ndash 170) lt LOD 160 (147 ndash 169) 309 (279 ndash 366) 32020ndash39 years 179 (163 ndash 198) lt LOD 177 (153 ndash 203) 356 (332 ndash 389) 23940ndash59 years 175 (163 ndash 188) lt LOD 172 (152 ndash 195) 352 (324 ndash 447) 11960 years and older 202 (177 ndash 232) lt LODdagger 179 (158 ndash 224) 459dagger (330 ndash 850) 97lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1071 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1072 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 22a4 Serum retinyl palmitate Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 204 (190 ndash 219) lt LOD 203 (184 ndash 220) 413 (385 ndash 448) 18426ndash11 years 249 (219 ndash 282) lt LOD 249 (213 ndash 301) 482 (458 ndash 544) 23812ndash19 years 203 (188 ndash 221) lt LOD 199 (184 ndash 223) 405 (358 ndash 459) 64320ndash39 years 212 (192 ndash 235) lt LOD 210 (191 ndash 227) 423 (381 ndash 467) 36340ndash59 years 196 (182 ndash 212) lt LOD 194 (173 ndash 221) 388 (359 ndash 461) 32660 years and older 177 (160 ndash 196) lt LOD 165 (144 ndash 189) 395 (326 ndash 467) 272MalesTotal 6 years and older 215 (199 ndash 232) lt LOD 216 (200 ndash 230) 445 (388 ndash 502) 9216ndash11 years 266 (234 ndash 303) lt LOD 271 (235 ndash 296) 534 (454 ndash 633) 12712ndash19 years 217 (198 ndash 238) lt LOD 213 (188 ndash 236) 449 (367 ndash 539) 33020ndash39 years 229 (205 ndash 256) lt LOD 228 (205 ndash 256) 445 (373 ndash 585) 16840ndash59 years 199 (180 ndash 221) lt LOD 212 (169 ndash 230) 384 (342 ndash 734) 15360 years and older 179 (159 ndash 201) lt LOD 162 (132 ndash 199) 464 (340 ndash 535) 143FemalesTotal 6 years and older 195 (179 ndash 212) lt LOD 192 (174 ndash 214) 393 (380 ndash 422) 9216ndash11 years 232 (194 ndash 277) lt LODdagger 237 (187 ndash 287) 460dagger (424 ndash 512) 11112ndash19 years 190 (171 ndash 212) lt LOD 191 (165 ndash 219) 355 (339 ndash 426) 31320ndash39 years 199 (175 ndash 225) lt LOD 201 (173 ndash 224) 392 (370 ndash 467) 19540ndash59 years 194 (176 ndash 214) lt LOD 188 (169 ndash 211) 392 (361 ndash 447) 17360 years and older 176 (152 ndash 203) lt LOD 166 (143 ndash 202) 354 (307 ndash 422) 129lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 22a5 Serum retinyl palmitate Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 217 (210 ndash 225) lt LOD 217 (204 ndash 227) 454 (439 ndash 471) 28386ndash11 years 218 (197 ndash 241) lt LOD 216 (187 ndash 230) 419 (382 ndash 482) 22412ndash19 years 193 (184 ndash 203) lt LOD 185 (170 ndash 201) 392 (356 ndash 447) 47520ndash39 years 221 (207 ndash 236) lt LOD 230 (212 ndash 244) 432 (385 ndash 466) 67640ndash59 years 220 (208 ndash 233) lt LOD 221 (202 ndash 234) 466 (433 ndash 545) 65860 years and older 220 (205 ndash 237) lt LOD 212 (191 ndash 235) 516 (463 ndash 586) 805MalesTotal 6 years and older 222 (212 ndash 232) lt LOD 221 (208 ndash 230) 466 (445 ndash 499) 14076ndash11 years 228 (197 ndash 263) lt LODdagger 222 (195 ndash 261) 452dagger (380 ndash 592) 10712ndash19 years 194 (179 ndash 210) lt LOD 187 (168 ndash 210) 380 (340 ndash 467) 24520ndash39 years 235 (214 ndash 257) lt LOD 240 (222 ndash 259) 449 (409 ndash 504) 29340ndash59 years 221 (206 ndash 236) lt LOD 220 (202 ndash 235) 477 (435 ndash 602) 33960 years and older 220 (204 ndash 238) lt LOD 210 (189 ndash 236) 516 (450 ndash 579) 423FemalesTotal 6 years and older 213 (205 ndash 221) lt LOD 213 (196 ndash 226) 441 (425 ndash 465) 14316ndash11 years 207 (177 ndash 243) lt LOD 210 (175 ndash 239) 405 (350 ndash 451) 11712ndash19 years 192 (181 ndash 204) lt LOD 181 (167 ndash 198) 398 (330 ndash 457) 23020ndash39 years 208 (194 ndash 223) lt LOD 221 (191 ndash 236) 407 (357 ndash 465) 38340ndash59 years 220 (206 ndash 234) lt LOD 221 (197 ndash 240) 454 (405 ndash 585) 31960 years and older 220 (199 ndash 242) lt LOD 215 (180 ndash 241) 515 (445 ndash 671) 382lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
108 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population108 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 22b Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 123 (104 ndash 146) lt LOD 147 (127 ndash 170) 495 (458 ndash 583) 5589 2001ndash2002 192 (183 ndash 202) 690 (537 ndash 696) 193 (185 ndash 201) 549 (516 ndash 586) 7641 2005ndash2006 211 (205 ndash 217) lt LOD 208 (199 ndash 217) 567 (535 ndash 603) 6946Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 146 (116 ndash 184) lt LOD 167 (133 ndash 197) 539 (482 ndash 878) 278 2001ndash2002 188 (171 ndash 206) 482 (lt LOD ndash 710) 182 (169 ndash 202) 562 (479 ndash 877) 4126ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 133 (107 ndash 167) lt LOD 164 (129 ndash 202) 575 (455 ndash 888) 651 2001ndash2002 202 (190 ndash 215) 700 (462 ndash 801) 215 (203 ndash 225) 532 (479 ndash 585) 967 2005ndash2006 215 (201 ndash 229) lt LOD 214 (193 ndash 227) 501 (470 ndash 581) 82712ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 117 (963 ndash 141) lt LOD 141 (112 ndash 168) 411 (371 ndash 477) 1620 2001ndash2002 171 (161 ndash 180) 560 (500 ndash 692) 177 (166 ndash 187) 421 (398 ndash 447) 2122 2005ndash2006 190 (184 ndash 197) lt LOD 183 (174 ndash 194) 478 (451 ndash 537) 186520ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 114 (928 ndash 139) lt LOD 140 (121 ndash 162) 458 (414 ndash 567) 1201 2001ndash2002 191 (177 ndash 206) 643 (543 ndash 720) 191 (179 ndash 203) 514 (465 ndash 579) 1655 2005ndash2006 213 (204 ndash 223) lt LOD 218 (203 ndash 229) 500 (467 ndash 536) 162040ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 130 (106 ndash 159) lt LOD 155 (130 ndash 184) 549 (461 ndash 683) 959 2001ndash2002 199 (187 ndash 211) 623 (529 ndash 698) 196 (189 ndash 206) 570 (519 ndash 653) 1429 2005ndash2006 214 (204 ndash 225) lt LOD 212 (200 ndash 224) 615 (546 ndash 680) 131560 years and older 1999ndash2000 134 (111 ndash 162) lt LOD 154 (129 ndash 189) 578 (487 ndash 647) 1158 2001ndash2002 196 (182 ndash 211) 522 (453 ndash 580) 191 (175 ndash 213) 679 (611 ndash 783) 1468 2005ndash2006 214 (201 ndash 228) lt LOD 204 (188 ndash 223) 687 (604 ndash 801) 1319Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 138 (117 ndash 163) lt LOD 161 (140 ndash 182) 522 (465 ndash 594) 2676 2001ndash2002 201 (190 ndash 212) 636 (544 ndash 687) 201 (191 ndash 212) 571 (531 ndash 620) 3698 2005ndash2006 215 (208 ndash 223) lt LOD 214 (204 ndash 224) 589 (550 ndash 632) 3397
Females 1999ndash2000 111 (922 ndash 133) lt LOD 136 (116 ndash 161) 479 (447 ndash 580) 2913 2001ndash2002 185 (176 ndash 195) 582 (515 ndash 695) 184 (175 ndash 192) 511 (478 ndash 568) 3943 2005ndash2006 207 (201 ndash 212) lt LOD 201 (194 ndash 211) 551 (496 ndash 612) 3549Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 759 (635 ndash 906) lt LOD 945 (808 ndash 114) 369 (332 ndash 435) 1463 2001ndash2002 162 (147 ndash 178) 503 (398 ndash 575) 165 (150 ndash 185) 428 (395 ndash 480) 1980 2005ndash2006 185 (178 ndash 191) lt LOD 178 (169 ndash 188) 477 (440 ndash 518) 1746Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 118 (848 ndash 164) lt LOD 148 (107 ndash 199) 506 (441 ndash 581) 1422 2001ndash2002 192 (182 ndash 202) 628 (390 ndash 709) 196 (188 ndash 206) 544 (471 ndash 644) 1734 2005ndash2006 204 (190 ndash 219) lt LOD 203 (184 ndash 220) 500 (465 ndash 576) 1842Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 132 (108 ndash 160) lt LOD 157 (133 ndash 184) 512 (460 ndash 648) 2121 2001ndash2002 197 (187 ndash 208) 636 (584 ndash 684) 195 (186 ndash 206) 557 (514 ndash 599) 3318 2005ndash2006 217 (210 ndash 225) lt LOD 217 (204 ndash 227) 602 (560 ndash 649) 2838lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Figure 22b Serum retinyl palmitate Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 10
8
(
( ( (
( ( (
(
( (
( (
( (
(
( (
( (
(
(
(
( (
( ( (
( (
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
6
4
2
25
20
15
10
05
08
07
06
05
04
03
(
(
(
(
(
(
( (
(
( (
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
( (
(
(
(
( (
(
(
(
(
(
( (
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 109109
110 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population110 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
3a
1 S
erum
reti
nyl s
tear
ate
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
131
(12
3 ndash
148
)1
95(1
79
ndash 2
09)
669
8A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
33(1
08
ndash 1
97)
197
(16
5 ndash
408
)79
212
ndash19
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D9
11(7
43 ndash
11
4)1
48(1
18
ndash 2
00)
180
120
ndash39
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D9
47(8
50 ndash
10
9)1
32(1
14
ndash 1
76)
155
540
ndash59
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
35(1
23
ndash 1
63)
200
(16
8 ndash
231
)1
262
60 y
ears
and
old
er
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
93(1
59
ndash 2
58)
277
(22
6 ndash
358
)1
288
Gen
der
Mal
es
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
40(1
29
ndash 1
54)
194
(18
6 ndash
205
)3
276
Fem
ales
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
125
(10
9 ndash
148
)1
99(1
62
ndash 2
34)
342
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
933
(792
ndash 1
19)
135
(10
8 ndash
207
)1
739
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
896
(829
ndash 1
10)
138
(11
0 ndash
171
)1
699
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
50(1
36
ndash 1
64)
206
(19
3 ndash
236
)2
747
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
Not
cal
cula
ted
Pro
port
ion
of re
sults
bel
ow li
mit
of d
etec
tion
was
too
high
to p
rovi
de a
val
id re
sult
1111 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1112 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Noserumretinylstearatefigureforconcentrationsbyagegroupispresentedbecausethegeometricmeanswerenotcalculatedduetotheproportionofresultsbelowthelimitofdetectionbeingtoohighforvalidresults(seeTable23a1)
112 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population112 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 23a2 Serum retinyl stearate Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 894 (794 ndash 102) 66986ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 972 (730 ndash 121) 79212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 180120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 155540ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 944 (810 ndash 116) 126260 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 132 (113 ndash 158) 1288MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 964 (871 ndash 108) 32766ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 103 (lt LOD ndash 176) 39412ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 89820ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 813 (709 ndash 968) 68240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 993 (842 ndash 117) 62460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 133 (116 ndash 153) 678FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 839 (741 ndash 960) 34226ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 896 (lt LOD ndash 117) 39812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 90320ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 87340ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 903 (764 ndash 121) 63860 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 132 (106 ndash 174) 610lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
Table 23a3 Serum retinyl stearate Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 17396ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 27212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 60420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 42840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 766 (lt LOD ndash 123) 23860 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 902 (707 ndash 132) 197MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 736 (lt LOD ndash 877) 8326ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 13512ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 700 (lt LOD ndash 965) 19040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 851 (lt LOD ndash 195) 11860 years and older lt LODdagger lt LOD 780dagger (lt LOD ndash 326) 99FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 9076ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 13712ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 31420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 23840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 12060 years and older lt LODdagger lt LOD 102dagger (lt LOD ndash 197) 98lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1131 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1132 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 23a4 Serum retinyl stearate Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 16996ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 21912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 59720ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 32240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 781 (lt LOD ndash 931) 30160 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 770 (lt LOD ndash 139) 260MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 746 (lt LOD ndash 868) 8496ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 11812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 30020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 15240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 813 (lt LOD ndash 106) 14160 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 106 (lt LOD ndash 155) 138FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 8506ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD lt LODdagger 10112ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 29720ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 17040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 701 (lt LOD ndash 962) 16060 years and older lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 122lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 23a5 Serum retinyl stearate Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 101 (932 ndash 110) 27476ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 106 (756 ndash 199) 21212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 46520ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 727 (lt LOD ndash 878) 66040ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 100 (869 ndash 120) 62760 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 140 (117 ndash 173) 783MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 109 (967 ndash 118) 13706ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 109dagger (lt LOD ndash 758) 10312ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 740 (lt LOD ndash 105) 24420ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 927 (740 ndash 116) 28340ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 107 (862 ndash 124) 32460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 139 (119 ndash 165) 416FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 948 (855 ndash 107) 13776ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 104dagger (755 ndash 295) 10912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 22120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 37740ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 953 (798 ndash 131) 30360 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 141 (108 ndash 201) 367lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
114 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population114 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 23b Serum retinyl stearate Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 112 (983 ndash 144) 4148 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 108 (988 ndash 119) 7690 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 131 (123 ndash 148) 6698Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 lt LODdagger lt LOD 243dagger (172 ndash 365) 212 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 175 (137 ndash 349) 4166ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 174 (109 ndash 103) 434 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 114 (964 ndash 134) 981 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 133 (108 ndash 197) 79212ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 829 (lt LOD ndash 130) 1194 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD lt LOD 2145 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 911 (743 ndash 114) 180120ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 928 (651 ndash 136) 872 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 721 (693 ndash 893) 1658 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 947 (850 ndash 109) 155540ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 132 (944 ndash 240) 716 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 115 (104 ndash 146) 1422 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 135 (123 ndash 163) 126260 years and older 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 183 (139 ndash 290) 932 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 177 (152 ndash 208) 1484 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 193 (159 ndash 258) 1288Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 113 (987 ndash 166) 2008 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 119 (109 ndash 142) 3710 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 140 (129 ndash 154) 3276Females 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 110 (951 ndash 142) 2140 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 953 (856 ndash 109) 3980 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 125 (109 ndash 148) 3422Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 695 (lt LOD ndash 214) 1002 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 587 (lt LOD ndash 880) 1921 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 933 (792 ndash 119) 1739Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 962 (590 ndash 150) 1060 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 733 (619 ndash 963) 1827 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 896 (829 ndash 110) 1699Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 lt LOD lt LOD 127 (100 ndash 181) 1608 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 113 (102 ndash 130) 3331 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 150 (136 ndash 164) 2747lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to cell size
1151 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1152 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
2
4
6
8
10
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
2
4
6
8
10
50th
Per
cent
ile
0
5
10
15
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 23b Serum retinyl stearate Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
116 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population116 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
4a
1 S
erum
vit
amin
E C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
109
0(1
070
ndash 1
120
)57
8(5
63 ndash
587
)63
1(6
20 ndash
642
)1
060
(10
30 ndash
10
80)
209
0(2
010
ndash 2
180
)2
460
(23
10 ndash
26
00)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs82
0(8
00 ndash
841
)54
6(5
18 ndash
573
)58
3(5
63 ndash
601
)80
6(7
88 ndash
826
)1
200
(11
20 ndash
13
70)
136
0(1
230
ndash 1
510
)86
012
ndash19
year
s77
0(7
57 ndash
783
)49
7(4
66 ndash
519
)52
7(5
16 ndash
541
)75
9(7
49 ndash
767
)1
160
(11
30 ndash
12
00)
132
0(1
240
ndash 1
450
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
102
0(9
98 ndash
10
40)
590
(559
ndash 6
19)
645
(621
ndash 6
68)
100
0(9
80 ndash
10
20)
173
0(1
620
ndash 1
900
)1
940
(18
10 ndash
23
80)
168
840
ndash59
year
s1
230
(11
90 ndash
12
60)
702
(656
ndash 7
21)
749
(724
ndash 7
69)
120
0(1
160
ndash 1
240
)2
210
(20
80 ndash
24
00)
251
0(2
260
ndash 3
110
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er1
400
(13
60 ndash
14
40)
704
(611
ndash 7
50)
783
(733
ndash 8
35)
139
0(1
330
ndash 1
430
)2
600
(25
10 ndash
26
60)
290
0(2
710
ndash 3
130
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es1
060
(10
40 ndash
10
90)
559
(543
ndash 5
75)
610
(594
ndash 6
25)
103
0(1
010
ndash 1
070
)2
010
(19
30 ndash
20
90)
236
0(2
160
ndash 2
520
)3
547
Fem
ales
112
0(1
090
ndash 1
140
)59
6(5
85 ndash
612
)65
3(6
39 ndash
664
)1
080
(10
50 ndash
11
00)
217
0(2
080
ndash 2
260
)2
510
(23
70 ndash
26
60)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
101
0(9
80 ndash
10
40)
581
(553
ndash 5
99)
623
(602
ndash 6
37)
976
(945
ndash 1
000
)1
790
(17
50 ndash
18
70)
212
0(1
960
ndash 2
330
)1
844
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
933
(915
ndash 9
51)
548
(530
ndash 5
59)
588
(581
ndash 6
01)
903
(884
ndash 9
18)
166
0(1
560
ndash 1
750
)1
800
(17
40 ndash
20
80)
189
1N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
114
0(1
110
ndash 1
160
)58
4(5
66 ndash
596
)64
3(6
24 ndash
658
)1
110
(10
80 ndash
11
40)
217
0(2
090
ndash 2
270
)2
520
(24
20 ndash
26
90)
297
3
1171 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1172 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
050
010
0015
0020
00
Seru
m v
itam
in E
(microg
dL)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 24a Serum vitamin E Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
118 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population118 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24a2 Serum vitamin E Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1090 (1070 ndash 1120) 702 (686 ndash 716) 1060 (1030 ndash 1080) 1790 (1730 ndash 1840) 72546ndash11 years 820 (800 ndash 841) 629 (621 ndash 638) 806 (788 ndash 826) 1070 (1040 ndash 1180) 86012ndash19 years 770 (757 ndash 783) 578 (557 ndash 587) 759 (749 ndash 767) 1050 (1000 ndash 1070) 195420ndash39 years 1020 (998 ndash 1040) 710 (683 ndash 727) 1000 (980 ndash 1020) 1520 (1410 ndash 1610) 168840ndash59 years 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 824 (799 ndash 848) 1200 (1160 ndash 1240) 1870 (1790 ndash 2040) 136560 years and older 1400 (1360 ndash 1440) 897 (828 ndash 949) 1390 (1330 ndash 1430) 2190 (2130 ndash 2270) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 1060 (1040 ndash 1090) 682 (664 ndash 704) 1030 (1010 ndash 1070) 1730 (1640 ndash 1770) 35476ndash11 years 817 (789 ndash 847) 629 (593 ndash 642) 807 (766 ndash 843) 1070 (1030 ndash 1180) 42712ndash19 years 753 (739 ndash 768) 553 (527 ndash 580) 747 (733 ndash 759) 1030 (986 ndash 1070) 98020ndash39 years 1030 (1010 ndash 1050) 699 (671 ndash 728) 1010 (984 ndash 1030) 1570 (1440 ndash 1730) 73840ndash59 years 1210 (1180 ndash 1250) 798 (767 ndash 848) 1190 (1160 ndash 1240) 1820 (1740 ndash 1950) 67360 years and older 1300 (1230 ndash 1370) 827 (762 ndash 887) 1290 (1220 ndash 1330) 2070 (1950 ndash 2310) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 717 (705 ndash 723) 1080 (1050 ndash 1100) 1840 (1790 ndash 1910) 37076ndash11 years 823 (792 ndash 856) 628 (608 ndash 647) 805 (784 ndash 837) 1090 (1020 ndash 1230) 43312ndash19 years 788 (772 ndash 804) 594 (570 ndash 611) 771 (755 ndash 788) 1050 (991 ndash 1120) 97420ndash39 years 1010 (981 ndash 1040) 717 (679 ndash 738) 997 (956 ndash 1030) 1470 (1360 ndash 1580) 95040ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1290) 841 (818 ndash 860) 1210 (1160 ndash 1240) 1920 (1820 ndash 2120) 69260 years and older 1490 (1440 ndash 1540) 966 (926 ndash 987) 1500 (1430 ndash 1540) 2260 (2190 ndash 2470) 658
Table 24a3 Serum vitamin E Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (980 ndash 1040) 671 (656 ndash 695) 976 (945 ndash 1000) 1580 (1530 ndash 1630) 18446ndash11 years 793 (770 ndash 816) 623 (599 ndash 644) 779 (755 ndash 800) 1010 (977 ndash 1110) 29512ndash19 years 760 (740 ndash 781) 587 (578 ndash 597) 750 (723 ndash 773) 991 (970 ndash 1050) 64620ndash39 years 1020 (991 ndash 1060) 727 (676 ndash 755) 997 (968 ndash 1020) 1520 (1420 ndash 1640) 44940ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1280) 836 (808 ndash 861) 1220 (1160 ndash 1270) 1790 (1730 ndash 1950) 24660 years and older 1360 (1250 ndash 1470) 913 (816 ndash 996) 1300 (1240 ndash 1370) 2000 (1720 ndash 3120) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (970 ndash 1050) 671 (640 ndash 701) 972 (925 ndash 999) 1570 (1510 ndash 1610) 8836ndash11 years 786 (762 ndash 811) 622 (598 ndash 643) 763 (745 ndash 802) 989 (962 ndash 1060) 14512ndash19 years 748 (718 ndash 778) 591 (573 ndash 603) 733 (690 ndash 775) 978 (930 ndash 1060) 31320ndash39 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1080) 753 (703 ndash 772) 990 (967 ndash 1020) 1590 (1460 ndash 1700) 19840ndash59 years 1270 (1190 ndash 1350) 863 (814 ndash 908) 1260 (1140 ndash 1350) 1670 (1610 ndash 2030) 12260 years and older 1260 (1140 ndash 1390) 845dagger (650 ndash 931) 1240 (1100 ndash 1340) 1970dagger (1570 ndash 3130) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1010 (984 ndash 1030) 670 (649 ndash 696) 985 (949 ndash 1020) 1610 (1530 ndash 1670) 9616ndash11 years 800 (763 ndash 838) 625 (514 ndash 658) 787 (760 ndash 799) 1050 (958 ndash 1240) 15012ndash19 years 774 (750 ndash 798) 583 (570 ndash 597) 763 (748 ndash 784) 1020 (960 ndash 1090) 33320ndash39 years 1000 (955 ndash 1050) 700 (634 ndash 742) 1000 (947 ndash 1060) 1490 (1340 ndash 1650) 25140ndash59 years 1210 (1170 ndash 1260) 808 (778 ndash 859) 1200 (1110 ndash 1240) 1840 (1710 ndash 2100) 12460 years and older 1450 (1300 ndash 1610) 1000dagger (872 ndash 1090) 1410 (1240 ndash 1540) 2040dagger (1720 ndash 4610) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1191 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1192 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 24a4 Serum vitamin E Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 933 (915 ndash 951) 644 (630 ndash 656) 903 (884 ndash 918) 1400 (1360 ndash 1470) 18916ndash11 years 771 (743 ndash 801) 587 (550 ndash 634) 762 (735 ndash 800) 1010 (941 ndash 1090) 24012ndash19 years 731 (715 ndash 748) 575 (551 ndash 591) 727 (717 ndash 736) 945 (913 ndash 990) 66520ndash39 years 926 (896 ndash 957) 665 (620 ndash 686) 893 (865 ndash 933) 1340 (1250 ndash 1450) 36840ndash59 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1070) 736 (688 ndash 779) 1010 (998 ndash 1050) 1540 (1420 ndash 1670) 33560 years and older 1110 (1060 ndash 1160) 752 (709 ndash 791) 1080 (993 ndash 1150) 1680 (1560 ndash 1780) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 915 (897 ndash 933) 636 (618 ndash 651) 882 (870 ndash 895) 1390 (1310 ndash 1460) 9496ndash11 years 768 (740 ndash 799) 588 (558 ndash 634) 752 (726 ndash 799) 1030 (928 ndash 1110) 12812ndash19 years 732 (714 ndash 751) 582 (558 ndash 606) 727 (712 ndash 737) 940 (904 ndash 981) 34320ndash39 years 937 (888 ndash 989) 650 (603 ndash 687) 896 (862 ndash 939) 1400 (1240 ndash 1670) 17040ndash59 years 1010 (972 ndash 1050) 718 (632 ndash 743) 988 (960 ndash 1020) 1520 (1390 ndash 1640) 15660 years and older 1050 (1000 ndash 1100) 726 (580 ndash 770) 980 (894 ndash 1080) 1680 (1410 ndash 2250) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 949 (923 ndash 976) 651 (638 ndash 673) 916 (897 ndash 944) 1450 (1350 ndash 1560) 9426ndash11 years 775 (735 ndash 817) 579 (400 ndash 643) 776 (746 ndash 803) 1000 (931 ndash 1140) 11212ndash19 years 731 (706 ndash 757) 567 (517 ndash 596) 726 (712 ndash 750) 957 (906 ndash 1050) 32220ndash39 years 917 (893 ndash 941) 677 (613 ndash 704) 892 (862 ndash 925) 1270 (1190 ndash 1490) 19840ndash59 years 1070 (1030 ndash 1110) 761 (707 ndash 808) 1040 (1000 ndash 1110) 1540 (1400 ndash 1740) 17960 years and older 1150 (1080 ndash 1230) 774 (650 ndash 848) 1130 (1040 ndash 1230) 1670 (1560 ndash 1770) 131
Table 24a5 Serum vitamin E Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1140 (1110 ndash 1160) 718 (706 ndash 729) 1110 (1080 ndash 1140) 1870 (1810 ndash 1940) 29736ndash11 years 840 (815 ndash 866) 627 (612 ndash 642) 826 (805 ndash 854) 1120 (1060 ndash 1260) 23112ndash19 years 779 (761 ndash 797) 579 (544 ndash 589) 765 (751 ndash 784) 1060 (1010 ndash 1140) 49920ndash39 years 1040 (1010 ndash 1070) 711 (671 ndash 741) 1030 (1000 ndash 1060) 1550 (1410 ndash 1710) 71440ndash59 years 1260 (1220 ndash 1300) 846 (817 ndash 866) 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 1910 (1800 ndash 2100) 68360 years and older 1430 (1390 ndash 1480) 919 (856 ndash 976) 1430 (1390 ndash 1480) 2230 (2170 ndash 2330) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 1100 (1070 ndash 1130) 703 (671 ndash 725) 1080 (1050 ndash 1120) 1770 (1740 ndash 1850) 14726ndash11 years 839 (801 ndash 879) 629 (562 ndash 680) 830 (791 ndash 880) 1080 (1030 ndash 1300) 11212ndash19 years 757 (737 ndash 778) 542 (523 ndash 572) 754 (730 ndash 783) 1060 (1000 ndash 1110) 25420ndash39 years 1040 (1020 ndash 1070) 687 (640 ndash 735) 1030 (1020 ndash 1060) 1590 (1430 ndash 1770) 30940ndash59 years 1240 (1200 ndash 1270) 818 (769 ndash 865) 1230 (1180 ndash 1260) 1840 (1750 ndash 2040) 35160 years and older 1330 (1240 ndash 1420) 862 (733 ndash 930) 1300 (1250 ndash 1360) 2100 (1970 ndash 2460) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 1170 (1150 ndash 1200) 727 (718 ndash 746) 1140 (1100 ndash 1170) 1930 (1870 ndash 2050) 15016ndash11 years 841 (792 ndash 892) 624 (597 ndash 656) 819 (774 ndash 878) 1160 (1050 ndash 1470) 11912ndash19 years 803 (780 ndash 827) 601 (562 ndash 641) 779 (750 ndash 805) 1060 (985 ndash 1200) 24520ndash39 years 1040 (1000 ndash 1080) 720 (699 ndash 754) 1020 (978 ndash 1060) 1510 (1360 ndash 1630) 40540ndash59 years 1270 (1230 ndash 1320) 862 (842 ndash 894) 1240 (1190 ndash 1280) 2000 (1850 ndash 2190) 33260 years and older 1530 (1480 ndash 1590) 985 (964 ndash 1020) 1530 (1470 ndash 1590) 2320 (2240 ndash 2500) 400
120 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population120 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24b Serum vitamin E Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 1070 (1040 ndash 1110) 597 (575 ndash 612) 1010 (986 ndash 1040) 2350 (2280 ndash 2500) 7054 2001ndash2002 1110 (1090 ndash 1140) 637 (623 ndash 649) 1050 (1010 ndash 1090) 2380 (2260 ndash 2520) 7935 2005ndash2006 1090 (1070 ndash 1120) 631 (620 ndash 642) 1060 (1030 ndash 1080) 2090 (2010 ndash 2180) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 785 (752 ndash 820) 559 (514 ndash 585) 772 (734 ndash 829) 1160 (1120 ndash 1400) 347 2001ndash2002 814 (780 ndash 850) 577 (553 ndash 601) 796 (760 ndash 824) 1200 (1090 ndash 1670) 4306ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 783 (754 ndash 814) 545 (519 ndash 557) 781 (749 ndash 824) 1130 (1090 ndash 1210) 859 2001ndash2002 804 (788 ndash 821) 576 (560 ndash 591) 798 (780 ndash 819) 1140 (1090 ndash 1220) 1014 2005ndash2006 820 (800 ndash 841) 583 (563 ndash 601) 806 (788 ndash 826) 1200 (1120 ndash 1370) 86012ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 736 (717 ndash 756) 513 (491 ndash 530) 729 (712 ndash 744) 1100 (1020 ndash 1240) 2108 2001ndash2002 782 (768 ndash 796) 550 (540 ndash 559) 771 (761 ndash 786) 1170 (1110 ndash 1280) 2206 2005ndash2006 770 (757 ndash 783) 527 (516 ndash 541) 759 (749 ndash 767) 1160 (1130 ndash 1200) 195420ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 973 (952 ndash 995) 615 (590 ndash 630) 938 (911 ndash 972) 1750 (1640 ndash 1860) 1452 2001ndash2002 1010 (987 ndash 1030) 646 (627 ndash 661) 979 (960 ndash 1000) 1720 (1620 ndash 1880) 1716 2005ndash2006 1020 (998 ndash 1040) 645 (621 ndash 668) 1000 (980 ndash 1020) 1730 (1620 ndash 1900) 168840ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1300 (1250 ndash 1360) 753 (716 ndash 791) 1230 (1200 ndash 1280) 2670 (2470 ndash 2940) 1181 2001ndash2002 1310 (1270 ndash 1340) 776 (751 ndash 793) 1260 (1220 ndash 1300) 2530 (2380 ndash 3030) 1474 2005ndash2006 1230 (1190 ndash 1260) 749 (724 ndash 769) 1200 (1160 ndash 1240) 2210 (2080 ndash 2400) 136560 years and older 1999ndash2000 1510 (1470 ndash 1560) 788 (749 ndash 825) 1450 (1390 ndash 1510) 3020 (2920 ndash 3290) 1454 2001ndash2002 1540 (1490 ndash 1590) 830 (763 ndash 869) 1500 (1440 ndash 1550) 3290 (3030 ndash 3540) 1525 2005ndash2006 1400 (1360 ndash 1440) 783 (733 ndash 835) 1390 (1330 ndash 1430) 2600 (2510 ndash 2660) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 1050 (1010 ndash 1090) 580 (557 ndash 604) 993 (976 ndash 1020) 2280 (2130 ndash 2470) 3426 2001ndash2002 1090 (1060 ndash 1130) 623 (607 ndash 646) 1030 (986 ndash 1080) 2300 (2160 ndash 2470) 3841 2005ndash2006 1060 (1040 ndash 1090) 610 (594 ndash 625) 1030 (1010 ndash 1070) 2010 (1930 ndash 2090) 3547Females 1999ndash2000 1100 (1070 ndash 1140) 605 (580 ndash 627) 1030 (990 ndash 1070) 2450 (2300 ndash 2690) 3628 2001ndash2002 1130 (1110 ndash 1150) 646 (629 ndash 660) 1060 (1040 ndash 1100) 2480 (2280 ndash 2700) 4094 2005ndash2006 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 653 (639 ndash 664) 1080 (1050 ndash 1100) 2170 (2080 ndash 2260) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 962 (932 ndash 994) 572 (558 ndash 587) 918 (895 ndash 947) 1810 (1740 ndash 2010) 2410 2001ndash2002 994 (954 ndash 1040) 606 (584 ndash 625) 949 (917 ndash 979) 1810 (1690 ndash 2080) 1991 2005ndash2006 1010 (980 ndash 1040) 623 (602 ndash 637) 976 (945 ndash 1000) 1790 (1750 ndash 1870) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 904 (869 ndash 941) 566 (539 ndash 580) 869 (835 ndash 910) 1700 (1620 ndash 1910) 1584 2001ndash2002 930 (907 ndash 953) 601 (573 ndash 617) 897 (883 ndash 915) 1690 (1540 ndash 1940) 1864 2005ndash2006 933 (915 ndash 951) 588 (581 ndash 601) 903 (884 ndash 918) 1660 (1560 ndash 1750) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 1130 (1100 ndash 1170) 618 (600 ndash 634) 1060 (1040 ndash 1100) 2540 (2380 ndash 2720) 2414 2001ndash2002 1160 (1130 ndash 1200) 653 (626 ndash 674) 1110 (1060 ndash 1150) 2510 (2380 ndash 2690) 3455 2005ndash2006 1140 (1110 ndash 1160) 643 (624 ndash 658) 1110 (1080 ndash 1140) 2170 (2090 ndash 2270) 2973
1211 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1212 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
400
500
600
700
800
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
600
800
1000
1200
50th
Per
cent
ile
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 24b Serum vitamin E Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
122 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population122 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 24c Serum vitamin E PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin E concentration (lt 500 microgdL) for the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence
(95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 6 years and older 7254 07 (05 ndash 09) 1835000Age group6ndash11 years 860 09Dagger (04 ndash 20) 221000Dagger12ndash19 years 1954 26 (16 ndash 43) 88500020ndash39 years 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1365 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 237000Dagger60 years and older 1387 04 (03 ndash 07) 209000GenderMales 3547 09 (06 ndash 12) 1110000Females 3707 05 (03 ndash 08) 725000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1891 12 (09 ndash 17) 396000Non-Hispanic Whites 2973 06 (04 ndash 08) 1059000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1231 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1232 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 24d Serum vitamin E Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum vitamin E concentration (lt 500 microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 7054 10 (07 ndash 16) 2558000 2001ndash2002 7935 04 (03 ndash 06) 1108000 2005ndash2006 7254 07 (05 ndash 09) 1835000Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 347 sect sect 2001ndash2002 430 sect sect6ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 859 20Dagger (10 ndash 41) 492000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1014 sect sect 2005ndash2006 860 09Dagger (04 ndash 20) 221000Dagger12ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 2108 38 (21 ndash 68) 1202000 2001ndash2002 2206 16 (10 ndash 26) 509000 2005ndash2006 1954 26 (16 ndash 43) 88500020ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 1452 09Dagger (05 ndash 18) 730000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1716 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1688 sect sect40ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 1181 01Dagger (01 ndash 02) 80000Dagger 2001ndash2002 1474 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1365 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 237000Dagger60 years and older 1999ndash2000 1454 sect sect 2001ndash2002 1525 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1387 04 (03 ndash 07) 209000Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 3426 14 (08 ndash 23) 1660000 2001ndash2002 3841 06 (04 ndash 10) 781000 2005ndash2006 3547 09 (06 ndash 12) 1110000Females 1999ndash2000 3628 07 (04 ndash 11) 895000 2001ndash2002 4094 02 (01 ndash 05) 325000 2005ndash2006 3707 05 (03 ndash 08) 725000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 2410 13 (09 ndash 18) 227000 2001ndash2002 1991 07Dagger (04 ndash 15) 156000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1844 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 1584 17 (09 ndash 32) 520000 2001ndash2002 1864 07 (04 ndash 11) 207000 2005ndash2006 1891 12 (09 ndash 17) 396000Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 2414 08 (05 ndash 13) 1491000 2001ndash2002 3455 03 (02 ndash 05) 556000 2005ndash2006 2973 06 (04 ndash 08) 1059000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
124 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population124 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
5a
1 S
erum
gam
ma-
toco
pher
ol C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
188
(180
ndash 1
96)
535
(49
6 ndash
599
)70
4(6
29
ndash 75
4)
196
(187
ndash 2
04)
424
(408
ndash 4
46)
489
(464
ndash 5
19)
721
7A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs18
2(1
71 ndash
193
)68
1(5
52
ndash 85
2)
915
(71
3 ndash
992
)17
9(1
69 ndash
193
)35
3(3
33 ndash
390
)39
2(3
67 ndash
455
)85
812
ndash19
year
s17
9(1
71 ndash
188
)75
5(6
20
ndash 81
8)
890
(79
8 ndash
938
)18
4(1
75 ndash
194
)32
4(3
11 ndash
343
)37
6(3
44 ndash
413
)1
942
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
194
(184
ndash 2
05)
654
(50
6 ndash
767
)81
9(7
53
ndash 93
8)
200
(192
ndash 2
09)
423
(401
ndash 4
60)
489
(447
ndash 5
53)
167
540
ndash59
year
s20
1(1
92 ndash
212
)53
0(4
65
ndash 61
2)
690
(56
1 ndash
800
)21
3(2
03 ndash
221
)45
2(4
37 ndash
498
)54
5(4
92 ndash
604
)1
358
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
5(1
54 ndash
177
)45
1(4
14
ndash 49
8)
524
(49
7 ndash
575
)17
6(1
61 ndash
192
)42
2(4
03 ndash
462
)48
6(4
61 ndash
539
)1
384
Gen
der
Mal
es19
2(1
84 ndash
200
)54
9(4
86
ndash 63
3)
745
(62
4 ndash
808
)19
8(1
89 ndash
206
)43
4(4
11 ndash
471
)50
5(4
78 ndash
564
)3
528
Fem
ales
184
(175
ndash 1
94)
524
(49
4 ndash
585
)67
7(6
01
ndash 73
5)
194
(183
ndash 2
03)
419
(400
ndash 4
41)
464
(444
ndash 4
97)
368
9Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
204
(192
ndash 2
17)
804
(64
2 ndash
863
)93
8(8
40
ndash 10
2)20
9(1
95 ndash
222
)43
7(3
90 ndash
503
)50
4(4
63 ndash
585
)1
841
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
214
(198
ndash 2
31)
706
(52
2 ndash
855
)92
0(6
74
ndash 10
6)21
9(2
04 ndash
235
)42
9(4
08 ndash
488
)50
9(4
57 ndash
550
)1
865
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s18
2(1
73 ndash
191
)51
2(4
67
ndash 55
0)
651
(57
4 ndash
723
)19
0(1
79 ndash
200
)42
3(4
07 ndash
445
)48
5(4
54 ndash
531
)2
965
1251 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1252 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
020
030
0
Seru
m g
amm
aminusto
coph
erol
(microg
dL)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 25a Serum gammaminustocopherol Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
126 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population126 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 25a2 Serum gamma-tocopherol Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 188 (180 ndash 196) 932 (868 ndash 980) 196 (187 ndash 204) 361 (347 ndash 385) 72176ndash11 years 182 (171 ndash 193) 106 (102 ndash 111) 179 (169 ndash 193) 311 (298 ndash 341) 85812ndash19 years 179 (171 ndash 188) 106 (981 ndash 114) 184 (175 ndash 194) 288 (276 ndash 304) 194220ndash39 years 194 (184 ndash 205) 106 (947 ndash 114) 200 (192 ndash 209) 353 (330 ndash 393) 167540ndash59 years 201 (192 ndash 212) 952 (844 ndash 102) 213 (203 ndash 221) 400 (376 ndash 423) 135860 years and older 165 (154 ndash 177) 686 (609 ndash 734) 176 (161 ndash 192) 358 (340 ndash 397) 1384MalesTotal 6 years and older 192 (184 ndash 200) 987 (893 ndash 107) 198 (189 ndash 206) 359 (349 ndash 389) 35286ndash11 years 177 (166 ndash 189) 105 (940 ndash 109) 176 (163 ndash 189) 304 (276 ndash 349) 42512ndash19 years 173 (162 ndash 184) 103 (896 ndash 114) 177 (168 ndash 188) 284 (266 ndash 306) 97420ndash39 years 202 (193 ndash 211) 113 (105 ndash 119) 203 (194 ndash 215) 386 (349 ndash 414) 73240ndash59 years 207 (194 ndash 221) 990 (860 ndash 113) 215 (202 ndash 230) 403 (365 ndash 442) 66960 years and older 171 (157 ndash 185) 737 (669 ndash 772) 184 (159 ndash 204) 354 (336 ndash 396) 728FemalesTotal 6 years and older 184 (175 ndash 194) 882 (800 ndash 938) 194 (183 ndash 203) 362 (338 ndash 388) 36896ndash11 years 187 (174 ndash 201) 110 (936 ndash 122) 183 (169 ndash 199) 323 (299 ndash 346) 43312ndash19 years 187 (177 ndash 197) 110 (101 ndash 119) 191 (184 ndash 201) 292 (274 ndash 313) 96820ndash39 years 187 (173 ndash 202) 972 (799 ndash 110) 196 (180 ndash 207) 331 (312 ndash 383) 94340ndash59 years 197 (186 ndash 208) 905 (755 ndash 990) 207 (195 ndash 223) 398 (377 ndash 423) 68960 years and older 161 (148 ndash 175) 639 (539 ndash 726) 168 (155 ndash 188) 375 (328 ndash 405) 656
Table 25a3 Serum gamma-tocopherol Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 204 (192 ndash 217) 113 (106 ndash 117) 209 (195 ndash 222) 363 (343 ndash 403) 18416ndash11 years 199 (178 ndash 221) 114 (916 ndash 122) 202 (181 ndash 234) 323 (303 ndash 388) 29312ndash19 years 189 (179 ndash 200) 115 (106 ndash 124) 197 (183 ndash 207) 292 (279 ndash 316) 64520ndash39 years 203 (190 ndash 217) 111 (107 ndash 116) 209 (190 ndash 223) 366 (333 ndash 429) 44940ndash59 years 218 (202 ndash 237) 114 (917 ndash 125) 226 (213 ndash 240) 410 (357 ndash 478) 24660 years and older 210 (196 ndash 225) 997 (901 ndash 117) 211 (194 ndash 224) 406 (365 ndash 464) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 206 (196 ndash 216) 114 (109 ndash 118) 210 (193 ndash 224) 363 (339 ndash 417) 8816ndash11 years 196 (175 ndash 219) 116 (906 ndash 128) 189 (171 ndash 221) 329 (290 ndash 448) 14312ndash19 years 180 (169 ndash 191) 109 (979 ndash 115) 187 (166 ndash 208) 282 (264 ndash 310) 31320ndash39 years 207 (195 ndash 221) 112 (107 ndash 118) 216 (191 ndash 228) 375 (316 ndash 522) 19840ndash59 years 226 (199 ndash 256) 118 (964 ndash 141) 227 (201 ndash 265) 376 (345 ndash 582) 12260 years and older 213 (187 ndash 242) 100dagger (833 ndash 119) 205 (182 ndash 266) 412dagger (353 ndash 496) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 202 (185 ndash 220) 112 (962 ndash 120) 207 (194 ndash 221) 363 (334 ndash 407) 9606ndash11 years 201 (171 ndash 237) 113 (808 ndash 128) 219 (172 ndash 262) 322 (303 ndash 373) 15012ndash19 years 199 (187 ndash 213) 128 (113 ndash 137) 202 (191 ndash 212) 308 (286 ndash 375) 33220ndash39 years 197 (177 ndash 219) 109 (938 ndash 118) 202 (180 ndash 219) 362 (315 ndash 443) 25140ndash59 years 211 (187 ndash 237) 103 (615 ndash 121) 223 (184 ndash 259) 423 (351 ndash 515) 12460 years and older 208 (188 ndash 229) 988dagger (851 ndash 120) 213 (192 ndash 224) 398dagger (315 ndash 506) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1271 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1272 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 25a4 Serum gamma-tocopherol Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 214 (198 ndash 231) 119 (984 ndash 135) 219 (204 ndash 235) 383 (357 ndash 407) 18656ndash11 years 198 (183 ndash 214) 128 (967 ndash 141) 198 (189 ndash 210) 317 (291 ndash 360) 24012ndash19 years 197 (180 ndash 215) 126 (105 ndash 142) 198 (180 ndash 215) 308 (279 ndash 338) 65420ndash39 years 213 (196 ndash 231) 114 (935 ndash 137) 216 (202 ndash 231) 379 (334 ndash 420) 35940ndash59 years 221 (198 ndash 247) 115 (723 ndash 140) 233 (208 ndash 254) 404 (378 ndash 476) 33160 years and older 231 (204 ndash 261) 109 (606 ndash 139) 255 (216 ndash 286) 413 (392 ndash 466) 281MalesTotal 6 years and older 209 (192 ndash 227) 120 (102 ndash 136) 210 (195 ndash 225) 362 (335 ndash 402) 9356ndash11 years 191 (171 ndash 213) 116 (690 ndash 142) 193 (182 ndash 205) 297 (263 ndash 360) 12812ndash19 years 192 (176 ndash 210) 127 (111 ndash 141) 187 (170 ndash 208) 302 (278 ndash 335) 33720ndash39 years 218 (197 ndash 241) 119 (101 ndash 136) 220 (195 ndash 240) 386 (326 ndash 500) 16640ndash59 years 209 (182 ndash 241) 109 (712 ndash 141) 213 (187 ndash 239) 401 (311 ndash 526) 15360 years and older 223 (193 ndash 259) 122 (539 ndash 147) 234 (202 ndash 276) 393 (341 ndash 498) 151FemalesTotal 6 years and older 218 (203 ndash 234) 116 (933 ndash 134) 228 (213 ndash 242) 396 (375 ndash 410) 9306ndash11 years 205 (191 ndash 221) 131 (995 ndash 143) 204 (189 ndash 229) 327 (292 ndash 433) 11212ndash19 years 202 (183 ndash 223) 123 (985 ndash 147) 205 (195 ndash 218) 314 (279 ndash 354) 31720ndash39 years 209 (188 ndash 231) 110 (818 ndash 141) 213 (195 ndash 236) 377 (329 ndash 426) 19340ndash59 years 231 (210 ndash 255) 116 (723 ndash 134) 249 (217 ndash 285) 404 (399 ndash 443) 17860 years and older 236 (207 ndash 270) 103 (545 ndash 145) 261 (219 ndash 299) 448 (393 ndash 505) 130
Table 25a5 Serum gamma-tocopherol Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 182 (173 ndash 191) 864 (796 ndash 920) 190 (179 ndash 200) 356 (340 ndash 387) 29656ndash11 years 175 (159 ndash 192) 105 (997 ndash 109) 170 (157 ndash 191) 304 (272 ndash 349) 23112ndash19 years 174 (165 ndash 184) 102 (908 ndash 108) 179 (171 ndash 188) 284 (274 ndash 301) 49920ndash39 years 191 (178 ndash 205) 105 (836 ndash 116) 196 (183 ndash 207) 349 (320 ndash 401) 71040ndash59 years 196 (184 ndash 207) 916 (803 ndash 978) 207 (195 ndash 220) 396 (368 ndash 424) 68060 years and older 158 (148 ndash 169) 659 (594 ndash 721) 168 (154 ndash 183) 353 (326 ndash 392) 845MalesTotal 6 years and older 187 (178 ndash 197) 947 (817 ndash 104) 194 (184 ndash 204) 355 (344 ndash 388) 14696ndash11 years 174 (153 ndash 197) 105 (826 ndash 111) 170 (150 ndash 192) 307 (269 ndash 378) 11212ndash19 years 167 (155 ndash 180) 950 (767 ndash 113) 173 (163 ndash 181) 280 (250 ndash 314) 25420ndash39 years 200 (190 ndash 210) 117 (105 ndash 126) 201 (188 ndash 212) 370 (346 ndash 414) 30740ndash59 years 201 (185 ndash 218) 955 (803 ndash 106) 214 (195 ndash 230) 398 (350 ndash 448) 35060 years and older 165 (151 ndash 180) 716 (622 ndash 765) 177 (150 ndash 199) 351 (331 ndash 380) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 177 (167 ndash 188) 799 (738 ndash 875) 186 (173 ndash 197) 359 (324 ndash 391) 14966ndash11 years 177 (160 ndash 195) 104 (864 ndash 114) 171 (155 ndash 197) 300 (260 ndash 349) 11912ndash19 years 182 (171 ndash 195) 103 (896 ndash 118) 187 (175 ndash 200) 289 (270 ndash 312) 24520ndash39 years 183 (163 ndash 204) 928 (714 ndash 110) 191 (169 ndash 210) 323 (296 ndash 403) 40340ndash59 years 190 (178 ndash 204) 836 (681 ndash 983) 203 (186 ndash 217) 392 (373 ndash 427) 33060 years and older 153 (141 ndash 165) 611 (535 ndash 696) 161 (148 ndash 174) 357 (319 ndash 400) 399
128 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population128 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 25b Serum gamma-tocopherol Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 1999ndash2000 199 (184 ndash 216) 651 (582 ndash 717) 215 (197 ndash 230) 464 (432 ndash 529) 6129 2001ndash2002 199 (191 ndash 207) 671 (594 ndash 738) 212 (204 ndash 220) 461 (436 ndash 485) 7879 2005ndash2006 188 (180 ndash 196) 704 (629 ndash 754) 196 (187 ndash 204) 424 (408 ndash 446) 7217Age group3ndash5 years 1999ndash2000 170 (140 ndash 206) 500 (162 ndash 908) 180 (158 ndash 200) 363 (308 ndash 455) 301 2001ndash2002 181 (170 ndash 193) 633 (522 ndash 822) 194 (178 ndash 205) 365 (342 ndash 430) 4296ndash11 years 1999ndash2000 202 (183 ndash 223) 933 (723 ndash 107) 213 (184 ndash 231) 407 (356 ndash 569) 725 2001ndash2002 211 (203 ndash 219) 102 (954 ndash 109) 218 (211 ndash 227) 380 (361 ndash 414) 1005 2005ndash2006 182 (171 ndash 193) 915 (713 ndash 992) 179 (169 ndash 193) 353 (333 ndash 390) 85812ndash19 years 1999ndash2000 197 (183 ndash 211) 990 (804 ndash 112) 198 (186 ndash 214) 372 (363 ndash 389) 1821 2001ndash2002 197 (190 ndash 205) 994 (902 ndash 107) 201 (191 ndash 209) 368 (346 ndash 391) 2188 2005ndash2006 179 (171 ndash 188) 890 (798 ndash 938) 184 (175 ndash 194) 324 (311 ndash 343) 194220ndash39 years 1999ndash2000 205 (189 ndash 222) 756 (605 ndash 873) 220 (199 ndash 237) 438 (414 ndash 477) 1299 2001ndash2002 206 (197 ndash 216) 856 (735 ndash 953) 217 (205 ndash 227) 445 (425 ndash 474) 1706 2005ndash2006 194 (184 ndash 205) 819 (753 ndash 938) 200 (192 ndash 209) 423 (401 ndash 460) 167540ndash59 years 1999ndash2000 208 (185 ndash 232) 598 (519 ndash 700) 231 (204 ndash 253) 549 (507 ndash 631) 1028 2001ndash2002 204 (192 ndash 217) 604 (522 ndash 683) 221 (208 ndash 238) 507 (463 ndash 576) 1463 2005ndash2006 201 (192 ndash 212) 690 (561 ndash 800) 213 (203 ndash 221) 452 (437 ndash 498) 135860 years and older 1999ndash2000 178 (160 ndash 197) 476 (429 ndash 544) 196 (171 ndash 216) 496 (443 ndash 573) 1256 2001ndash2002 172 (162 ndash 184) 482 (438 ndash 520) 185 (170 ndash 201) 497 (469 ndash 534) 1517 2005ndash2006 165 (154 ndash 177) 524 (497 ndash 575) 176 (161 ndash 192) 422 (403 ndash 462) 1384Gender(6 years and older)Males 1999ndash2000 199 (184 ndash 217) 653 (559 ndash 747) 213 (197 ndash 230) 462 (426 ndash 532) 2974 2001ndash2002 202 (193 ndash 211) 665 (560 ndash 771) 213 (207 ndash 222) 472 (445 ndash 499) 3815 2005ndash2006 192 (184 ndash 200) 745 (624 ndash 808) 198 (189 ndash 206) 434 (411 ndash 471) 3528Females 1999ndash2000 200 (184 ndash 217) 648 (576 ndash 718) 217 (196 ndash 232) 468 (433 ndash 536) 3155 2001ndash2002 196 (187 ndash 205) 676 (606 ndash 747) 210 (200 ndash 220) 447 (420 ndash 483) 4064 2005ndash2006 184 (175 ndash 194) 677 (601 ndash 735) 194 (183 ndash 203) 419 (400 ndash 441) 3689Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 1999ndash2000 222 (210 ndash 235) 104 (891 ndash 113) 225 (213 ndash 236) 468 (414 ndash 504) 1772 2001ndash2002 198 (190 ndash 206) 898 (805 ndash 926) 203 (190 ndash 214) 422 (390 ndash 458) 1987 2005ndash2006 204 (192 ndash 217) 938 (840 ndash 102) 209 (195 ndash 222) 437 (390 ndash 503) 1841Non-Hispanic Blacks 1999ndash2000 213 (200 ndash 226) 945 (731 ndash 104) 217 (201 ndash 238) 437 (417 ndash 473) 1515 2001ndash2002 235 (222 ndash 248) 107 (835 ndash 118) 248 (233 ndash 261) 450 (426 ndash 478) 1843 2005ndash2006 214 (198 ndash 231) 920 (674 ndash 106) 219 (204 ndash 235) 429 (408 ndash 488) 1865Non-Hispanic Whites 1999ndash2000 198 (179 ndash 219) 613 (528 ndash 701) 217 (192 ndash 234) 477 (439 ndash 542) 2240 2001ndash2002 193 (183 ndash 205) 604 (514 ndash 680) 209 (198 ndash 220) 472 (442 ndash 495) 3426 2005ndash2006 182 (173 ndash 191) 651 (574 ndash 723) 190 (179 ndash 200) 423 (407 ndash 445) 2965
1291 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1292 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
0
50
100
150
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
3minus5y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
6minus11y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
12minus19y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
20+y
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
99minus0
001
minus02
05minus0
6
150
200
250
300
50th
Per
cent
ile
300
400
500
600
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 25b Serum gammaminustocopherol Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 1999ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
130 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population130 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
6a
1 S
erum
alp
ha-c
arot
ene
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
276
(25
4 ndash
299
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
63(2
40
ndash 2
84)
141
(12
4 ndash
165
)19
5(1
76
ndash 23
7)
724
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs2
64(2
32
ndash 3
01)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
259
(23
1 ndash
290
)11
5(9
30
ndash 15
1)
157
(11
6 ndash
347
)86
012
ndash19
year
s1
85(1
69
ndash 2
03)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
172
(15
3 ndash
191
)7
91(6
65
ndash 10
2)
108
(89
6 ndash
152
)1
950
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
248
(22
4 ndash
274
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
36(2
06
ndash 2
69)
113
(10
1 ndash
147
)16
3(1
27
ndash 23
6)
168
440
ndash59
year
s3
15(2
85
ndash 3
47)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
301
(27
2 ndash
336
)17
0(1
45
ndash 21
9)
271
(20
3 ndash
359
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
42(3
05
ndash 3
83)
lt LO
D7
11(lt
LO
D ndash
811
)3
33(2
86
ndash 3
86)
170
(14
0 ndash
198
)21
6(1
93
ndash 25
9)
138
7G
ende
rM
ales
237
(22
0 ndash
255
)lt
LOD
lt LO
D2
23(2
06
ndash 2
39)
115
(99
2 ndash
139
)16
1(1
32
ndash 20
9)
354
4Fe
mal
es3
18(2
89
ndash 3
50)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
301
(27
4 ndash
332
)16
4(1
46
ndash 18
4)
239
(19
4 ndash
300
)3
702
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s2
99(2
79
ndash 3
21)
lt LO
D8
24(7
49 ndash
889
)2
87(2
61
ndash 3
21)
108
(10
5 ndash
125
)14
8(1
39
ndash 16
6)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks1
98(1
74
ndash 2
26)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
171
(14
9 ndash
199
)11
0(8
83
ndash 14
8)
152
(12
4 ndash
331
)1
890
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s2
80(2
60
ndash 3
02)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
267
(24
7 ndash
289
)14
4(1
28
ndash 16
7)
202
(18
1 ndash
242
)2
966
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
4 6
Seru
m a
lpha
minuscar
oten
e(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 26a Serum alphaminuscarotene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m a
lpha
minuscar
oten
eSe
rum
alp
haminusc
arot
ene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
02
46
02
4
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 131131
132 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population132 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 26a2 Serum alpha-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 276 (254 ndash 299) 772 (718 ndash 823) 263 (240 ndash 284) 948 (858 ndash 106) 72466ndash11 years 264 (232 ndash 301) 865 (766 ndash 966) 259 (231 ndash 290) 834 (674 ndash 109) 86012ndash19 years 185 (169 ndash 203) lt LOD 172 (153 ndash 191) 555 (498 ndash 667) 195020ndash39 years 248 (224 ndash 274) 702 (lt LOD ndash 793) 236 (206 ndash 269) 865 (755 ndash 972) 168440ndash59 years 315 (285 ndash 347) 836 (lt LOD ndash 963) 301 (272 ndash 336) 118 (100 ndash 133) 136560 years and older 342 (305 ndash 383) 102 (832 ndash 117) 333 (286 ndash 386) 108 (964 ndash 131) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 237 (220 ndash 255) lt LOD 223 (206 ndash 239) 774 (673 ndash 937) 35446ndash11 years 268 (232 ndash 310) 885 (780 ndash 985) 259 (236 ndash 291) 827 (598 ndash 120) 42712ndash19 years 160 (146 ndash 176) lt LOD 140 (129 ndash 161) 451 (369 ndash 554) 97920ndash39 years 210 (195 ndash 227) lt LOD 200 (179 ndash 219) 691 (614 ndash 726) 73640ndash59 years 266 (238 ndash 296) 711 (lt LOD ndash 910) 247 (224 ndash 276) 879 (713 ndash 115) 67360 years and older 301 (261 ndash 346) 838 (754 ndash 923) 309 (255 ndash 354) 976 (773 ndash 129) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 318 (289 ndash 350) 895 (807 ndash 983) 301 (274 ndash 332) 108 (983 ndash 123) 37026ndash11 years 260 (226 ndash 299) 854 (712 ndash 972) 259 (214 ndash 297) 839 (699 ndash 111) 43312ndash19 years 217 (198 ndash 239) 709 (lt LOD ndash 777) 208 (189 ndash 230) 643 (553 ndash 715) 97120ndash39 years 292 (251 ndash 339) 859 (lt LOD ndash 969) 274 (241 ndash 331) 980 (853 ndash 119) 94840ndash59 years 369 (325 ndash 417) 992 (764 ndash 123) 354 (307 ndash 397) 137 (117 ndash 167) 69260 years and older 380 (333 ndash 432) 118 (101 ndash 132) 350 (294 ndash 436) 116 (102 ndash 150) 658lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 26a3 Serum alpha-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 299 (279 ndash 321) 107 (952 ndash 121) 287 (261 ndash 321) 796 (758 ndash 867) 18446ndash11 years 253 (221 ndash 289) 918 (702 ndash 114) 247 (203 ndash 300) 679 (510 ndash 928) 29512ndash19 years 206 (182 ndash 233) 847 (723 ndash 952) 189 (170 ndash 222) 519 (456 ndash 591) 64620ndash39 years 309 (278 ndash 342) 122 (107 ndash 133) 288 (256 ndash 337) 774 (718 ndash 874) 44940ndash59 years 372 (331 ndash 419) 144 (784 ndash 177) 357 (324 ndash 421) 105 (826 ndash 140) 24660 years and older 376 (331 ndash 427) 128 (767 ndash 160) 360 (322 ndash 431) 980 (851 ndash 160) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 272 (250 ndash 295) 997 (890 ndash 109) 257 (222 ndash 300) 727 (699 ndash 773) 8836ndash11 years 246 (216 ndash 281) 904 (lt LOD ndash 125) 249 (194 ndash 320) 558 (447 ndash 107) 14512ndash19 years 192 (168 ndash 219) 785 (lt LOD ndash 874) 175 (150 ndash 205) 516 (385 ndash 620) 31320ndash39 years 271 (230 ndash 320) 108 (902 ndash 124) 247 (201 ndash 318) 732 (606 ndash 864) 19840ndash59 years 349 (295 ndash 413) 143 (lt LOD ndash 176) 335 (271 ndash 408) 979 (700 ndash 150) 12260 years and older 323 (273 ndash 383) 939dagger (lt LOD ndash 150) 318 (262 ndash 423) 807dagger (641 ndash 208) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 333 (307 ndash 361) 120 (106 ndash 130) 326 (295 ndash 350) 908 (835 ndash 984) 9616ndash11 years 260 (217 ndash 312) 923 (lt LOD ndash 115) 243 (199 ndash 317) 744 (570 ndash 989) 15012ndash19 years 222 (195 ndash 253) 937 (732 ndash 109) 208 (181 ndash 251) 521 (455 ndash 657) 33320ndash39 years 361 (316 ndash 413) 147 (116 ndash 162) 345 (284 ndash 413) 906 (693 ndash 132) 25140ndash59 years 399 (338 ndash 470) 139 (lt LOD ndash 183) 382 (337 ndash 447) 106 (774 ndash 335) 12460 years and older 427 (370 ndash 493) 152dagger (lt LOD ndash 202) 413 (336 ndash 544) 987dagger (865 ndash 225) 103lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1331 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1332 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 26a4 Serum alpha-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 198 (174 ndash 226) lt LOD 171 (149 ndash 199) 699 (549 ndash 949) 18906ndash11 years 197 (168 ndash 230) 782 (lt LOD ndash 865) 173 (147 ndash 211) 497 (384 ndash 731) 24012ndash19 years 133 (122 ndash 146) lt LOD 117 (108 ndash 127) 323 (279 ndash 425) 66420ndash39 years 176 (147 ndash 210) lt LOD 154 (127 ndash 185) 549 (381 ndash 109) 36840ndash59 years 260 (218 ndash 310) lt LOD 240 (186 ndash 311) 963 (777 ndash 124) 33560 years and older 228 (205 ndash 254) 727 (lt LOD ndash 860) 209 (172 ndash 238) 735 (625 ndash 909) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 179 (156 ndash 206) lt LOD 155 (130 ndash 184) 612 (482 ndash 767) 9486ndash11 years 211 (180 ndash 246) 934 (761 ndash 100) 190 (151 ndash 250) 511 (403 ndash 681) 12812ndash19 years 128 (117 ndash 140) lt LOD 118 (110 ndash 127) 265 (227 ndash 364) 34220ndash39 years 151 (127 ndash 180) lt LOD 126 (108 ndash 143) 423 (353 ndash 101) 17040ndash59 years 234 (184 ndash 296) lt LOD 210 (165 ndash 305) 808 (639 ndash 180) 15660 years and older 204 (178 ndash 234) lt LOD 175 (148 ndash 232) 611 (537 ndash 768) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 217 (191 ndash 247) lt LOD 191 (161 ndash 224) 809 (612 ndash 109) 9426ndash11 years 184 (147 ndash 230) lt LOD 156 (131 ndash 206) 455 (338 ndash 346) 11212ndash19 years 140 (124 ndash 157) lt LOD 116 (101 ndash 135) 398 (308 ndash 495) 32220ndash39 years 200 (163 ndash 245) lt LOD 183 (146 ndash 217) 748 (392 ndash 148) 19840ndash59 years 285 (240 ndash 337) 763 (lt LOD ndash 998) 259 (191 ndash 359) 102 (796 ndash 128) 17960 years and older 247 (208 ndash 294) 778 (lt LOD ndash 932) 228 (169 ndash 306) 843 (557 ndash 139) 131lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 26a5 Serum alpha-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 280 (260 ndash 302) 770 (lt LOD ndash 835) 267 (247 ndash 289) 964 (879 ndash 107) 29666ndash11 years 278 (238 ndash 324) 860 (769 ndash 988) 277 (237 ndash 315) 880 (705 ndash 117) 23112ndash19 years 195 (178 ndash 213) lt LOD 185 (165 ndash 202) 610 (530 ndash 719) 49620ndash39 years 239 (216 ndash 265) lt LOD 231 (197 ndash 265) 810 (723 ndash 964) 71040ndash59 years 312 (284 ndash 344) 832 (lt LOD ndash 971) 295 (263 ndash 336) 119 (101 ndash 135) 68360 years and older 344 (305 ndash 388) 105 (832 ndash 124) 334 (282 ndash 389) 107 (959 ndash 129) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 238 (220 ndash 256) lt LOD 227 (208 ndash 242) 773 (650 ndash 942) 14706ndash11 years 280 (234 ndash 335) 853 (749 ndash 102) 280 (240 ndash 299) 852 (574 ndash 237) 11212ndash19 years 162 (147 ndash 178) lt LOD 146 (126 ndash 172) 433 (363 ndash 581) 25420ndash39 years 202 (187 ndash 218) lt LOD 190 (165 ndash 222) 623 (568 ndash 729) 30740ndash59 years 260 (233 ndash 290) lt LOD 242 (219 ndash 268) 871 (682 ndash 102) 35160 years and older 300 (257 ndash 349) 844 (761 ndash 959) 309 (246 ndash 354) 936 (753 ndash 128) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 328 (300 ndash 359) 920 (790 ndash 104) 310 (282 ndash 339) 112 (104 ndash 127) 14966ndash11 years 275 (229 ndash 331) 864 (lt LOD ndash 110) 276 (193 ndash 326) 909 (710 ndash 124) 11912ndash19 years 239 (219 ndash 260) 723 (lt LOD ndash 838) 222 (206 ndash 249) 693 (625 ndash 887) 24220ndash39 years 283 (238 ndash 337) 826 (lt LOD ndash 962) 269 (220 ndash 336) 945 (782 ndash 118) 40340ndash59 years 373 (327 ndash 426) 964 (lt LOD ndash 123) 357 (304 ndash 401) 144 (126 ndash 167) 33260 years and older 386 (334 ndash 447) 124 (105 ndash 142) 354 (285 ndash 447) 120 (104 ndash 159) 400
134 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population134 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 26b Serum alpha-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 248 (222 ndash 277) lt LOD 239 (210 ndash 270) 122 (107 ndash 141) 7929 2005ndash2006 276 (254 ndash 299) lt LOD 263 (240 ndash 284) 141 (124 ndash 165) 7246Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 241 (213 ndash 274) lt LOD 214 (189 ndash 248) 122 (103 ndash 146) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 224 (200 ndash 251) lt LOD 204 (184 ndash 228) 854 (694 ndash 133) 1014 2005ndash2006 264 (232 ndash 301) lt LOD 259 (231 ndash 290) 115 (930 ndash 151) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 168 (152 ndash 186) lt LOD 150 (137 ndash 174) 768 (661 ndash 952) 2206 2005ndash2006 185 (169 ndash 203) lt LOD 172 (153 ndash 191) 791 (665 ndash 102) 195020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 222 (193 ndash 256) lt LOD 211 (182 ndash 249) 980 (896 ndash 126) 1716 2005ndash2006 248 (224 ndash 274) lt LOD 236 (206 ndash 269) 113 (101 ndash 147) 168440ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 298 (260 ndash 342) lt LOD 285 (247 ndash 328) 160 (128 ndash 207) 1470 2005ndash2006 315 (285 ndash 347) lt LOD 301 (272 ndash 336) 170 (145 ndash 219) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 308 (274 ndash 346) lt LOD 314 (271 ndash 361) 127 (120 ndash 137) 1523 2005ndash2006 342 (305 ndash 383) 711 (lt LOD ndash 811) 333 (286 ndash 386) 170 (140 ndash 198) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 222 (198 ndash 249) lt LOD 207 (187 ndash 244) 103 (930 ndash 123) 3835 2005ndash2006 237 (220 ndash 255) lt LOD 223 (206 ndash 239) 115 (992 ndash 139) 3544Females 2001ndash2002 276 (247 ndash 307) lt LOD 267 (235 ndash 297) 133 (118 ndash 162) 4094 2005ndash2006 318 (289 ndash 350) lt LOD 301 (274 ndash 332) 164 (146 ndash 184) 3702Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 273 (238 ndash 314) 726 (lt LOD ndash 805) 263 (238 ndash 299) 101 (846 ndash 141) 1990 2005ndash2006 299 (279 ndash 321) 824 (749 ndash 889) 287 (261 ndash 321) 108 (105 ndash 125) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 177 (150 ndash 209) lt LOD 158 (136 ndash 191) 101 (764 ndash 145) 1864 2005ndash2006 198 (174 ndash 226) lt LOD 171 (149 ndash 199) 110 (883 ndash 148) 1890Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 257 (225 ndash 295) lt LOD 248 (211 ndash 286) 128 (112 ndash 155) 3450 2005ndash2006 280 (260 ndash 302) lt LOD 267 (247 ndash 289) 144 (128 ndash 167) 2966lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
1351 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1352 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
075
080
085
090
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
10
15
20
25
30
35
50th
Per
cent
ile
5
10
15
20
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 26b Serum alphaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
136 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population136 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
7a
1 S
erum
tran
s-be
ta-c
arot
ene
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
121
(11
5 ndash
128
)2
32(1
98
ndash 2
67)
318
(29
2 ndash
342
)11
6(1
11
ndash 12
3)
533
(49
1 ndash
593
)74
1(6
81
ndash 83
3)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs13
0(1
21
ndash 14
0)
414
(26
7 ndash
505
)5
15(4
11
ndash 5
61)
127
(11
8 ndash
136
)37
7(2
99
ndash 49
2)
476
(39
6 ndash
100)
860
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
924
(87
6 ndash
975
)2
59(2
05
ndash 2
96)
320
(28
7 ndash
352
)8
96(8
30
ndash 9
66)
283
(26
3 ndash
307
)35
3(3
13
ndash 41
8)
195
420
ndash39
year
s10
4(9
63
ndash 11
3)
241
(14
0 ndash
281
)3
01(2
79
ndash 3
23)
997
(91
4 ndash
109
)41
6(3
69
ndash 53
3)
595
(48
7 ndash
851
)1
688
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
128
(11
9 ndash
139
)1
94(1
36
ndash 2
20)
269
(21
5 ndash
341
)12
4(1
16
ndash 13
4)
630
(53
5 ndash
738
)79
2(7
33
ndash 97
9)
136
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
164
(15
1 ndash
177
)2
80(2
64
ndash 3
20)
390
(34
3 ndash
417
)15
9(1
45
ndash 17
8)
746
(66
3 ndash
834
)10
2(8
59
ndash 14
3)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es10
3(9
89
ndash 10
8)
196
(14
0 ndash
225
)2
77(2
28
ndash 3
06)
103
(96
2 ndash
109
)40
8(3
68
ndash 46
4)
543
(49
4 ndash
662
)3
547
Fem
ales
142
(13
3 ndash
151
)2
93(2
45
ndash 3
23)
377
(35
1 ndash
405
)13
2(1
20
ndash 14
4)
645
(58
3 ndash
736
)84
7(7
59
ndash 10
2)3
707
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s11
5(1
05
ndash 12
7)
267
(21
9 ndash
306
)3
49(3
15
ndash 3
86)
113
(10
4 ndash
124
)39
2(3
51
ndash 46
5)
486
(46
2 ndash
594
)1
844
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
108
(97
2 ndash
120
)2
29(2
00
ndash 2
54)
302
(25
7 ndash
336
)10
5(9
31
ndash 11
4)
450
(38
3 ndash
537
)57
4(5
14
ndash 73
5)
189
1N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
123
(11
6 ndash
131
)2
20(1
90
ndash 2
65)
306
(28
0 ndash
341
)11
8(1
12
ndash 12
6)
569
(50
4 ndash
649
)76
2(7
23
ndash 93
3)
297
3
1371 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1372 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
FemalesMales
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
NonminusHispanic Blacks
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
010
2030
Seru
m tr
ansminus
beta
minuscar
oten
e(micro
gdL
)
Females
Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
Age (years)
Mexican AmericansNonminusHispanic BlacksNonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 27a Serum transminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by age groupGeometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
138 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population138 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 27a2 Serum trans-beta-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 121 (115 ndash 128) 426 (402 ndash 453) 116 (111 ndash 123) 371 (342 ndash 407) 72546ndash11 years 130 (121 ndash 140) 621 (549 ndash 689) 127 (118 ndash 136) 274 (251 ndash 317) 86012ndash19 years 924 (876 ndash 975) 421 (386 ndash 452) 896 (830 ndash 966) 203 (189 ndash 227) 195420ndash39 years 104 (963 ndash 113) 385 (350 ndash 419) 997 (914 ndash 109) 304 (265 ndash 358) 168840ndash59 years 128 (119 ndash 139) 412 (359 ndash 455) 124 (116 ndash 134) 427 (391 ndash 475) 136560 years and older 164 (151 ndash 177) 527 (447 ndash 608) 159 (145 ndash 178) 510 (459 ndash 591) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 103 (989 ndash 108) 376 (348 ndash 402) 103 (962 ndash 109) 282 (264 ndash 314) 35476ndash11 years 137 (126 ndash 150) 693 (562 ndash 794) 131 (121 ndash 143) 274 (235 ndash 347) 42712ndash19 years 846 (793 ndash 903) 382 (327 ndash 429) 826 (775 ndash 890) 178 (172 ndash 187) 98020ndash39 years 889 (836 ndash 946) 336 (302 ndash 380) 851 (791 ndash 914) 239 (222 ndash 267) 73840ndash59 years 105 (938 ndash 117) 343 (220 ndash 420) 108 (945 ndash 123) 318 (279 ndash 360) 67360 years and older 133 (119 ndash 148) 447 (375 ndash 533) 130 (115 ndash 144) 415 (338 ndash 511) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 142 (133 ndash 151) 500 (460 ndash 530) 132 (120 ndash 144) 439 (412 ndash 489) 37076ndash11 years 124 (113 ndash 135) 561 (456 ndash 675) 118 (105 ndash 136) 274 (246 ndash 335) 43312ndash19 years 101 (948 ndash 109) 473 (426 ndash 495) 976 (895 ndash 107) 246 (209 ndash 291) 97420ndash39 years 122 (107 ndash 139) 439 (379 ndash 508) 114 (102 ndash 129) 370 (286 ndash 502) 95040ndash59 years 155 (142 ndash 170) 507 (461 ndash 533) 145 (127 ndash 162) 532 (440 ndash 644) 69260 years and older 195 (174 ndash 218) 630 (512 ndash 704) 194 (165 ndash 231) 623 (505 ndash 752) 658
Table 27a3 Serum trans-beta-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 115 (105 ndash 127) 448 (414 ndash 481) 113 (104 ndash 124) 297 (259 ndash 350) 18446ndash11 years 114 (106 ndash 124) 574 (457 ndash 628) 110 (992 ndash 120) 242 (210 ndash 311) 29512ndash19 years 902 (839 ndash 970) 407 (359 ndash 464) 905 (835 ndash 101) 186 (173 ndash 227) 64620ndash39 years 115 (984 ndash 133) 445 (401 ndash 485) 113 (945 ndash 137) 299 (235 ndash 372) 44940ndash59 years 128 (111 ndash 148) 415 (363 ndash 503) 127 (111 ndash 147) 325 (277 ndash 471) 24660 years and older 148 (132 ndash 165) 531 (302 ndash 779) 147 (127 ndash 156) 431 (379 ndash 474) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 104 (929 ndash 116) 415 (363 ndash 446) 103 (920 ndash 115) 253 (226 ndash 304) 8836ndash11 years 120 (112 ndash 128) 615 (440 ndash 762) 115 (104 ndash 126) 231 (197 ndash 344) 14512ndash19 years 818 (737 ndash 907) 371 (332 ndash 425) 834 (690 ndash 963) 177 (153 ndash 196) 31320ndash39 years 103 (845 ndash 126) 420 (300 ndash 471) 964 (783 ndash 128) 266 (220 ndash 369) 19840ndash59 years 109 (897 ndash 132) 382 (255 ndash 431) 113 (945 ndash 134) 263 (216 ndash 359) 12260 years and older 124 (106 ndash 146) 447dagger (251 ndash 670) 120 (945 ndash 159) 357dagger (198 ndash 154) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 129 (119 ndash 141) 508 (451 ndash 560) 125 (116 ndash 137) 344 (302 ndash 393) 9616ndash11 years 109 (963 ndash 123) 510 (398 ndash 596) 102 (854 ndash 119) 243 (194 ndash 328) 15012ndash19 years 100 (935 ndash 107) 483 (412 ndash 513) 102 (947 ndash 106) 209 (180 ndash 287) 33320ndash39 years 130 (111 ndash 153) 515 (369 ndash 618) 126 (112 ndash 155) 338 (246 ndash 458) 25140ndash59 years 153 (126 ndash 185) 506 (342 ndash 668) 144 (122 ndash 183) 412 (292 ndash 108) 12460 years and older 170 (147 ndash 197) 597dagger (310 ndash 819) 151 (143 ndash 194) 445dagger (393 ndash 509) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1391 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1392 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 27a4 Serum trans-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 108 (972 ndash 120) 400 (353 ndash 434) 105 (931 ndash 114) 312 (265 ndash 383) 18916ndash11 years 119 (106 ndash 133) 630 (486 ndash 703) 116 (109 ndash 126) 230 (183 ndash 377) 24012ndash19 years 846 (785 ndash 911) 409 (371 ndash 435) 813 (788 ndash 842) 179 (157 ndash 213) 66520ndash39 years 932 (828 ndash 105) 385 (327 ndash 422) 849 (761 ndash 102) 234 (195 ndash 308) 36840ndash59 years 121 (103 ndash 141) 346 (233 ndash 466) 123 (103 ndash 152) 409 (343 ndash 502) 33560 years and older 147 (128 ndash 169) 460 (381 ndash 504) 153 (121 ndash 187) 448 (370 ndash 515) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 949 (862 ndash 104) 348 (300 ndash 395) 892 (805 ndash 995) 265 (230 ndash 324) 9496ndash11 years 127 (111 ndash 145) 679 (553 ndash 749) 127 (107 ndash 149) 229 (187 ndash 551) 12812ndash19 years 847 (778 ndash 921) 415 (318 ndash 470) 823 (785 ndash 876) 173 (158 ndash 197) 34320ndash39 years 800 (709 ndash 902) 339 (251 ndash 399) 716 (635 ndash 795) 220 (193 ndash 264) 17040ndash59 years 983 (814 ndash 119) 265 (198 ndash 342) 946 (715 ndash 131) 367 (262 ndash 667) 15660 years and older 128 (113 ndash 145) 377 (346 ndash 461) 124 (107 ndash 151) 353 (291 ndash 520) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 121 (107 ndash 136) 449 (405 ndash 488) 115 (103 ndash 134) 355 (277 ndash 461) 9426ndash11 years 111 (952 ndash 130) 532 (352 ndash 663) 113 (967 ndash 125) 223 (169 ndash 370) 11212ndash19 years 845 (774 ndash 922) 400 (350 ndash 437) 803 (759 ndash 849) 186 (155 ndash 243) 32220ndash39 years 106 (908 ndash 124) 427 (346 ndash 515) 108 (850 ndash 122) 254 (186 ndash 461) 19840ndash59 years 144 (121 ndash 171) 485 (270 ndash 642) 145 (116 ndash 184) 449 (393 ndash 490) 17960 years and older 163 (135 ndash 197) 483 (386 ndash 568) 176 (116 ndash 256) 465 (387 ndash 557) 131
Table 27a5 Serum trans-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 123 (116 ndash 131) 421 (381 ndash 460) 118 (112 ndash 126) 390 (348 ndash 434) 29736ndash11 years 136 (124 ndash 149) 631 (542 ndash 709) 132 (121 ndash 143) 278 (249 ndash 362) 23112ndash19 years 958 (894 ndash 103) 436 (385 ndash 471) 914 (812 ndash 105) 209 (190 ndash 266) 49920ndash39 years 101 (908 ndash 111) 353 (318 ndash 394) 978 (870 ndash 106) 305 (252 ndash 391) 71440ndash59 years 129 (118 ndash 140) 410 (354 ndash 459) 124 (114 ndash 135) 434 (394 ndash 484) 68360 years and older 163 (149 ndash 178) 529 (422 ndash 619) 159 (142 ndash 181) 509 (448 ndash 642) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 104 (987 ndash 110) 371 (335 ndash 402) 105 (956 ndash 114) 286 (260 ndash 330) 14726ndash11 years 143 (127 ndash 161) 716 (460 ndash 903) 134 (121 ndash 147) 263 (232 ndash 488) 11212ndash19 years 877 (814 ndash 946) 391 (292 ndash 460) 849 (753 ndash 958) 179 (166 ndash 204) 25420ndash39 years 865 (803 ndash 932) 313 (285 ndash 348) 830 (747 ndash 944) 238 (209 ndash 269) 30940ndash59 years 106 (934 ndash 120) 345 (206 ndash 426) 110 (961 ndash 124) 306 (266 ndash 359) 35160 years and older 130 (115 ndash 147) 439 (331 ndash 539) 126 (110 ndash 143) 410 (328 ndash 517) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 145 (135 ndash 156) 495 (433 ndash 545) 134 (122 ndash 150) 464 (415 ndash 533) 15016ndash11 years 129 (112 ndash 148) 561 (270 ndash 713) 126 (976 ndash 151) 277 (248 ndash 406) 11912ndash19 years 105 (971 ndash 115) 486 (427 ndash 537) 987 (871 ndash 113) 268 (218 ndash 301) 24520ndash39 years 117 (995 ndash 138) 415 (318 ndash 499) 109 (935 ndash 127) 365 (266 ndash 607) 40540ndash59 years 156 (141 ndash 172) 500 (417 ndash 544) 142 (120 ndash 171) 571 (440 ndash 692) 33260 years and older 197 (174 ndash 223) 635 (512 ndash 718) 195 (162 ndash 235) 643 (502 ndash 755) 400
140 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population140 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 27b Serum trans-beta-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 122 (115 ndash 129) 321 (295 ndash 346) 120 (113 ndash 126) 477 (442 ndash 521) 7929 2005ndash2006 121 (115 ndash 128) 318 (292 ndash 342) 116 (111 ndash 123) 533 (491 ndash 593) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 136 (125 ndash 146) 460 (379 ndash 500) 136 (121 ndash 152) 451 (358 ndash 563) 4296ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 133 (127 ndash 139) 544 (500 ndash 596) 132 (125 ndash 139) 329 (304 ndash 388) 1012 2005ndash2006 130 (121 ndash 140) 515 (411 ndash 561) 127 (118 ndash 136) 377 (299 ndash 492) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 969 (920 ndash 102) 334 (297 ndash 359) 963 (897 ndash 104) 282 (254 ndash 325) 2206 2005ndash2006 924 (876 ndash 975) 320 (287 ndash 352) 896 (830 ndash 966) 283 (263 ndash 307) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 103 (938 ndash 112) 290 (213 ndash 320) 981 (910 ndash 108) 398 (352 ndash 426) 1716 2005ndash2006 104 (963 ndash 113) 301 (279 ndash 323) 997 (914 ndash 109) 416 (369 ndash 533) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 133 (121 ndash 147) 330 (274 ndash 365) 130 (120 ndash 142) 600 (499 ndash 797) 1471 2005ndash2006 128 (119 ndash 139) 269 (215 ndash 341) 124 (116 ndash 134) 630 (535 ndash 738) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 165 (149 ndash 183) 351 (288 ndash 413) 175 (153 ndash 196) 614 (560 ndash 661) 1524 2005ndash2006 164 (151 ndash 177) 390 (343 ndash 417) 159 (145 ndash 178) 746 (663 ndash 834) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 109 (102 ndash 116) 301 (268 ndash 325) 110 (103 ndash 116) 421 (375 ndash 455) 3837 2005ndash2006 103 (989 ndash 108) 277 (228 ndash 306) 103 (962 ndash 109) 408 (368 ndash 464) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 136 (127 ndash 146) 357 (337 ndash 383) 131 (122 ndash 142) 541 (476 ndash 620) 4092 2005ndash2006 142 (133 ndash 151) 377 (351 ndash 405) 132 (120 ndash 144) 645 (583 ndash 736) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 125 (116 ndash 134) 356 (312 ndash 383) 129 (116 ndash 139) 385 (345 ndash 475) 1990 2005ndash2006 115 (105 ndash 127) 349 (315 ndash 386) 113 (104 ndash 124) 392 (351 ndash 465) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 108 (990 ndash 118) 283 (242 ndash 322) 107 (993 ndash 116) 403 (354 ndash 456) 1864 2005ndash2006 108 (972 ndash 120) 302 (257 ndash 336) 105 (931 ndash 114) 450 (383 ndash 537) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 125 (115 ndash 136) 335 (306 ndash 361) 121 (113 ndash 130) 508 (458 ndash 569) 3450 2005ndash2006 123 (116 ndash 131) 306 (280 ndash 341) 118 (112 ndash 126) 569 (504 ndash 649) 2973
1411 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1412 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
2
3
4
5
6
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
8
10
12
14
16
50th
Per
cent
ile
20
40
60
80
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 27b Serum transminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
142 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population142 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
8a
1 S
erum
cis
-bet
a-ca
rote
ne C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
320
(28
7 ndash
364
)4
48(3
93
ndash 5
11)
661
6A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
95(1
63
ndash 2
68)
267
(21
6 ndash
422
)77
912
ndash19
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D1
47(1
33
ndash 1
81)
187
(15
8 ndash
239
)1
785
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
251
(20
8 ndash
319
)3
74(2
88
ndash 5
09)
152
840
ndash59
year
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
730
(lt L
OD
ndash 7
83)
373
(32
1 ndash
444
)4
84(4
34
ndash 5
50)
125
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
108
(985
ndash 1
17)
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
903
(811
ndash 9
92)
459
(39
3 ndash
532
)6
53(5
17
ndash 8
65)
127
0G
ende
rM
ales
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
226
(19
9 ndash
260
)3
09(2
67
ndash 3
91)
320
4Fe
mal
es
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
759
(708
ndash 8
16)
388
(36
0 ndash
448
)5
27(4
71
ndash 6
32)
341
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
lt
LOD
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
226
(19
7 ndash
259
)2
80(2
48
ndash 3
46)
170
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D2
81(2
37
ndash 3
38)
351
(31
7 ndash
461
)1
673
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s
lt LO
Dlt
LOD
lt LO
D3
44(3
06
ndash 3
82)
471
(41
1 ndash
520
)2
725
lt L
OD
mea
ns le
ss th
an th
e lim
it of
det
ectio
n w
hich
may
var
y fo
r som
e co
mpo
unds
by
year
See
App
endi
x D
for L
OD
Not
cal
cula
ted
Pro
port
ion
of re
sults
bel
ow li
mit
of d
etec
tion
was
too
high
to p
rovi
de a
val
id re
sult
1431 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1432 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Nocis-beta-carotenefigureforconcentrationsbyagegroupispresentedbecausethegeometricmeanswerenotcalculatedduetotheproportionofresultsbelowthelimitofdetectionbeingtoohighforvalidresults(seeTable28a1)
144 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population144 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 28a2 Serum cis-beta-carotene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 210 (192 ndash 239) 66166ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 147 (128 ndash 178) 77912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 112 (995 ndash 126) 178520ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 178 (155 ndash 203) 152840ndash59 years lt LOD 730 (lt LOD ndash 783) 249 (218 ndash 286) 125460 years and older 108 (985 ndash 117) lt LOD 903 (811 ndash 992) 309 (262 ndash 364) 1270MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 159 (143 ndash 186) 32046ndash11 years lt LOD 704 (lt LOD ndash 757) 152 (126 ndash 233) 38612ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 935 (878 ndash 102) 88620ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 137 (123 ndash 159) 65240ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 175 (150 ndash 205) 61660 years and older lt LOD 726 (lt LOD ndash 817) 237 (191 ndash 299) 664FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 759 (708 ndash 816) 270 (235 ndash 310) 34126ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 144 (121 ndash 174) 39312ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (113 ndash 159) 89920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 215 (177 ndash 304) 87640ndash59 years 104 (954 ndash 113) lt LOD 827 (745 ndash 963) 330 (272 ndash 378) 63860 years and older 126 (111 ndash 141) lt LOD 115 (904 ndash 136) 369 (323 ndash 471) 606lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
Table 28a3 Serum cis-beta-carotene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 170 (152 ndash 191) 17076ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 134 (109 ndash 167) 26912ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 975 (899 ndash 115) 60920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 173 (142 ndash 202) 40240ndash59 years 880 (780 ndash 992) lt LOD 751 (lt LOD ndash 864) 197 (165 ndash 275) 22860 years and older 964 (878 ndash 106) lt LOD 854 (778 ndash 919) 248 (205 ndash 355) 199MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 147 (121 ndash 171) 8146ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 134 (106 ndash 198) 13112ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 900 (833 ndash 109) 29920ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 158 (116 ndash 207) 17140ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 157 (129 ndash 219) 11460 years and older lt LODdagger 718 (lt LOD ndash 904) 161dagger (108 ndash 108) 99FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 720 (lt LOD ndash 789) 195 (176 ndash 224) 8936ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (106 ndash 172) 13812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 110 (944 ndash 146) 31020ndash39 years lt LOD 774 (lt LOD ndash 960) 188 (157 ndash 236) 23140ndash59 years 100 (839 ndash 119) lt LOD 870 (703 ndash 106) 223 (171 ndash 640) 11460 years and older 109 (959 ndash 124) lt LODdagger 923 (853 ndash 106) 285dagger (237 ndash 406) 100lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1451 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1452 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 28a4 Serum cis-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 187 (159 ndash 249) 16736ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 133 (112 ndash 211) 20812ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 105 (916 ndash 120) 58020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 141 (124 ndash 184) 32740ndash59 years lt LOD 778 (lt LOD ndash 937) 254 (216 ndash 311) 29860 years and older 104 (906 ndash 119) lt LOD 965 (778 ndash 109) 280 (223 ndash 345) 260MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 161 (133 ndash 194) 8276ndash11 years 807 (695 ndash 937) lt LOD 738 (lt LOD ndash 876) 145 (113 ndash 680) 11212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 997 (882 ndash 117) 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 127 (962 ndash 184) 14940ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 228 (151 ndash 329) 13660 years and older lt LOD 784 (lt LOD ndash 927) 195 (164 ndash 314) 140FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 717 (lt LOD ndash 832) 220 (183 ndash 277) 8466ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 119dagger (103 ndash 199) 9612ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 108 (914 ndash 142) 29020ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 162 (125 ndash 276) 17840ndash59 years 101 (886 ndash 116) lt LOD 877 (765 ndash 103) 282 (225 ndash 343) 16260 years and older 117 (947 ndash 144) lt LOD 110 (720 ndash 158) 316 (259 ndash 384) 120lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 28a5 Serum cis-beta-carotene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 217 (192 ndash 255) 27256ndash11 years lt LOD lt LOD 146 (121 ndash 242) 21212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 116 (979 ndash 139) 46220ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 174 (144 ndash 215) 65340ndash59 years lt LOD 720 (lt LOD ndash 779) 250 (211 ndash 314) 63460 years and older 107 (967 ndash 118) lt LOD 892 (783 ndash 100) 309 (257 ndash 370) 764MalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 159 (142 ndash 192) 13366ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 149dagger (116 ndash 517) 10212ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 926 (842 ndash 119) 23120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 135 (118 ndash 159) 27840ndash59 years lt LOD lt LOD 169 (146 ndash 199) 32460 years and older lt LOD lt LOD 239 (182 ndash 314) 401FemalesTotal 6 years and older lt LOD 761 (704 ndash 828) 279 (234 ndash 348) 13896ndash11 years lt LODdagger lt LOD 143dagger (119 ndash 198) 11012ndash19 years lt LOD lt LOD 139 (112 ndash 185) 23120ndash39 years lt LOD lt LOD 214 (162 ndash 370) 37540ndash59 years 103 (941 ndash 113) lt LOD 795 (718 ndash 966) 355 (273 ndash 396) 31060 years and older 126 (110 ndash 145) lt LOD 116 (875 ndash 138) 370 (316 ndash 480) 363lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
146 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population146 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 28b Serum cis-beta-carotene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 264 (241 ndash 287) 7929 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 320 (287 ndash 364) 6616Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 207 (188 ndash 262) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 164 (150 ndash 184) 1014 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 195 (163 ndash 268) 77912ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 139 (130 ndash 155) 2206 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 147 (133 ndash 181) 178520ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 205 (182 ndash 246) 1716 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 251 (208 ndash 319) 152840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 330 (277 ndash 439) 1470 2005ndash2006 lt LOD 730 (lt LOD ndash 783) 373 (321 ndash 444) 125460 years and older 2001ndash2002 102 (943 ndash 111) lt LOD 899 (803 ndash 102) 350 (311 ndash 394) 1523 2005ndash2006 108 (985 ndash 117) lt LOD 903 (811 ndash 992) 459 (393 ndash 532) 1270Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 213 (194 ndash 241) 3835 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 226 (199 ndash 260) 3204Females 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 308 (273 ndash 370) 4094 2005ndash2006 lt LOD 759 (708 ndash 816) 388 (360 ndash 448) 3412Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 206 (185 ndash 242) 1990 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 226 (197 ndash 259) 1707Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 229 (196 ndash 269) 1864 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 281 (237 ndash 338) 1673Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 lt LOD lt LOD 279 (248 ndash 328) 3450 2005ndash2006 lt LOD lt LOD 344 (306 ndash 382) 2725lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD Not calculated Proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result
1471 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1472 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
070
075
080
085
5th
Perc
entil
e
Total(6+y)
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
3minus5y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
6minus11y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
12minus19y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
20+y
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Males
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Females
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
MA
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHB
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
NHW
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
070
075
080
085
50th
Per
cent
ile
1
2
3
4
5
95th
Per
cent
ile
Figure 28b Serum cisminusbetaminuscarotene Concentrations by survey cycleSelected percentiles in microgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Values in the graph are suppressed if either the point estimate or the lower 95 confidence limit is noted as ldquolt LODrdquo in the accompanying table
148 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population148 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
9a
1 S
erum
bet
a-cr
ypto
xant
hin
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n microg
dL)
for t
he to
tal U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 6
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
5ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
770
(73
4 ndash
808
)1
90(1
63
ndash 2
06)
246
(22
6 ndash
263
)7
62(7
24
ndash 7
99)
241
(22
5 ndash
264
)30
5(2
87
ndash 33
2)
719
5A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs9
47(8
88
ndash 10
1)
341
(26
8 ndash
369
)3
90(3
32
ndash 4
23)
914
(85
2 ndash
966
)24
9(2
30
ndash 28
7)
304
(27
1 ndash
423
)85
512
ndash19
year
s7
82(7
42
ndash 8
23)
256
(21
3 ndash
297
)3
20(2
91
ndash 3
50)
749
(70
1 ndash
799
)20
3(1
88
ndash 23
4)
255
(23
6 ndash
272
)1
924
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
795
(75
2 ndash
840
)2
33(1
84
ndash 2
53)
278
(25
0 ndash
297
)7
81(7
31
ndash 8
18)
245
(21
7 ndash
288
)31
7(2
88
ndash 38
0)
167
940
ndash59
year
s7
24(6
60
ndash 7
94)
148
(11
4 ndash
192
)2
16(1
80
ndash 2
40)
703
(65
0 ndash
782
)24
8(2
15
ndash 29
2)
303
(27
7 ndash
411
)1
357
60 y
ears
and
old
er7
39(6
86
ndash 7
97)
152
(13
8 ndash
162
)1
98(1
62
ndash 2
25)
748
(70
3 ndash
813
)24
2(2
27
ndash 27
6)
319
(27
8 ndash
352
)1
380
Gen
der
Mal
es7
51(7
10
ndash 7
94)
186
(14
2 ndash
214
)2
41(2
10
ndash 2
70)
749
(71
2 ndash
788
)22
8(2
15
ndash 25
0)
284
(26
4 ndash
309
)3
514
Fem
ales
789
(75
3 ndash
827
)1
93(1
68
ndash 2
10)
254
(22
4 ndash
269
)7
74(7
28
ndash 8
14)
255
(23
4 ndash
281
)32
5(3
00
ndash 37
1)
368
1Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
130
(11
8 ndash
143
)3
45(3
15
ndash 3
89)
442
(38
7 ndash
486
)12
9(1
19
ndash 14
2)
362
(32
4 ndash
454
)46
2(4
07
ndash 63
0)
184
2N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks8
34(7
88
ndash 8
84)
232
(20
2 ndash
251
)2
89(2
59
ndash 3
11)
823
(78
0 ndash
881
)23
6(2
08
ndash 27
8)
298
(26
9 ndash
356
)1
848
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s6
94(6
59
ndash 7
32)
166
(14
7 ndash
192
)2
26(2
07
ndash 2
44)
696
(66
2 ndash
738
)20
5(1
97
ndash 21
9)
255
(23
3 ndash
282
)2
960
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
20
Seru
m b
etaminus
cryp
toxa
nthi
n(μ
gdL
)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
20 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 29a Serum betaminuscryptoxanthin Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m b
etaminus
cryp
toxa
nthi
nSe
rum
bet
aminuscr
ypto
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 5
1015
20
0 5
1015
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 149149
150 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population150 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 29a2 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 770 (734 ndash 808) 317 (295 ndash 336) 762 (724 ndash 799) 185 (175 ndash 197) 71956ndash11 years 947 (888 ndash 101) 447 (395 ndash 523) 914 (852 ndash 966) 195 (178 ndash 217) 85512ndash19 years 782 (742 ndash 823) 386 (364 ndash 401) 749 (701 ndash 799) 165 (152 ndash 178) 192420ndash39 years 795 (752 ndash 840) 342 (306 ndash 376) 781 (731 ndash 818) 182 (167 ndash 200) 167940ndash59 years 724 (660 ndash 794) 276 (248 ndash 306) 703 (650 ndash 782) 193 (172 ndash 212) 135760 years and older 739 (686 ndash 797) 282 (240 ndash 301) 748 (703 ndash 813) 190 (174 ndash 207) 1380MalesTotal 6 years and older 751 (710 ndash 794) 313 (287 ndash 338) 749 (712 ndash 788) 180 (171 ndash 193) 35146ndash11 years 970 (887 ndash 106) 486 (391 ndash 570) 933 (848 ndash 102) 192 (173 ndash 217) 42612ndash19 years 789 (736 ndash 846) 395 (355 ndash 437) 765 (702 ndash 842) 169 (150 ndash 186) 96120ndash39 years 786 (738 ndash 838) 349 (311 ndash 388) 774 (716 ndash 822) 179 (160 ndash 195) 73540ndash59 years 684 (609 ndash 769) 258 (216 ndash 291) 674 (612 ndash 768) 188 (167 ndash 219) 66860 years and older 701 (637 ndash 770) 287 (236 ndash 305) 716 (644 ndash 789) 176 (167 ndash 205) 724FemalesTotal 6 years and older 789 (753 ndash 827) 321 (299 ndash 340) 774 (728 ndash 814) 191 (179 ndash 202) 36816ndash11 years 923 (867 ndash 983) 421 (349 ndash 498) 882 (830 ndash 960) 197 (178 ndash 234) 42912ndash19 years 773 (726 ndash 823) 377 (348 ndash 396) 732 (678 ndash 801) 163 (149 ndash 178) 96320ndash39 years 804 (752 ndash 859) 332 (293 ndash 381) 787 (727 ndash 851) 193 (170 ndash 234) 94440ndash59 years 763 (694 ndash 839) 308 (266 ndash 333) 735 (662 ndash 825) 197 (172 ndash 209) 68960 years and older 773 (704 ndash 848) 279 (234 ndash 303) 773 (723 ndash 879) 200 (181 ndash 229) 656
Table 29a3 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 130 (118 ndash 143) 553 (521 ndash 591) 129 (119 ndash 142) 297 (259 ndash 340) 18426ndash11 years 124 (114 ndash 135) 601 (482 ndash 678) 123 (110 ndash 140) 248 (230 ndash 278) 29512ndash19 years 111 (103 ndash 121) 577 (511 ndash 634) 110 (102 ndash 121) 228 (192 ndash 261) 64620ndash39 years 136 (117 ndash 160) 547 (492 ndash 641) 135 (117 ndash 157) 319 (265 ndash 453) 44840ndash59 years 133 (117 ndash 152) 534 (480 ndash 581) 136 (119 ndash 158) 298 (258 ndash 353) 24560 years and older 133 (114 ndash 156) 560 (279 ndash 753) 134 (113 ndash 158) 297 (247 ndash 429) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 126 (112 ndash 141) 538 (494 ndash 592) 127 (114 ndash 144) 279 (245 ndash 327) 8816ndash11 years 125 (113 ndash 138) 602 (382 ndash 686) 125 (112 ndash 144) 243 (222 ndash 320) 14512ndash19 years 107 (974 ndash 119) 600 (502 ndash 651) 105 (942 ndash 116) 217 (185 ndash 260) 31320ndash39 years 135 (111 ndash 164) 538 (443 ndash 671) 138 (116 ndash 160) 296 (226 ndash 456) 19740ndash59 years 126 (105 ndash 150) 506 (345 ndash 565) 130 (104 ndash 155) 306 (250 ndash 450) 12160 years and older 120 (950 ndash 151) 424dagger (140 ndash 766) 114 (988 ndash 150) 269dagger (211 ndash 375) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 134 (122 ndash 146) 564 (531 ndash 610) 131 (122 ndash 142) 308 (268 ndash 393) 9616ndash11 years 123 (113 ndash 135) 587 (489 ndash 683) 118 (109 ndash 133) 260 (219 ndash 288) 15012ndash19 years 116 (106 ndash 127) 549 (435 ndash 631) 121 (109 ndash 130) 234 (199 ndash 304) 33320ndash39 years 138 (117 ndash 162) 549 (469 ndash 654) 130 (110 ndash 160) 347 (297 ndash 472) 25140ndash59 years 142 (122 ndash 164) 567 (359 ndash 724) 137 (125 ndash 163) 295 (249 ndash 365) 12460 years and older 145 (118 ndash 180) 579dagger (311 ndash 770) 154 (122 ndash 174) 301dagger (255 ndash 599) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1511 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1512 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 29a4 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 834 (788 ndash 884) 372 (351 ndash 402) 823 (780 ndash 881) 181 (172 ndash 193) 18486ndash11 years 119 (111 ndash 128) 605 (513 ndash 676) 117 (106 ndash 132) 228 (197 ndash 250) 23712ndash19 years 869 (799 ndash 946) 454 (416 ndash 492) 847 (765 ndash 940) 174 (157 ndash 190) 63720ndash39 years 826 (776 ndash 878) 397 (362 ndash 426) 795 (747 ndash 871) 163 (150 ndash 189) 36340ndash59 years 789 (695 ndash 897) 290 (254 ndash 355) 798 (688 ndash 910) 188 (172 ndash 223) 33260 years and older 738 (655 ndash 831) 316 (261 ndash 371) 731 (635 ndash 823) 168 (155 ndash 218) 279MalesTotal 6 years and older 823 (764 ndash 887) 358 (320 ndash 389) 803 (738 ndash 890) 190 (177 ndash 209) 9226ndash11 years 125 (112 ndash 140) 669 (492 ndash 769) 126 (106 ndash 147) 239 (215 ndash 256) 12712ndash19 years 880 (801 ndash 967) 443 (392 ndash 496) 850 (775 ndash 940) 182 (158 ndash 207) 32520ndash39 years 826 (773 ndash 883) 400 (365 ndash 431) 741 (704 ndash 798) 182 (153 ndash 216) 16840ndash59 years 749 (622 ndash 903) 263 (242 ndash 281) 764 (642 ndash 909) 190 (171 ndash 246) 15360 years and older 673 (608 ndash 745) 292 (243 ndash 329) 606 (509 ndash 720) 170 (156 ndash 178) 149FemalesTotal 6 years and older 844 (804 ndash 886) 387 (356 ndash 440) 839 (801 ndash 886) 173 (164 ndash 185) 9266ndash11 years 112 (974 ndash 130) 533dagger (418 ndash 655) 108 (990 ndash 122) 196dagger (178 ndash 300) 11012ndash19 years 859 (779 ndash 946) 466 (422 ndash 504) 846 (740 ndash 963) 166 (149 ndash 180) 31220ndash39 years 825 (769 ndash 886) 373 (350 ndash 418) 814 (780 ndash 894) 156 (137 ndash 201) 19540ndash59 years 824 (742 ndash 914) 364 (254 ndash 452) 822 (690 ndash 923) 185 (163 ndash 215) 17960 years and older 789 (667 ndash 933) 367 (229 ndash 400) 796 (664 ndash 920) 165 (147 ndash 262) 130dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 29a5 Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 694 (659 ndash 732) 293 (272 ndash 314) 696 (662 ndash 738) 163 (153 ndash 174) 29606ndash11 years 829 (773 ndash 889) 421 (343 ndash 488) 812 (760 ndash 869) 157 (145 ndash 179) 23012ndash19 years 712 (660 ndash 768) 372 (331 ndash 393) 682 (607 ndash 764) 142 (131 ndash 161) 49720ndash39 years 690 (660 ndash 721) 301 (273 ndash 340) 693 (669 ndash 724) 151 (133 ndash 165) 71140ndash59 years 663 (599 ndash 733) 263 (235 ndash 288) 661 (611 ndash 728) 172 (146 ndash 200) 67960 years and older 705 (651 ndash 764) 275 (228 ndash 296) 726 (666 ndash 779) 177 (168 ndash 196) 843MalesTotal 6 years and older 683 (642 ndash 728) 292 (250 ndash 323) 690 (658 ndash 729) 159 (146 ndash 175) 14686ndash11 years 845 (744 ndash 960) 443 (350 ndash 565) 799 (729 ndash 915) 159 (140 ndash 210) 11212ndash19 years 738 (660 ndash 826) 387 (320 ndash 440) 710 (614 ndash 839) 145 (126 ndash 175) 25320ndash39 years 694 (651 ndash 740) 315 (280 ndash 353) 706 (675 ndash 753) 140 (121 ndash 167) 30940ndash59 years 639 (562 ndash 726) 242 (199 ndash 282) 631 (575 ndash 696) 176 (146 ndash 216) 35060 years and older 666 (602 ndash 737) 278 (223 ndash 304) 694 (582 ndash 773) 170 (152 ndash 188) 444FemalesTotal 6 years and older 705 (669 ndash 743) 294 (270 ndash 320) 704 (659 ndash 755) 166 (154 ndash 181) 14926ndash11 years 811 (734 ndash 895) 385 (304 ndash 445) 814 (769 ndash 860) 150 (133 ndash 220) 11812ndash19 years 684 (625 ndash 748) 357 (293 ndash 386) 657 (573 ndash 738) 140 (128 ndash 164) 24420ndash39 years 686 (645 ndash 728) 292 (253 ndash 338) 673 (629 ndash 741) 157 (135 ndash 182) 40240ndash59 years 687 (618 ndash 764) 284 (252 ndash 324) 684 (609 ndash 785) 165 (144 ndash 199) 32960 years and older 739 (669 ndash 817) 273 (226 ndash 294) 750 (674 ndash 869) 195 (170 ndash 212) 399
152 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population152 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 29b Serum beta-cryptoxanthin Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 746 (706 ndash 787) 245 (220 ndash 268) 740 (700 ndash 782) 230 (209 ndash 255) 7890 2005ndash2006 770 (734 ndash 808) 246 (226 ndash 263) 762 (724 ndash 799) 241 (225 ndash 264) 7195Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 943 (840 ndash 106) 330 (188 ndash 396) 909 (781 ndash 104) 307 (253 ndash 431) 4276ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 940 (871 ndash 102) 392 (328 ndash 422) 905 (829 ndash 102) 261 (219 ndash 316) 1006 2005ndash2006 947 (888 ndash 101) 390 (332 ndash 423) 914 (852 ndash 966) 249 (230 ndash 287) 85512ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 763 (720 ndash 808) 305 (258 ndash 331) 745 (700 ndash 799) 198 (185 ndash 223) 2199 2005ndash2006 782 (742 ndash 823) 320 (291 ndash 350) 749 (701 ndash 799) 203 (188 ndash 234) 192420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 711 (657 ndash 769) 240 (204 ndash 273) 683 (625 ndash 750) 229 (200 ndash 266) 1707 2005ndash2006 795 (752 ndash 840) 278 (250 ndash 297) 781 (731 ndash 818) 245 (217 ndash 288) 167940ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 728 (675 ndash 786) 239 (202 ndash 271) 716 (666 ndash 777) 232 (204 ndash 261) 1459 2005ndash2006 724 (660 ndash 794) 216 (180 ndash 240) 703 (650 ndash 782) 248 (215 ndash 292) 135760 years and older 2001ndash2002 744 (684 ndash 809) 194 (171 ndash 222) 764 (706 ndash 828) 235 (209 ndash 278) 1519 2005ndash2006 739 (686 ndash 797) 198 (162 ndash 225) 748 (703 ndash 813) 242 (227 ndash 276) 1380Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 728 (689 ndash 769) 241 (210 ndash 266) 732 (682 ndash 781) 223 (204 ndash 250) 3815 2005ndash2006 751 (710 ndash 794) 241 (210 ndash 270) 749 (712 ndash 788) 228 (215 ndash 250) 3514Females 2001ndash2002 763 (720 ndash 808) 248 (229 ndash 275) 745 (705 ndash 784) 238 (211 ndash 262) 4075 2005ndash2006 789 (753 ndash 827) 254 (224 ndash 269) 774 (728 ndash 814) 255 (234 ndash 281) 3681Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 121 (112 ndash 132) 414 (371 ndash 453) 121 (109 ndash 135) 345 (321 ndash 385) 1988 2005ndash2006 130 (118 ndash 143) 442 (387 ndash 486) 129 (119 ndash 142) 362 (324 ndash 454) 1842Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 803 (738 ndash 874) 299 (266 ndash 327) 792 (732 ndash 855) 230 (199 ndash 277) 1859 2005ndash2006 834 (788 ndash 884) 289 (259 ndash 311) 823 (780 ndash 881) 236 (208 ndash 278) 1848Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 680 (643 ndash 719) 236 (205 ndash 253) 671 (629 ndash 716) 196 (182 ndash 222) 3422 2005ndash2006 694 (659 ndash 732) 226 (207 ndash 244) 696 (662 ndash 738) 205 (197 ndash 219) 2960
Figure 29b Serum betaminuscryptoxanthin Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 50
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
40
30
20
10
16
14
12
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 153153
154 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population154 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
10a
1 S
erum
lute
inz
eaxa
nthi
n C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
138
(13
4 ndash
142
)4
95(4
69
ndash 5
19)
590
(56
8 ndash
618
)13
7(1
32
ndash 14
1)
313
(30
3 ndash
332
)38
5(3
70
ndash 40
0)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs13
1(1
26
ndash 13
7)
574
(41
3 ndash
647
)6
70(5
50
ndash 7
67)
133
(12
8 ndash
139
)24
5(2
35
ndash 27
4)
290
(27
3 ndash
302
)86
012
ndash19
year
s10
7(1
03
ndash 11
1)
491
(43
9 ndash
518
)5
67(5
21
ndash 5
91)
106
(10
0 ndash
111
)20
0(1
91
ndash 21
1)
227
(21
4 ndash
251
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
136
(13
1 ndash
141
)4
94(4
24
ndash 5
46)
591
(51
9 ndash
641
)13
6(1
29
ndash 14
4)
293
(27
7 ndash
321
)35
2(3
17
ndash 40
0)
168
840
ndash59
year
s14
5(1
38
ndash 15
2)
462
(40
2 ndash
531
)5
82(5
28
ndash 6
13)
145
(13
7 ndash
152
)35
7(3
33
ndash 37
8)
408
(38
5 ndash
461
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er15
5(1
49
ndash 16
2)
527
(47
2 ndash
583
)6
44(6
02
ndash 6
69)
157
(15
0 ndash
165
)35
9(3
28
ndash 40
3)
425
(39
7 ndash
512
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es13
6(1
31
ndash 14
0)
492
(44
8 ndash
530
)5
93(5
42
ndash 6
35)
135
(13
0 ndash
141
)30
7(2
87
ndash 31
4)
357
(33
3 ndash
390
)3
547
Fem
ales
140
(13
5 ndash
144
)4
98(4
62
ndash 5
26)
589
(56
9 ndash
613
)13
8(1
33
ndash 14
4)
328
(31
0 ndash
357
)39
9(3
84
ndash 41
5)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
151
(14
5 ndash
158
)6
36(5
62
ndash 6
79)
741
(67
9 ndash
783
)15
0(1
44
ndash 15
6)
313
(29
2 ndash
341
)35
5(3
32
ndash 40
8)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks15
3(1
48
ndash 15
8)
588
(52
0 ndash
637
)7
03(6
33
ndash 7
71)
154
(15
0 ndash
158
)31
5(2
94
ndash 35
1)
380
(34
8 ndash
417
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s13
2(1
28
ndash 13
6)
474
(44
6 ndash
496
)5
70(5
33
ndash 5
88)
129
(12
5 ndash
134
)30
9(2
91
ndash 32
8)
375
(34
4 ndash
399
)2
973
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 210a Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by age group Geometric Mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
Seru
m lu
tein
zea
xant
hin
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 155155
156 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population156 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 210a2 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 138 (134 ndash 142) 724 (691 ndash 749) 137 (132 ndash 141) 265 (257 ndash 273) 72546ndash11 years 131 (126 ndash 137) 793 (684 ndash 854) 133 (128 ndash 139) 207 (201 ndash 220) 86012ndash19 years 107 (103 ndash 111) 650 (619 ndash 674) 106 (100 ndash 111) 176 (169 ndash 184) 195420ndash39 years 136 (131 ndash 141) 740 (664 ndash 783) 136 (129 ndash 144) 251 (234 ndash 271) 168840ndash59 years 145 (138 ndash 152) 723 (670 ndash 758) 145 (137 ndash 152) 294 (275 ndash 310) 136560 years and older 155 (149 ndash 162) 789 (752 ndash 813) 157 (150 ndash 165) 290 (273 ndash 319) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 136 (131 ndash 140) 722 (678 ndash 761) 135 (130 ndash 141) 256 (245 ndash 262) 35476ndash11 years 134 (127 ndash 141) 808 (762 ndash 869) 136 (125 ndash 142) 205 (190 ndash 225) 42712ndash19 years 105 (101 ndash 109) 649 (606 ndash 686) 103 (991 ndash 109) 173 (167 ndash 183) 98020ndash39 years 134 (128 ndash 140) 726 (651 ndash 796) 134 (128 ndash 142) 238 (224 ndash 260) 73840ndash59 years 142 (134 ndash 150) 722 (599 ndash 790) 141 (131 ndash 151) 276 (266 ndash 310) 67360 years and older 155 (147 ndash 164) 794 (726 ndash 826) 159 (152 ndash 170) 278 (262 ndash 312) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 140 (135 ndash 144) 727 (677 ndash 756) 138 (133 ndash 144) 275 (267 ndash 285) 37076ndash11 years 129 (121 ndash 137) 763 (598 ndash 850) 131 (126 ndash 137) 214 (199 ndash 236) 43312ndash19 years 109 (103 ndash 114) 652 (598 ndash 693) 108 (101 ndash 115) 180 (169 ndash 191) 97420ndash39 years 138 (132 ndash 145) 742 (659 ndash 780) 138 (129 ndash 148) 257 (239 ndash 280) 95040ndash59 years 147 (139 ndash 156) 717 (676 ndash 756) 150 (138 ndash 162) 296 (289 ndash 322) 69260 years and older 156 (148 ndash 164) 780 (740 ndash 817) 156 (141 ndash 167) 298 (280 ndash 328) 658
Table 210a3 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 151 (145 ndash 158) 860 (807 ndash 917) 150 (144 ndash 156) 268 (252 ndash 286) 18446ndash11 years 132 (124 ndash 140) 843 (689 ndash 935) 133 (122 ndash 141) 211 (193 ndash 235) 29512ndash19 years 121 (115 ndash 127) 764 (722 ndash 801) 123 (117 ndash 129) 189 (180 ndash 200) 64620ndash39 years 154 (143 ndash 166) 896 (809 ndash 965) 154 (142 ndash 173) 262 (234 ndash 305) 44940ndash59 years 172 (160 ndash 185) 978 (736 ndash 110) 172 (162 ndash 185) 304 (273 ndash 363) 24660 years and older 186 (167 ndash 207) 996 (759 ndash 120) 187 (169 ndash 203) 322 (301 ndash 344) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 154 (145 ndash 163) 881 (800 ndash 951) 151 (144 ndash 160) 281 (256 ndash 311) 8836ndash11 years 130 (121 ndash 139) 875 (633 ndash 971) 131 (121 ndash 139) 196 (175 ndash 220) 14512ndash19 years 117 (110 ndash 125) 762 (685 ndash 820) 120 (109 ndash 129) 182 (174 ndash 192) 31320ndash39 years 160 (146 ndash 175) 947 (802 ndash 101) 158 (149 ndash 174) 285 (242 ndash 331) 19840ndash59 years 177 (157 ndash 199) 869 (555 ndash 116) 176 (161 ndash 199) 311 (270 ndash 521) 12260 years and older 191 (160 ndash 227) 107dagger (638 ndash 122) 185 (145 ndash 254) 341dagger (299 ndash 454) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 149 (142 ndash 156) 846 (768 ndash 934) 147 (141 ndash 155) 244 (233 ndash 270) 9616ndash11 years 134 (125 ndash 144) 794 (666 ndash 897) 136 (119 ndash 144) 234 (198 ndash 271) 15012ndash19 years 125 (119 ndash 131) 761 (708 ndash 814) 128 (123 ndash 131) 197 (183 ndash 208) 33320ndash39 years 147 (137 ndash 159) 818 (742 ndash 974) 147 (131 ndash 169) 231 (222 ndash 270) 25140ndash59 years 167 (156 ndash 180) 101 (740 ndash 109) 166 (145 ndash 184) 286 (237 ndash 442) 12460 years and older 182 (161 ndash 207) 982dagger (745 ndash 117) 188 (162 ndash 217) 306dagger (283 ndash 336) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1571 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1572 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 210a4 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 153 (148 ndash 158) 861 (821 ndash 904) 154 (150 ndash 158) 266 (252 ndash 284) 18916ndash11 years 158 (153 ndash 164) 105 (930 ndash 110) 162 (156 ndash 168) 239 (225 ndash 274) 24012ndash19 years 129 (123 ndash 135) 794 (737 ndash 838) 130 (121 ndash 137) 209 (195 ndash 221) 66520ndash39 years 145 (137 ndash 153) 829 (674 ndash 945) 144 (135 ndash 154) 253 (240 ndash 283) 36840ndash59 years 164 (155 ndash 174) 877 (781 ndash 951) 170 (158 ndash 182) 286 (266 ndash 302) 33560 years and older 174 (160 ndash 191) 899 (824 ndash 101) 177 (160 ndash 191) 315 (271 ndash 365) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 154 (149 ndash 159) 869 (826 ndash 942) 156 (149 ndash 163) 266 (256 ndash 284) 9496ndash11 years 159 (149 ndash 169) 111 (103 ndash 119) 159 (150 ndash 172) 231 (219 ndash 269) 12812ndash19 years 131 (124 ndash 138) 808 (727 ndash 868) 133 (122 ndash 146) 208 (196 ndash 219) 34320ndash39 years 146 (138 ndash 155) 848 (656 ndash 965) 142 (131 ndash 157) 263 (232 ndash 291) 17040ndash59 years 169 (158 ndash 181) 921 (766 ndash 997) 182 (156 ndash 193) 306 (275 ndash 360) 15660 years and older 171 (162 ndash 181) 883 (779 ndash 964) 179 (172 ndash 188) 290 (259 ndash 340) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 152 (145 ndash 158) 851 (769 ndash 912) 153 (148 ndash 159) 264 (246 ndash 291) 9426ndash11 years 158 (151 ndash 165) 957 (786 ndash 107) 165 (148 ndash 171) 240 (223 ndash 289) 11212ndash19 years 127 (119 ndash 136) 770 (662 ndash 868) 127 (114 ndash 136) 211 (191 ndash 235) 32220ndash39 years 144 (134 ndash 155) 803 (521 ndash 963) 147 (136 ndash 154) 246 (232 ndash 285) 19840ndash59 years 160 (150 ndash 171) 872 (723 ndash 934) 166 (156 ndash 176) 269 (246 ndash 299) 17960 years and older 177 (152 ndash 205) 908 (795 ndash 106) 173 (151 ndash 202) 332 (263 ndash 579) 131
Table 210a5 Serum luteinzeaxanthin Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 132 (128 ndash 136) 680 (648 ndash 716) 129 (125 ndash 134) 258 (251 ndash 269) 29736ndash11 years 125 (118 ndash 133) 768 (604 ndash 834) 127 (122 ndash 136) 198 (183 ndash 231) 23112ndash19 years 988 (946 ndash 103) 616 (575 ndash 648) 980 (934 ndash 103) 162 (150 ndash 171) 49920ndash39 years 127 (122 ndash 131) 656 (593 ndash 739) 124 (117 ndash 132) 236 (221 ndash 269) 71440ndash59 years 138 (130 ndash 146) 687 (626 ndash 725) 137 (126 ndash 151) 279 (267 ndash 302) 68360 years and older 150 (144 ndash 157) 759 (725 ndash 797) 152 (142 ndash 158) 285 (264 ndash 314) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 130 (125 ndash 134) 687 (645 ndash 722) 128 (122 ndash 135) 244 (235 ndash 257) 14726ndash11 years 129 (118 ndash 142) 795 (577 ndash 867) 130 (122 ndash 141) 189 (171 ndash 319) 11212ndash19 years 975 (924 ndash 103) 623 (555 ndash 675) 971 (933 ndash 100) 156 (143 ndash 169) 25420ndash39 years 124 (119 ndash 129) 655 (575 ndash 769) 123 (117 ndash 130) 227 (218 ndash 248) 30940ndash59 years 136 (128 ndash 144) 696 (583 ndash 771) 134 (123 ndash 149) 266 (245 ndash 299) 35160 years and older 150 (142 ndash 159) 759 (711 ndash 805) 154 (144 ndash 165) 266 (255 ndash 306) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 134 (129 ndash 138) 675 (620 ndash 726) 130 (124 ndash 137) 274 (260 ndash 281) 15016ndash11 years 121 (111 ndash 132) 673 (507 ndash 832) 124 (111 ndash 132) 199 (182 ndash 281) 11912ndash19 years 100 (921 ndash 109) 608 (523 ndash 657) 990 (918 ndash 111) 165 (153 ndash 181) 24520ndash39 years 129 (122 ndash 136) 660 (582 ndash 742) 126 (112 ndash 144) 250 (223 ndash 285) 40540ndash59 years 140 (130 ndash 150) 678 (598 ndash 728) 140 (125 ndash 157) 292 (275 ndash 307) 33260 years and older 151 (143 ndash 159) 758 (696 ndash 805) 147 (136 ndash 162) 292 (276 ndash 326) 400
158 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population158 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 210b Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 131 (125 ndash 136) 577 (553 ndash 600) 129 (122 ndash 135) 304 (286 ndash 322) 7923 2005ndash2006 138 (134 ndash 142) 590 (568 ndash 618) 137 (132 ndash 141) 313 (303 ndash 332) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 125 (118 ndash 132) 638 (582 ndash 704) 125 (120 ndash 131) 246 (222 ndash 315) 4306ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 125 (119 ndash 132) 661 (588 ndash 706) 123 (116 ndash 131) 248 (224 ndash 260) 1014 2005ndash2006 131 (126 ndash 137) 670 (550 ndash 767) 133 (128 ndash 139) 245 (235 ndash 274) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 104 (991 ndash 110) 499 (464 ndash 554) 104 (980 ndash 110) 209 (194 ndash 232) 2205 2005ndash2006 107 (103 ndash 111) 567 (521 ndash 591) 106 (100 ndash 111) 200 (191 ndash 211) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 121 (115 ndash 129) 547 (516 ndash 573) 120 (112 ndash 127) 271 (257 ndash 307) 1714 2005ndash2006 136 (131 ndash 141) 591 (519 ndash 641) 136 (129 ndash 144) 293 (277 ndash 321) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 144 (136 ndash 152) 647 (569 ndash 704) 141 (135 ndash 149) 326 (310 ndash 355) 1468 2005ndash2006 145 (138 ndash 152) 582 (528 ndash 613) 145 (137 ndash 152) 357 (333 ndash 378) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 152 (143 ndash 162) 614 (554 ndash 668) 153 (143 ndash 166) 351 (333 ndash 410) 1522 2005ndash2006 155 (149 ndash 162) 644 (602 ndash 669) 157 (150 ndash 165) 359 (328 ndash 403) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 130 (125 ndash 136) 567 (535 ndash 601) 130 (124 ndash 136) 298 (283 ndash 317) 3832 2005ndash2006 136 (131 ndash 140) 593 (542 ndash 635) 135 (130 ndash 141) 307 (287 ndash 314) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 131 (125 ndash 137) 587 (559 ndash 603) 127 (121 ndash 135) 314 (288 ndash 330) 4091 2005ndash2006 140 (135 ndash 144) 589 (569 ndash 613) 138 (133 ndash 144) 328 (310 ndash 357) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 137 (133 ndash 142) 658 (615 ndash 684) 136 (132 ndash 141) 285 (268 ndash 307) 1988 2005ndash2006 151 (145 ndash 158) 741 (679 ndash 783) 150 (144 ndash 156) 313 (292 ndash 341) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 142 (131 ndash 155) 680 (620 ndash 720) 141 (128 ndash 155) 307 (285 ndash 346) 1864 2005ndash2006 153 (148 ndash 158) 703 (633 ndash 771) 154 (150 ndash 158) 315 (294 ndash 351) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 126 (120 ndash 132) 560 (514 ndash 590) 124 (117 ndash 131) 288 (272 ndash 318) 3447 2005ndash2006 132 (128 ndash 136) 570 (533 ndash 588) 129 (125 ndash 134) 309 (291 ndash 328) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
35
30
25
20
15
16
14
12
10
8
8
7
6
5
4
i i
i i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i i i
i
i i i
i
i i i
i
i
i i
i i
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Figure 210b Serum luteinzeaxanthin Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006 40
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 159159
160 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population160 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
11a
1 S
erum
tran
s-ly
cope
ne C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
212
(20
7 ndash
217
)5
64(4
99
ndash 6
25)
781
(73
3 ndash
840
)22
7(2
22
ndash 23
2)
436
(42
4 ndash
449
)48
4(4
75
ndash 49
8)
725
4A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs21
7(2
05
ndash 22
9)
767
(52
7 ndash
929
)9
48(7
38
ndash 10
9)
225
(21
1 ndash
237
)42
8(4
00
ndash 46
0)
461
(44
0 ndash
548
)86
012
ndash19
year
s21
9(2
11
ndash 22
6)
842
(73
1 ndash
878
)9
91(8
98
ndash 11
0)
223
(21
8 ndash
229
)42
6(4
02
ndash 45
1)
468
(44
4 ndash
527
)1
954
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
239
(23
3 ndash
244
)8
24(7
38
ndash 8
96)
107
(89
7 ndash
114
)25
1(2
43
ndash 25
6)
461
(44
1 ndash
472
)51
6(4
89
ndash 53
5)
168
840
ndash59
year
s21
6(2
04
ndash 22
8)
513
(37
6 ndash
634
)7
69(6
02
ndash 8
98)
232
(22
1 ndash
244
)44
6(4
25
ndash 47
1)
500
(47
2 ndash
559
)1
365
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
4(1
54
ndash 17
4)
375
(26
9 ndash
436
)5
19(4
32
ndash 5
97)
178
(16
8 ndash
190
)38
8(3
73
ndash 40
7)
444
(40
7 ndash
465
)1
387
Gen
der
Mal
es21
8(2
10
ndash 22
6)
579
(45
4 ndash
670
)7
85(6
99
ndash 8
89)
234
(22
6 ndash
243
)44
7(4
37
ndash 47
0)
521
(49
0 ndash
557
)3
547
Fem
ales
206
(20
0 ndash
212
)5
47(4
93
ndash 6
39)
776
(70
9 ndash
840
)22
2(2
15
ndash 22
6)
423
(41
2 ndash
439
)46
3(4
51
ndash 48
8)
370
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
195
(19
1 ndash
200
)7
04(6
09
ndash 7
33)
880
(78
3 ndash
929
)20
2(1
96
ndash 20
9)
380
(36
4 ndash
402
)42
5(3
98
ndash 49
9)
184
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks22
0(2
09
ndash 23
2)
629
(54
6 ndash
699
)8
11(7
39
ndash 8
77)
235
(22
6 ndash
247
)47
0(4
47
ndash 49
5)
535
(51
0 ndash
573
)1
891
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s21
3(2
08
ndash 21
9)
546
(48
3 ndash
626
)7
69(7
04
ndash 8
47)
230
(22
4 ndash
235
)43
8(4
24
ndash 45
2)
485
(47
3 ndash
506
)2
973
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 211a Serum transminuslycopene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
Seru
m tr
ansminus
lyco
pene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 161161
162 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population162 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 211a2 Serum trans-lycopene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 212 (207 ndash 217) 107 (101 ndash 113) 227 (222 ndash 232) 389 (377 ndash 398) 72546ndash11 years 217 (205 ndash 229) 116 (105 ndash 129) 225 (211 ndash 237) 383 (363 ndash 403) 86012ndash19 years 219 (211 ndash 226) 129 (122 ndash 136) 223 (218 ndash 229) 372 (358 ndash 391) 195420ndash39 years 239 (233 ndash 244) 134 (118 ndash 148) 251 (243 ndash 256) 402 (395 ndash 412) 168840ndash59 years 216 (204 ndash 228) 110 (950 ndash 119) 232 (221 ndash 244) 399 (384 ndash 418) 136560 years and older 164 (154 ndash 174) 714 (648 ndash 769) 178 (168 ndash 190) 337 (323 ndash 361) 1387MalesTotal 6 years and older 218 (210 ndash 226) 112 (103 ndash 118) 234 (226 ndash 243) 396 (381 ndash 410) 35476ndash11 years 226 (214 ndash 239) 128 (110 ndash 144) 231 (218 ndash 243) 386 (369 ndash 408) 42712ndash19 years 222 (214 ndash 230) 134 (115 ndash 142) 227 (220 ndash 236) 372 (363 ndash 387) 98020ndash39 years 251 (240 ndash 262) 146 (119 ndash 158) 262 (249 ndash 274) 414 (400 ndash 437) 73840ndash59 years 219 (201 ndash 239) 109 (858 ndash 124) 239 (223 ndash 256) 406 (373 ndash 439) 67360 years and older 163 (151 ndash 176) 744 (633 ndash 778) 178 (164 ndash 191) 335 (313 ndash 368) 729FemalesTotal 6 years and older 206 (200 ndash 212) 103 (956 ndash 111) 222 (215 ndash 226) 382 (367 ndash 395) 37076ndash11 years 208 (189 ndash 228) 104 (868 ndash 128) 217 (203 ndash 235) 373 (352 ndash 419) 43312ndash19 years 215 (201 ndash 230) 128 (107 ndash 137) 219 (210 ndash 232) 371 (346 ndash 406) 97420ndash39 years 227 (221 ndash 233) 129 (111 ndash 142) 237 (230 ndash 246) 390 (359 ndash 413) 95040ndash59 years 213 (201 ndash 225) 110 (950 ndash 119) 224 (210 ndash 243) 393 (386 ndash 408) 69260 years and older 164 (153 ndash 176) 689 (629 ndash 773) 179 (166 ndash 193) 342 (315 ndash 383) 658
Table 211a3 Serum trans-lycopene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 195 (191 ndash 200) 107 (101 ndash 112) 202 (196 ndash 209) 337 (328 ndash 344) 18446ndash11 years 196 (185 ndash 208) 110 (947 ndash 130) 201 (191 ndash 212) 324 (312 ndash 340) 29512ndash19 years 200 (192 ndash 209) 120 (101 ndash 128) 209 (198 ndash 221) 335 (323 ndash 352) 64620ndash39 years 209 (197 ndash 221) 116 (965 ndash 135) 220 (210 ndash 233) 347 (334 ndash 381) 44940ndash59 years 184 (173 ndash 195) 100 (904 ndash 110) 188 (182 ndash 194) 328 (306 ndash 370) 24660 years and older 155 (140 ndash 171) 771 (524 ndash 887) 161 (147 ndash 177) 286 (261 ndash 332) 208MalesTotal 6 years and older 201 (194 ndash 208) 110 (996 ndash 120) 211 (201 ndash 222) 344 (322 ndash 376) 8836ndash11 years 190 (178 ndash 202) 109 (933 ndash 127) 195 (182 ndash 205) 321 (289 ndash 361) 14512ndash19 years 206 (192 ndash 221) 123 (872 ndash 136) 221 (199 ndash 234) 340 (327 ndash 355) 31320ndash39 years 219 (200 ndash 239) 132 (892 ndash 151) 231 (215 ndash 249) 351 (321 ndash 444) 19840ndash59 years 186 (171 ndash 202) 101 (736 ndash 113) 193 (178 ndash 207) 327 (289 ndash 399) 12260 years and older 155 (129 ndash 186) 741dagger (271 ndash 877) 162 (139 ndash 193) 313dagger (252 ndash 560) 105FemalesTotal 6 years and older 190 (184 ndash 195) 105 (100 ndash 110) 194 (185 ndash 202) 333 (321 ndash 341) 9616ndash11 years 204 (189 ndash 220) 114 (953 ndash 134) 212 (193 ndash 230) 325 (312 ndash 350) 15012ndash19 years 194 (186 ndash 203) 118 (101 ndash 122) 200 (194 ndash 209) 329 (315 ndash 357) 33320ndash39 years 197 (186 ndash 208) 108 (995 ndash 127) 200 (185 ndash 234) 341 (325 ndash 367) 25140ndash59 years 181 (168 ndash 196) 100 (901 ndash 110) 180 (169 ndash 191) 328 (305 ndash 345) 12460 years and older 155 (140 ndash 172) 798dagger (524 ndash 105) 160 (133 ndash 181) 267dagger (250 ndash 312) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1631 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1632 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 211a4 Serum trans-lycopene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 220 (209 ndash 232) 108 (977 ndash 118) 235 (226 ndash 247) 400 (391 ndash 417) 18916ndash11 years 256 (233 ndash 282) 137 (111 ndash 170) 270 (246 ndash 289) 418 (387 ndash 459) 24012ndash19 years 248 (235 ndash 262) 143 (129 ndash 154) 258 (236 ndash 274) 416 (391 ndash 449) 66520ndash39 years 257 (242 ndash 272) 145 (124 ndash 156) 263 (250 ndash 278) 424 (396 ndash 471) 36840ndash59 years 204 (191 ndash 218) 989 (868 ndash 108) 213 (199 ndash 233) 386 (362 ndash 434) 33560 years and older 143 (131 ndash 157) 620 (494 ndash 693) 153 (145 ndash 165) 312 (275 ndash 357) 283MalesTotal 6 years and older 231 (219 ndash 243) 112 (987 ndash 124) 249 (233 ndash 264) 418 (398 ndash 449) 9496ndash11 years 262 (234 ndash 292) 164 (104 ndash 180) 270 (234 ndash 298) 401 (384 ndash 463) 12812ndash19 years 255 (241 ndash 270) 149 (135 ndash 161) 262 (239 ndash 278) 432 (395 ndash 517) 34320ndash39 years 280 (265 ndash 296) 153 (136 ndash 168) 279 (262 ndash 302) 478 (425 ndash 527) 17040ndash59 years 205 (183 ndash 229) 919 (670 ndash 109) 221 (189 ndash 264) 386 (356 ndash 513) 15660 years and older 146 (133 ndash 159) 556 (494 ndash 614) 155 (150 ndash 171) 321 (300 ndash 381) 152FemalesTotal 6 years and older 212 (198 ndash 227) 106 (930 ndash 116) 225 (211 ndash 237) 390 (372 ndash 410) 9426ndash11 years 251 (224 ndash 281) 124 (915 ndash 151) 267 (249 ndash 289) 421 (384 ndash 497) 11212ndash19 years 241 (219 ndash 266) 139 (105 ndash 155) 248 (221 ndash 276) 398 (366 ndash 439) 32220ndash39 years 238 (218 ndash 261) 136 (109 ndash 157) 250 (221 ndash 272) 391 (374 ndash 416) 19840ndash59 years 203 (192 ndash 216) 999 (903 ndash 113) 209 (181 ndash 233) 390 (348 ndash 443) 17960 years and older 141 (121 ndash 165) 671 (354 ndash 789) 150 (130 ndash 174) 281 (246 ndash 391) 131
Table 211a5 Serum trans-lycopene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 213 (208 ndash 219) 108 (101 ndash 113) 230 (224 ndash 235) 391 (375 ndash 406) 29736ndash11 years 214 (196 ndash 234) 111 (963 ndash 129) 221 (204 ndash 240) 375 (337 ndash 424) 23112ndash19 years 216 (206 ndash 226) 130 (111 ndash 137) 221 (214 ndash 227) 370 (350 ndash 399) 49920ndash39 years 246 (236 ndash 256) 137 (114 ndash 164) 256 (248 ndash 264) 407 (396 ndash 423) 71440ndash59 years 223 (209 ndash 239) 117 (954 ndash 130) 242 (229 ndash 253) 405 (383 ndash 422) 68360 years and older 166 (156 ndash 176) 732 (645 ndash 811) 180 (169 ndash 192) 342 (323 ndash 370) 846MalesTotal 6 years and older 219 (210 ndash 229) 113 (103 ndash 119) 236 (227 ndash 248) 396 (379 ndash 416) 14726ndash11 years 226 (207 ndash 246) 128 (841 ndash 149) 230 (211 ndash 248) 383 (334 ndash 432) 11212ndash19 years 218 (206 ndash 232) 132 (100 ndash 143) 225 (211 ndash 243) 366 (358 ndash 384) 25420ndash39 years 257 (242 ndash 272) 148 (118 ndash 171) 265 (251 ndash 284) 415 (396 ndash 461) 30940ndash59 years 228 (206 ndash 252) 118 (802 ndash 140) 250 (232 ndash 270) 412 (381 ndash 440) 35160 years and older 163 (150 ndash 178) 749 (636 ndash 808) 177 (160 ndash 192) 337 (313 ndash 370) 446FemalesTotal 6 years and older 208 (200 ndash 217) 102 (948 ndash 111) 224 (215 ndash 231) 385 (365 ndash 403) 15016ndash11 years 201 (176 ndash 231) 966 (460 ndash 129) 207 (192 ndash 232) 367 (308 ndash 500) 11912ndash19 years 213 (194 ndash 233) 127 (921 ndash 142) 216 (203 ndash 235) 372 (339 ndash 415) 24520ndash39 years 235 (225 ndash 245) 130 (102 ndash 162) 246 (233 ndash 253) 402 (359 ndash 427) 40540ndash59 years 218 (203 ndash 236) 117 (946 ndash 129) 234 (214 ndash 253) 397 (379 ndash 411) 33260 years and older 169 (158 ndash 180) 700 (617 ndash 828) 183 (171 ndash 201) 344 (321 ndash 385) 400
164 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population164 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 211b Serum trans-lycopene Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 206 (199 ndash 213) 787 (749 ndash 827) 222 (213 ndash 231) 425 (410 ndash 439) 7921 2005ndash2006 212 (207 ndash 217) 781 (733 ndash 840) 227 (222 ndash 232) 436 (424 ndash 449) 7254Age group3ndash5 years 2001ndash2002 161 (152 ndash 171) 616 (373 ndash 747) 173 (162 ndash 181) 339 (328 ndash 379) 4276ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 216 (207 ndash 225) 931 (820 ndash 983) 227 (214 ndash 236) 405 (377 ndash 470) 1012 2005ndash2006 217 (205 ndash 229) 948 (738 ndash 109) 225 (211 ndash 237) 428 (400 ndash 460) 86012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 216 (211 ndash 221) 105 (969 ndash 111) 222 (218 ndash 227) 405 (381 ndash 432) 2205 2005ndash2006 219 (211 ndash 226) 991 (898 ndash 110) 223 (218 ndash 229) 426 (402 ndash 451) 195420ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 227 (215 ndash 239) 103 (902 ndash 115) 237 (225 ndash 249) 449 (424 ndash 471) 1714 2005ndash2006 239 (233 ndash 244) 107 (897 ndash 114) 251 (243 ndash 256) 461 (441 ndash 472) 168840ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 211 (201 ndash 221) 782 (702 ndash 861) 227 (214 ndash 241) 426 (412 ndash 438) 1468 2005ndash2006 216 (204 ndash 228) 769 (602 ndash 898) 232 (221 ndash 244) 446 (425 ndash 471) 136560 years and older 2001ndash2002 154 (146 ndash 163) 415 (292 ndash 513) 171 (161 ndash 179) 390 (364 ndash 413) 1522 2005ndash2006 164 (154 ndash 174) 519 (432 ndash 597) 178 (168 ndash 190) 388 (373 ndash 407) 1387Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 214 (206 ndash 223) 802 (731 ndash 880) 233 (223 ndash 242) 442 (428 ndash 463) 3832 2005ndash2006 218 (210 ndash 226) 785 (699 ndash 889) 234 (226 ndash 243) 447 (437 ndash 470) 3547Females 2001ndash2002 198 (192 ndash 205) 782 (713 ndash 834) 212 (204 ndash 220) 403 (389 ndash 421) 4089 2005ndash2006 206 (200 ndash 212) 776 (709 ndash 840) 222 (215 ndash 226) 423 (412 ndash 439) 3707Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 200 (192 ndash 208) 889 (784 ndash 962) 207 (201 ndash 217) 398 (381 ndash 420) 1987 2005ndash2006 195 (191 ndash 200) 880 (783 ndash 929) 202 (196 ndash 209) 380 (364 ndash 402) 1844Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 217 (210 ndash 223) 803 (683 ndash 911) 234 (222 ndash 243) 466 (449 ndash 490) 1864 2005ndash2006 220 (209 ndash 232) 811 (739 ndash 877) 235 (226 ndash 247) 470 (447 ndash 495) 1891Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 208 (201 ndash 216) 817 (755 ndash 872) 224 (213 ndash 235) 425 (409 ndash 440) 3446 2005ndash2006 213 (208 ndash 219) 769 (704 ndash 847) 230 (224 ndash 235) 438 (424 ndash 452) 2973
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
12
10
8
6
4
2
i i
i
i
i
i
i i i i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i i i i
i i i
i i i
i
i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i i i i
i i
i i i i
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
01minus0
2
05minus0
6
Total 3minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
Figure 211b Serum transminuslycopene Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in μgdL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2002 and 2005ndash2006
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 165165
166 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population166 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
12a
1 S
erum
tota
l lyc
open
e C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
ser
um c
once
ntra
tions
(in
microgd
L) fo
r the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
6 y
ears
and
old
er N
atio
nal H
ealth
an
d N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
005ndash
2006
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 6
year
s an
d ol
der
394
(38
5 ndash
402
)11
3(1
04
ndash 12
6)
154
(14
6 ndash
161
)41
8(4
10
ndash 42
6)
808
(78
8 ndash
825
)90
7(8
79
ndash 94
7)
714
9A
ge g
roup
6ndash11
yea
rs39
7(3
75
ndash 42
0)
149
(10
7 ndash
178
)18
8(1
51
ndash 19
9)
409
(38
5 ndash
441
)78
4(7
48
ndash 82
5)
830
(80
6 ndash
105)
851
12ndash1
9 ye
ars
395
(38
2 ndash
408
)15
4(1
29
ndash 17
4)
191
(17
2 ndash
209
)40
6(3
96
ndash 42
0)
739
(71
5 ndash
790
)82
8(7
81
ndash 93
4)
190
720
ndash39
year
s43
8(4
27
ndash 44
9)
159
(14
0 ndash
178
)20
0(1
70
ndash 21
8)
452
(43
8 ndash
466
)83
3(8
14
ndash 86
1)
927
(87
4 ndash
993
)1
667
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
405
(38
2 ndash
429
)10
6(7
35
ndash 13
2)
150
(12
4 ndash
171
)43
1(4
11
ndash 45
3)
841
(79
9 ndash
892
)97
2(9
07
ndash 10
3)1
346
60 y
ears
and
old
er31
5(2
98
ndash 33
2)
808
(69
6 ndash
957
)10
7(9
50
ndash 12
4)
335
(31
4 ndash
359
)72
8(6
95
ndash 76
4)
817
(76
3 ndash
894
)1
378
Gen
der
Mal
es40
6(3
93
ndash 42
0)
114
(92
8 ndash
132
)15
6(1
39
ndash 17
3)
435
(42
2 ndash
447
)84
5(8
16
ndash 86
9)
952
(89
9 ndash
103)
349
3Fe
mal
es38
2(3
71
ndash 39
3)
111
(10
3 ndash
129
)15
3(1
42
ndash 16
4)
401
(38
9 ndash
416
)77
6(7
51
ndash 80
5)
860
(81
9 ndash
921
)3
656
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s36
2(3
53
ndash 37
1)
137
(11
8 ndash
143
)16
6(1
53
ndash 17
9)
374
(36
1 ndash
389
)70
5(6
70
ndash 74
0)
793
(74
1 ndash
913
)1
818
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
413
(39
2 ndash
435
)12
9(1
09
ndash 14
2)
167
(14
3 ndash
180
)43
1(4
11
ndash 45
5)
864
(83
0 ndash
895
)97
2(9
15
ndash 10
7)1
846
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s39
6(3
86
ndash 40
6)
109
(97
2 ndash
125
)15
1(1
42
ndash 16
0)
424
(41
3 ndash
433
)81
1(7
89
ndash 82
9)
897
(87
2 ndash
948
)2
943
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
(μg
dL)
Overall
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
60
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 212a Serum total lycopene Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
Seru
m to
tal l
ycop
ene
(μg
dL)
(μg
dL)
0 2
0 40
60
0 2
0 40
6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Females
40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39
Males
40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 6minus11 12minus19
Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 167167
168 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population168 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 212a2 Serum total lycopene Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for the total US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 394 (385 ndash 402) 205 (195 ndash 213) 418 (410 ndash 426) 712 (695 ndash 727) 71496ndash11 years 397 (375 ndash 420) 215 (193 ndash 254) 409 (385 ndash 441) 676 (635 ndash 749) 85112ndash19 years 395 (382 ndash 408) 235 (218 ndash 246) 406 (396 ndash 420) 663 (631 ndash 696) 190720ndash39 years 438 (427 ndash 449) 246 (219 ndash 272) 452 (438 ndash 466) 740 (725 ndash 758) 166740ndash59 years 405 (382 ndash 429) 210 (186 ndash 229) 431 (411 ndash 453) 728 (703 ndash 771) 134660 years and older 315 (298 ndash 332) 143 (133 ndash 159) 335 (314 ndash 359) 628 (602 ndash 675) 1378MalesTotal 6 years and older 406 (393 ndash 420) 212 (201 ndash 222) 435 (422 ndash 447) 729 (709 ndash 756) 34936ndash11 years 414 (392 ndash 438) 237 (203 ndash 264) 421 (397 ndash 449) 695 (634 ndash 782) 42112ndash19 years 401 (385 ndash 418) 238 (213 ndash 260) 411 (400 ndash 425) 663 (646 ndash 694) 95520ndash39 years 464 (445 ndash 485) 268 (229 ndash 306) 483 (455 ndash 510) 785 (746 ndash 819) 73040ndash59 years 412 (377 ndash 450) 209 (152 ndash 239) 449 (426 ndash 471) 750 (710 ndash 814) 66360 years and older 313 (291 ndash 337) 143 (126 ndash 159) 344 (316 ndash 364) 620 (590 ndash 693) 724FemalesTotal 6 years and older 382 (371 ndash 393) 199 (188 ndash 211) 401 (389 ndash 416) 693 (670 ndash 717) 36566ndash11 years 379 (348 ndash 413) 194 (163 ndash 247) 398 (357 ndash 439) 662 (598 ndash 740) 43012ndash19 years 388 (362 ndash 415) 234 (200 ndash 246) 401 (378 ndash 427) 653 (601 ndash 726) 95220ndash39 years 413 (402 ndash 424) 226 (207 ndash 262) 427 (415 ndash 437) 716 (664 ndash 740) 93740ndash59 years 398 (376 ndash 421) 209 (189 ndash 228) 411 (378 ndash 450) 713 (688 ndash 756) 68360 years and older 316 (297 ndash 335) 142 (129 ndash 164) 330 (308 ndash 358) 646 (580 ndash 697) 654
Table 212a3 Serum total lycopene Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 362 (353 ndash 371) 205 (195 ndash 217) 374 (361 ndash 389) 615 (588 ndash 635) 18186ndash11 years 355 (338 ndash 373) 210 (187 ndash 225) 355 (338 ndash 373) 584 (557 ndash 631) 29212ndash19 years 357 (345 ndash 370) 218 (196 ndash 234) 374 (360 ndash 387) 585 (556 ndash 618) 63920ndash39 years 388 (365 ndash 411) 227 (187 ndash 247) 410 (391 ndash 425) 638 (588 ndash 712) 44140ndash59 years 348 (327 ndash 371) 196 (174 ndash 211) 351 (326 ndash 385) 607 (573 ndash 655) 24060 years and older 299 (273 ndash 328) 147 (119 ndash 179) 301 (279 ndash 338) 547 (488 ndash 658) 206MalesTotal 6 years and older 376 (363 ndash 390) 214 (199 ndash 230) 392 (369 ndash 408) 631 (595 ndash 680) 8676ndash11 years 344 (326 ndash 364) 202 (178 ndash 224) 343 (317 ndash 361) 574 (505 ndash 734) 14212ndash19 years 369 (346 ndash 394) 225 (192 ndash 246) 391 (368 ndash 407) 597 (559 ndash 639) 31020ndash39 years 413 (378 ndash 451) 246 (166 ndash 277) 426 (406 ndash 456) 661 (583 ndash 944) 19240ndash59 years 356 (326 ndash 388) 190 (144 ndash 226) 364 (334 ndash 405) 587 (560 ndash 743) 12060 years and older 299 (251 ndash 357) 145dagger (580 ndash 182) 302 (260 ndash 361) 619dagger (480 ndash 863) 103FemalesTotal 6 years and older 348 (338 ndash 358) 200 (187 ndash 214) 353 (335 ndash 373) 595 (568 ndash 620) 9516ndash11 years 367 (344 ndash 391) 211 (177 ndash 244) 367 (343 ndash 404) 588 (563 ndash 622) 15012ndash19 years 345 (332 ndash 358) 206 (190 ndash 226) 348 (338 ndash 368) 578 (519 ndash 620) 32920ndash39 years 359 (339 ndash 381) 202 (175 ndash 227) 374 (333 ndash 419) 614 (561 ndash 686) 24940ndash59 years 340 (316 ndash 367) 196 (161 ndash 214) 330 (302 ndash 383) 610 (559 ndash 678) 12060 years and older 299 (273 ndash 328) 161dagger (121 ndash 205) 292 (266 ndash 357) 527dagger (480 ndash 599) 103dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
1691 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1692 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 212a4 Serum total lycopene Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 413 (392 ndash 435) 214 (195 ndash 231) 431 (411 ndash 455) 755 (721 ndash 796) 18466ndash11 years 479 (433 ndash 529) 274 (205 ndash 318) 496 (446 ndash 563) 785 (739 ndash 844) 23612ndash19 years 443 (423 ndash 464) 269 (239 ndash 290) 458 (428 ndash 478) 731 (692 ndash 782) 63620ndash39 years 470 (442 ndash 501) 264 (232 ndash 296) 490 (455 ndash 523) 796 (761 ndash 829) 36340ndash59 years 392 (364 ndash 422) 200 (171 ndash 214) 408 (377 ndash 434) 737 (669 ndash 842) 33160 years and older 282 (260 ndash 306) 127 (104 ndash 154) 291 (266 ndash 327) 590 (530 ndash 684) 280MalesTotal 6 years and older 436 (410 ndash 463) 229 (195 ndash 245) 458 (428 ndash 484) 812 (764 ndash 878) 9226ndash11 years 495 (444 ndash 551) 306 (153 ndash 359) 504 (424 ndash 587) 768 (709 ndash 918) 12612ndash19 years 457 (431 ndash 486) 289 (256 ndash 302) 467 (436 ndash 504) 763 (693 ndash 902) 32420ndash39 years 516 (484 ndash 551) 297 (259 ndash 319) 514 (481 ndash 549) 863 (812 ndash 905) 16940ndash59 years 400 (353 ndash 453) 184 (132 ndash 229) 411 (368 ndash 474) 829 (672 ndash 975) 15360 years and older 289 (265 ndash 316) 125 (111 ndash 130) 311 (283 ndash 347) 595 (529 ndash 660) 150FemalesTotal 6 years and older 393 (370 ndash 418) 208 (185 ndash 222) 410 (394 ndash 430) 714 (687 ndash 741) 9246ndash11 years 463 (412 ndash 521) 246dagger (179 ndash 275) 485 (446 ndash 548) 785dagger (728 ndash 846) 11012ndash19 years 429 (395 ndash 464) 256 (201 ndash 281) 441 (398 ndash 480) 704 (673 ndash 753) 31220ndash39 years 434 (398 ndash 473) 236 (210 ndash 280) 445 (404 ndash 506) 726 (684 ndash 767) 19440ndash59 years 386 (363 ndash 410) 201 (171 ndash 215) 402 (367 ndash 430) 686 (636 ndash 758) 17860 years and older 277 (241 ndash 319) 128 (809 ndash 172) 286 (248 ndash 324) 576 (454 ndash 822) 130dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 212a5 Serum total lycopene Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in microgdL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 6 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 6 years and older 396 (386 ndash 406) 204 (194 ndash 213) 424 (413 ndash 433) 715 (694 ndash 738) 29436ndash11 years 393 (359 ndash 431) 207 (189 ndash 249) 406 (377 ndash 449) 648 (587 ndash 780) 23012ndash19 years 392 (375 ndash 409) 233 (208 ndash 248) 407 (393 ndash 421) 662 (628 ndash 702) 48920ndash39 years 448 (432 ndash 465) 253 (215 ndash 293) 459 (440 ndash 484) 754 (725 ndash 778) 70640ndash59 years 416 (388 ndash 446) 222 (178 ndash 244) 447 (426 ndash 470) 739 (704 ndash 785) 67460 years and older 317 (300 ndash 335) 144 (133 ndash 162) 339 (317 ndash 367) 629 (602 ndash 674) 844MalesTotal 6 years and older 407 (392 ndash 423) 210 (197 ndash 220) 439 (425 ndash 452) 732 (709 ndash 760) 14616ndash11 years 415 (381 ndash 453) 236dagger (197 ndash 264) 423 (395 ndash 457) 660dagger (588 ndash 815) 11112ndash19 years 398 (371 ndash 426) 232 (199 ndash 270) 410 (384 ndash 430) 663 (635 ndash 698) 25120ndash39 years 472 (447 ndash 498) 268 (217 ndash 316) 494 (459 ndash 523) 787 (739 ndash 850) 30840ndash59 years 426 (384 ndash 471) 224 (150 ndash 273) 463 (440 ndash 490) 753 (709 ndash 827) 34660 years and older 312 (286 ndash 340) 144 (123 ndash 161) 339 (308 ndash 365) 620 (588 ndash 697) 445FemalesTotal 6 years and older 385 (369 ndash 401) 197 (182 ndash 213) 407 (389 ndash 425) 696 (668 ndash 726) 14826ndash11 years 370 (327 ndash 418) 191 (137 ndash 253) 391 (338 ndash 433) 619 (546 ndash 780) 11912ndash19 years 386 (351 ndash 423) 236 (180 ndash 256) 404 (370 ndash 434) 644 (579 ndash 756) 23820ndash39 years 425 (406 ndash 444) 229 (199 ndash 287) 432 (419 ndash 442) 721 (665 ndash 770) 39840ndash59 years 407 (376 ndash 440) 216 (175 ndash 245) 424 (390 ndash 474) 721 (687 ndash 787) 32860 years and older 322 (303 ndash 342) 143 (129 ndash 166) 338 (316 ndash 371) 645 (590 ndash 687) 399dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
170 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population170 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityEffectofsupplementalantioxidantsvitaminCvitaminEandcoenzymeQ10forthepreventionandtreatmentofcardiovasculardiseaseEvidenceReportTechnologyAssessmentNumber832003
AhujaJKGoldmanJDMoshfeghAJCurrentstatusofvitaminEnutritureAnnNYAcadSci20041031387ndash390
AlbanesDHeinonenOPTaylorPRVirtamoJEdwardsBKRautalahtiMetalAlpha-tocopherolandbeta-carotenesupplementandlungcancerincidenceinthealpha-tocopherolbeta-carotenecancerpreventionstudyeffectsofbase-linecharacteristicsandstudycomplianceJNatlCancerInst1996881560ndash1570
Al-DelaimyWKFerrariPSlimaniNPalaVJohanssonINilssonSetalPlasmacarotenoidsasbiomarkersofintakeoffruitsandvegetablesindividual-levelcorrelationsintheEuropeanProspectiveInvestigationintoCancerandNutrition(EPIC)EurJClinNutr2005591387ndash1396
BaileyRLGahcheJJLentinoCVDwyerJTEngelJSThomasPTetalDietarySupplementUseintheUnitedStates2003-2006JournalofNutrition2011141261-6
BallewCBowmanBASowellALGillespieCSerumretinoldistributionsinresidentsoftheUnitedStatesThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash1994AmJClinNutr200173586ndash593
BeersMHeditorVitamindeficiencydependencyandtoxicityInMerckManualofDiagnosisandTherapy18thedWhitehouseStation(NJ)MerckampCoInc2006[cited2011]Availableathttpwwwmerckcommmpesec01ch004ch004lhtml
BendichALangsethLSafetyofvitaminAAmJClinNutr1989Feb49(2)358-71
BoylstonTNolletLMLChemicalandbiochemicalaspectsofcolorinmusclefoodsInPerez-AlvarezJAandFernandez-LopezJeditorsHandbookofmeatpoultryandseafoodqualityAmes(IA)BlackwellPublishing2007pp25ndash44
BrittonGLiaaen-JensenSPfanderHeditorsCarotenoidshandbookBasel(Switzerland)Birkhaumluser2004
DuewerDLKlineMCSharplessKEThomasJBNISTmicronutrientsmeasurementqualityassuranceprogramcharacterizingthemeasurementcommunitylsquosperformanceovertimeAnalChem2000724163ndash4170
FordESSowellASerum prop-tocopherolstatusintheUnitedStatespopulationfindingsfromtheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyAmJEpidemiol1999150290ndash300
FordESVariationsinserumcarotenoidconcentrationsamongUnitedStatesadultsbyethnicityandsexEthnDis200010208ndash217
FordESGillespieCBallewCSowellAManninoDMSerumcarotenoidconcentrationsinUSchildrenandadolescentsAmJClinNutr200276818ndash827
FordESSchleicherRLMokdadAHAjaniUALiuSDistributionofserumconcentrationsofalpha-tocopherolandgamma-tocopherolintheUSpopulationAmJClinNutr200684375ndash383
GibsonRSPrinciplesofnutritionalassessment(2ndedn)NewYorkOxfordUniversityPress2005
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesvitaminCvitaminEseleniumandcarotenoidsWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2000
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesvitaminAvitaminKarsenicboronchromiumcopperiodineironmanganesemolybdenumnickelsiliconvanadiumandzincWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2001
KhachikFBeecherGRGoliMBLusbyWRSeparationandquantitationofcarotenoidsinfoodsMethodsEnzymol1992213347ndash359
KrinskyNIJohnsonEJCarotenoidactionsandtheirrelationtohealthanddiseaseMolAspectsMed200526459ndash516
LacherDAHughesJPCarrollMDEstimateofbiologicalvariationoflaboratoryanalytesbasedontheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyClinChem200551450ndash452
1711 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1712 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
LichtensteinAHAppelLJBrandsMCarnethonMDanielsSFranchHAetalSummaryofAmericanHeartAssociationdietandlifestylerecommendationsrevisionArteriosclerThrombVascBiol2006262186ndash2191MoshfeghAGoldmanJClevelandLWhatweeatinAmericaNHANES2001ndash02UsualnutrientintakesfromfoodcomparedtodietaryreferenceintakesBeltsville(MD)USDepartmentofAgricultureAgriculturalResearchService2005[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwarsusdagovSP2UserFilesPlace12355000pdf0102usualintaketables2001-02pdf
NapoliJLVitaminAbiochemistryandphysiologicalroleInCaballeroBAllenLPrenticeAeditorsEncyclopediaofhumannutrition2ndedAmsterdamElsevierLtd2006pp339ndash347
RedlichCABlanerWSVanBennekumAMChungJSCleverSLHolmCTetalEffectofsupplementationwithbeta-caroteneandvitaminAonlungnutrientlevelsCancerEpidemiolBiomarkersPrev19987211ndash214
RockCLMultivitamin-multimineralsupplementswhousesthemAmJClinNutr200785(suppl)277S-9S
RoodhooftJMLeadingcausesofblindnessworldwideBullSocBelgeOphthalmol200228319ndash25
ThomasRGGebhardtSENutsandseedsassourcesofalphaandgammatocopherolsICRWCRFInternationalResearchConference2006Jul13-14WashingtonDC[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwarsusdagovSP2UserFilesPlace12354500ArticlesAICR06_NutSeedpdf
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
WestJrKPVitaminAdeficiencyandinterventionsInCaballeroBAllenLPrenticeAeditorsEncyclopediaofhumannutrition2ndedAmsterdamElsevierLtd2006pp348ndash359
WHOSerumretinolconcentrationsfordeterminingtheprevalenceofvitaminAdeficiencyinpopulationsVitaminandMineralNutritionInformationSystemGenevaWorldHealthOrganization2011(WHONMHNHDMNM113)Availableathttpwwwwhointvmnisindicatorsretinolpdf
172 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population172 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Vitamin DBackground InformationSources and Physiological FunctionsVitaminD(calciferol)comprisesagroupoffatsolubleseco-sterolsfoundnaturallyinonlyafewfoodssuchasfish-liveroilsfattyfishesmushroomseggyolksandliverThetwomajorphysiologicallyrelevantformsofvitaminDareD2(ergocalciferol)andD3(cholecalciferol)VitaminD3isphotosynthesizedintheskinofvertebratesbytheactionofsolarultraviolet(UV)Bradiationon7-dehydrocholesterolpresentintheskin(Fieser1959)VitaminD2isproducedbyUVirradiationofergosterolwhichoccursinmoldsyeastandhigher-orderplantsUnderconditionsofregularsunexposuredietaryvitaminDintakeisofminorimportanceHoweverlatitudeseasonagingsunscreenuseandskinpigmentationinfluencetheproductionofvitaminD3bytheskin(InstituteofMedicine2011)IntheUnitedStatesmostofthedietaryintakeofvitaminDcomesfromfortifiedmilkproductsandotherfortifiedfoodssuchasbreakfastcerealsandorangejuice(InstituteofMedicine2011)BothvitaminD2andD3areusedinnonprescriptionvitaminDsupplementsbutvitaminD2istheonlyformavailablebyprescriptionintheUnitedStates(Holick2007)
VitaminDwithoutasubscriptrepresentseitherD2orD3orbothVitaminDperseisbiologicallyinertWhetherderivedfromtheskinordietvitaminDisonlyshort-livedincirculation(withahalf-lifeof1ndash2days)asitiseitherstoredinfatcellsormetabolizedintheliver(Mawer1972)IncirculationvitaminDisboundtovitaminD-bindingproteinandtransportedtotheliverwhereitisconvertedto25-hydroxyvitaminD[25(OH)D](DeLuca1984)ThismajorcirculatingformofvitaminDisagoodreflectionofcumulativeeffectsofexposuretosunlightanddietaryintakeofvitaminD(Haddad1973Holick1995)andisthereforeusedbyclinicianstodeterminevitaminDstatusTobebiologicallyactivatedatphysiologicconcentrations25(OH)Dmustbeconvertedinthekidneysto125-dihydroxyvitaminD[125(OH)2D]whichisthoughttoberesponsibleformostifnotallofthebiologicfunctionsofvitaminD(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)Theproductionof25(OH)DintheliverisafunctionofvitaminDavailabilityfromdietaryintakeandsunexposurewhereasproductionof125(OH)2DinthekidneyistightlyregulatedbymineralrequirementsInthelivervitaminD-25-hydroxylaseisdown-regulatedbyvitaminDanditsmetabolitestherebylimitinganyincreaseinthecirculatingconcentrationof25(OH)DfollowingintakesorfollowingproductionofvitaminDafterexposuretosunlightInthekidneyinresponsetoserumcalciumandphosphorusconcentrationstheproductionof125(OH)2Disregulatedthroughtheactionofparathyroidhormone(PTH)(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)
Health EffectsActivevitaminD(125-dihydroxyvitaminD)functionsasahormoneanditsmainbiologicfunctioninpeopleistomaintainserumcalciumandphosphorusconcentrationswithinthenormalrangebyenhancingtheefficiencyofthesmallintestinetoabsorbthesemineralsfromthediet(DeLuca1988Reichel1989)Whendietarycalciumintakeisinadequatetosatisfythebodyrsquoscalciumrequirement125(OH)2DalongwithPTHmobilizescalciumstoresfromtheboneInthekidney125(OH)2DincreasescalciumreabsorptionbythedistalrenaltubulesApartfromthesetraditionalcalcium-relatedactions125(OH)2Danditssyntheticanalogsareincreasinglyrecognizedfortheirpotentanti-proliferativepro-differentiativeandimmunomodulatoryactivities(Nagpal2005)
VitaminDdeficiencyischaracterizedbyinadequatemineralizationorbydemineralizationoftheskeletonAmongchildrenvitaminDdeficiencyisacommoncauseofbonedeformitiesknownasricketsVitaminDdeficiencyinadultsleadstoamineralizationdefectintheskeleton
1731 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1732 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
causingosteomalaciaanditinducessecondaryhyperparathyroidismwithconsequentbonelossandosteoporosisPotentialrolesforvitaminDbeyondbonehealthsuchaseffectsonmusclestrengththeriskforcancerandtheriskfortype2diabetesareunderintenseinvestigationTheAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQuality(AHRQ)reviewedtheeffectivenessandsafetyofvitaminDonoutcomesrelatedtobonehealth(Cranney2007)ThereportsuggeststhatvitaminDsupplementationhaspositiveeffectsonbonehealthinpostmenopausalwomenandoldermenAnotherAHRQsystematicreviewofvitaminDstatusandhealthoutcomesfoundnosignificantassociationsbetweenvitaminDstatusandtotalcancermortalitynordiditfindanyconclusiveevidencefortheassociationofvitaminDstatuswithcancerriskorcanceroutcome(Chung2009)ItalsofoundnoclearassociationbetweenvitaminDstatusandcardiometabolicoutcomesincludingfastingglucosebloodpressuremyocardialinfarctionorstrokeRandomizedtrialsshowednoclinicallysignificantconsistenteffectsofvitaminDsupplementationatthedosagesgiven(Pittas2010)
Intake RecommendationsWhatconstitutestheoptimalintakeofvitaminDremainsamatterofsomedisagreementCurrentrecommendationsfromtheInstituteofMedicine(2011)callfor400internationalunits(IU)[10micrograms(microg)]ofvitaminDdailyfrombirththroughage1yearforadequateintake(AI)]TheRecommendedDietaryAllowance(RDA)forthoseaged1ndash70yearsis600IU(15microg)and800IU(20microg)forthoseolderthan70yearsAccordingtotheDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthHumanServices2010)moderateevidenceshowsthatintakeofmilkandmilkproductsislinkedtoimprovedbonehealthespeciallyinchildrenandadolescentsIntheUnitedStatesmostdietaryvitaminDisobtainedfromfortifiedfoodsespeciallymilkTheTolerableUpperIntakeLevelforvitaminDis4000IU(100microg)perdayinNorthAmericaforindividuals9yearsofageandolderandrangesfrom1000IUto3000IUforinfantsandchildrenlessthan9yearsofageasintakeincreasesabovethisamountthepotentialriskforadverseconsequencesincreases
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsToassessvitaminDstatusonemeasurestheconcentrationof25(OH)Dinserumusingeitherantibody-basedmethodssuchasradioisotope-enzyme-linked-orchemiluminescence-immunoassaysorusingchemistry-basedmethodssuchasHPLCseparationwithUVortandemmassspectrometrydetectionStudieshaveshownthatstandardizedchemistry-basedmethodsareequivalentbutthatantibody-basedmethodsmayshowsignificantbiasSomeclinicallaboratoriesuseconventionalunitsfor25(OH)D(nanogrampermilliliter[ngmL])whereasotherlaboratoriesuseinternationalsystem(SI)units(nanomoleperliter[nmolL])TheconversionfactortoSIunitsis1ngmL=25nmolL
TheInstituteofMedicine(2011)committeetoreviewdietaryreferenceintakesforvitaminDandcalciumsuggestedthatpersonswithserum25(OH)Dconcentrationsoflessthan30nmolL(12ngmL)areatriskfordeficiencythosewithconcentrationsofatleast30butlessthan50nmolL(12tolessthan20ngmL)areatriskforinadequacyandthosewithconcentrationsbetween50ndash75nmolL(20ndash30ngmL)areconsideredsufficientTheCommitteeindicatedthatconcentrationsgreaterthan125nmolL(50ngmL)maybereasonforconcernOfinterest
174 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population174 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
topublichealthscientiststhereportindicatedthataserum25(OH)DlevelconsistentwiththeEstimatedAverageRequirementfordietaryintake(EAR)liesbetween30and50nmolLandthat40nmolLwasselectedfromthemiddleoftherangetoserveasthetargetedlevelformediandietaryrequirements(InstituteofMedicine2011)
Anumberofexternalqualityassuranceprogramsexistforserumorplasma25(OH)DconcentrationmeasurementsincludingthosesponsoredbyDEQAS(VitaminDExternalQualityAssessmentScheme)CollegeofAmericanPathologists(BoneandGrowthSurveyandAccuracy-BasedVitaminDSurvey)andNISTNIH(VitaminDMetabolitesQualityAssuranceProgram)Standardreferencematerials(SRM972)withcertifiedvaluesfor25(OH)D225(OH)D3andC3-epimerof25(OH)D3areavailablefromtheUSNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)Anadditionalsolvent-basedreferencematerialset(SRM2972)withcertifiedvaluesfor25(OH)D2and25(OH)D3isalsoavailable(httpswww-snistgovsrmorsview_detailcfmsrm=972)FurtherimprovementintheagreementbetweenlaboratoriesandmethodsisexpectedasmorelaboratoriesusetheseSRMs
Data in NHANESThedatainthisreportwereobtainedbyuseofanantibody-basedmethodspecificallyaradioimmunoassay(DiaSorinStillwaterMN)Themanufacturerreformulatedthekitinthelate1990sresultingindatathatwereonaverage12lowerthanthosegeneratedwiththeoriginalkitTomakeNHANESIIIdata(originalkit)comparabletodatafrom2001ndash2006(reformulatedkit)wefollowedtherecommendationsofapanelofexperts(Yetley2010)touseapublishedadjustmentequationfortheNHANESIIIdata(seeAnalyticNoteathttpwwwcdcgovnchsnhanesnhanes2005-2006VID_Dhtm)TheAnalyticNotealsoreportedthatthereformulatedkitshowedsomeassaydriftsbetween2001and2006Togenerate2003ndash2004and2005ndash2006tablesandfiguresweusedthepublicreleasedatafilesfromNovember2010Usingdatathatwerealreadyadjustedfortheseassaydriftswasthemostappropriatewaytomakecomparisonsacrosssurveycycles
Since1988NHANEShasmonitoredthevitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulationBydesignthissurveycollectsinformationandbiologicalsamplesinthesummerfrompeoplelivingathigherlatitudesandinthewinterfrompeoplelivingatlowerlatitudesBecausethedifferentracialandethnicgroupsarenotevenlydistributedacrossallgeographicregionsintheUnitedStatestheseason-latitudestructureofthesurveycanaffectcomparisonsbyraceorethnicityIntwoseasonalsubpopulationsfromNHANESIII(1988ndash1994)Lookeretal(2002)showedthatinthewinterandlowerlatitudesubpopulation1ndash5and25ndash57had25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan25nmolL(10ngmL)andlessthan625nmolL(25ngmL)respectivelyInthesummerandhigherlatitudesubpopulation1ndash3and21ndash49had25(OH)DconcentrationsbelowthesecutoffsMean25(OH)Dconcentrationswerehighestinnon-HispanicwhitesintermediateinMexicanAmericansandlowestinnon-HispanicblacksAmorerecentanalysisofNHANESIIIandNHANES2000ndash2004(Looker2008)demonstratedthatoverallmeanserum25(OH)Dwere5ndash9nmolLlowerin2000ndash2004thanin1988ndash1994inmostmalesbutnotinmostfemalesFactorsrelatedtochangesinvitaminDstatuswereincreasedbodymassindexdecreasedmilkintakeandincreasedusageofsunprotectioninthemorerecentsurveys
For more information about vitamin DseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryReferenceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2011)factsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements
(httpodsodnihgovHealth_InformationInformation_About_Individual_Dietary_Supplementsaspx)
1751 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1752 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
HighlightsSerum25-hydroxyvitaminD[25(OH)D]concentrationsintheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Concentrationsgenerallydecreasedwithincreasingagebull Noconsistentpatternwasobservedwithregardtogenderbull Amongthethreeraceethnicgroupsnon-Hispanicblackshadthelowest25(OH)D
concentrationsandnon-Hispanicwhiteshadthehighestconcentrationsbull ThelikelihoodofbeingvitaminDdeficientwassignificantlyinfluencedbyrace
ethnicityDuringthepastseveralyearsthevitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulationwasunderintensiveinvestigationtodeterminewhetheradownwardtrendwasapparentIntheanalysisbelowweuseddatathatwereadjustedforradioimmunoassayreformulationandassaydriftsaccordingtorecommendationsmadebyapanelofexperts(Yetley2010)Theage-adjustedmean25(OH)DconcentrationsintheUSpopulationdecreasedbyapproximately10betweenNHANESIIIandtheperiods2001ndash2002and2003ndash2006(FigureH2b)Decreaseswereseeninallgroupsshown(totalorstratifiedbygenderorraceethnicity)Similarlyarecentreportfoundthattheage-andseason-adjustedprevalenceatriskofdeficiency(serum25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan30nmolL)increasedbetween1988ndash1994and2001ndash2002from4to7formalesaged12yearsandolderandfrom7to11forfemalesaged12yearsandolder(Looker2011)
Figure H2bAge-adjustedgeometricmeanconcentrationsofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDintheUSpopulationaged12yearsandolderbygenderorraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey1988ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithinademographicgroupbarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
Itisinterestingtonotethatnon-HispanicblacksoneyearandolderhadthehighestprevalenceofvitaminDdeficiency(serum25(OH)Dconcentrationslessthan30nmolL)(FigureH2c)despiteclinicaldatashowingsuperiorbonehealthwithgreaterdensityandfewerfracturesthanotherraceethnicgroupsfurtherresearchisneededtoexplainthisunusualfinding(Aloia2008)HigherpeakbonemasshigherobesityratesgreatermusclemassandlowerboneturnoveraresomeofthefactorsthathavebeensuggestedtoprotectAfricanAmericansagainstfracture
a a
a a
a
a
b b b
b
b
b
b b b
b
c
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Total population
Males Females Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Seru
m 2
5-hy
drox
yvita
min
D (n
mol
L)
1988-1994 2001-2002 2003-2006
176 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population176 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
(Aloia2008)Non-HispanicblacksandMexicanAmericanshadthehighestprevalenceoflowserum25(OH)Dconcentrationscategorizedatriskforinadequacy(30tolessthan50nmolL)comparedtonon-Hispanicwhites(FigureH2c)
Figure H2cAge-adjustedprevalenceestimatesofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDconcentrationslessthan30and30tolessthan50nmolLintheUSpopulationaged1yearandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsWithineachvitaminDstatuscategorybarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
TheInstituteofMedicine(2011)reportconcludedthatserum25(OH)Dlevelsof40nmolLareatalevelconsistentwithadesirablemedianintakeofvitaminDNon-Hispanicblackshadsignificantlyhigherprevalenceofserumconcentrationslessthan40nmolL(FigureH2d)whichcorrespondstothetargetedlevelforthemediandietaryrequirementThemedianmeetstherequirementofapproximatelyhalfthepopulationthusindividualswithconcentrationslessthan40nmolLareatincreasedriskofadversehealthoutcomes
Figure H2dAge-adjustedprevalenceestimatesofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDconcentrationslessthan40nmolLintheUSpopulationaged1yearsandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003ndash2006
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsBarsnotsharingacommonletterdiffer(plt005)Ageadjustmentwasdoneusingdirectstandardization
lt 30 nmolL 30 to lt 50 nmolL
a
b
c
a
b
c
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Mexican American
Non- Hispanic
black
Non- Hispanic
white
Prev
alen
ce (
)
lt 30 nmolL 30 to lt 50 nmolL
a
b
c
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Prev
alen
ce (
)
Mexican American Non-Hispanic black
lt 40 nmolL
Non-Hispanic white
1771 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1772 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Detailed ObservationsTheselectedobservationsmentionedbelowarederivedfromthetablesandfigurespresentednextStatementsaboutcategoricaldifferencesbetweendemographicgroupsnotedbelowarebasedonnon-overlappingconfidencelimitsfromunivariateanalysiswithoutadjustingfordemographicvariables(egagegenderraceethnicity)orotherbloodconcentrationdeterminants(egdietaryintakesupplementusagesmokingBMI)AmultivariateanalysismayalterthesizeandstatisticalsignificanceofthesecategoricaldifferencesFurthermoreadditionalsignificantdifferencesofsmallermagnitudemaybepresentdespitetheirlackofmentionhere(egifconfidencelimitsslightlyoverlaporifdifferencesarenotstatisticallysignificantbeforecovariateadjustmenthasoccurred)ForaselectionofcitationsofdescriptiveNHANESpapersrelatedtothesebiochemicalindicatorsofdietandnutritionseeAppendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2003ndash2006)bull Serum25(OH)Dconcentrationsdecreasedthroughadolescenceandthenstabilized
(Table213a1)bull Non-Hispanicblackshadthelowestconcentrationsofserum25(OH)D(Table
213a1)
Changes in geometric mean concentrations across surveysbull Geometricmean25(OH)Dconcentrationsremainedsteadyacrossthesurveycycles
from2001ndash2006(Table213b)
Prevalence estimates of low or high biochemical indicator concentrationsbull Between2003and20068ofthepopulationaged1yearandolderwereatriskfor
vitaminDdeficiencyasdefinedbyaserumconcentrationlt30nmolLwhereas24hadserumconcentrationsbetween30andlessthan50nmolLlevelsthatplacedthematriskforinadequacy(Tables213c1and213c2)Approximately17ofthepopulationhadconcentrationslt40nmolLwhichisconsideredthelevelassociatedwithdesirableintake(Tables213c3)Lessthan1hadserumconcentrationsgt125nmolLalevelthatmaybereasonforconcernaboutexcess(Tables213c4)
bull Lessthan2ofchildren(1ndash11years)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiency(Table213c1)
bull Morefemales(10)thanmales(6)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiency(Table213c1)
bull Morenon-Hispanicblacks(31)wereatriskforvitaminDdeficiencythannon-Hispanicwhites(4)orMexicanAmericans(11)(Table213c1)
bull TheprevalenceofriskforvitaminDdeficiencyremainedsteadyacrossthe2001ndash2006surveycycles(Table213d1)
178 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population178 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
13a
1 S
erum
25-
hydr
oxyv
itam
in D
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of s
erum
con
cent
ratio
ns (i
n nm
olL
) for
the
tota
l US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
1 y
ear a
nd o
lder
Nat
iona
l Hea
lth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
06
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 1
year
and
old
er55
6(5
36
ndash 57
6)
185
(17
4 ndash
197
)23
2(2
14
ndash 25
0)
580
(56
3 ndash
599
)96
6(9
39
ndash 10
1)10
8(1
05 ndash
112
)16
604
Age
gro
up1ndash
5 ye
ars
686
(66
7 ndash
705
)36
9(3
29
ndash 38
8)
416
(39
5 ndash
434
)68
8(6
69
ndash 70
6)
996
(95
7 ndash
107)
107
(102
ndash 1
21)
179
96ndash
11 y
ears
638
(61
6 ndash
661
)30
5(2
73
ndash 31
6)
353
(32
0 ndash
387
)64
5(6
30
ndash 66
1)
972
(92
5 ndash
108)
105
(98
4 ndash
122)
176
812
ndash19
year
s55
1(5
24
ndash 58
0)
180
(15
6 ndash
201
)22
7(1
98
ndash 25
1)
576
(55
3 ndash
601
)98
4(9
43
ndash 10
8)11
1(1
06 ndash
123
)4
044
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
545
(52
1 ndash
570
)17
6(1
59
ndash 19
0)
218
(20
3 ndash
233
)56
6(5
44
ndash 58
9)
102
(97
2 ndash
108)
115
(110
ndash 1
22)
326
240
ndash59
year
s53
6(5
13
ndash 56
0)
178
(16
3 ndash
189
)21
7(1
98
ndash 23
6)
560
(54
1 ndash
581
)94
3(9
05
ndash 98
3)
103
(98
0 ndash
110)
266
060
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
541
(52
4 ndash
558
)19
1(1
81
ndash 20
1)
231
(21
6 ndash
246
)56
9(5
54
ndash 58
5)
919
(89
5 ndash
950
)10
0(9
66
ndash 10
6)3
071
Gen
der
Mal
es56
7(5
47
ndash 58
7)
207
(18
6 ndash
223
)25
8(2
38
ndash 27
3)
589
(57
1 ndash
607
)94
0(9
07
ndash 97
7)
103
(98
6 ndash
109)
814
5Fe
mal
es54
5(5
25
ndash 56
6)
176
(16
2 ndash
185
)21
2(1
98
ndash 22
5)
572
(55
2 ndash
592
)99
4(9
61
ndash 10
6)11
2(1
08 ndash
117
)8
459
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s48
7(4
63
ndash 51
2)
182
(16
8 ndash
194
)21
5(1
96
ndash 23
3)
499
(47
7 ndash
534
)81
8(7
92
ndash 84
7)
882
(85
4 ndash
920
)4
275
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
361
(34
3 ndash
380
)12
0(1
10
ndash 12
8)
143
(13
5 ndash
151
)36
6(3
42
ndash 39
1)
709
(68
5 ndash
737
)79
0(7
49
ndash 82
2)
434
9N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
619
(60
3 ndash
634
)24
9(2
33
ndash 25
9)
310
(29
1 ndash
326
)63
2(6
18
ndash 64
6)
102
(97
8 ndash
106)
113
(110
ndash 1
17)
669
8
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
(nmolL)
Overall
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 213a Serum 25minushydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
Serum 25minus
hydroxyvita
min D
(nmolL)
(nmolL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+ 1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
1minus5 6minus11 12minus19 20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 179179
180 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population180 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213a2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for the total US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 556 (536 ndash 576) 232 (214 ndash 250) 580 (563 ndash 599) 966 (939 ndash 101) 166041ndash5 years 686 (667 ndash 705) 416 (395 ndash 434) 688 (669 ndash 706) 996 (957 ndash 107) 17996ndash11 years 638 (616 ndash 661) 353 (320 ndash 387) 645 (630 ndash 661) 972 (925 ndash 108) 176812ndash19 years 551 (524 ndash 580) 227 (198 ndash 251) 576 (553 ndash 601) 984 (943 ndash 108) 404420ndash39 years 545 (521 ndash 570) 218 (203 ndash 233) 566 (544 ndash 589) 102 (972 ndash 108) 326240ndash59 years 536 (513 ndash 560) 217 (198 ndash 236) 560 (541 ndash 581) 943 (905 ndash 983) 266060 years and older 541 (524 ndash 558) 231 (216 ndash 246) 569 (554 ndash 585) 919 (895 ndash 950) 3071MalesTotal 1 year and older 567 (547 ndash 587) 258 (238 ndash 273) 589 (571 ndash 607) 940 (907 ndash 977) 81451ndash5 years 692 (670 ndash 715) 417 (401 ndash 435) 693 (667 ndash 716) 101 (967 ndash 106) 9046ndash11 years 655 (632 ndash 679) 369 (325 ndash 403) 658 (643 ndash 676) 980 (924 ndash 116) 86212ndash19 years 566 (540 ndash 593) 253 (225 ndash 280) 587 (564 ndash 612) 952 (888 ndash 105) 204920ndash39 years 537 (514 ndash 561) 236 (209 ndash 257) 559 (537 ndash 578) 906 (877 ndash 967) 147240ndash59 years 558 (533 ndash 584) 253 (224 ndash 270) 580 (558 ndash 608) 924 (881 ndash 987) 131160 years and older 556 (537 ndash 577) 260 (238 ndash 279) 575 (556 ndash 597) 919 (891 ndash 972) 1547FemalesTotal 1 year and older 545 (525 ndash 566) 212 (198 ndash 225) 572 (552 ndash 592) 994 (961 ndash 106) 84591ndash5 years 679 (658 ndash 700) 413 (374 ndash 443) 684 (663 ndash 703) 981 (933 ndash 113) 8956ndash11 years 619 (596 ndash 644) 340 (314 ndash 376) 628 (601 ndash 653) 964 (925 ndash 103) 90612ndash19 years 536 (506 ndash 569) 206 (180 ndash 229) 564 (531 ndash 595) 106 (965 ndash 114) 199520ndash39 years 553 (524 ndash 583) 205 (191 ndash 218) 576 (544 ndash 607) 110 (106 ndash 116) 179040ndash59 years 516 (492 ndash 542) 194 (183 ndash 206) 541 (508 ndash 570) 951 (915 ndash 992) 134960 years and older 529 (511 ndash 547) 217 (202 ndash 232) 564 (545 ndash 582) 920 (891 ndash 958) 1524
Table 213a3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for Mexican Americans in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 487 (463 ndash 512) 215 (196 ndash 233) 499 (477 ndash 534) 818 (792 ndash 847) 42751ndash5 years 648 (631 ndash 666) 425 (394 ndash 447) 643 (623 ndash 661) 938 (895 ndash 997) 5846ndash11 years 569 (550 ndash 588) 327 (309 ndash 349) 582 (563 ndash 598) 829 (807 ndash 869) 58912ndash19 years 468 (442 ndash 496) 220 (202 ndash 234) 478 (456 ndash 507) 748 (712 ndash 836) 128820ndash39 years 466 (436 ndash 497) 206 (176 ndash 235) 480 (454 ndash 515) 780 (756 ndash 831) 78940ndash59 years 444 (414 ndash 477) 194 (174 ndash 212) 458 (419 ndash 490) 798 (724 ndash 877) 47260 years and older 450 (424 ndash 478) 201 (176 ndash 214) 459 (436 ndash 481) 795 (734 ndash 895) 553MalesTotal 1 year and older 511 (487 ndash 537) 245 (217 ndash 266) 527 (494 ndash 555) 817 (790 ndash 852) 20731ndash5 years 652 (639 ndash 665) 446 (405 ndash 458) 644 (631 ndash 656) 949 (886 ndash 109) 2826ndash11 years 588 (568 ndash 608) 360 (323 ndash 388) 597 (578 ndash 623) 833 (805 ndash 922) 28612ndash19 years 495 (466 ndash 526) 238 (215 ndash 262) 500 (474 ndash 540) 780 (727 ndash 858) 64120ndash39 years 491 (455 ndash 528) 243 (197 ndash 262) 498 (471 ndash 541) 770 (731 ndash 865) 35340ndash59 years 474 (440 ndash 510) 209 (153 ndash 259) 474 (446 ndash 543) 798 (722 ndash 928) 23960 years and older 480 (440 ndash 522) 214 (183 ndash 250) 483 (436 ndash 543) 812 (744 ndash 967) 272FemalesTotal 1 year and older 462 (437 ndash 488) 198 (189 ndash 206) 477 (454 ndash 503) 821 (786 ndash 854) 22021ndash5 years 645 (618 ndash 672) 405 (360 ndash 443) 642 (599 ndash 675) 929 (891 ndash 986) 3026ndash11 years 548 (523 ndash 575) 311 (250 ndash 337) 566 (540 ndash 588) 823 (745 ndash 938) 30312ndash19 years 441 (414 ndash 471) 204 (173 ndash 225) 456 (424 ndash 480) 732 (677 ndash 803) 64720ndash39 years 439 (407 ndash 473) 185 (164 ndash 204) 449 (416 ndash 482) 802 (748 ndash 871) 43640ndash59 years 415 (379 ndash 453) 187 (175 ndash 200) 428 (373 ndash 468) 796 (709 ndash 850) 23360 years and older 427 (396 ndash 461) 191 (154 ndash 211) 443 (405 ndash 470) 780 (715 ndash 889) 281
1811 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1812 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213a4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 361 (343 ndash 380) 143 (135 ndash 151) 366 (342 ndash 391) 709 (685 ndash 737) 43491ndash5 years 555 (527 ndash 585) 294 (210 ndash 334) 575 (545 ndash 596) 866 (821 ndash 913) 5036ndash11 years 481 (457 ndash 506) 248 (234 ndash 257) 494 (473 ndash 522) 738 (715 ndash 802) 56112ndash19 years 342 (314 ndash 372) 138 (130 ndash 146) 346 (313 ndash 382) 683 (642 ndash 722) 142120ndash39 years 325 (304 ndash 348) 137 (127 ndash 148) 315 (292 ndash 342) 640 (611 ndash 704) 71640ndash59 years 341 (320 ndash 363) 133 (116 ndash 148) 347 (324 ndash 377) 662 (620 ndash 716) 62660 years and older 362 (341 ndash 383) 150 (132 ndash 159) 363 (338 ndash 397) 729 (676 ndash 803) 522MalesTotal 1 year and older 380 (359 ndash 403) 155 (140 ndash 166) 386 (359 ndash 414) 718 (690 ndash 786) 21661ndash5 years 565 (525 ndash 607) 300 (217 ndash 340) 584 (543 ndash 616) 891 (819 ndash 984) 2486ndash11 years 510 (481 ndash 541) 260 (230 ndash 284) 530 (493 ndash 565) 750 (705 ndash 887) 27712ndash19 years 369 (340 ndash 400) 146 (132 ndash 159) 381 (349 ndash 410) 708 (666 ndash 759) 74520ndash39 years 324 (298 ndash 351) 138 (116 ndash 152) 305 (284 ndash 333) 649 (590 ndash 823) 33940ndash59 years 374 (348 ndash 402) 159 (140 ndash 171) 382 (342 ndash 422) 696 (624 ndash 772) 29360 years and older 375 (349 ndash 403) 150 (128 ndash 166) 385 (347 ndash 427) 723 (661 ndash 792) 264FemalesTotal 1 year and older 345 (327 ndash 363) 136 (129 ndash 143) 349 (324 ndash 377) 696 (659 ndash 730) 21831ndash5 years 546 (512 ndash 582) 284 (132 ndash 352) 560 (533 ndash 588) 831 (797 ndash 944) 2556ndash11 years 453 (423 ndash 484) 236 (194 ndash 253) 460 (424 ndash 497) 730 (710 ndash 769) 28412ndash19 years 315 (288 ndash 345) 133 (125 ndash 142) 313 (277 ndash 343) 647 (593 ndash 715) 67620ndash39 years 327 (304 ndash 351) 137 (118 ndash 151) 324 (293 ndash 362) 630 (606 ndash 706) 37740ndash59 years 315 (292 ndash 340) 122 (105 ndash 132) 325 (286 ndash 352) 632 (587 ndash 753) 33360 years and older 353 (328 ndash 379) 150 (130 ndash 158) 347 (316 ndash 393) 735 (644 ndash 963) 258
Table 213a5 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Males and FemalesTotal 1 year and older 619 (603 ndash 634) 310 (291 ndash 326) 632 (618 ndash 646) 102 (978 ndash 106) 66981ndash5 years 736 (713 ndash 760) 490 (441 ndash 517) 723 (707 ndash 742) 105 (978 ndash 118) 5166ndash11 years 711 (682 ndash 741) 461 (435 ndash 481) 696 (675 ndash 718) 103 (961 ndash 119) 45712ndash19 years 652 (630 ndash 674) 374 (356 ndash 401) 647 (629 ndash 666) 107 (100 ndash 113) 105020ndash39 years 641 (618 ndash 665) 333 (298 ndash 363) 643 (618 ndash 666) 110 (107 ndash 115) 145840ndash59 years 589 (568 ndash 610) 274 (259 ndash 302) 604 (580 ndash 632) 967 (925 ndash 103) 136060 years and older 574 (559 ndash 589) 260 (242 ndash 277) 597 (583 ndash 611) 929 (908 ndash 972) 1857MalesTotal 1 year and older 624 (608 ndash 641) 337 (318 ndash 354) 636 (621 ndash 650) 974 (939 ndash 103) 33031ndash5 years 741 (717 ndash 766) 471 (415 ndash 523) 727 (704 ndash 748) 105 (992 ndash 116) 2796ndash11 years 726 (691 ndash 763) 471dagger (416 ndash 525) 709 (680 ndash 748) 105dagger (964 ndash 136) 21912ndash19 years 654 (632 ndash 677) 406 (373 ndash 427) 653 (635 ndash 671) 996 (935 ndash 112) 52820ndash39 years 616 (595 ndash 638) 335 (307 ndash 365) 623 (596 ndash 647) 968 (909 ndash 104) 64140ndash59 years 607 (585 ndash 630) 318 (284 ndash 340) 626 (599 ndash 648) 961 (900 ndash 104) 69160 years and older 587 (569 ndash 605) 305 (267 ndash 333) 600 (581 ndash 615) 927 (901 ndash 987) 945FemalesTotal 1 year and older 613 (596 ndash 631) 279 (256 ndash 303) 629 (610 ndash 645) 107 (102 ndash 111) 33951ndash5 years 731 (698 ndash 765) 498 (455 ndash 528) 719 (693 ndash 758) 105 (949 ndash 122) 2376ndash11 years 694 (666 ndash 724) 456 (427 ndash 476) 683 (656 ndash 708) 999 (948 ndash 109) 23812ndash19 years 649 (617 ndash 683) 349 (311 ndash 375) 639 (614 ndash 670) 112 (106 ndash 127) 52220ndash39 years 667 (635 ndash 700) 330 (264 ndash 371) 666 (635 ndash 696) 117 (112 ndash 128) 81740ndash59 years 571 (546 ndash 597) 248 (199 ndash 270) 584 (556 ndash 619) 972 (934 ndash 105) 66960 years and older 563 (546 ndash 580) 239 (220 ndash 257) 595 (578 ndash 612) 931 (900 ndash 998) 912dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
182 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population182 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213b Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by survey cycleGeometric mean and selected percentiles of serum concentrations (in nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size5th 50th 95th
Total 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 547 (526 ndash 568) 226 (204 ndash 249) 571 (551 ndash 593) 968 (924 ndash 105) 7807 2003ndash2004 555 (525 ndash 587) 242 (209 ndash 263) 575 (547 ndash 606) 972 (928 ndash 104) 7403 2005ndash2006 543 (515 ndash 573) 218 (201 ndash 235) 572 (548 ndash 597) 959 (919 ndash 103) 7402Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 682 (659 ndash 705) 413 (376 ndash 444) 687 (668 ndash 706) 978 (963 ndash 101) 895 2005ndash2006 690 (657 ndash 725) 418 (393 ndash 440) 691 (647 ndash 721) 103 (942 ndash 121) 9046ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 638 (605 ndash 673) 369 (319 ndash 397) 637 (604 ndash 668) 101 (901 ndash 138) 991 2003ndash2004 634 (602 ndash 667) 348 (312 ndash 405) 645 (618 ndash 669) 943 (875 ndash 109) 846 2005ndash2006 642 (608 ndash 677) 358 (319 ndash 386) 644 (626 ndash 668) 988 (925 ndash 129) 92212ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 551 (525 ndash 578) 245 (208 ndash 272) 567 (542 ndash 591) 961 (918 ndash 102) 2167 2003ndash2004 562 (522 ndash 606) 248 (210 ndash 273) 579 (539 ndash 618) 101 (941 ndash 112) 2059 2005ndash2006 540 (501 ndash 583) 212 (176 ndash 239) 573 (540 ndash 607) 963 (886 ndash 111) 198520ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 541 (518 ndash 565) 212 (194 ndash 231) 564 (540 ndash 590) 102 (948 ndash 110) 1691 2003ndash2004 544 (509 ndash 581) 225 (190 ndash 254) 561 (519 ndash 599) 104 (959 ndash 110) 1559 2005ndash2006 546 (511 ndash 584) 211 (190 ndash 233) 570 (542 ndash 601) 992 (955 ndash 113) 170340ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 540 (514 ndash 566) 214 (187 ndash 244) 568 (546 ndash 598) 949 (905 ndash 104) 1449 2003ndash2004 547 (511 ndash 585) 236 (187 ndash 269) 565 (536 ndash 602) 945 (890 ndash 102) 1278 2005ndash2006 526 (496 ndash 559) 208 (188 ndash 228) 555 (529 ndash 584) 941 (889 ndash 100) 138260 years and older 2001ndash2002 525 (499 ndash 553) 231 (211 ndash 244) 551 (524 ndash 577) 918 (884 ndash 950) 1509 2003ndash2004 552 (529 ndash 575) 242 (218 ndash 258) 576 (552 ndash 597) 941 (901 ndash 102) 1661 2005ndash2006 531 (504 ndash 559) 223 (204 ndash 243) 564 (541 ndash 589) 904 (875 ndash 939) 1410Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 565 (545 ndash 586) 258 (238 ndash 272) 583 (563 ndash 607) 960 (912 ndash 105) 3782 2003ndash2004 568 (536 ndash 602) 270 (237 ndash 294) 586 (558 ndash 617) 921 (888 ndash 982) 3638 2005ndash2006 551 (524 ndash 580) 238 (215 ndash 256) 577 (557 ndash 601) 941 (881 ndash 102) 3603Females 2001ndash2002 530 (506 ndash 555) 205 (180 ndash 227) 558 (535 ndash 581) 984 (926 ndash 108) 4025 2003ndash2004 543 (514 ndash 573) 213 (192 ndash 235) 563 (533 ndash 595) 103 (973 ndash 109) 3765 2005ndash2006 536 (505 ndash 569) 205 (186 ndash 223) 566 (538 ndash 595) 971 (931 ndash 107) 3799Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 489 (462 ndash 518) 230 (213 ndash 245) 501 (471 ndash 527) 816 (773 ndash 912) 1961 2003ndash2004 487 (460 ndash 516) 228 (194 ndash 255) 502 (471 ndash 534) 805 (772 ndash 841) 1802 2005ndash2006 459 (419 ndash 502) 200 (163 ndash 226) 473 (433 ndash 528) 785 (730 ndash 845) 1889Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 326 (313 ndash 340) 133 (109 ndash 144) 325 (311 ndash 342) 662 (639 ndash 685) 1821 2003ndash2004 363 (335 ndash 394) 143 (128 ndash 156) 370 (340 ndash 407) 691 (658 ndash 739) 1914 2005ndash2006 338 (316 ndash 362) 139 (130 ndash 148) 334 (307 ndash 371) 684 (645 ndash 711) 1932Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 609 (587 ndash 631) 299 (282 ndash 312) 622 (602 ndash 642) 102 (959 ndash 110) 3416 2003ndash2004 617 (593 ndash 642) 302 (270 ndash 336) 632 (608 ndash 652) 103 (973 ndash 109) 3155 2005ndash2006 610 (590 ndash 631) 310 (275 ndash 324) 623 (603 ndash 641) 990 (959 ndash 108) 3027
140
120
5th
Perc
entil
e 50
th P
erce
ntile
95th
Per
cent
ile
100
80
60
80
70
60
50
40
30
50
40
30
20
10
Total 1minus5y 6minus11y 12minus19y 20+y Males Females MA NHB NHW (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y) (6+y)
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
01minus0
203
minus04
05minus0
6
Figure 213b Serum 25minushydroxyvitamin D Concentrations by survey cycle Selected percentiles in nmolL (95 confidence intervals) National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 183183
184 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population184 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213c1 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 30 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 81 (67 ndash 98) 23004000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 07 (04 ndash 13) 1460006ndash11 years 1768 18 (13 ndash 26) 44200012ndash19 years 4044 85 (65 ndash 112) 282300020ndash39 years 3262 95 (76 ndash 118) 753800040ndash59 years 2660 93 (74 ndash 117) 734300060 years and older 3071 88 (73 ndash 105) 4084000GenderMales 8145 63 (50 ndash 79) 8735000Females 8459 99 (81 ndash 119) 14288000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 113 (87 ndash 146) 2919000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 311 (274 ndash 351) 10623000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 36 (30 ndash 44) 6929000
1851 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1852 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213c2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (between 30ndash50 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 236 (216 ndash 258) 66859000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 89 (71 ndash 110) 17990006ndash11 years 1768 141 (115 ndash 172) 340700012ndash19 years 4044 242 (213 ndash 273) 800500020ndash39 years 3262 262 (236 ndash 290) 2090800040ndash59 years 2660 250 (222 ndash 280) 1972900060 years and older 3071 255 (237 ndash 274) 11879000GenderMales 8145 231 (208 ndash 256) 31909000Females 8459 241 (221 ndash 263) 34955000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 329 (296 ndash 364) 8514000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 395 (373 ndash 417) 13483000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 181 (162 ndash 202) 34769000
186 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population186 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213c3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 40 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 172 (147 ndash 200) 49431000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 27 (18 ndash 40) 5410006ndash11 years 1768 57 (42 ndash 77) 135800012ndash19 years 4044 171 (138 ndash 210) 572900020ndash39 years 3262 197 (164 ndash 234) 1572200040ndash59 years 2660 200 (166 ndash 239) 1640000060 years and older 3071 178 (155 ndash 204) 8602000GenderMales 8145 146 (123 ndash 174) 20576000Females 8459 196 (169 ndash 227) 28869000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 244 (201 ndash 293) 6635000Non-Hispanic Blacks 4349 516 (467 ndash 565) 17968000Non-Hispanic Whites 6698 94 (79 ndash 112) 18114000
1871 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1872 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213c4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D PrevalencePrevalence (in percent) of high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (gt 125 nmolL) for the US population aged 1 year and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2006
Sample size
Prevalence (95 conf interval)
Estimated total number of persons
Total 1 year and older 16604 09 (06 ndash 12) 2449000Age group1ndash5 years 1799 sect sect6ndash11 years 1768 sect sect12ndash19 years 4044 14 (09 ndash 21) 45000020ndash39 years 3262 15 (09 ndash 24) 119300040ndash59 years 2660 06Dagger (03 ndash 12) 498000Dagger60 years and older 3071 03Dagger (01 ndash 06) 134000DaggerGenderMales 8145 04 (03 ndash 07) 587000Females 8459 13 (09 ndash 19) 1867000RaceethnicityMexican Americans 4275 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 4349 sect sectNon-Hispanic Whites 6698 12 (08 ndash 17) 2283000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
188 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population188 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213d1 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 30 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 84 (68 ndash 103) 21467000 2003ndash2004 7403 76 (55 ndash 105) 20049000 2005ndash2006 7402 95 (73 ndash 122) 25318000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 sect sect 2005ndash2006 904 07Dagger (03 ndash 15) 137000Dagger6ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 sect sect 2003ndash2004 846 15 (08 ndash 26) 350000 2005ndash2006 922 22 (14 ndash 35) 52400012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 70 (44 ndash 111) 2266000 2003ndash2004 2059 70 (46 ndash 107) 2327000 2005ndash2006 1985 100 (68 ndash 145) 335300020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 95 (77 ndash 115) 7498000 2003ndash2004 1559 93 (66 ndash 128) 7391000 2005ndash2006 1703 96 (69 ndash 133) 770000040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 94 (72 ndash 122) 7125000 2003ndash2004 1278 75 (48 ndash 114) 5910000 2005ndash2006 1382 110 (83 ndash 145) 905400060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 88 (67 ndash 113) 3921000 2003ndash2004 1661 83 (61 ndash 111) 3841000 2005ndash2006 1410 93 (72 ndash 118) 4488000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 62 (49 ndash 79) 7774000 2003ndash2004 3638 53 (35 ndash 81) 6830000 2005ndash2006 3603 80 (60 ndash 106) 10419000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 104 (82 ndash 130) 13726000 2003ndash2004 3765 98 (73 ndash 131) 13254000 2005ndash2006 3799 109 (82 ndash 142) 14894000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 89 (67 ndash 116) 1863000 2003ndash2004 1802 97 (71 ndash 133) 2218000 2005ndash2006 1889 150 (102 ndash 215) 3604000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 378 (345 ndash 412) 11654000 2003ndash2004 1914 285 (226 ndash 352) 8872000 2005ndash2006 1932 374 (322 ndash 429) 11915000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 37 (29 ndash 47) 6654000 2003ndash2004 3155 36 (26 ndash 49) 6423000 2005ndash2006 3027 40 (31 ndash 51) 7240000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
1891 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1892 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213d2 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (between 30ndash50 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 240 (217 ndash 264) 61533000 2003ndash2004 7403 245 (212 ndash 281) 64338000 2005ndash2006 7402 245 (217 ndash 275) 65423000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 86 (64 ndash 115) 1741000 2005ndash2006 904 92 (65 ndash 128) 18570006ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 147 (109 ndash 196) 3639000 2003ndash2004 846 133 (94 ndash 184) 3199000 2005ndash2006 922 150 (115 ndash 193) 355800012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 236 (204 ndash 271) 7638000 2003ndash2004 2059 238 (194 ndash 289) 7881000 2005ndash2006 1985 246 (208 ndash 288) 821400020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 248 (218 ndash 281) 19655000 2003ndash2004 1559 275 (231 ndash 324) 21959000 2005ndash2006 1703 249 (219 ndash 281) 1986600040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 243 (213 ndash 275) 18368000 2003ndash2004 1278 251 (210 ndash 296) 19828000 2005ndash2006 1382 248 (208 ndash 294) 2036500060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 269 (230 ndash 312) 12040000 2003ndash2004 1661 238 (216 ndash 260) 11054000 2005ndash2006 1410 273 (241 ndash 306) 13167000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 228 (204 ndash 254) 28420000 2003ndash2004 3638 236 (198 ndash 279) 30162000 2005ndash2006 3603 243 (212 ndash 278) 31683000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 251 (225 ndash 279) 33130000 2003ndash2004 3765 254 (221 ndash 289) 34190000 2005ndash2006 3799 246 (216 ndash 278) 33739000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 356 (310 ndash 405) 7496000 2003ndash2004 1802 349 (306 ndash 395) 7963000 2005ndash2006 1889 355 (300 ndash 413) 8515000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 400 (375 ndash 426) 12350000 2003ndash2004 1914 422 (381 ndash 463) 13140000 2005ndash2006 1932 390 (361 ndash 420) 12422000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 187 (166 ndash 210) 33627000 2003ndash2004 3155 186 (156 ndash 221) 33594000 2005ndash2006 3027 189 (160 ndash 222) 34271000
190 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population190 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 213d3 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (lt 40 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 182 (155 ndash 213) 46723000 2003ndash2004 7403 172 (133 ndash 219) 45025000 2005ndash2006 7402 189 (153 ndash 231) 50461000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 30 (16 ndash 55) 612000 2005ndash2006 904 23 (14 ndash 37) 4670006ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 53 (32 ndash 87) 1313000 2003ndash2004 846 58 (34 ndash 97) 1399000 2005ndash2006 922 56 (40 ndash 79) 133800012ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 175 (132 ndash 228) 5660000 2003ndash2004 2059 153 (112 ndash 206) 5078000 2005ndash2006 1985 189 (138 ndash 254) 632500020ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 197 (162 ndash 236) 15557000 2003ndash2004 1559 199 (151 ndash 256) 15829000 2005ndash2006 1703 195 (149 ndash 252) 1558700040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 191 (160 ndash 227) 14488000 2003ndash2004 1278 185 (136 ndash 246) 14620000 2005ndash2006 1382 215 (168 ndash 270) 1759500060 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 209 (169 ndash 257) 9371000 2003ndash2004 1661 164 (134 ndash 200) 7646000 2005ndash2006 1410 191 (155 ndash 234) 9241000Gender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 148 (126 ndash 173) 18450000 2003ndash2004 3638 142 (104 ndash 191) 18138000 2005ndash2006 3603 166 (134 ndash 204) 21606000Females 2001ndash2002 4025 214 (181 ndash 253) 28325000 2003ndash2004 3765 200 (159 ndash 248) 26932000 2005ndash2006 3799 210 (168 ndash 260) 28849000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 233 (190 ndash 282) 4904000 2003ndash2004 1802 245 (191 ndash 308) 5582000 2005ndash2006 1889 289 (213 ndash 379) 6943000Non-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 606 (571 ndash 641) 18708000 2003ndash2004 1914 510 (439 ndash 581) 15900000 2005ndash2006 1932 577 (503 ndash 647) 18374000Non-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 104 (86 ndash 124) 18638000 2003ndash2004 3155 95 (70 ndash 128) 17121000 2005ndash2006 3027 101 (81 ndash 126) 18342000
1911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 213d4 Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Prevalence by survey cyclePrevalence (in percent) of high serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (gt 125 nmolL) for the US population National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001ndash2006
Sample size Prevalence (95 conf interval) Estimated total number of personsTotal 6 years and older 2001ndash2002 7807 08 (05 ndash 12) 1998000 2003ndash2004 7403 10 (05 ndash 17) 2547000 2005ndash2006 7402 08 (06 ndash 12) 2224000Age group1ndash5 years 2003ndash2004 895 sect sect 2005ndash2006 904 sect sect6ndash11 years 2001ndash2002 991 sect sect 2003ndash2004 846 sect sect 2005ndash2006 922 sect sect12ndash19 years 2001ndash2002 2167 sect sect 2003ndash2004 2059 13 (07 ndash 23) 427000 2005ndash2006 1985 14Dagger (07 ndash 29) 478000Dagger20ndash39 years 2001ndash2002 1691 10 (06 ndash 18) 821000 2003ndash2004 1559 17Dagger (08 ndash 34) 1334000Dagger 2005ndash2006 1703 13 (07 ndash 24) 105000040ndash59 years 2001ndash2002 1449 08Dagger (04 ndash 16) 616000Dagger 2003ndash2004 1278 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1382 sect sect60 years and older 2001ndash2002 1509 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1661 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1410 sect sectGender(6 years and older)Males 2001ndash2002 3782 sect sect 2003ndash2004 3638 sect sect 2005ndash2006 3603 05Dagger (02 ndash 10) 649000DaggerFemales 2001ndash2002 4025 11 (07 ndash 17) 1395000 2003ndash2004 3765 15 (08 ndash 29) 2071000 2005ndash2006 3799 11 (07 ndash 19) 1574000Raceethnicity(6 years and older)Mexican Americans 2001ndash2002 1961 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1802 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1889 sect sectNon-Hispanic Blacks 2001ndash2002 1821 sect sect 2003ndash2004 1914 sect sect 2005ndash2006 1932 sect sectNon-Hispanic Whites 2001ndash2002 3416 10 (07 ndash 15) 1859000 2003ndash2004 3155 13 (07 ndash 25) 2391000 2005ndash2006 3027 11 (07 ndash 17) 2047000Dagger Estimate flagged 30 le RSE lt 40 for the prevalence estimate sect Estimate suppressed RSE ge 40 for the prevalence estimate
192 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population192 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAloiaJFAfricanAmericans25-hydroxyvitaminDandosteoporosisaparadoxAmJClinNutr200888(2)545Sndash550S
ChungMBalkEMBrendelMIpSLauJLeeJetalVitaminDandcalciumSystematicreviewofhealthoutcomesEvidRepTechnolAssessNo183AHRQPublicationNo09-E015RockvilleMDAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityAugust2009
CranneyAHorsleyTOrsquoDonnellSWeilerHAPuilLOoiDSetalEffectivenessandsafetyofvitaminDinrelationtobonehealthEvidRepTechnolAssessNo158AHRQPublicationNo07-E013RockvilleMDAgencyforHealthcareResearchandQualityAugust2007
DeLucaHFThemetabolismphysiologyandfunctionofvitaminDInKumarReditorVitaminDbasicandclinicalaspectsBoston(MA)MNijhoffPublishers1984pp1ndash68
DeLucaHFThevitaminDstoryacollaborativeeffortofbasicscienceandclinicalmedicineFASEBJ19882224ndash236
FieserLFFieserMVitaminDInSteroids1stedNewYorkReinholdPublishingCorporation1959pp90ndash168
HaddadJGHahnTJNaturalandsyntheticsourcesofcirculating25-hydroxy-vitaminDinmanNature1973244515ndash517
HolickMFVitaminDphotobiologymetabolismandclinicalapplicationsInDeGrootLJeditorEndocrinologyVol23rdedPhiladelphia(PA)WBSaunders1995pp990ndash1013
HolickMFVitaminDdeficiencyNEnglJMed2007357266ndash281
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesforcalciumandvitaminDWashingtonDCNationalAcademiesPress2011
LookerACDawson-HughsBCalvoMSGunterEWSayhounNRSerum25-hydroxyvitaminDstatusofadolescentsandadultsintwoseasonalsubpopulationsfromNHANESIIIBone200230771ndash777
LookerACPfeifferCMLacherDASchleicherRLPiccianoMFYetleyEASerum25-hydroxyvitaminDstatusoftheUSpopulation1988ndash1994comparedwith2000ndash2004AmJClinNutr2008881519ndash1527
LookerACJohnsonCLLacherDAPfeifferCMSchleicherRLSemposCTVitaminDstatusUnitedStates2001ndash2006NCHSDataBriefNo59HyattsvilleMDNationalCenterforHealthStatistics2011
MawerEBBlackhouseJHolmanCALumbGAStanburyDWThedistributionandstorageofvitaminDanditsmetabolitesinhumantissuesClinSci197243413ndash431
NagpalSNaSRathnachalamRNoncalcemicactionsofvitaminDreceptorligandsEndocrRev200526662ndash687
PittasAGChungMTrikalinosTMitriJBrendelMPatelKetalSystematicreviewVitaminDandcardiometabolicoutcomesAnnInternMed2010152307ndash314
ReichelHKoefflerHPNormanAWTheroleofvitaminDendocrinesysteminhealthanddiseaseNEnglJMed1989320980ndash991
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
YetleyEAPfeifferCMSchleicherRLPhinneyKWLacherDAChristakosSetalNHANESmonitoringofserum25-hydroxyvitaminDaroundtablesummaryJNutr20101402030Sndash2045S
1931 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Fatty AcidsBackground InformationNomenclatureFattyacidsareorganicacidscharacterizedbylongunbranchedaliphatictails(4-28carbons)attachedtoacarboxylgroupFattyacidsusuallypossessanevennumberofcarbonatomsandthecarbonchainmaycontainseveralunsaturatedorexclusivelysaturatedbondsThusfattyacidsdifferinchainlengthdegreeofsaturationlocationofthedoublebond(s)alongthechainandwhethertheorientationofhydrogenatomsadjacenttothedoublebondiscisortransFattyacidswithnodoublebondsarereferredtoassaturatedfattyacids(SFA)whilethosewithonedoublebondaremonounsaturatedfattyacids(MUFA)Fattyacidswithtwoormoredoublebondsaretermedpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFA)PUFAaremostoftencategorizedintotwogroupsdistinguishedbyadifferenceinlocationofthefirstdoublebondfromthemethylendoftheacylchainnamelyn-6andn-3Linoleicacid(182n-6)andalpha-linolenicacid(183n-3)arerepresentativesofthesetwogroupsEachcontains18carbonatomsbutdiffersinthenumberofdoublebonds(182n-6vs183n-3)andthelocationofthefirstdoublebond(182n-6 vs183n-3)Inthisreportunlessmarkedallunsaturatedfattyacidsareassumedtobeinthecisconfiguration
Sources and Physiological FunctionsGoodsourcesofPUFAincludesoybeancornandcottonseedoils(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)OilsthatarerichinMUFAincludeolivecanolaandsaffloweroils(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)RecentNHANESdataprovideinformationonthemajorfoodsourcesofvariousfattyacidsconsumedintheUnitedStates(USNationalInstitutesofHealth 2010aand2010b)Chickendishesdessertssaladdressingschipsnutsseedsandpizzaarethemainsourcesofn-6PUFAThemainsourcesofn-3PUFA(C183n-3)intheAmericandietaresaladdressingschickendishesdessertspizzabreadmayonnaiseandpastadisheswhereasthemainsourcesoflong-chainn-3PUFA(C205n-3andC226n-3)arefishandfishmixeddishesThechiefdietarysourcesofMUFA(C181)aredessertsmeatsnutsseedspizzaFrenchfriesandMexicanfoodsThemainsourcesofSFAintheAmericandietarefull-fatcheesepizzaanddessertsothersourcesincludechickendishescuredmeatsribsandburgers
Triacylglycerols(triglycerides)thebasicbuildingblocksoffatsandoilsaremadeupofthreefattyacidsesterifiedtoaglycerolmolecule(Lichtenstein2005)Theyareusuallycomposedof2ndash3differentkindsoffattyacidspermoleculeDuringdigestiondietarytriglyceridesfromanimalandvegetablefatsarehydrolyzedinthesmallintestinetoreleasefreefattyacidsTheseacidsentertheintestinalcellsandareusedtoresynthesizetriglycerideswhichbecomeincorporatedintolargelipoproteinparticlescalledchylomicronstheseinturnarereleasedintothelymphpriortoenteringtheplasmaFattyacidswith10orfewercarbonatomscanbeabsorbedfromthegutdirectlyintothebloodstreamwheretheyareboundtoalbuminintheplasmaAtdistalsitestriglyceridesareagainhydrolyzedbylipasesbeforefattyacidscanentercellsforfurthermetabolismOnceinsideperipheralcellsfreefattyacidsprovideanimmediatesourceofenergy(fattyacidsarethebodyrsquosmajorfuelsource)oractassubstrateforthebiosynthesisofsignalingmoleculessuchaseicosanoidsFreefattyacidsarealsoincorporatedintootherlipidclassessuchasphospholipidssphingolipidsandcholesterylestersortheymayberesynthesizedintotriglyceridesandstoredforlaterusePhospholipidswhicharecriticalstructuralcomponentsofcellularmembranestendtoincorporateunsaturatedfattyacidsandsoserveasareservoirforMUFAandPUFA
194 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population194 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Humansareincapableofdenovosynthesisofn-6andn-3PUFAbecausetheylacktheabilitytoinsertadoublebondanycloserthan9carbonsfromthemethylendThuslinoleic(182n-6)andalpha-linolenic(183n-3)acidarecalledldquoessentialrdquoPUFAinthattheyarerequiredforgoodhealthbutmustbederivedfromfoodsourcesratherthanthroughendogenousbiosynthesisormetabolismBothofthesefattyacidsaremetabolizedtolonger-chainmorehighlyunsaturatedformsNotethatSFAandMUFAinplasmaarenotexpectedtocloselyreflectdietaryintakebecausethesetwoclassesoffattyacidscanbeendogenouslysynthesizedfromcarbohydratesThestrongestcorrelationswithdietaryintakeareprovidedbyplasmaconcentrationsofn-3PUFAandtrans-fattyacids(Sun2007)
Health EffectsThemostcommonMUFAisoleicacid(C181n-9)althoughhumanscansynthesizethisfattyaciditisobtainedlargelythroughthedietEvidencesuggeststhatreplacingdietarycarbohydrateswithMUFAdecreasesLDL-cholesterolconcentrationbutthereislittleevidencethatMUFAareassociatedwithcoronaryheartdisease(Astrup2011)CurrentlyintensedebatesurroundsthequestionwhetherreductionindietarySFAreducesriskofcardiovasculardisease(Zelman2011)AtpresenttheDietaryGuidelinesforAmericansrecommendreducedintakeofSFA(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)RestrictingfatintakeandreplacingSFAwithothernutrientshasrevealedaddedcomplexityinthediet-heartissueAccordingtoevidencefromhumanstudiesreplacingSFAwithPUFAlowerscoronaryheartdiseaseriskwhereasreplacingSFAwithcarbohydrateeitherhasnobenefit(Micha2010)ormaybeharmfulorbeneficialdependinguponthequalityofthecarbohydrate(Jakobsen2009Jakobsen2010)CarbohydrateseitherrapidlyorslowlyincreasebloodglucosehighlyrefinedcarbohydratesareamongsttheformerandhigherintakeoftheseisassociatedwithgreaterriskfordevelopmentofdiabetesReplacingSFAwithhighlyrefinedcarbohydratesandaddedsugarsmaybeincreasingheartdiseaseriskthroughpromotionofobesityanddiabetes(Hu2010)
ThehearthealthyeffectsofPUFAaremostoftenassessedbasedontheireffectsontheconcentrationsoftotalcholesterolHDL-andLDL-cholesterolcholesterolratiosandortriglyceridesIntakeofn-6PUFAhelpstolowertotalcholesterolandLDL-cholesterolhoweverhighintakeofn-6fattyacidsmaysuppressHDL-cholesterollevelsIncontrastn-3fattyacidconsumptionhasbeenshowntomaintainandevenincreaseHDLstatus(InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute2001)IntheUnitedStatestheFDApermitsqualifiedhealthclaimstobemadeaboutadiet-diseaserelationshipforcardiovasculardiseasecurrently6ofthe7permittedclaimsforcardiovasculardiseasearerelatedtotheMUFAorPUFAcontentofnutsoilsandspreadsorfishoilsupplements
Deficiencyintheessentialfattyacidsisdeterminedbyuseofaplasmatriene-to-tetraeneratio(eicosatrienoic[C203n-9]arachidonic[C204n-6]acid)aratiogreaterthan02indicatesdeficiency(InstituteofMedicine2005)(NoteeicosatrienoicwasnotpartoftheplasmafattyacidprofilemeasuredforNHANES2003-2004)PUFAdeficiencymaymanifestwithneuropathyandskinproblemssuchasroughorscalyskinanddermatitis(InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute2001)
Intake RecommendationsBecausethebodymakesmorethanenoughSFAtomeetmetabolicneedspeoplehavenorequirementforthesefattyacidsEvidencesuggeststhatSFAarepositivelyassociatedwithtotalcholesterolandLDL-cholesterolconcentrationsandthuswithcardiovasculardiseaseriskLoweringdietaryintakeofSFAtonomorethan10ofcaloricintakeandreplacingthemwithMUFAandPUFAisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcardiovasculardiseasemoreoverloweringthepercentageofcaloriesderivedfromSFAto7ofcaloriescanfurtherreduceriskofcardiovasculardisease(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010Cleeman2001)TheNationalCholesterolEducationProgramExpertPanelonDetectionEvaluationandTreatmentofHighBloodCholesterolinAdults(ATPIII)recommends
1951 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1952 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
thatMUFAnotexceed20ofcalories(Cleeman2001)Guidanceaboutadequateintake(AI)isavailablefortheessentialfattyacidsTheAIoflinoleicacidis17gdformenand12gdforwomenForalpha-linolenicacidtheAIis16gdformenand11gdforwomenModerateevidenceshowsthatconsumptionofabout8ozofseafoodperweekwhichprovidesanaverageof250mgperdayofeicosapentaenoicacid(C205n-3)anddocosahexaenoicacid(C226n-3)reducescardiacdeathsamongpersonswithandwithoutcardiovasculardisease(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)Thisamountofseafoodisalsoassociatedwithimprovedinfanthealthoutcomessuchasvisualandcognitivedevelopmentwhenconsumedbypregnantorlactatingwomen(USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices2010)Currentlythereisnotenoughevidencetoestablishuppertolerablelimitsforn-3orn-6PUFA(InstituteofMedicine2005)
AccordingtotheAmericanHeartAssociationpatientswithcoronaryheartdiseaseshouldbeencouragedtoincreasetheirconsumptionofeicosapentaenoicacid(C205n-3)anddocosahexaenoicacid(C226n-3)toabout1gramperdaypreferablyfromoilyfishTheAmericanHeartAssociationDietaryGuidelinesrecommendatleasttwoservingsoffishperweek(particularlyfattyfish)forpatientswithoutdocumentedcoronaryheartdiseaseInadditioninclusionofvegetableoils(egsoybeancanolawalnutflaxseed)andfoodsources(egwalnutsflaxseeds)highinalpha-linolenicacid(C183n-3)isrecommendedinahealthydietforthegeneralpopulation(Kris-Etherton2002)TheAmericanHeartAssociationrecommends5-10ofenergyfromn-6fattyacids(Harris2009)whileAdultTreatmentPanelIIIrecommendsupto10oftotalcaloriesmaybeconsumedfrompolyunsaturatedfats(Cleeman2001)
Biochemical Indicators and MethodsThelongtermfattyacidcontentofthedietisbestrepresentedbytheadiposetissuetriglyceridecontentowingtothetwo-yearhalf-lifeofadiposetissuefattyacidsErythrocytesduetotheir120dayhalf-lifereflectintermediateterm(weeks-to-months)dietaryintakealthoughthisideahasbeenchallengedbydatademonstratinglargechangesinthefattyacidcompositionoferthyrocyteswithindaysofalteringdietaryfatintake(Hodson2008)Serumorplasmaconcentrationsrepresentmorerecentintake(days-to-weeks)FewstudieshavecomparedthefattyacidcompositionofplasmawithredbloodcellstoassesswhichsubstratebestreflectsdietaryintakeInonestudyfattyacidcorrelationswithfoodfrequencyquestionnairedatawereonlyslightlystrongerforerythrocytesthanforplasma(Sun2007)Thetriglyceridefractionofplasmaappearstodemonstratethegreatestday-to-dayvariationofanycirculatinglipidfractionThuswheneverserumorplasmaiscollectedforfattyacidanalysisfastingispreferredtominimizethewithin-andbetween-personvariabilityatthetimeofspecimencollection
Capillarygaschromatography(GC)isthetechniquemostfrequentlyusedtoseparatefattyacidsforquantitativeanalysisDetectionmethodsincludeflameionizationorelectroncapturenegativechemicalionizationmassspectrometryInternalstandardsareusedtocorrectforlossesduringsamplepreparationandimprovetheaccuracyandprecisionofmeasurements
Data in NHANESThedatainthisreportweregeneratedforfasted(ge8hours)adults(ge20years)byuseofgaschromatography-massspectrometry(GC-MS)basedonamodificationofthemethodofLagerstedtetal(2001)PlasmafattyacidconcentrationsarereportedinmicromolLunits
196 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population196 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Generallyfattyaciddataareexpressedaspercentagebyweightoftotalfattyacids(wt)althoughpercentagebymole(mol)wouldbemoremeaningfulThepossibleadvantagesofusingabsoluteconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidshavenotbeenwellinvestigated(Hodson2008)NodataexistonplasmaconcentrationsoffattyacidsinNHANESpriorto2003Thisreportshowsfirst-timeNHANESdatafor24plasmafattyacidsincluding6SFA7MUFAand11PUFAthesedatawereacquiredusingsurplusplasmafromNHANES2003-2004Theserumspecimenswerestoredat-70degCuntilfattyacidsweremeasuredduringtheperiod2010ndash2011Basedonlimitedinformationintheliteratureaboutabsoluteconcentrationsthese24fattyacidsareestimatedtocompriseatleast90ofthetotalfattyacidscirculatingintheplasmainalllipidclasses(fattyacylsglycerolipidsglycerophospholipidssphingolipidsandsterols)Allunsaturatedfattyacidsareassumedtobeinthecisconfigurationtrans-fattyacidswerenotmeasured
FormoreinformationaboutpolyunsaturatedfattyacidsseetheInstituteofMedicinersquosDietaryRefer-enceIntakereports(InstituteofMedicine2005)andfactsheetsfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealthOfficeofDietarySupplements(httpodsodnihgovFactSheetsOmega3FattyAcidsandHealthasp)
HighlightsThesefirst-timeplasmaconcentrationsofsaturated(SFA)monounsaturated(MUFA)andpolyunsaturated(PUFA)fattyacidsintheUSpopulationshowedthefollowingdemographicpatternsandcharacteristics
bull Ingeneralfattyacidscirculatedatlowerconcentrationsinyoungeradultsbull Plasmaconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidsweregenerallysimilarinmenandwomenbull Noconsistentraceethnicpatternwasobservedforplasmafattyacidconcentrations
howeverheart-healthypolyunsaturatedfattyacidsshowedraceethnicdifferencesAllthreeclassesoffattyacidscontainedrepresentativesatlow(lt100micromolL)andhighconcentrations(gt1000micromolL)(FigureH2e)
1971 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1972 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Figure H2eGeometricmeanplasmaconcentrationsofindividualfattyacidsintheUSpopulationfromfastedadultsaged20yearsandolderbyraceethnicityNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey2003-2004
Errorbarsrepresent95confidenceintervalsThey-axisisdisplayedonthelogarithmicscale
Saturated (SFA) Monounsaturated (MUFA) Polyunsaturated (PUFA)200 Arachidic acid 221n-9 Docosenoic acid 225n-6 Docosapentaenoic acid240 Lignoceric acid 141n-5 Myristoleic acid 202n-6 Eicosadienoic acid220 Doconsanoic acid 201n-9 Eicosenoic acid 224n-6 Docosatetraenoic acid140 Myristic acid 241n-9 Nervonic acid 225n-3 Docosapentaenoic acid180 Stearic acid 181n-9 cis-Vaccenic acid 205n-3 Eicosapentaenoic acid160 Palmitic acid 161n-9 Palmitoleic acid 183n-6 gamma-Linolenic acid
181n-9 Oleic acid 183n-3 alpha-Linolenic acid226n-3 Docosahexaenoic acid203n-6 homo-gamma-Linolenic acid204n-6 Arachidonic acid182n-6 Linoleic acid
Plasmaconcentrationsofheart-healthyPUFAshowedraceethnicdifferencesGeometricmeanconcentrationsofeicosapentaenoicacid(EPA)whichistypicallyderivedfromseafoodandsupplementswerehigherinfastednon-HispanicblacksandwhitescomparedwithMexican-Americanadults(FigureH2f )
Inadditionplasmaconcentrationsoftherelatedlong-chainpolyunsaturateddocosahexaenoicacid(DHA)werehigherinnon-HispanicblackcomparedwithMexican-Americanandnon-Hispanicwhiteadults(FigureH2g)
Trackingplasmafattyacidconcentrationsovertimewillshowprogresstowardmoreheart-healthydiets
1
10
100
1000
10000
200 240 220 140 180 160 221n-9 141n-5 201n-9 241n-9 181n-7 161n-7 181n-9 225n-6 202n-6 224n-6 225n-3 205n-3 183n-6 183n-3 226n-3 203n-6 204n-6 182n-6
Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated G
eom
etric
mea
n (
mol
L)
20
30
40
50
60
A
b
a a
10
0 Mexican American Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white
EPA
( m
olL
)
180
160
40
20
0
b
a
b
Mexican American Non-Hispanic black Non-Hispanic white
DH
A (
mol
L)
140
120
100
80
60
Figure H2f (FPNFUSJDNFBOQMBTNBDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGFJDPTBQFOUBFOPJD Figure H2g (FPNFUSJDNFBOQMBTNBDPODFOUSBUJPOTPGEPDPTBIFYBFOPJD BDJEamp1JOUIF64QPQVMBUJPOGSPNGBTUFEBEVMUTBHFEZFBSTBOE BDJE)JOUIF64QPQVMBUJPOGSPNGBTUFEBEVMUTBHFEZFBSTBOE PMEFSCZSBDFFUIOJDJUZ13BUJPOBM)FBMUIBOEVUSJUJPOampYBNJOBUJPO4VSWFZ13 PMEFSCZSBDFFUIOJDJUZ13BUJPOBM)FBMUIBOEVUSJUJPOampYBNJOBUJPO 4VSWFZ13
ampSSPSCBSTSFQSFTFOUDPOiacuteEFODFJOUFSWBMTBSTOPUTIBSJOHBDPNNPOMFUUFSEJigraveFS ampSSPSCBSTSFQSFTFOUDPOiacuteEFODFJOUFSWBMTBSTOPUTIBSJOHBDPNNPOMFUUFS Q EJigraveFSQ
Detailed Observations ɨF TFMFDUFE PCTFSWBUJPOT NFOUJPOFE CFMPX BSF UBLFO GSPN UIF UBCMFT BOE eumlHVSFT QSFTFOUFE OFYU 4UBUFNFOUT BCPVU DBUFHPSJDBM EJecircFSFODFT CFUXFFO EFNPHSBQIJD HSPVQT OPUFE CFMPX BSF CBTFE PO OPOPWFSMBQQJOH DPOeumlEFODF MJNJUT GSPN VOJWBSJBUF BOBMZTJT XJUIPVU BEKVTUJOH GPS EFNPHSBQIJD WBSJBCMFT FH13 BHF13 HFOEFS13 SBDFFUIOJDJUZ PS PUIFS CMPPE DPODFOUSBUJPO EFUFSNJOBOUT FH13 EJFUBSZ JOUBLF13 TVQQMFNFOU VTBHF13 TNPLJOH13 NVMUJWBSJBUF BOBMZTJT NBZ BMUFS UIF TJ[F BOE TUBUJTUJDBM TJHOJeumlDBODF PG UIFTF DBUFHPSJDBM EJecircFSFODFT VSUIFSNPSF13 BEEJUJPOBM TJHOJeumlDBOU EJecircFSFODFT PG TNBMMFS NBHOJUVEF NBZ CF QSFTFOU EFTQJUF UIFJS MBDL PG NFOUJPO IFSF FH13 JG DPOeumlEFODF MJNJUT TMJHIUMZ PWFSMBQ PS JG EJecircFSFODFT BSF OPU TUBUJTUJDBMMZ TJHOJeumlDBOU CFGPSF DPWBSJBUF BEKVTUNFOU IBT PDDVSSFE PS B TFMFDUJPO PG DJUBUJPOT PG EFTDSJQUJWF )amp4 QBQFST SFMBUFE UP UIFTF CJPDIFNJDBM JOEJDBUPST PG EJFU BOE OVUSJUJPO13 TFF Appendix G
Geometric mean concentrations (NHANES 2003ndash2004) t ɨF NBKPSJUZ PG GBUUZ BDJET DJSDVMBUFE JO QMBTNB BU MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT JO ZPVOHFS
BEVMUT Z DPNQBSFE XJUI UIPTF JO UIF PMEFS BHF HSPVQT BOEPS Z 5BCMFT BB
t 8IJMF JO HFOFSBM13 QMBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG GBUUZ BDJET XFSF TJNJMBS JO NFO BOE XPNFO13 UIFSF XFSF B GFX MPOH DIBJO $$ FYDFQUJPOT JO XIJDI DPODFOUSBUJPOT XFSF IJHIFS JO XPNFO UIBO JO NFO 5BCMFT BB
t 1MBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ POFUIJSE PG 4 BOE UISFFRVBSUFST PG 6 XFSF GPVOE BU MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT JO OPO)JTQBOJD CMBDLT DPNQBSFE XJUI OPO)JTQBOJD XIJUFT BOEPS FYJDBO NFSJDBOT PUBCMZ13 OPO)JTQBOJD CMBDLT IBE TVCTUBOUJBMMZ MPXFS QMBTNB DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG NZSJTUJD 4 BOE NZSJTUPMFJD 6 BDJE UIBO OPO)JTQBOJD XIJUFT PS FYJDBO NFSJDBOT 5BCMFT B BOE B PS 1613 UIF QJDUVSF XBT NJYFE XJUI FBDI SBDFFUIOJD HSPVQ IBWJOH IJHIFS PS MPXFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT PG BU MFBTU POF 16 DPNQBSFE XJUI POF PS CPUI SBDFFUIOJD HSPVQT
198198 22ndnd Nat National Rional Reporeport on Biochemict on Biochemical Indical Indicatorators of Diet and Nutrs of Diet and Nutritition in the Uion in the USS P Populatopulationion
1991 Water-Soluble Vitamins 1992 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
200 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population200 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
14a
1 P
lasm
a m
yris
tic
acid
(14
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
119
(113
ndash 1
25)
425
(39
9 ndash
451
)48
1(4
62
ndash 50
5)
116
(108
ndash 1
23)
308
(282
ndash 3
53)
392
(360
ndash 4
38)
179
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
110
(104
ndash 1
17)
390
(31
1 ndash
425
)45
0(4
25
ndash 46
8)
106
(99
0 ndash
118)
301
(252
ndash 3
70)
370
(330
ndash 5
33)
603
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
126
(117
ndash 1
36)
462
(41
4 ndash
479
)51
8(4
72
ndash 56
4)
120
(109
ndash 1
32)
329
(287
ndash 4
01)
410
(383
ndash 4
81)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er12
1(1
12 ndash
131
)44
5(3
79
ndash 47
5)
502
(46
3 ndash
545
)12
0(1
12 ndash
127
)30
0(2
43 ndash
366
)32
9(3
07 ndash
426
)67
9G
ende
rM
ales
120
(112
ndash 1
29)
406
(34
0 ndash
451
)47
6(4
48
ndash 52
6)
118
(105
ndash 1
29)
320
(285
ndash 3
84)
414
(366
ndash 5
08)
856
Fem
ales
117
(111
ndash 1
24)
446
(39
5 ndash
459
)48
3(4
59
ndash 50
8)
115
(107
ndash 1
21)
303
(258
ndash 3
59)
365
(325
ndash 4
34)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s12
6(1
10 ndash
144
)41
6dagger
(39
1 ndash
475
)48
5(4
06
ndash 52
3)
124
(108
ndash 1
44)
342
(304
ndash 4
70)
408dagger
(349
ndash 1
810
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks85
8(7
89
ndash 93
3)
328
dagger(2
79
ndash 38
3)
398
(30
2 ndash
435
)84
3(7
20
ndash 95
0)
223
(178
ndash 2
83)
261dagger
(229
ndash 4
10)
309
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s12
3(1
16 ndash
131
)45
6(3
84
ndash 47
8)
509
(46
5 ndash
558
)11
9(1
10 ndash
127
)31
0(2
86 ndash
364
)39
6(3
58 ndash
464
)98
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0
Plas
ma
myr
istic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
200 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 214a Plasma myristic acid (140) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
myr
istic
aci
dPl
asm
a m
yris
tic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 0
50
100
150
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 201201
202 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population202 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 214a2 Plasma myristic acid (140) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 119 (113 ndash 125) 579 (552 ndash 611) 116 (108 ndash 123) 248 (237 ndash 266) 179620ndash39 years 110 (104 ndash 117) 528 (494 ndash 559) 106 (990 ndash 118) 240 (209 ndash 260) 60340ndash59 years 126 (117 ndash 136) 618 (561 ndash 660) 120 (109 ndash 132) 266 (248 ndash 294) 51460 years and older 121 (112 ndash 131) 614 (546 ndash 670) 120 (112 ndash 127) 238 (224 ndash 256) 679MalesTotal 20 years and older 120 (112 ndash 129) 588 (547 ndash 615) 118 (105 ndash 129) 260 (243 ndash 272) 85620ndash39 years 112 (102 ndash 122) 534 (476 ndash 578) 106 (935 ndash 122) 245 (209 ndash 284) 27740ndash59 years 133 (120 ndash 147) 618 (575 ndash 706) 124 (109 ndash 154) 279 (265 ndash 336) 24760 years and older 115 (106 ndash 126) 582 (473 ndash 679) 119 (112 ndash 123) 226 (201 ndash 244) 332FemalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (111 ndash 124) 566 (536 ndash 615) 115 (107 ndash 121) 242 (225 ndash 270) 94020ndash39 years 109 (101 ndash 117) 513 (492 ndash 554) 106 (959 ndash 119) 226 (193 ndash 308) 32640ndash59 years 120 (111 ndash 131) 615 (516 ndash 649) 115 (107 ndash 123) 249 (226 ndash 301) 26760 years and older 126 (114 ndash 139) 641 (510 ndash 737) 121 (109 ndash 143) 244 (227 ndash 302) 347
Table 214a3 Plasma myristic acid (140) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (110 ndash 144) 546 (492 ndash 620) 124 (108 ndash 144) 277 (244 ndash 352) 37520ndash39 years 122 (951 ndash 155) 510 (454 ndash 561) 123 (839 ndash 158) 259 (212 ndash 1990) 13240ndash59 years 133 (112 ndash 159) 612dagger (465 ndash 760) 130 (953 ndash 155) 313dagger (248 ndash 387) 9360 years and older 135 (124 ndash 146) 680 (642 ndash 751) 133 (112 ndash 160) 252 (224 ndash 315) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (102 ndash 156) 563 (496 ndash 624) 123 (959 ndash 153) 282 (228 ndash 410) 18820ndash39 years 123 (864 ndash 175) 518dagger (466 ndash 572) 123 (678 ndash 214) 274dagger (202 ndash 556) 6740ndash59 years 136 (104 ndash 179) 685dagger (541 ndash 827) 125 (905 ndash 177) 305dagger (201 ndash 721) 4860 years and older 117 (104 ndash 131) 656dagger (482 ndash 714) 117 (104 ndash 135) 199dagger (164 ndash 390) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (110 ndash 145) 514 (407 ndash 653) 127 (108 ndash 152) 268 (240 ndash 339) 18720ndash39 years 119 (929 ndash 153) 505dagger (397 ndash 661) 121 (936 ndash 150) 245dagger (173 ndash 2410) 6540ndash59 years 130 (995 ndash 169) 500dagger (369 ndash 746) 134 (831 ndash 193) 313dagger (248 ndash 460) 4560 years and older 154 (131 ndash 180) 816dagger (545 ndash 951) 153 (120 ndash 195) 274dagger (228 ndash 391) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2031 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2032 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 214a4 Plasma myristic acid (140) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 858 (789 ndash 933) 448 (380 ndash 501) 843 (720 ndash 950) 161 (146 ndash 201) 30920ndash39 years 819 (727 ndash 922) 436 (337 ndash 481) 767 (669 ndash 921) 149 (128 ndash 249) 12540ndash59 years 919 (828 ndash 102) 445dagger (284 ndash 516) 934 (825 ndash 106) 184dagger (150 ndash 249) 9860 years and older 849 (763 ndash 945) 469dagger (362 ndash 587) 797 (718 ndash 952) 154dagger (129 ndash 188) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 873 (766 ndash 994) 409 (318 ndash 466) 853 (672 ndash 987) 170 (148 ndash 270) 14220ndash39 years 827 (677 ndash 101) 397dagger (285 ndash 470) 716 (615 ndash 101) 167dagger (128 ndash 466) 5740ndash59 years 988 (788 ndash 124) 412dagger (292 ndash 557) 978 (840 ndash 115) 229dagger (148 ndash 479) 4260 years and older 780 (642 ndash 946) 437dagger (360 ndash 528) 674 (589 ndash 104) 143dagger (121 ndash 187) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 847 (762 ndash 942) 465 (392 ndash 518) 830 (692 ndash 991) 153 (135 ndash 189) 16720ndash39 years 812 (724 ndash 912) 442dagger (339 ndash 515) 788 (646 ndash 987) 144dagger (110 ndash 259) 6840ndash59 years 870 (722 ndash 105) 466dagger (278 ndash 515) 865 (648 ndash 106) 160dagger (123 ndash 690) 5660 years and older 896 (783 ndash 103) 535dagger (398 ndash 638) 826 (735 ndash 103) 158dagger (120 ndash 194) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 214a5 Plasma myristic acid (140) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 123 (116 ndash 131) 616 (562 ndash 655) 119 (110 ndash 127) 250 (236 ndash 280) 98220ndash39 years 118 (110 ndash 126) 569 (501 ndash 640) 115 (103 ndash 123) 244 (216 ndash 303) 29440ndash59 years 127 (115 ndash 140) 638 (564 ndash 691) 120 (108 ndash 136) 266 (238 ndash 299) 27960 years and older 124 (114 ndash 136) 618 (535 ndash 708) 121 (116 ndash 134) 241 (225 ndash 301) 409MalesTotal 20 years and older 126 (115 ndash 137) 615 (560 ndash 672) 121 (107 ndash 141) 263 (243 ndash 273) 46520ndash39 years 119 (107 ndash 133) 583 (354 ndash 670) 115 (982 ndash 140) 245 (206 ndash 337) 12440ndash59 years 134 (120 ndash 151) 656 (578 ndash 723) 124 (108 ndash 163) 272 (264 ndash 317) 13960 years and older 120 (108 ndash 134) 588 (467 ndash 723) 121 (115 ndash 127) 229 (203 ndash 262) 202FemalesTotal 20 years and older 121 (114 ndash 128) 615 (556 ndash 642) 118 (110 ndash 123) 247 (223 ndash 303) 51720ndash39 years 116 (104 ndash 129) 555 (489 ndash 633) 114 (973 ndash 128) 240 (197 ndash 361) 17040ndash59 years 121 (108 ndash 135) 622 (483 ndash 690) 115 (104 ndash 123) 237 (195 ndash 399) 14060 years and older 128 (114 ndash 145) 641 (476 ndash 747) 124 (110 ndash 146) 248 (229 ndash 314) 207
204 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population204 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
15a
1 P
lasm
a pa
lmit
ic a
cid
(16
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
271
0(2
640
ndash 2
780
)1
570
(14
20 ndash
16
10)
169
0(1
610
ndash 1
770
)2
630
(25
40 ndash
27
30)
471
0(4
500
ndash 5
030
)5
370
(51
80 ndash
56
30)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
254
0(2
470
ndash 2
610
)1
440
(13
30 ndash
15
50)
159
0(1
480
ndash 1
670
)2
450
(23
80 ndash
25
40)
455
0(4
000
ndash 5
330
)5
340
(47
40 ndash
68
60)
609
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
278
0(2
680
ndash 2
880
)1
600
(13
30 ndash
17
50)
183
0(1
650
ndash 1
910
)2
650
(25
30 ndash
28
00)
475
0(4
560
ndash 5
320
)5
410
(52
60 ndash
57
60)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
890
(27
90 ndash
29
90)
175
0(1
610
ndash 1
860
)1
910
(17
60 ndash
19
70)
282
0(2
740
ndash 2
940
)4
630
(43
90 ndash
51
60)
522
0(4
830
ndash 5
790
)68
2G
ende
rM
ales
270
0(2
590
ndash 2
810
)1
560
(13
80 ndash
16
50)
167
0(1
570
ndash 1
790
)2
610
(25
00 ndash
27
10)
473
0(4
400
ndash 5
320
)5
630
(50
90 ndash
60
90)
863
Fem
ales
272
0(2
640
ndash 2
800
)1
570
(14
00 ndash
16
10)
171
0(1
660
ndash 1
780
)2
640
(25
40 ndash
27
60)
466
0(4
450
ndash 5
270
)5
350
(49
70 ndash
55
00)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s2
880
(27
10 ndash
30
50)
150
0dagger(1
310
ndash 1
710
)1
750
(15
00 ndash
18
30)
275
0(2
620
ndash 2
970
)5
430
(45
80 ndash
63
10)
598
0dagger(5
640
ndash 6
380
)37
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks2
450
(23
40 ndash
25
70)
154
0dagger(1
250
ndash 1
580
)1
590
(13
20 ndash
17
30)
233
0(2
240
ndash 2
480
)4
020
(36
10 ndash
45
10)
457
0dagger(4
050
ndash 8
480
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
272
0(2
630
ndash 2
810
)1
570
(13
80 ndash
16
10)
169
0(1
600
ndash 1
780
)2
650
(25
50 ndash
27
30)
472
0(4
430
ndash 5
270
)5
350
(49
30 ndash
56
40)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 215a Plasma palmitic acid (160) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
Plas
ma
palm
itic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
0
1000
20
00
3000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 205205
206 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population206 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 215a2 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2710 (2640 ndash 2780) 1890 (1820 ndash 1930) 2630 (2540 ndash 2730) 3990 (3820 ndash 4360) 180520ndash39 years 2540 (2470 ndash 2610) 1750 (1660 ndash 1810) 2450 (2380 ndash 2540) 3790 (3540 ndash 4260) 60940ndash59 years 2780 (2680 ndash 2880) 1950 (1910 ndash 1990) 2650 (2530 ndash 2800) 4160 (3840 ndash 4570) 51460 years and older 2890 (2790 ndash 2990) 2050 (1960 ndash 2140) 2820 (2740 ndash 2940) 4050 (3840 ndash 4430) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 2700 (2590 ndash 2810) 1880 (1760 ndash 1920) 2610 (2500 ndash 2710) 4010 (3790 ndash 4430) 86320ndash39 years 2540 (2400 ndash 2690) 1740 (1580 ndash 1820) 2470 (2340 ndash 2600) 3690 (3420 ndash 4540) 28240ndash59 years 2840 (2690 ndash 3000) 1950 (1890 ndash 2010) 2700 (2480 ndash 2870) 4420 (4030 ndash 4760) 24760 years and older 2750 (2640 ndash 2860) 1960 (1820 ndash 2070) 2730 (2620 ndash 2830) 3790 (3530 ndash 4380) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2720 (2640 ndash 2800) 1920 (1820 ndash 1970) 2640 (2540 ndash 2760) 3960 (3810 ndash 4370) 94220ndash39 years 2530 (2440 ndash 2640) 1760 (1670 ndash 1840) 2440 (2350 ndash 2580) 3870 (3510 ndash 4530) 32740ndash59 years 2730 (2620 ndash 2840) 1960 (1820 ndash 2090) 2590 (2530 ndash 2760) 3850 (3620 ndash 4630) 26760 years and older 3010 (2870 ndash 3150) 2180 (2050 ndash 2230) 2950 (2760 ndash 3150) 4340 (4000 ndash 4570) 348
Table 215a3 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2880 (2710 ndash 3050) 1900 (1720 ndash 2050) 2750 (2620 ndash 2970) 4540 (4130 ndash 5550) 37420ndash39 years 2730 (2510 ndash 2970) 1820 (1390 ndash 1970) 2700 (2350 ndash 2890) 4410 (3700 ndash 5680) 13140ndash59 years 3090 (2820 ndash 3380) 2000dagger (1480 ndash 2330) 2840 (2610 ndash 3290) 4940dagger (4130 ndash 6470) 9360 years and older 3140 (3010 ndash 3280) 2250 (1970 ndash 2420) 3150 (3010 ndash 3300) 4530 (3910 ndash 5350) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 2850 (2580 ndash 3160) 1890 (1570 ndash 2010) 2690 (2510 ndash 3180) 4500 (4020 ndash 5950) 18820ndash39 years 2730 (2320 ndash 3220) 1770dagger (1460 ndash 1940) 2540 (2090 ndash 3270) 4400dagger (3600 ndash 6350) 6740ndash59 years 3110 (2670 ndash 3630) 1950dagger (1790 ndash 2530) 2830 (2580 ndash 3400) 4580dagger (3880 ndash 7970) 4860 years and older 2910 (2740 ndash 3080) 2090dagger (1500 ndash 2420) 2900 (2580 ndash 3230) 3810dagger (3500 ndash 5010) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2900 (2660 ndash 3170) 1930 (1330 ndash 2180) 2790 (2450 ndash 3280) 4570 (4060 ndash 5360) 18620ndash39 years 2730 (2430 ndash 3070) 1840dagger (1300 ndash 2150) 2740 (2230 ndash 3080) 4330dagger (3560 ndash 6760) 6440ndash59 years 3060 (2650 ndash 3530) 2050dagger (1480 ndash 2330) 2890 (2460 ndash 3500) 4950dagger (3540 ndash 6010) 4560 years and older 3370 (3050 ndash 3740) 2370dagger (2060 ndash 2540) 3370 (2780 ndash 3790) 5020dagger (4210 ndash 6170) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2071 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2072 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 215a4 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2340 ndash 2570) 1750 (1600 ndash 1830) 2330 (2240 ndash 2480) 3430 (3330 ndash 3630) 31020ndash39 years 2350 (2170 ndash 2530) 1680 (1410 ndash 1810) 2190 (2070 ndash 2480) 3390 (3140 ndash 3730) 12640ndash59 years 2520 (2370 ndash 2680) 1790dagger (1620 ndash 1890) 2350 (2270 ndash 2590) 3430dagger (3370 ndash 4090) 9860 years and older 2620 (2490 ndash 2760) 2030dagger (1870 ndash 2180) 2510 (2430 ndash 2760) 3450dagger (3280 ndash 3770) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2280 ndash 2640) 1690 (1550 ndash 1810) 2340 (2180 ndash 2500) 3550 (3170 ndash 4270) 14320ndash39 years 2320 (2080 ndash 2600) 1570dagger (1310 ndash 1770) 2140 (1930 ndash 2710) 3410dagger (2940 ndash 9940) 5840ndash59 years 2620 (2330 ndash 2940) 1770dagger (1380 ndash 1950) 2370 (2290 ndash 2620) 4060dagger (2900 ndash 8390) 4260 years and older 2520 (2260 ndash 2820) 1740dagger (1640 ndash 1910) 2440 (2150 ndash 2980) 3290dagger (3000 ndash 4330) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2450 (2300 ndash 2620) 1800 (1690 ndash 1870) 2330 (2230 ndash 2570) 3380 (3210 ndash 3680) 16720ndash39 years 2370 (2170 ndash 2580) 1700dagger (1390 ndash 1850) 2230 (2030 ndash 2590) 3350dagger (3110 ndash 4210) 6840ndash59 years 2450 (2230 ndash 2680) 1780dagger (1260 ndash 1940) 2330 (2140 ndash 2650) 3370dagger (2930 ndash 6230) 5660 years and older 2690 (2520 ndash 2870) 2180dagger (1950 ndash 2240) 2530 (2400 ndash 2790) 3510dagger (3260 ndash 4220) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 215a5 Plasma palmitic acid (160) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2720 (2630 ndash 2810) 1900 (1800 ndash 1950) 2650 (2550 ndash 2730) 3960 (3810 ndash 4420) 99120ndash39 years 2550 (2450 ndash 2640) 1720 (1600 ndash 1810) 2450 (2370 ndash 2590) 3790 (3510 ndash 4490) 30040ndash59 years 2750 (2630 ndash 2870) 1950 (1900 ndash 1990) 2640 (2500 ndash 2800) 4040 (3790 ndash 4700) 27960 years and older 2910 (2790 ndash 3030) 2040 (1950 ndash 2140) 2840 (2730 ndash 2990) 4150 (3840 ndash 4520) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 2700 (2580 ndash 2840) 1890 (1750 ndash 1940) 2630 (2500 ndash 2740) 3960 (3770 ndash 4500) 47120ndash39 years 2530 (2360 ndash 2720) 1680 (1540 ndash 1800) 2460 (2350 ndash 2620) 3630 (3260 ndash 5810) 12840ndash59 years 2810 (2630 ndash 2990) 1950 (1890 ndash 2010) 2700 (2460 ndash 2930) 4280 (3850 ndash 4740) 13960 years and older 2780 (2640 ndash 2920) 1950 (1760 ndash 2070) 2750 (2600 ndash 2930) 3830 (3530 ndash 4690) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2730 (2640 ndash 2820) 1920 (1810 ndash 1970) 2650 (2550 ndash 2770) 3970 (3810 ndash 4500) 52020ndash39 years 2560 (2410 ndash 2710) 1740 (1600 ndash 1870) 2440 (2280 ndash 2690) 3890 (3490 ndash 4960) 17240ndash59 years 2690 (2570 ndash 2830) 1940 (1720 ndash 2110) 2580 (2530 ndash 2710) 3780 (3510 ndash 4690) 14060 years and older 3020 (2860 ndash 3200) 2140 (2010 ndash 2250) 2960 (2750 ndash 3210) 4440 (4030 ndash 4660) 208
208 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population208 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
16a
1 P
lasm
a st
eari
c ac
id (1
80)
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
692
(678
ndash 7
06)
432
(411
ndash 4
44)
471
(440
ndash 4
84)
684
(663
ndash 7
05)
104
0(1
020
ndash 1
100
)1
180
(11
30 ndash
12
70)
180
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
649
(635
ndash 6
64)
420
(362
ndash 4
37)
444
(422
ndash 4
68)
638
(624
ndash 6
59)
998
(922
ndash 1
120
)1
150
(10
30 ndash
14
70)
609
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
718
(698
ndash 7
38)
430
(383
ndash 4
73)
481
(426
ndash 5
24)
711
(682
ndash 7
33)
110
0(1
040
ndash 1
160
)1
210
(11
30 ndash
13
50)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er72
4(7
03 ndash
746
)47
1(4
30 ndash
489
)51
1(4
73 ndash
534
)73
1(6
97 ndash
763
)1
030
(976
ndash 1
120
)1
130
(10
40 ndash
13
10)
682
Gen
der
Mal
es69
0(6
71 ndash
710
)43
3(4
08 ndash
469
)47
2(4
40 ndash
483
)67
3(6
44 ndash
711
)1
090
(10
30 ndash
12
00)
128
0(1
170
ndash 1
360
)86
4Fe
mal
es69
4(6
77 ndash
712
)42
1(3
99 ndash
441
)46
2(4
33 ndash
489
)68
9(6
67 ndash
712
)1
030
(975
ndash 1
080
)1
140
(10
80 ndash
11
90)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s71
0(6
77 ndash
745
)44
0dagger(4
11 ndash
467
)47
5(4
34 ndash
492
)71
0(6
66 ndash
748
)1
150
(10
30 ndash
13
20)
121
0dagger(1
170
ndash 1
330
)37
4N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks67
6(6
55 ndash
697
)44
0dagger(3
56 ndash
471
)47
3(4
35 ndash
495
)66
9(6
45 ndash
693
)96
1(9
01 ndash
11
30)
113
0dagger(9
98 ndash
20
10)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s69
2(6
76 ndash
709
)42
1(4
08 ndash
441
)46
5(4
30 ndash
485
)68
6(6
63 ndash
709
)1
040
(10
20 ndash
10
90)
117
0(1
090
ndash 1
270
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
0 10
00
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
1000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 216a Plasma stearic acid (180) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
Plas
ma
stea
ric a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
0 10
00
0 50
0
20minus39 40minus59
Females
60+ 20minus39 40minus59
Males
60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39
Age (years)
40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59
Age (years)
60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 209209
210 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population210 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 216a2 Plasma stearic acid (180) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 692 (678 ndash 706) 515 (489 ndash 531) 684 (663 ndash 705) 939 (914 ndash 963) 180620ndash39 years 649 (635 ndash 664) 484 (468 ndash 498) 638 (624 ndash 659) 870 (831 ndash 932) 60940ndash59 years 718 (698 ndash 738) 545 (520 ndash 557) 711 (682 ndash 733) 989 (955 ndash 1030) 51560 years and older 724 (703 ndash 746) 552 (538 ndash 567) 731 (697 ndash 763) 930 (893 ndash 976) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 690 (671 ndash 710) 509 (483 ndash 527) 673 (644 ndash 711) 967 (930 ndash 1010) 86420ndash39 years 660 (636 ndash 686) 484 (469 ndash 504) 643 (615 ndash 672) 888 (831 ndash 1010) 28240ndash59 years 728 (697 ndash 761) 548 (520 ndash 571) 711 (646 ndash 752) 1020 (997 ndash 1040) 24860 years and older 679 (656 ndash 703) 514 (472 ndash 546) 679 (659 ndash 718) 874 (825 ndash 960) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 694 (677 ndash 712) 522 (484 ndash 543) 689 (667 ndash 712) 916 (892 ndash 951) 94220ndash39 years 639 (620 ndash 658) 483 (454 ndash 504) 635 (622 ndash 658) 849 (817 ndash 919) 32740ndash59 years 709 (685 ndash 733) 532 (478 ndash 566) 710 (687 ndash 733) 934 (900 ndash 990) 26760 years and older 763 (736 ndash 790) 617 (573 ndash 628) 763 (735 ndash 786) 971 (914 ndash 1020) 348
Table 216a3 Plasma stearic acid (180) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 710 (677 ndash 745) 503 (485 ndash 528) 710 (666 ndash 748) 997 (921 ndash 1160) 37420ndash39 years 678 (632 ndash 727) 492 (464 ndash 510) 664 (594 ndash 755) 971 (801 ndash 1330) 13140ndash59 years 756 (710 ndash 806) 534dagger (457 ndash 587) 746 (714 ndash 770) 1060dagger (915 ndash 1470) 9360 years and older 776 (735 ndash 820) 602 (491 ndash 646) 767 (720 ndash 815) 1060 (961 ndash 1180) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 705 (651 ndash 764) 501 (480 ndash 522) 690 (611 ndash 766) 1030 (919 ndash 1210) 18820ndash39 years 682 (596 ndash 779) 492dagger (456 ndash 508) 647 (540 ndash 805) 1040dagger (830 ndash 1330) 6740ndash59 years 753 (675 ndash 841) 529dagger (469 ndash 595) 725 (656 ndash 815) 1010dagger (911 ndash 1490) 4860 years and older 726 (678 ndash 776) 593dagger (457 ndash 610) 720 (658 ndash 783) 896dagger (832 ndash 1300) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 716 (677 ndash 758) 514 (443 ndash 559) 730 (669 ndash 777) 996 (885 ndash 1140) 18620ndash39 years 673 (620 ndash 732) 481dagger (340 ndash 555) 678 (629 ndash 751) 835dagger (791 ndash 1140) 6440ndash59 years 759 (696 ndash 828) 519dagger (439 ndash 624) 756 (700 ndash 819) 1070dagger (859 ndash 1410) 4560 years and older 826 (760 ndash 897) 624dagger (541 ndash 652) 810 (736 ndash 903) 1100dagger (1050 ndash 1250) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2111 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2112 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 216a4 Plasma stearic acid (180) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 676 (655 ndash 697) 509 (458 ndash 540) 669 (645 ndash 693) 886 (835 ndash 941) 31020ndash39 years 645 (610 ndash 682) 483 (435 ndash 514) 641 (587 ndash 672) 887 (808 ndash 945) 12640ndash59 years 706 (675 ndash 738) 542dagger (477 ndash 567) 693 (664 ndash 710) 908dagger (833 ndash 1120) 9860 years and older 705 (681 ndash 729) 561dagger (511 ndash 615) 711 (692 ndash 753) 834dagger (806 ndash 886) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 678 (645 ndash 713) 483 (455 ndash 524) 663 (618 ndash 696) 925 (854 ndash 1110) 14320ndash39 years 651 (602 ndash 704) 461dagger (422 ndash 517) 619 (569 ndash 687) 897dagger (803 ndash 2540) 5840ndash59 years 726 (665 ndash 792) 544dagger (475 ndash 557) 676 (621 ndash 738) 1010dagger (877 ndash 1670) 4260 years and older 662 (608 ndash 720) 503dagger (334 ndash 555) 673 (615 ndash 738) 830dagger (782 ndash 974) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 674 (649 ndash 699) 514 (354 ndash 567) 674 (644 ndash 702) 834 (789 ndash 1030) 16720ndash39 years 639 (604 ndash 677) 496dagger (446 ndash 515) 645 (594 ndash 667) 833dagger (715 ndash 1090) 6840ndash59 years 691 (651 ndash 733) 526dagger (353 ndash 589) 693 (643 ndash 710) 826dagger (774 ndash 2490) 5660 years and older 733 (710 ndash 757) 638dagger (558 ndash 668) 718 (696 ndash 779) 842dagger (800 ndash 885) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 216a5 Plasma stearic acid (180) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 692 (676 ndash 709) 515 (484 ndash 533) 686 (663 ndash 709) 940 (913 ndash 973) 99220ndash39 years 648 (627 ndash 669) 481 (441 ndash 507) 635 (614 ndash 661) 853 (823 ndash 953) 30040ndash59 years 710 (689 ndash 733) 540 (494 ndash 565) 705 (675 ndash 727) 969 (946 ndash 1020) 28060 years and older 726 (700 ndash 753) 546 (524 ndash 566) 733 (695 ndash 770) 940 (900 ndash 1020) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 691 (669 ndash 715) 512 (480 ndash 533) 678 (644 ndash 720) 959 (919 ndash 1010) 47220ndash39 years 662 (629 ndash 696) 484 (433 ndash 513) 654 (615 ndash 675) 844 (810 ndash 1250) 12840ndash59 years 723 (691 ndash 757) 558 (513 ndash 576) 709 (640 ndash 749) 1020 (975 ndash 1040) 14060 years and older 681 (653 ndash 711) 508 (471 ndash 545) 687 (652 ndash 726) 880 (819 ndash 1030) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 693 (673 ndash 713) 516 (481 ndash 537) 689 (664 ndash 713) 923 (899 ndash 954) 52020ndash39 years 636 (607 ndash 666) 460 (427 ndash 510) 627 (608 ndash 658) 874 (818 ndash 1000) 17240ndash59 years 698 (672 ndash 725) 519 (441 ndash 554) 699 (675 ndash 730) 934 (902 ndash 966) 14060 years and older 766 (733 ndash 801) 611 (543 ndash 630) 767 (735 ndash 801) 981 (911 ndash 1050) 208
212 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population212 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
17a
1 P
lasm
a ar
achi
dic
acid
(20
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
234
(23
0 ndash
239
)15
1(1
44
ndash 15
5)
162
(15
4 ndash
167
)23
2(2
29
ndash 23
6)
336
(32
5 ndash
359
)36
7(3
50
ndash 39
1)
175
7A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
222
(21
6 ndash
229
)14
8(1
33
ndash 15
2)
156
(15
0 ndash
162
)22
1(2
14
ndash 23
0)
316
(30
3 ndash
340
)33
9(3
24
ndash 36
6)
592
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
239
(23
3 ndash
245
)15
4(1
44
ndash 16
3)
168
(15
6 ndash
175
)23
5(2
29
ndash 24
2)
340
(32
4 ndash
368
)36
9(3
42
ndash 43
6)
500
60 y
ears
and
old
er24
8(2
41
ndash 25
4)
156
(13
7 ndash
163
)16
7(1
56
ndash 18
0)
249
(23
8 ndash
257
)36
1(3
38
ndash 38
6)
386
(36
5 ndash
422
)66
5G
ende
rM
ales
223
(21
8 ndash
228
)14
4(1
27
ndash 15
2)
155
(14
5 ndash
163
)22
0(2
17
ndash 22
3)
320
(31
4 ndash
328
)33
8(3
25
ndash 36
4)
843
Fem
ales
245
(23
9 ndash
251
)15
9(1
50
ndash 16
5)
169
(16
1 ndash
177
)24
3(2
37
ndash 25
1)
357
(33
6 ndash
384
)38
5(3
64
ndash 42
2)
914
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s22
5(2
13
ndash 23
8)
135
dagger(1
14
ndash 15
6)
156
(12
7 ndash
168
)22
4(2
11
ndash 23
7)
327
(31
2 ndash
355
)35
1dagger
(33
2 ndash
410
)36
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks23
2(2
21
ndash 24
3)
146
dagger(9
41
ndash 15
3)
154
(13
6 ndash
167
)22
7(2
19
ndash 23
5)
334
(31
2 ndash
408
)35
9dagger
(33
6 ndash
766
)30
7N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
236
(23
0 ndash
242
)15
3(1
41
ndash 15
8)
163
(15
3 ndash
168
)23
5(2
29
ndash 24
0)
341
(32
6 ndash
369
)37
5(3
56
ndash 39
5)
962
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
20 30
Plas
ma
arac
hidi
c ac
id(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
30
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 217a Plasma arachidic acid (200) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
arac
hidi
c ac
idPl
asm
a ar
achi
dic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30
0 1
0 20
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 213213
214 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population214 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 217a2 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 234 (230 ndash 239) 176 (169 ndash 181) 232 (229 ndash 236) 312 (304 ndash 321) 175720ndash39 years 222 (216 ndash 229) 166 (160 ndash 172) 221 (214 ndash 230) 295 (287 ndash 306) 59240ndash59 years 239 (233 ndash 245) 183 (175 ndash 188) 235 (229 ndash 242) 314 (302 ndash 329) 50060 years and older 248 (241 ndash 254) 185 (180 ndash 191) 249 (238 ndash 257) 329 (319 ndash 342) 665MalesTotal 20 years and older 223 (218 ndash 228) 168 (160 ndash 175) 220 (217 ndash 223) 296 (290 ndash 310) 84320ndash39 years 214 (206 ndash 223) 164 (152 ndash 171) 210 (205 ndash 218) 281 (261 ndash 316) 27540ndash59 years 231 (222 ndash 239) 174 (166 ndash 180) 227 (220 ndash 238) 311 (292 ndash 321) 24160 years and older 226 (221 ndash 230) 168 (158 ndash 181) 224 (218 ndash 230) 294 (289 ndash 304) 327FemalesTotal 20 years and older 245 (239 ndash 251) 187 (180 ndash 190) 243 (237 ndash 251) 323 (312 ndash 336) 91420ndash39 years 231 (223 ndash 239) 169 (162 ndash 185) 234 (226 ndash 238) 301 (292 ndash 312) 31740ndash59 years 246 (241 ndash 252) 189 (183 ndash 193) 242 (235 ndash 253) 326 (307 ndash 344) 25960 years and older 267 (258 ndash 277) 201 (188 ndash 212) 269 (257 ndash 281) 354 (332 ndash 381) 338
Table 217a3 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 225 (213 ndash 238) 169 (153 ndash 182) 224 (211 ndash 237) 296 (279 ndash 331) 36720ndash39 years 222 (208 ndash 236) 165 (124 ndash 183) 218 (206 ndash 236) 295 (271 ndash 361) 13040ndash59 years 230 (211 ndash 250) 169dagger (139 ndash 187) 230 (214 ndash 252) 306dagger (274 ndash 416) 9160 years and older 227 (212 ndash 244) 174 (146 ndash 187) 229 (218 ndash 242) 293 (274 ndash 341) 146MalesTotal 20 years and older 221 (206 ndash 237) 168 (937 ndash 183) 224 (205 ndash 238) 283 (269 ndash 327) 18520ndash39 years 219 (202 ndash 239) 166dagger (117 ndash 190) 217 (196 ndash 239) 276dagger (245 ndash 363) 6640ndash59 years 224 (199 ndash 253) 159dagger (125 ndash 191) 230 (194 ndash 254) 293dagger (268 ndash 319) 4760 years and older 216 (195 ndash 240) 158dagger (937 ndash 187) 219 (202 ndash 247) 278dagger (255 ndash 327) 72FemalesTotal 20 years and older 230 (216 ndash 245) 168 (159 ndash 185) 225 (213 ndash 240) 310 (283 ndash 430) 18220ndash39 years 225 (206 ndash 245) 164dagger (129 ndash 185) 218 (202 ndash 239) 297dagger (273 ndash 437) 6440ndash59 years 236 (216 ndash 258) 173dagger (156 ndash 192) 228 (213 ndash 253) 318dagger (275 ndash 416) 4460 years and older 238 (219 ndash 259) 185dagger (131 ndash 206) 239 (222 ndash 245) 302dagger (272 ndash 401) 74dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2151 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2152 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 217a4 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 232 (221 ndash 243) 174 (159 ndash 184) 227 (219 ndash 235) 310 (293 ndash 331) 30720ndash39 years 225 (213 ndash 238) 170 (137 ndash 185) 220 (214 ndash 228) 305 (280 ndash 340) 12440ndash59 years 242 (226 ndash 258) 170dagger (153 ndash 191) 235 (225 ndash 252) 319dagger (294 ndash 359) 9860 years and older 232 (217 ndash 247) 183dagger (154 ndash 188) 229 (211 ndash 256) 295dagger (283 ndash 356) 85MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (212 ndash 237) 159 (117 ndash 182) 215 (207 ndash 228) 312 (290 ndash 358) 14220ndash39 years 214 (192 ndash 239) 149dagger (113 ndash 183) 207 (186 ndash 224) 312dagger (232 ndash 713) 5740ndash59 years 243 (217 ndash 271) 161dagger (147 ndash 197) 231 (213 ndash 265) 317dagger (294 ndash 486) 4260 years and older 216 (202 ndash 231) 155dagger (859 ndash 184) 212 (203 ndash 241) 279dagger (256 ndash 338) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 238 (226 ndash 251) 184 (162 ndash 199) 234 (222 ndash 251) 303 (287 ndash 348) 16520ndash39 years 234 (220 ndash 250) 187dagger (149 ndash 205) 228 (219 ndash 253) 295dagger (278 ndash 325) 6740ndash59 years 241 (227 ndash 256) 170dagger (148 ndash 205) 236 (218 ndash 258) 318dagger (277 ndash 549) 5660 years and older 242 (215 ndash 271) 186dagger (143 ndash 206) 239 (198 ndash 295) 299dagger (293 ndash 371) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 217a5 Plasma arachidic acid (200) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 236 (230 ndash 242) 176 (167 ndash 184) 235 (229 ndash 240) 316 (306 ndash 326) 96220ndash39 years 222 (213 ndash 231) 165 (154 ndash 170) 220 (209 ndash 235) 296 (283 ndash 313) 29040ndash59 years 238 (231 ndash 246) 184 (174 ndash 193) 234 (229 ndash 241) 315 (299 ndash 343) 27060 years and older 252 (246 ndash 259) 190 (180 ndash 194) 253 (244 ndash 264) 335 (322 ndash 356) 402MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (217 ndash 230) 167 (161 ndash 176) 220 (217 ndash 224) 298 (290 ndash 312) 46020ndash39 years 212 (201 ndash 224) 163 (136 ndash 170) 208 (199 ndash 220) 285 (258 ndash 321) 12540ndash59 years 230 (219 ndash 242) 176 (156 ndash 186) 225 (219 ndash 238) 311 (289 ndash 324) 13660 years and older 229 (223 ndash 235) 169 (161 ndash 183) 228 (221 ndash 235) 296 (290 ndash 316) 199FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (240 ndash 257) 187 (177 ndash 191) 248 (238 ndash 257) 329 (314 ndash 356) 50220ndash39 years 230 (219 ndash 243) 167 (159 ndash 177) 236 (223 ndash 244) 301 (293 ndash 313) 16540ndash59 years 247 (240 ndash 255) 189 (182 ndash 197) 242 (233 ndash 255) 327 (305 ndash 371) 13460 years and older 274 (264 ndash 284) 209 (191 ndash 217) 276 (265 ndash 288) 360 (336 ndash 386) 203
216 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population216 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
18a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
noic
aci
d (2
20)
Con
cent
rati
ons
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
693
(67
7 ndash
710
)41
5(3
81
ndash 43
2)
452
(42
9 ndash
476
)69
5(6
80
ndash 71
4)
102
(99
0 ndash
108)
110
(106
ndash 1
17)
173
9
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s66
5(6
51
ndash 67
9)
426
(38
0 ndash
443
)46
1(4
30
ndash 48
1)
665
(65
0 ndash
685
)97
4(9
44
ndash 98
7)
999
(98
3 ndash
104)
589
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
718
(68
5 ndash
752
)41
6(2
01
ndash 45
2)
464
(40
2 ndash
495
)74
0(6
83
ndash 76
6)
105
(99
0 ndash
111)
111
(106
ndash 1
34)
496
60 y
ears
and
old
er70
2(6
82
ndash 72
4)
392
(31
7 ndash
429
)43
0(4
01
ndash 46
2)
709
(68
1 ndash
734
)10
9(1
05 ndash
114
)11
5(1
11 ndash
128
)65
4G
ende
rM
ales
658
(64
0 ndash
677
)39
3(3
42
ndash 42
4)
430
(39
7 ndash
451
)66
2(6
42
ndash 68
3)
964
(94
9 ndash
982
)10
5(9
82
ndash 11
1)83
4Fe
mal
es72
8(7
04
ndash 75
2)
434
(40
5 ndash
470
)48
4(4
51
ndash 50
3)
737
(70
7 ndash
756
)10
6(1
02 ndash
111
)11
3(1
08 ndash
128
)90
5Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
644
(61
3 ndash
677
)39
0dagger
(35
4 ndash
418
)42
0(3
74
ndash 46
5)
644
(60
9 ndash
674
)95
3(8
71
ndash 12
9)97
9dagger
(94
9 ndash
129)
367
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
696
(66
5 ndash
730
)41
1dagger
(20
8 ndash
472
)46
3(3
45
ndash 51
1)
694
(64
3 ndash
747
)10
6(1
04 ndash
107
)11
5dagger(1
07 ndash
123
)30
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
704
(68
9 ndash
720
)42
6(3
94
ndash 43
7)
469
(43
4 ndash
485
)70
9(6
94
ndash 72
8)
104
(99
2 ndash
110)
111
(108
ndash 1
21)
947
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80 100
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
(μmolL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
100 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 218a Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
Plasma do
cosano
ic acid
(μmolL)
(μmolL)
0 20
40 60
80 100
0
20
40 60
80
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 217217
218 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population218 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 218a2 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 693 (677 ndash 710) 501 (487 ndash 515) 695 (680 ndash 714) 953 (930 ndash 977) 173920ndash39 years 665 (651 ndash 679) 497 (489 ndash 510) 665 (650 ndash 685) 895 (867 ndash 936) 58940ndash59 years 718 (685 ndash 752) 519 (475 ndash 559) 740 (683 ndash 766) 964 (938 ndash 100) 49660 years and older 702 (682 ndash 724) 491 (462 ndash 507) 709 (681 ndash 734) 100 (961 ndash 105) 654MalesTotal 20 years and older 658 (640 ndash 677) 481 (451 ndash 497) 662 (642 ndash 683) 905 (882 ndash 925) 83420ndash39 years 647 (626 ndash 668) 493 (468 ndash 512) 637 (610 ndash 662) 887 (826 ndash 936) 27440ndash59 years 687 (653 ndash 722) 483 (430 ndash 514) 709 (660 ndash 745) 922 (890 ndash 969) 23860 years and older 631 (608 ndash 655) 436 (408 ndash 470) 643 (606 ndash 679) 882 (852 ndash 917) 322FemalesTotal 20 years and older 728 (704 ndash 752) 524 (504 ndash 551) 737 (707 ndash 756) 987 (961 ndash 102) 90520ndash39 years 683 (662 ndash 706) 509 (484 ndash 517) 694 (668 ndash 716) 914 (860 ndash 974) 31540ndash59 years 749 (709 ndash 791) 566 (481 ndash 583) 765 (701 ndash 806) 990 (947 ndash 108) 25860 years and older 766 (738 ndash 796) 541 (491 ndash 585) 757 (732 ndash 801) 107 (103 ndash 112) 332
Table 218a3 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 644 (613 ndash 677) 478 (417 ndash 516) 644 (609 ndash 674) 871 (815 ndash 954) 36720ndash39 years 640 (608 ndash 674) 484 (420 ndash 506) 631 (597 ndash 668) 857 (801 ndash 954) 12940ndash59 years 665 (616 ndash 718) 481dagger (355 ndash 555) 677 (643 ndash 717) 879dagger (806 ndash 106) 9160 years and older 614 (564 ndash 669) 427 (386 ndash 472) 614 (598 ndash 642) 850 (746 ndash 120) 147MalesTotal 20 years and older 640 (605 ndash 677) 482 (389 ndash 527) 644 (608 ndash 671) 852 (807 ndash 904) 18520ndash39 years 652 (622 ndash 683) 496dagger (317 ndash 552) 638 (607 ndash 669) 868dagger (775 ndash 116) 6540ndash59 years 631 (563 ndash 706) 448dagger (355 ndash 556) 650 (557 ndash 720) 814dagger (748 ndash 977) 4760 years and older 596 (535 ndash 663) 388dagger (350 ndash 430) 613 (557 ndash 651) 876dagger (680 ndash 112) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 649 (606 ndash 696) 465 (412 ndash 507) 645 (599 ndash 713) 929 (795 ndash 120) 18220ndash39 years 625 (571 ndash 684) 422dagger (382 ndash 503) 613 (551 ndash 709) 836dagger (763 ndash 973) 6440ndash59 years 707 (651 ndash 766) 534dagger (374 ndash 571) 687 (657 ndash 767) 935dagger (850 ndash 106) 4460 years and older 631 (565 ndash 706) 470dagger (340 ndash 542) 620 (579 ndash 665) 829dagger (752 ndash 116) 74dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2191 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2192 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 218a4 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 696 (665 ndash 730) 521 (468 ndash 539) 694 (643 ndash 747) 942 (914 ndash 101) 30620ndash39 years 673 (639 ndash 708) 523 (424 ndash 541) 650 (628 ndash 712) 898 (867 ndash 976) 12440ndash59 years 752 (709 ndash 797) 531dagger (429 ndash 592) 786 (717 ndash 829) 104dagger (916 ndash 118) 9860 years and older 656 (619 ndash 695) 479dagger (278 ndash 532) 654 (619 ndash 681) 913dagger (811 ndash 118) 84MalesTotal 20 years and older 661 (621 ndash 703) 476 (331 ndash 532) 646 (616 ndash 684) 902 (879 ndash 980) 14120ndash39 years 635 (583 ndash 691) 492dagger (345 ndash 537) 615 (570 ndash 661) 866dagger (767 ndash 119) 5740ndash59 years 730 (643 ndash 830) 448dagger (395 ndash 592) 745 (620 ndash 854) 935dagger (867 ndash 171) 4260 years and older 596 (540 ndash 657) 412dagger (208 ndash 478) 602 (534 ndash 670) 813dagger (730 ndash 958) 42FemalesTotal 20 years and older 725 (692 ndash 760) 538 (503 ndash 561) 739 (663 ndash 784) 997 (914 ndash 106) 16520ndash39 years 706 (655 ndash 760) 530dagger (409 ndash 570) 713 (631 ndash 799) 915dagger (883 ndash 962) 6740ndash59 years 768 (725 ndash 814) 558dagger (433 ndash 610) 804 (724 ndash 845) 105dagger (916 ndash 117) 5660 years and older 697 (627 ndash 774) 531dagger (415 ndash 558) 678 (590 ndash 767) 100dagger (790 ndash 123) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 218a5 Plasma docosanoic acid (220) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 704 (689 ndash 720) 508 (494 ndash 517) 709 (694 ndash 728) 964 (946 ndash 985) 94720ndash39 years 671 (654 ndash 688) 499 (486 ndash 512) 681 (659 ndash 695) 906 (856 ndash 966) 28840ndash59 years 723 (687 ndash 760) 521 (485 ndash 563) 743 (683 ndash 769) 965 (934 ndash 103) 26760 years and older 723 (705 ndash 741) 501 (471 ndash 530) 725 (704 ndash 746) 102 (980 ndash 108) 392MalesTotal 20 years and older 669 (648 ndash 690) 492 (465 ndash 510) 678 (654 ndash 696) 920 (887 ndash 945) 45320ndash39 years 653 (625 ndash 682) 495 (446 ndash 517) 644 (618 ndash 686) 891 (808 ndash 973) 12540ndash59 years 696 (660 ndash 734) 499 (419 ndash 550) 723 (660 ndash 752) 931 (908 ndash 968) 13460 years and older 646 (616 ndash 677) 469 (431 ndash 494) 653 (624 ndash 697) 884 (856 ndash 920) 194FemalesTotal 20 years and older 739 (712 ndash 768) 528 (498 ndash 568) 744 (717 ndash 765) 993 (961 ndash 108) 49420ndash39 years 688 (660 ndash 717) 510 (475 ndash 521) 694 (678 ndash 726) 928 (856 ndash 981) 16340ndash59 years 750 (699 ndash 804) 564 (448 ndash 591) 765 (675 ndash 817) 986 (946 ndash 110) 13360 years and older 795 (771 ndash 819) 570 (499 ndash 621) 785 (756 ndash 833) 109 (105 ndash 113) 198
220 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population220 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
19a
1 P
lasm
a lig
noce
ric
acid
(24
0) C
once
ntra
tion
sG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
540
(52
8 ndash
553
)31
2(2
95
ndash 33
0)
353
(32
7 ndash
368
)53
8(5
26
ndash 55
6)
809
(79
0 ndash
836
)87
0(8
49
ndash 90
2)
174
3A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
516
(50
3 ndash
530
)31
8(2
68
ndash 35
2)
356
(32
4 ndash
366
)51
3(4
98
ndash 52
9)
736
(71
8 ndash
786
)82
0(7
60
ndash 88
3)
583
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
564
(54
2 ndash
587
)33
2(2
87
ndash 37
6)
378
(32
9 ndash
396
)56
6(5
41
ndash 59
6)
811
(77
4 ndash
880
)86
8(8
36
ndash 94
4)
495
60 y
ears
and
old
er54
3(5
27
ndash 56
0)
291
(21
7 ndash
310
)31
6(3
00
ndash 34
2)
548
(52
4 ndash
575
)86
9(8
19
ndash 91
9)
923
(89
1 ndash
975
)66
5G
ende
rM
ales
537
(52
2 ndash
552
)30
6(2
85
ndash 33
0)
346
(30
7 ndash
377
)53
7(5
16
ndash 55
8)
808
(76
4 ndash
849
)86
1(8
45
ndash 93
1)
836
Fem
ales
544
(52
6 ndash
562
)32
4(2
98
ndash 35
0)
358
(32
6 ndash
370
)53
8(5
27
ndash 56
1)
807
(78
7 ndash
845
)87
3(8
38
ndash 91
9)
907
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s50
4(4
73
ndash 53
7)
299
dagger(1
92
ndash 32
6)
324
(28
7 ndash
360
)50
1(4
72
ndash 53
8)
764
(71
1 ndash
830
)80
7dagger
(76
9 ndash
117)
355
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
533
(50
5 ndash
562
)30
8dagger
(24
0 ndash
354
)34
8(2
70
ndash 38
0)
531
(49
6 ndash
570
)79
0(7
33
ndash 84
2)
839
dagger(7
90
ndash 11
2)30
2N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
547
(53
4 ndash
560
)31
5(2
87
ndash 33
6)
358
(33
1 ndash
372
)54
8(5
30
ndash 56
5)
814
(79
1 ndash
850
)87
2(8
51
ndash 92
1)
966
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
(μmolL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 219a Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
Plasma lig
noceric
acid
(μmolL)
(μmolL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 221221
222 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population222 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 219a2 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 540 (528 ndash 553) 390 (374 ndash 406) 538 (526 ndash 556) 742 (722 ndash 764) 174320ndash39 years 516 (503 ndash 530) 379 (366 ndash 396) 513 (498 ndash 529) 690 (665 ndash 718) 58340ndash59 years 564 (542 ndash 587) 414 (379 ndash 437) 566 (541 ndash 596) 760 (729 ndash 792) 49560 years and older 543 (527 ndash 560) 371 (336 ndash 395) 548 (524 ndash 575) 779 (764 ndash 814) 665MalesTotal 20 years and older 537 (522 ndash 552) 391 (371 ndash 410) 537 (516 ndash 558) 726 (708 ndash 748) 83620ndash39 years 531 (512 ndash 551) 395 (379 ndash 423) 521 (501 ndash 555) 709 (676 ndash 749) 27240ndash59 years 563 (536 ndash 590) 411 (347 ndash 442) 561 (535 ndash 605) 751 (717 ndash 831) 23860 years and older 503 (483 ndash 524) 336 (302 ndash 378) 504 (471 ndash 550) 702 (685 ndash 744) 326FemalesTotal 20 years and older 544 (526 ndash 562) 390 (365 ndash 416) 538 (527 ndash 561) 761 (725 ndash 784) 90720ndash39 years 501 (487 ndash 516) 366 (348 ndash 379) 502 (489 ndash 519) 673 (649 ndash 696) 31140ndash59 years 565 (539 ndash 593) 422 (390 ndash 436) 570 (535 ndash 600) 760 (722 ndash 796) 25760 years and older 578 (555 ndash 602) 399 (353 ndash 423) 585 (552 ndash 613) 828 (789 ndash 890) 339
Table 219a3 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 504 (473 ndash 537) 371 (315 ndash 395) 501 (472 ndash 538) 694 (669 ndash 737) 35520ndash39 years 501 (465 ndash 539) 371 (306 ndash 388) 492 (447 ndash 561) 687 (637 ndash 763) 12040ndash59 years 525 (475 ndash 580) 388dagger (210 ndash 445) 533 (471 ndash 596) 716dagger (658 ndash 814) 8960 years and older 467 (415 ndash 527) 330 (192 ndash 369) 471 (401 ndash 539) 664 (587 ndash 973) 146MalesTotal 20 years and older 529 (492 ndash 569) 393 (330 ndash 431) 524 (487 ndash 562) 722 (678 ndash 775) 17620ndash39 years 540 (503 ndash 581) 407dagger (378 ndash 444) 523 (481 ndash 577) 697dagger (638 ndash 848) 6140ndash59 years 527 (459 ndash 605) 367dagger (288 ndash 459) 532 (460 ndash 605) 724dagger (653 ndash 812) 4560 years and older 467 (409 ndash 534) 322dagger (192 ndash 367) 482 (384 ndash 543) 691dagger (558 ndash 891) 70FemalesTotal 20 years and older 476 (446 ndash 507) 326 (303 ndash 367) 465 (434 ndash 510) 678 (618 ndash 711) 17920ndash39 years 453 (410 ndash 500) 320dagger (298 ndash 366) 432 (379 ndash 526) 646dagger (576 ndash 787) 5940ndash59 years 522 (473 ndash 577) 392dagger (210 ndash 434) 533 (448 ndash 602) 696dagger (611 ndash 832) 4460 years and older 467 (398 ndash 548) 347dagger (254 ndash 380) 453 (394 ndash 547) 638dagger (544 ndash 973) 76dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2231 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2232 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 219a4 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 533 (505 ndash 562) 386 (354 ndash 409) 531 (496 ndash 570) 718 (703 ndash 743) 30220ndash39 years 512 (482 ndash 545) 372 (299 ndash 416) 499 (480 ndash 557) 679 (651 ndash 742) 12340ndash59 years 576 (546 ndash 608) 409dagger (339 ndash 462) 581 (542 ndash 633) 730dagger (710 ndash 857) 9560 years and older 509 (461 ndash 562) 373dagger (298 ndash 402) 508 (435 ndash 552) 741dagger (630 ndash 948) 84MalesTotal 20 years and older 534 (500 ndash 569) 388 (270 ndash 433) 528 (491 ndash 586) 718 (681 ndash 806) 14020ndash39 years 513 (472 ndash 557) 388dagger (262 ndash 435) 499 (463 ndash 559) 665dagger (631 ndash 838) 5740ndash59 years 586 (521 ndash 659) 409dagger (322 ndash 489) 601 (506 ndash 701) 738dagger (701 ndash 112) 4160 years and older 492 (445 ndash 544) 306dagger (240 ndash 409) 495 (445 ndash 547) 707dagger (623 ndash 791) 42FemalesTotal 20 years and older 532 (501 ndash 566) 382 (353 ndash 408) 533 (492 ndash 577) 720 (696 ndash 782) 16220ndash39 years 512 (477 ndash 548) 368dagger (281 ndash 411) 497 (460 ndash 574) 693dagger (653 ndash 729) 6640ndash59 years 568 (538 ndash 601) 399dagger (349 ndash 462) 566 (519 ndash 613) 722dagger (703 ndash 852) 5460 years and older 520 (450 ndash 601) 397dagger (314 ndash 404) 524 (408 ndash 620) 782dagger (620 ndash 952) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 219a5 Plasma lignoceric acid (240) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 547 (534 ndash 560) 396 (377 ndash 416) 548 (530 ndash 565) 753 (730 ndash 773) 96620ndash39 years 518 (501 ndash 536) 379 (359 ndash 412) 515 (494 ndash 539) 689 (660 ndash 726) 29340ndash59 years 567 (542 ndash 593) 420 (386 ndash 432) 570 (536 ndash 608) 764 (728 ndash 808) 27060 years and older 557 (541 ndash 573) 382 (334 ndash 410) 563 (540 ndash 586) 787 (769 ndash 823) 403MalesTotal 20 years and older 541 (525 ndash 558) 394 (361 ndash 418) 547 (518 ndash 565) 728 (705 ndash 772) 46120ndash39 years 532 (505 ndash 560) 394 (358 ndash 428) 525 (495 ndash 568) 705 (660 ndash 829) 12640ndash59 years 569 (539 ndash 600) 421 (350 ndash 447) 571 (531 ndash 618) 766 (717 ndash 859) 13560 years and older 511 (486 ndash 538) 348 (297 ndash 390) 514 (471 ndash 564) 702 (684 ndash 758) 200FemalesTotal 20 years and older 552 (531 ndash 574) 397 (366 ndash 425) 551 (530 ndash 573) 766 (742 ndash 792) 50520ndash39 years 506 (485 ndash 528) 367 (324 ndash 412) 513 (486 ndash 532) 673 (648 ndash 699) 16740ndash59 years 565 (532 ndash 599) 418 (382 ndash 431) 569 (530 ndash 620) 764 (718 ndash 812) 13560 years and older 599 (578 ndash 620) 409 (367 ndash 449) 604 (583 ndash 625) 854 (799 ndash 915) 203
224 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population224 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
20a
1 P
lasm
a m
yris
tole
ic a
cid
(14
1n-5
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
657
(60
8 ndash
709
)1
45(1
31
ndash 1
56)
179
(16
8 ndash
196
)6
50(5
90
ndash 6
99)
239
(21
4 ndash
293
)32
1(2
70
ndash 40
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
621
(56
7 ndash
680
)1
47(1
17
ndash 1
64)
176
(16
4 ndash
201
)6
05(5
34
ndash 6
75)
240
(19
3 ndash
326
)31
9(2
48
ndash 67
0)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
706
(63
0 ndash
790
)1
44(1
11
ndash 1
69)
186
(16
3 ndash
202
)6
87(6
20
ndash 7
62)
258
(21
4 ndash
346
)34
6(2
70
ndash 52
9)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er6
39(5
61
ndash 7
26)
140
(11
7 ndash
167
)1
73(1
56
ndash 1
99)
640
(55
3 ndash
745
)23
3(1
93
ndash 30
9)
269
(23
4 ndash
407
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
635
(57
0 ndash
707
)1
25(1
05
ndash 1
39)
170
(14
1 ndash
182
)6
47(5
47
ndash 7
28)
249
(22
8 ndash
297
)33
0(2
94
ndash 40
6)
865
Fem
ales
677
(62
6 ndash
732
)1
59(1
46
ndash 1
75)
194
(17
1 ndash
232
)6
51(5
96
ndash 6
96)
234
(19
9 ndash
312
)30
7(2
39
ndash 48
1)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s6
95(5
89
ndash 8
20)
153
dagger(1
02
ndash 1
80)
182
(15
1 ndash
205
)6
83(5
44
ndash 8
30)
261
(21
1 ndash
356
)33
1dagger
(27
4 ndash
684
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
91(3
50
ndash 4
38)
106
dagger(7
03 ndash
11
7)1
18(1
06
ndash 1
42)
378
(31
7 ndash
449
)12
8(1
15
ndash 21
4)
203
dagger(1
37
ndash 31
3)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s7
07(6
45
ndash 7
74)
165
(14
2 ndash
179
)2
06(1
80
ndash 2
33)
684
(62
2 ndash
746
)24
9(2
23
ndash 31
8)
327
(27
0 ndash
436
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
Plas
ma
myr
isto
leic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
15
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 220a Plasma myristoleic acid (141nndash5) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
myr
isto
leic
aci
dPl
asm
a m
yris
tole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 5
1015
0
510
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 225225
226 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population226 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 220a2 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 657 (608 ndash 709) 241 (226 ndash 259) 650 (590 ndash 699) 185 (167 ndash 205) 180820ndash39 years 621 (567 ndash 680) 233 (208 ndash 252) 605 (534 ndash 675) 169 (148 ndash 204) 61040ndash59 years 706 (630 ndash 790) 253 (220 ndash 294) 687 (620 ndash 762) 196 (180 ndash 222) 51560 years and older 639 (561 ndash 726) 243 (204 ndash 289) 640 (553 ndash 745) 173 (131 ndash 234) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 635 (570 ndash 707) 220 (201 ndash 235) 647 (547 ndash 728) 185 (165 ndash 212) 86520ndash39 years 608 (523 ndash 708) 210 (203 ndash 233) 609 (500 ndash 732) 169 (145 ndash 239) 28240ndash59 years 702 (606 ndash 812) 227 (180 ndash 281) 698 (549 ndash 866) 210 (185 ndash 262) 24860 years and older 574 (508 ndash 648) 226 (168 ndash 261) 582 (544 ndash 642) 137 (109 ndash 200) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 677 (626 ndash 732) 273 (252 ndash 296) 651 (596 ndash 696) 184 (153 ndash 216) 94320ndash39 years 634 (567 ndash 708) 262 (206 ndash 294) 591 (531 ndash 692) 172 (139 ndash 224) 32840ndash59 years 709 (637 ndash 790) 287 (239 ndash 340) 681 (629 ndash 717) 187 (138 ndash 233) 26760 years and older 697 (587 ndash 826) 291 (176 ndash 322) 689 (555 ndash 806) 200 (161 ndash 238) 348
Table 220a3 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 695 (589 ndash 820) 226 (182 ndash 282) 683 (544 ndash 830) 194 (172 ndash 225) 37620ndash39 years 679 (503 ndash 917) 211 (171 ndash 275) 639 (479 ndash 910) 187 (152 ndash 327) 13240ndash59 years 717 (573 ndash 897) 248dagger (166 ndash 292) 696 (546 ndash 972) 200dagger (161 ndash 320) 9360 years and older 730 (627 ndash 849) 303 (265 ndash 326) 748 (522 ndash 967) 167 (146 ndash 249) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 679 (524 ndash 879) 227 (179 ndash 293) 658 (463 ndash 866) 200 (158 ndash 249) 18920ndash39 years 679 (448 ndash 103) 215dagger (185 ndash 242) 656 (374 ndash 118) 202dagger (153 ndash 427) 6740ndash59 years 708 (481 ndash 104) 269dagger (187 ndash 306) 677 (371 ndash 123) 188dagger (140 ndash 520) 4860 years and older 590 (457 ndash 762) 272dagger (176 ndash 330) 560 (354 ndash 859) 136dagger (990 ndash 183) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 716 (600 ndash 855) 203 (153 ndash 355) 686 (560 ndash 913) 187 (163 ndash 239) 18720ndash39 years 678 (495 ndash 930) 196dagger (151 ndash 390) 602 (464 ndash 928) 163dagger (129 ndash 156) 6540ndash59 years 727 (508 ndash 104) 193dagger (162 ndash 255) 732 (375 ndash 134) 222dagger (164 ndash 301) 4560 years and older 888 (736 ndash 107) 363dagger (233 ndash 414) 924 (746 ndash 129) 174dagger (148 ndash 432) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2271 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2272 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 220a4 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 391 (350 ndash 438) 148 (128 ndash 169) 378 (317 ndash 449) 104 (824 ndash 127) 31020ndash39 years 395 (333 ndash 470) 168 (129 ndash 190) 354 (305 ndash 470) 102 (780 ndash 127) 12640ndash59 years 407 (355 ndash 466) 144dagger (107 ndash 166) 421 (282 ndash 490) 117dagger (828 ndash 214) 9860 years and older 351 (315 ndash 392) 130dagger (107 ndash 163) 337 (294 ndash 454) 913dagger (734 ndash 114) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 395 (324 ndash 480) 123 (106 ndash 146) 423 (279 ndash 493) 113 (812 ndash 216) 14320ndash39 years 399 (296 ndash 536) 137dagger (992 ndash 192) 341 (261 ndash 534) 107dagger (765 ndash 613) 5840ndash59 years 430 (303 ndash 610) 108dagger (703 ndash 128) 474 (411 ndash 689) 124dagger (822 ndash 247) 4260 years and older 313 (227 ndash 432) 130dagger (116 ndash 149) 253 (160 ndash 517) 855dagger (621 ndash 142) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 389 (346 ndash 437) 170 (143 ndash 207) 360 (310 ndash 446) 884 (745 ndash 127) 16720ndash39 years 393 (338 ndash 456) 177dagger (145 ndash 194) 365 (311 ndash 477) 832dagger (665 ndash 126) 6840ndash59 years 390 (315 ndash 482) 166dagger (144 ndash 221) 342 (247 ndash 470) 890dagger (734 ndash 193) 5660 years and older 378 (323 ndash 442) 125dagger (999 ndash 233) 354 (309 ndash 469) 924dagger (598 ndash 195) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 220a5 Plasma myristoleic acid (141n-5) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 707 (645 ndash 774) 283 (249 ndash 302) 684 (622 ndash 746) 195 (169 ndash 230) 99220ndash39 years 697 (626 ndash 777) 279 (235 ndash 308) 661 (591 ndash 753) 185 (151 ndash 246) 30040ndash59 years 739 (643 ndash 848) 287 (224 ndash 354) 697 (617 ndash 794) 198 (170 ndash 267) 28060 years and older 672 (580 ndash 778) 263 (226 ndash 301) 672 (574 ndash 772) 179 (138 ndash 235) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 684 (601 ndash 779) 247 (207 ndash 286) 677 (568 ndash 791) 187 (169 ndash 227) 47220ndash39 years 684 (571 ndash 820) 239 (203 ndash 295) 653 (525 ndash 827) 170 (144 ndash 317) 12840ndash59 years 731 (616 ndash 867) 249 (182 ndash 296) 703 (470 ndash 104) 210 (181 ndash 276) 14060 years and older 613 (525 ndash 715) 243 (175 ndash 289) 636 (573 ndash 686) 159 (110 ndash 239) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 728 (668 ndash 793) 316 (281 ndash 349) 686 (652 ndash 722) 196 (159 ndash 238) 52020ndash39 years 709 (599 ndash 839) 294 (237 ndash 349) 667 (566 ndash 811) 190 (147 ndash 280) 17240ndash59 years 746 (648 ndash 859) 356 (206 ndash 404) 684 (633 ndash 723) 189 (134 ndash 433) 14060 years and older 727 (590 ndash 894) 301 (159 ndash 369) 709 (555 ndash 867) 207 (170 ndash 252) 208
228 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population228 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
21a
1 P
lasm
a pa
lmit
olei
c ac
id (1
61n
-7)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
217
(205
ndash 2
29)
733
(65
1 ndash
781
)84
0(7
90
ndash 89
6)
213
(196
ndash 2
30)
563
(526
ndash 6
64)
727
(657
ndash 8
06)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
195
(185
ndash 2
05)
725
(60
4 ndash
787
)82
0(7
50
ndash 84
1)
185
(173
ndash 1
94)
539
(450
ndash 6
74)
685
(611
ndash 8
40)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
228
(210
ndash 2
48)
693
(45
2 ndash
781
)82
4(7
13
ndash 96
8)
228
(206
ndash 2
51)
572
(525
ndash 7
72)
770
(671
ndash 8
37)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er23
8(2
20 ndash
259
)84
8(6
54
ndash 94
1)
100
(87
9 ndash
113)
241
(216
ndash 2
63)
559
(528
ndash 6
49)
676
(589
ndash 7
63)
681
Gen
der
Mal
es20
7(1
90 ndash
225
)69
0(5
34
ndash 74
7)
777
(68
8 ndash
840
)20
3(1
82 ndash
225
)56
2(4
95 ndash
683
)68
2(5
78 ndash
926
)86
3Fe
mal
es22
6(2
14 ndash
239
)83
2(7
12
ndash 88
4)
934
(89
1 ndash
104)
226
(204
ndash 2
43)
567
(528
ndash 6
79)
729
(630
ndash 8
46)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s24
0(2
09 ndash
277
)78
6dagger
(60
0 ndash
862
)87
0(6
42
ndash 95
4)
239
(204
ndash 2
81)
692
(594
ndash 7
80)
769dagger
(699
ndash 1
110
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks15
7(1
48 ndash
167
)64
8dagger
(47
2 ndash
689
)70
3(6
42
ndash 73
2)
151
(142
ndash 1
62)
429
(352
ndash 5
29)
523dagger
(433
ndash 7
55)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s22
1(2
08 ndash
236
)74
9(5
30
ndash 83
5)
889
(79
3 ndash
965
)22
1(2
01 ndash
237
)55
4(5
22 ndash
661
)72
2(6
15 ndash
831
)99
0dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 40
0
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
400 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 221a Plasma palmitoleic acid (161nndash7) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
palm
itole
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 40
0 0
100
200
300
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 229229
230 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population230 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 221a2 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 217 (205 ndash 229) 105 (977 ndash 109) 213 (196 ndash 230) 454 (424 ndash 497) 180520ndash39 years 195 (185 ndash 205) 923 (865 ndash 983) 185 (173 ndash 194) 411 (357 ndash 472) 61040ndash59 years 228 (210 ndash 248) 106 (929 ndash 118) 228 (206 ndash 251) 475 (444 ndash 549) 51460 years and older 238 (220 ndash 259) 122 (111 ndash 135) 241 (216 ndash 263) 467 (429 ndash 540) 681MalesTotal 20 years and older 207 (190 ndash 225) 926 (840 ndash 989) 203 (182 ndash 225) 456 (400 ndash 525) 86320ndash39 years 192 (171 ndash 215) 839 (769 ndash 938) 185 (169 ndash 211) 410 (344 ndash 542) 28240ndash59 years 223 (198 ndash 251) 974 (780 ndash 108) 218 (184 ndash 273) 501 (450 ndash 594) 24860 years and older 207 (191 ndash 224) 112 (926 ndash 121) 206 (186 ndash 228) 386 (339 ndash 450) 333FemalesTotal 20 years and older 226 (214 ndash 239) 114 (108 ndash 123) 226 (204 ndash 243) 453 (421 ndash 525) 94220ndash39 years 197 (185 ndash 211) 108 (922 ndash 111) 184 (170 ndash 199) 406 (352 ndash 495) 32840ndash59 years 233 (217 ndash 250) 126 (994 ndash 133) 231 (213 ndash 256) 455 (395 ndash 534) 26660 years and older 267 (240 ndash 298) 137 (115 ndash 150) 271 (242 ndash 297) 537 (493 ndash 585) 348
Table 221a3 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 240 (209 ndash 277) 101 (643 ndash 131) 239 (204 ndash 281) 571 (498 ndash 645) 37520ndash39 years 223 (181 ndash 274) 952 (600 ndash 129) 221 (175 ndash 274) 498 (386 ndash 737) 13240ndash59 years 267 (232 ndash 307) 117dagger (798 ndash 143) 250 (233 ndash 272) 639dagger (545 ndash 804) 9360 years and older 277 (262 ndash 292) 144 (136 ndash 158) 281 (250 ndash 308) 510 (446 ndash 587) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 237 (192 ndash 292) 960 (616 ndash 134) 226 (178 ndash 290) 578 (489 ndash 687) 18820ndash39 years 225 (169 ndash 300) 928dagger (616 ndash 130) 215 (153 ndash 314) 519dagger (406 ndash 844) 6740ndash59 years 267 (194 ndash 367) 111dagger (798 ndash 150) 240 (190 ndash 353) 715dagger (438 ndash 942) 4860 years and older 230 (192 ndash 276) 131dagger (641 ndash 158) 223 (180 ndash 280) 375dagger (309 ndash 876) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 245 (207 ndash 291) 110 (611 ndash 132) 248 (188 ndash 316) 558 (421 ndash 749) 18720ndash39 years 220 (172 ndash 281) 984dagger (600 ndash 130) 225 (161 ndash 293) 449dagger (352 ndash 1110) 6540ndash59 years 267 (204 ndash 350) 119dagger (885 ndash 144) 252 (148 ndash 396) 613dagger (517 ndash 766) 4560 years and older 328 (284 ndash 378) 166dagger (120 ndash 215) 353 (281 ndash 398) 528dagger (469 ndash 739) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2311 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2312 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 221a4 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample10th 50th 90th size
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 157 (148 ndash 167) 780 (720 ndash 841) 151 (142 ndash 162) 326 (270 ndash 421) 31020ndash39 years 149 (136 ndash 164) 787 (718 ndash 850) 148 (126 ndash 164) 309 (221 ndash 430) 12640ndash59 years 161 (144 ndash 180) 724dagger (650 ndash 825) 149 (135 ndash 175) 333dagger (288 ndash 508) 9860 years and older 171 (155 ndash 189) 895dagger (614 ndash 102) 171 (152 ndash 193) 316dagger (265 ndash 397) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (138 ndash 172) 740 (533 ndash 824) 157 (132 ndash 174) 323 (267 ndash 437) 14320ndash39 years 146 (126 ndash 169) 710dagger (470 ndash 794) 145 (122 ndash 168) 305dagger (220 ndash 863) 5840ndash59 years 163 (128 ndash 206) 727dagger (426 ndash 813) 168 (115 ndash 204) 371dagger (231 ndash 814) 4260 years and older 164 (130 ndash 205) 983dagger (608 ndash 114) 152 (123 ndash 206) 280dagger (222 ndash 430) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 159 (142 ndash 178) 844 (710 ndash 906) 149 (134 ndash 172) 331 (254 ndash 494) 16720ndash39 years 152 (132 ndash 175) 854dagger (755 ndash 944) 147 (121 ndash 167) 314dagger (190 ndash 543) 6840ndash59 years 160 (134 ndash 190) 713dagger (584 ndash 862) 144 (112 ndash 205) 317dagger (255 ndash 1360) 5660 years and older 176 (150 ndash 205) 894dagger (499 ndash 104) 178 (142 ndash 235) 322dagger (251 ndash 548) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 221a5 Plasma palmitoleic acid (161n-7) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 221 (208 ndash 236) 109 (992 ndash 116) 221 (201 ndash 237) 453 (411 ndash 498) 99020ndash39 years 199 (184 ndash 215) 955 (840 ndash 109) 191 (174 ndash 207) 406 (348 ndash 496) 30040ndash59 years 229 (208 ndash 251) 107 (968 ndash 126) 230 (214 ndash 253) 462 (409 ndash 525) 27960 years and older 243 (221 ndash 267) 125 (114 ndash 136) 247 (219 ndash 272) 484 (415 ndash 556) 411MalesTotal 20 years and older 208 (189 ndash 229) 958 (812 ndash 108) 202 (182 ndash 231) 447 (386 ndash 520) 47120ndash39 years 190 (164 ndash 221) 839 (691 ndash 972) 185 (159 ndash 215) 359 (319 ndash 554) 12840ndash59 years 222 (196 ndash 252) 982 (743 ndash 111) 223 (175 ndash 277) 470 (410 ndash 582) 14060 years and older 211 (192 ndash 232) 113 (921 ndash 124) 201 (182 ndash 241) 392 (343 ndash 481) 203FemalesTotal 20 years and older 234 (219 ndash 249) 122 (108 ndash 133) 232 (220 ndash 250) 455 (408 ndash 538) 51920ndash39 years 206 (187 ndash 228) 109 (919 ndash 118) 194 (173 ndash 221) 414 (346 ndash 644) 17240ndash59 years 235 (216 ndash 256) 130 (999 ndash 146) 239 (220 ndash 257) 452 (362 ndash 532) 13960 years and older 273 (238 ndash 314) 138 (108 ndash 165) 274 (243 ndash 303) 550 (460 ndash 661) 208
232 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population232 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
22a
1 P
lasm
a ci
s-va
ccen
ic a
cid
(18
1n-7
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
146
(141
ndash 1
50)
753
(65
1 ndash
810
)83
6(7
62
ndash 89
7)
143
(139
ndash 1
48)
262
(251
ndash 2
74)
303
(283
ndash 3
44)
176
2A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
131
(126
ndash 1
38)
656
(58
6 ndash
753
)76
9(6
33
ndash 82
7)
129
(122
ndash 1
37)
235
(214
ndash 2
59)
269
(248
ndash 3
44)
589
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
148
(143
ndash 1
54)
764
(64
4 ndash
855
)86
6(7
51
ndash 95
5)
144
(139
ndash 1
50)
282
(251
ndash 3
09)
333
(298
ndash 5
33)
501
60 y
ears
and
old
er16
8(1
62 ndash
173
)94
1(8
53
ndash 10
2)10
3(9
34
ndash 10
9)16
6(1
62 ndash
172
)26
6(2
58 ndash
297
)30
1(2
78 ndash
344
)67
2G
ende
rM
ales
145
(139
ndash 1
51)
715
(62
4 ndash
812
)83
4(7
04
ndash 90
3)
141
(135
ndash 1
48)
265
(242
ndash 3
01)
325
(277
ndash 3
90)
845
Fem
ales
147
(141
ndash 1
53)
777
(61
8 ndash
817
)85
8(7
54
ndash 92
0)
145
(139
ndash 1
51)
260
(240
ndash 2
82)
301
(273
ndash 3
45)
917
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s15
2(1
38 ndash
166
)65
9dagger
(55
7 ndash
827
)80
9(5
80
ndash 93
1)
146
(136
ndash 1
64)
304
(258
ndash 3
78)
336dagger
(326
ndash 3
84)
373
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
129
(120
ndash 1
38)
695
dagger(5
45
ndash 74
7)
748
(68
0 ndash
803
)12
5(1
17 ndash
134
)23
7(2
06 ndash
354
)29
5dagger(2
51 ndash
429
)30
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
146
(140
ndash 1
52)
770
(62
1 ndash
854
)86
7(7
51
ndash 93
1)
144
(139
ndash 1
49)
260
(242
ndash 2
75)
298
(275
ndash 3
37)
958
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0
Plas
ma
cisminus
vacc
enic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
300 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 222a Plasma cisminusvaccenic acid (181nndash7) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
cisminus
vacc
enic
aci
dPl
asm
a ci
sminusva
ccen
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 0
100
200
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 233233
234 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population234 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 222a2 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (141 ndash 150) 951 (892 ndash 998) 143 (139 ndash 148) 225 (216 ndash 234) 176220ndash39 years 131 (126 ndash 138) 870 (780 ndash 937) 129 (122 ndash 137) 200 (190 ndash 215) 58940ndash59 years 148 (143 ndash 154) 999 (921 ndash 104) 144 (139 ndash 150) 229 (211 ndash 262) 50160 years and older 168 (162 ndash 173) 113 (107 ndash 119) 166 (162 ndash 172) 242 (231 ndash 259) 672MalesTotal 20 years and older 145 (139 ndash 151) 951 (878 ndash 102) 141 (135 ndash 148) 222 (210 ndash 241) 84520ndash39 years 132 (126 ndash 139) 879 (734 ndash 948) 129 (123 ndash 138) 197 (184 ndash 222) 27340ndash59 years 149 (139 ndash 160) 998 (855 ndash 105) 146 (133 ndash 159) 240 (208 ndash 301) 24260 years and older 160 (153 ndash 167) 109 (972 ndash 117) 161 (150 ndash 168) 226 (215 ndash 258) 330FemalesTotal 20 years and older 147 (141 ndash 153) 950 (885 ndash 998) 145 (139 ndash 151) 227 (213 ndash 238) 91720ndash39 years 131 (123 ndash 139) 858 (780 ndash 928) 129 (119 ndash 138) 203 (190 ndash 222) 31640ndash59 years 147 (140 ndash 154) 998 (875 ndash 105) 144 (139 ndash 147) 219 (187 ndash 301) 25960 years and older 174 (166 ndash 181) 117 (107 ndash 127) 172 (163 ndash 182) 248 (237 ndash 273) 342
Table 222a3 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (138 ndash 166) 972 (663 ndash 108) 146 (136 ndash 164) 240 (222 ndash 324) 37320ndash39 years 140 (125 ndash 157) 834 (557 ndash 108) 140 (125 ndash 154) 226 (188 ndash 347) 13040ndash59 years 168 (146 ndash 192) 102dagger (900 ndash 110) 157 (145 ndash 183) 270dagger (240 ndash 375) 9260 years and older 179 (171 ndash 187) 123 (731 ndash 139) 177 (169 ndash 184) 277 (247 ndash 310) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 151 (130 ndash 176) 946 (581 ndash 111) 144 (127 ndash 178) 255 (217 ndash 331) 18720ndash39 years 139 (117 ndash 166) 833dagger (581 ndash 108) 136 (117 ndash 168) 224dagger (179 ndash 350) 6640ndash59 years 175 (142 ndash 216) 103dagger (888 ndash 127) 159 (139 ndash 212) 321dagger (229 ndash 454) 4760 years and older 167 (142 ndash 197) 101dagger (688 ndash 140) 155 (140 ndash 209) 263dagger (217 ndash 634) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (142 ndash 162) 972 (728 ndash 104) 153 (137 ndash 167) 235 (222 ndash 261) 18620ndash39 years 141 (124 ndash 160) 877dagger (579 ndash 102) 144 (113 ndash 169) 221dagger (186 ndash 410) 6440ndash59 years 159 (133 ndash 191) 986dagger (812 ndash 109) 151 (125 ndash 188) 246dagger (197 ndash 421) 4560 years and older 190 (173 ndash 210) 130dagger (110 ndash 142) 187 (165 ndash 214) 284dagger (228 ndash 375) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2351 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2352 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 222a4 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (120 ndash 138) 826 (748 ndash 884) 125 (117 ndash 134) 202 (186 ndash 225) 30520ndash39 years 119 (107 ndash 134) 805 (637 ndash 849) 112 (998 ndash 134) 184 (155 ndash 395) 12440ndash59 years 133 (121 ndash 146) 801dagger (695 ndash 898) 124 (118 ndash 135) 204dagger (187 ndash 266) 9660 years and older 151 (145 ndash 157) 108dagger (996 ndash 115) 143 (141 ndash 147) 218dagger (191 ndash 303) 85MalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (119 ndash 139) 798 (719 ndash 848) 124 (117 ndash 134) 205 (185 ndash 235) 14120ndash39 years 118 (104 ndash 133) 722dagger (541 ndash 828) 114 (890 ndash 136) 185dagger (136 ndash 435) 5740ndash59 years 136 (117 ndash 158) 803dagger (697 ndash 903) 121 (117 ndash 132) 221dagger (188 ndash 409) 4160 years and older 151 (136 ndash 168) 108dagger (891 ndash 116) 147 (136 ndash 168) 217dagger (179 ndash 250) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (116 ndash 143) 849 (671 ndash 949) 126 (111 ndash 139) 197 (165 ndash 284) 16420ndash39 years 121 (102 ndash 142) 826dagger (568 ndash 943) 111 (991 ndash 140) 177dagger (153 ndash 284) 6740ndash59 years 130 (117 ndash 145) 767dagger (669 ndash 921) 128 (115 ndash 136) 197dagger (163 ndash 575) 5560 years and older 150 (139 ndash 162) 108dagger (102 ndash 124) 141 (136 ndash 148) 214dagger (180 ndash 323) 42dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 222a5 Plasma cis-vaccenic acid (181n-7) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (140 ndash 152) 958 (898 ndash 102) 144 (139 ndash 149) 222 (211 ndash 234) 95820ndash39 years 131 (123 ndash 139) 888 (700 ndash 955) 127 (120 ndash 138) 200 (183 ndash 218) 28540ndash59 years 145 (139 ndash 153) 100 (891 ndash 104) 144 (137 ndash 149) 219 (199 ndash 244) 27060 years and older 168 (162 ndash 174) 113 (106 ndash 117) 167 (162 ndash 172) 247 (231 ndash 261) 403MalesTotal 20 years and older 144 (138 ndash 150) 963 (896 ndash 103) 141 (132 ndash 149) 217 (205 ndash 240) 45620ndash39 years 131 (122 ndash 140) 928 (677 ndash 971) 125 (117 ndash 139) 185 (173 ndash 229) 12140ndash59 years 145 (135 ndash 156) 998 (841 ndash 105) 144 (127 ndash 158) 224 (203 ndash 276) 13660 years and older 161 (153 ndash 169) 109 (950 ndash 116) 163 (151 ndash 170) 229 (216 ndash 260) 199FemalesTotal 20 years and older 148 (141 ndash 154) 956 (879 ndash 103) 147 (141 ndash 152) 226 (209 ndash 240) 50220ndash39 years 131 (122 ndash 141) 877 (618 ndash 954) 130 (121 ndash 139) 204 (187 ndash 234) 16440ndash59 years 146 (137 ndash 155) 100 (862 ndash 105) 144 (139 ndash 148) 212 (180 ndash 322) 13460 years and older 174 (166 ndash 183) 116 (103 ndash 128) 171 (162 ndash 183) 253 (235 ndash 279) 204
236 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population236 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tab
le 2
23
a1
Pla
sma
olei
c ac
id (1
81n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
210
0(2
050
ndash 2
150
)1
110
(10
30 ndash
11
70)
122
0(1
170
ndash 1
270
)2
070
(20
00 ndash
21
50)
385
0(3
590
ndash 4
220
)4
480
(42
30 ndash
49
40)
179
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
191
0(1
840
ndash 1
980
)1
020
(955
ndash 1
080
)1
130
(10
80 ndash
11
70)
184
0(1
750
ndash 1
970
)3
710
(31
20 ndash
41
40)
419
0(3
770
ndash 8
650
)60
840
ndash59
year
s2
160
(21
00 ndash
22
30)
116
0(9
93 ndash
12
20)
128
0(1
180
ndash 1
350
)2
120
(20
10 ndash
21
90)
415
0(3
610
ndash 4
800
)4
790
(42
90 ndash
53
20)
512
60 y
ears
and
old
er2
360
(22
90 ndash
24
40)
133
0(1
290
ndash 1
400
)1
430
(13
40 ndash
15
50)
238
0(2
290
ndash 2
450
)3
850
(34
90 ndash
44
10)
441
0(4
120
ndash 4
930
)67
8G
ende
rM
ales
214
0(2
060
ndash 2
220
)1
140
(10
40 ndash
12
10)
123
0(1
160
ndash 1
300
)2
100
(20
10 ndash
22
00)
411
0(3
560
ndash 4
930
)4
930
(45
00 ndash
55
30)
858
Fem
ales
207
0(2
000
ndash 2
140
)1
090
(972
ndash 1
140
)1
200
(11
30 ndash
12
70)
202
0(1
940
ndash 2
140
)3
810
(34
90 ndash
40
20)
424
0(4
030
ndash 4
400
)94
0Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
224
0(2
060
ndash 2
430
)1
110dagger
(871
ndash 1
240
)1
270
(987
ndash 1
340
)2
170
(19
90 ndash
24
70)
428
0(3
850
ndash 5
240
)4
940dagger
(44
00 ndash
66
40)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
181
0(1
730
ndash 1
890
)1
020dagger
(892
ndash 1
080
)1
150
(10
10 ndash
11
80)
171
0(1
620
ndash 1
830
)3
180
(28
90 ndash
37
60)
376
0dagger(3
350
ndash 8
200
)30
8N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
213
0(2
060
ndash 2
200
)1
120
(990
ndash 1
210
)1
230
(11
40 ndash
13
20)
212
0(2
020
ndash 2
180
)3
840
(35
80 ndash
41
90)
438
0(4
160
ndash 4
930
)98
6dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
Plas
ma
olei
c ac
id(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
4000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 223a Plasma oleic acid (181nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
olei
c ac
idPl
asm
a ol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 10
00
2000
30
00
4000
0
1000
20
00
3000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 237237
238 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population238 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 223a2 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2100 (2050 ndash 2150) 1360 (1310 ndash 1400) 2070 (2000 ndash 2150) 3230 (3090 ndash 3440) 179820ndash39 years 1910 (1840 ndash 1980) 1240 (1200 ndash 1300) 1840 (1750 ndash 1970) 2900 (2710 ndash 3160) 60840ndash59 years 2160 (2100 ndash 2230) 1410 (1350 ndash 1530) 2120 (2010 ndash 2190) 3380 (3100 ndash 3660) 51260 years and older 2360 (2290 ndash 2440) 1630 (1550 ndash 1690) 2380 (2290 ndash 2450) 3360 (3200 ndash 3640) 678MalesTotal 20 years and older 2140 (2060 ndash 2220) 1360 (1310 ndash 1410) 2100 (2010 ndash 2200) 3340 (3060 ndash 3660) 85820ndash39 years 1960 (1850 ndash 2080) 1240 (1220 ndash 1310) 1890 (1770 ndash 2060) 2950 (2640 ndash 3700) 28140ndash59 years 2250 (2120 ndash 2400) 1410 (1310 ndash 1550) 2200 (1970 ndash 2350) 3580 (3180 ndash 4480) 24760 years and older 2310 (2220 ndash 2400) 1600 (1400 ndash 1730) 2340 (2170 ndash 2420) 3310 (3040 ndash 3850) 330FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2070 (2000 ndash 2140) 1380 (1300 ndash 1410) 2020 (1940 ndash 2140) 3180 (2960 ndash 3370) 94020ndash39 years 1860 (1790 ndash 1940) 1220 (1140 ndash 1300) 1780 (1700 ndash 1940) 2820 (2570 ndash 3620) 32740ndash59 years 2080 (2000 ndash 2160) 1400 (1330 ndash 1520) 2000 (1920 ndash 2140) 3100 (2830 ndash 3700) 26560 years and older 2410 (2280 ndash 2530) 1660 (1480 ndash 1740) 2430 (2270 ndash 2530) 3410 (3260 ndash 3820) 348
Table 223a3 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (2060 ndash 2430) 1410 (1250 ndash 1500) 2170 (1990 ndash 2470) 3680 (3330 ndash 4270) 37520ndash39 years 2080 (1850 ndash 2350) 1320 (882 ndash 1470) 2020 (1710 ndash 2390) 3330 (2900 ndash 4590) 13240ndash59 years 2460 (2220 ndash 2730) 1610dagger (1140 ndash 1790) 2330 (2090 ndash 2670) 4210dagger (3520 ndash 5160) 9360 years and older 2630 (2460 ndash 2820) 1800 (1740 ndash 1820) 2650 (2320 ndash 2900) 3730 (3570 ndash 4720) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (1970 ndash 2540) 1410 (1150 ndash 1510) 2160 (1820 ndash 2570) 3940 (3120 ndash 4880) 18820ndash39 years 2080 (1720 ndash 2500) 1340dagger (989 ndash 1480) 1930 (1530 ndash 2550) 3390dagger (2640 ndash 5270) 6740ndash59 years 2560 (2160 ndash 3040) 1550dagger (1280 ndash 1980) 2490 (2000 ndash 3090) 4270dagger (3570 ndash 5640) 4860 years and older 2460 (2160 ndash 2800) 1790dagger (1030 ndash 1830) 2350 (1900 ndash 3040) 3440dagger (3270 ndash 4860) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2240 (2060 ndash 2450) 1400 (859 ndash 1680) 2160 (2020 ndash 2500) 3500 (3280 ndash 3970) 18720ndash39 years 2090 (1810 ndash 2410) 1240dagger (831 ndash 1570) 2020 (1750 ndash 2330) 3210dagger (2850 ndash 4200) 6540ndash59 years 2350 (2020 ndash 2730) 1590dagger (1080 ndash 1770) 2200 (1990 ndash 2730) 3760dagger (2920 ndash 5280) 4560 years and older 2800 (2470 ndash 3180) 1890dagger (1600 ndash 2040) 2730 (2320 ndash 3420) 4260dagger (3660 ndash 5490) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2391 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2392 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 223a4 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 1810 (1730 ndash 1890) 1210 (1170 ndash 1260) 1710 (1620 ndash 1830) 2750 (2610 ndash 2990) 30820ndash39 years 1680 (1560 ndash 1810) 1170 (1050 ndash 1210) 1540 (1470 ndash 1760) 2470 (2310 ndash 3740) 12540ndash59 years 1900 (1750 ndash 2050) 1240dagger (1060 ndash 1310) 1790 (1640 ndash 1970) 2840dagger (2610 ndash 3590) 9760 years and older 2000 (1870 ndash 2150) 1400dagger (1190 ndash 1570) 1960 (1800 ndash 2190) 2800dagger (2670 ndash 3020) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 1850 (1720 ndash 1990) 1200 (1140 ndash 1240) 1720 (1570 ndash 1920) 2930 (2470 ndash 4190) 14220ndash39 years 1710 (1540 ndash 1910) 1140dagger (887 ndash 1230) 1560 (1380 ndash 1830) 2480dagger (2400 ndash 6770) 5740ndash59 years 2000 (1730 ndash 2310) 1290dagger (1010 ndash 1410) 1850 (1600 ndash 2060) 3160dagger (2570 ndash 8560) 4260 years and older 1980 (1730 ndash 2270) 1350dagger (1080 ndash 1620) 1960 (1700 ndash 2140) 2870dagger (2440 ndash 4520) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 1770 (1670 ndash 1890) 1210 (1150 ndash 1280) 1700 (1600 ndash 1840) 2660 (2460 ndash 2960) 16620ndash39 years 1650 (1510 ndash 1810) 1160dagger (1080 ndash 1250) 1540 (1470 ndash 1710) 2430dagger (2130 ndash 3240) 6840ndash59 years 1820 (1640 ndash 2030) 1200dagger (863 ndash 1280) 1760 (1620 ndash 2010) 2620dagger (2360 ndash 6740) 5560 years and older 2010 (1880 ndash 2160) 1410dagger (1280 ndash 1590) 1930 (1700 ndash 2400) 2780dagger (2640 ndash 3030) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 223a5 Plasma oleic acid (181n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2130 (2060 ndash 2200) 1390 (1320 ndash 1480) 2120 (2020 ndash 2180) 3240 (3100 ndash 3430) 98620ndash39 years 1940 (1820 ndash 2050) 1260 (1140 ndash 1360) 1870 (1750 ndash 2040) 2820 (2630 ndash 3710) 29940ndash59 years 2150 (2070 ndash 2220) 1400 (1320 ndash 1550) 2140 (2030 ndash 2180) 3320 (3020 ndash 3600) 27960 years and older 2390 (2310 ndash 2470) 1650 (1530 ndash 1730) 2420 (2330 ndash 2480) 3410 (3250 ndash 3700) 408MalesTotal 20 years and older 2170 (2070 ndash 2280) 1380 (1290 ndash 1520) 2150 (2040 ndash 2240) 3300 (3030 ndash 3630) 46820ndash39 years 1990 (1830 ndash 2170) 1250 (1070 ndash 1380) 1960 (1760 ndash 2130) 2830 (2610 ndash 4110) 12840ndash59 years 2230 (2080 ndash 2380) 1390 (1220 ndash 1570) 2200 (1950 ndash 2370) 3460 (3020 ndash 4000) 14060 years and older 2350 (2240 ndash 2460) 1600 (1390 ndash 1730) 2400 (2320 ndash 2470) 3340 (3070 ndash 4100) 200FemalesTotal 20 years and older 2090 (2010 ndash 2180) 1390 (1320 ndash 1470) 2080 (1970 ndash 2160) 3200 (2910 ndash 3660) 51820ndash39 years 1880 (1770 ndash 2000) 1260 (1120 ndash 1360) 1790 (1670 ndash 2010) 2810 (2530 ndash 3860) 17140ndash59 years 2070 (1980 ndash 2170) 1410 (1100 ndash 1560) 2010 (1890 ndash 2160) 3100 (2720 ndash 3910) 13960 years and older 2430 (2300 ndash 2560) 1670 (1470 ndash 1810) 2430 (2250 ndash 2540) 3470 (3220 ndash 4060) 208
240 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population240 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
24a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cose
noic
aci
d (2
01n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
136
(13
2 ndash
141
)6
69(6
33
ndash 7
03)
756
(68
3 ndash
798
)13
3(1
28
ndash 13
8)
259
(24
2 ndash
305
)33
1(2
99
ndash 38
3)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
126
(12
0 ndash
133
)6
35(5
53
ndash 6
66)
682
(63
5 ndash
749
)12
1(1
14
ndash 12
9)
258
(22
7 ndash
373
)34
7(2
63
ndash 45
2)
608
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
135
(13
0 ndash
141
)6
96(4
20
ndash 7
54)
759
(70
0 ndash
825
)13
2(1
23
ndash 13
8)
257
(23
6 ndash
317
)31
8(2
76
ndash 47
0)
514
60 y
ears
and
old
er15
6(1
51
ndash 16
1)
894
(75
0 ndash
941
)9
74(8
98
ndash 10
3)
151
(14
7 ndash
158
)26
0(2
44
ndash 30
4)
311
(28
1 ndash
395
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
139
(13
3 ndash
145
)6
70(6
12
ndash 7
50)
768
(67
2 ndash
827
)13
5(1
29
ndash 14
2)
287
(24
6 ndash
334
)37
1(3
18
ndash 42
5)
865
Fem
ales
134
(12
8 ndash
140
)6
66(5
98
ndash 7
01)
748
(68
3 ndash
784
)13
0(1
26
ndash 13
6)
249
(23
2 ndash
266
)30
1(2
61
ndash 35
3)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s15
4(1
44
ndash 16
5)
686
dagger(6
00
ndash 8
62)
865
(63
3 ndash
925
)14
7(1
37
ndash 16
4)
331
(27
9 ndash
408
)38
7dagger
(33
2 ndash
459
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks11
7(1
10
ndash 12
4)
611
dagger(5
11
ndash 6
37)
639
(60
8 ndash
685
)11
1(1
02
ndash 12
1)
234
(21
3 ndash
281
)29
4dagger
(25
1 ndash
513
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
136
(13
1 ndash
142
)6
83(5
83
ndash 7
46)
763
(67
0 ndash
815
)13
4(1
29
ndash 13
8)
249
(23
5 ndash
301
)31
7(2
65
ndash 39
3)
989
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 5
10
15
20
25
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
25
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 224a Plasma eicosenoic acid (201nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
eico
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 5
1015
2025
0
5 10
1520
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 241241
242 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population242 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 224a2 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (132 ndash 141) 846 (794 ndash 895) 133 (128 ndash 138) 222 (214 ndash 232) 180520ndash39 years 126 (120 ndash 133) 785 (691 ndash 820) 121 (114 ndash 129) 216 (203 ndash 232) 60840ndash59 years 135 (130 ndash 141) 871 (775 ndash 934) 132 (123 ndash 138) 223 (203 ndash 242) 51460 years and older 156 (151 ndash 161) 107 (103 ndash 109) 151 (147 ndash 158) 231 (218 ndash 246) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 139 (133 ndash 145) 877 (841 ndash 897) 135 (129 ndash 142) 228 (212 ndash 247) 86520ndash39 years 127 (119 ndash 135) 788 (697 ndash 843) 122 (116 ndash 130) 212 (178 ndash 258) 28240ndash59 years 142 (133 ndash 153) 896 (839 ndash 970) 139 (127 ndash 147) 232 (205 ndash 315) 24860 years and older 156 (150 ndash 162) 105 (102 ndash 109) 149 (144 ndash 161) 235 (218 ndash 248) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 134 (128 ndash 140) 818 (755 ndash 894) 130 (126 ndash 136) 218 (210 ndash 229) 94020ndash39 years 126 (118 ndash 134) 774 (679 ndash 808) 120 (108 ndash 132) 217 (206 ndash 234) 32640ndash59 years 129 (123 ndash 136) 831 (729 ndash 914) 125 (119 ndash 131) 199 (185 ndash 230) 26660 years and older 156 (149 ndash 164) 108 (970 ndash 114) 151 (146 ndash 159) 226 (216 ndash 251) 348
Table 224a3 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (144 ndash 165) 939 (868 ndash 103) 147 (137 ndash 164) 269 (227 ndash 332) 37620ndash39 years 146 (132 ndash 162) 893 (704 ndash 980) 141 (121 ndash 165) 235 (203 ndash 408) 13240ndash59 years 164 (148 ndash 182) 102dagger (711 ndash 117) 152 (146 ndash 168) 284dagger (251 ndash 329) 9360 years and older 176 (163 ndash 191) 120 (104 ndash 126) 167 (146 ndash 198) 277 (248 ndash 371) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (137 ndash 173) 918 (878 ndash 106) 147 (133 ndash 168) 261 (218 ndash 398) 18920ndash39 years 145 (120 ndash 177) 887dagger (799 ndash 935) 142 (115 ndash 167) 227dagger (175 ndash 409) 6740ndash59 years 170 (148 ndash 196) 105dagger (701 ndash 126) 153 (145 ndash 177) 307dagger (246 ndash 448) 4860 years and older 170 (146 ndash 197) 117dagger (588 ndash 133) 164 (128 ndash 214) 253dagger (214 ndash 596) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 154 (144 ndash 165) 959 (632 ndash 104) 150 (136 ndash 166) 271 (226 ndash 353) 18720ndash39 years 147 (132 ndash 164) 904dagger (632 ndash 101) 140 (116 ndash 166) 238dagger (215 ndash 387) 6540ndash59 years 157 (133 ndash 186) 979dagger (666 ndash 119) 149 (128 ndash 188) 264dagger (191 ndash 384) 4560 years and older 183 (159 ndash 210) 119dagger (958 ndash 130) 168 (146 ndash 214) 323dagger (243 ndash 380) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2431 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2432 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 224a4 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (110 ndash 124) 728 (635 ndash 786) 111 (102 ndash 121) 200 (177 ndash 221) 31020ndash39 years 109 (978 ndash 121) 675 (607 ndash 751) 990 (905 ndash 114) 197 (150 ndash 259) 12640ndash59 years 121 (109 ndash 133) 740dagger (583 ndash 831) 114 (101 ndash 124) 200dagger (168 ndash 334) 9860 years and older 134 (127 ndash 141) 943dagger (818 ndash 988) 131 (122 ndash 146) 197dagger (177 ndash 243) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 119 (111 ndash 128) 712 (618 ndash 771) 110 (988 ndash 123) 212 (176 ndash 358) 14320ndash39 years 109 (962 ndash 124) 633dagger (590 ndash 747) 997 (873 ndash 122) 172dagger (147 ndash 352) 5840ndash59 years 128 (105 ndash 156) 786dagger (524 ndash 880) 111 (928 ndash 140) 213dagger (166 ndash 611) 4260 years and older 136 (124 ndash 150) 907dagger (671 ndash 105) 123 (112 ndash 150) 223dagger (189 ndash 257) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 115 (104 ndash 127) 729 (637 ndash 799) 113 (996 ndash 125) 190 (158 ndash 251) 16720ndash39 years 109 (936 ndash 126) 688dagger (596 ndash 770) 960 (886 ndash 119) 202dagger (146 ndash 260) 6840ndash59 years 115 (102 ndash 129) 720dagger (509 ndash 795) 116 (998 ndash 125) 176dagger (141 ndash 408) 5660 years and older 133 (124 ndash 142) 942dagger (821 ndash 977) 133 (126 ndash 146) 180dagger (153 ndash 243) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 224a5 Plasma eicosenoic acid (201n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (131 ndash 142) 860 (788 ndash 922) 134 (129 ndash 138) 220 (207 ndash 233) 98920ndash39 years 126 (118 ndash 136) 788 (683 ndash 826) 121 (114 ndash 130) 216 (194 ndash 242) 29840ndash59 years 133 (127 ndash 139) 871 (753 ndash 956) 130 (119 ndash 137) 217 (190 ndash 231) 27960 years and older 158 (152 ndash 163) 108 (104 ndash 111) 152 (147 ndash 159) 231 (217 ndash 254) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 139 (132 ndash 145) 891 (824 ndash 944) 136 (129 ndash 142) 222 (204 ndash 242) 47220ndash39 years 125 (115 ndash 137) 792 (633 ndash 895) 119 (114 ndash 130) 182 (157 ndash 422) 12840ndash59 years 139 (129 ndash 150) 897 (792 ndash 980) 138 (119 ndash 147) 222 (199 ndash 255) 14060 years and older 158 (151 ndash 166) 106 (102 ndash 112) 153 (147 ndash 164) 234 (217 ndash 266) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 134 (128 ndash 141) 817 (757 ndash 908) 131 (126 ndash 137) 218 (205 ndash 234) 51720ndash39 years 127 (117 ndash 138) 783 (575 ndash 815) 123 (107 ndash 137) 217 (206 ndash 256) 17040ndash59 years 126 (119 ndash 134) 842 (689 ndash 947) 121 (117 ndash 130) 190 (172 ndash 229) 13960 years and older 157 (149 ndash 165) 109 (105 ndash 114) 151 (145 ndash 159) 228 (212 ndash 261) 208
244 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population244 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
25a
1 P
lasm
a do
cose
noic
aci
d (2
21n
-9)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
344
(29
7 ndash
399
)lt
LOD
712
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
25)
362
(33
0 ndash
407
)10
3(9
50
ndash 12
2)
136
(11
8 ndash
166
)1
604
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s3
36(2
75
ndash 4
11)
lt LO
D6
12(lt
LO
D ndash
13
8)3
46(3
10
ndash 4
06)
116
(93
2 ndash
167
)14
7(1
24
ndash 20
1)
533
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
339
(28
9 ndash
397
)3
10(lt
LO
D ndash
677
)7
29(lt
LO
D ndash
11
5)3
51(3
16
ndash 4
23)
945
(86
2 ndash
134
)12
6(1
08
ndash 16
6)
454
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
67(3
18
ndash 4
24)
421
(lt L
OD
ndash 8
90)
831
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
46)
393
(35
5 ndash
447
)9
69(8
60
ndash 10
9)
112
(97
4 ndash
155
)61
7G
ende
rM
ales
334
(28
5 ndash
392
)lt
LOD
620
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
11)
354
(32
4 ndash
404
)10
1(9
39
ndash 11
9)
129
(10
9 ndash
140
)76
7Fe
mal
es3
54(3
04
ndash 4
12)
334
(lt L
OD
ndash 9
36)
941
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
41)
366
(33
3 ndash
423
)11
0(8
65
ndash 14
7)
147
(11
9 ndash
177
)83
7Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
338
(28
3 ndash
403
)lt
LOD
dagger6
92(lt
LO
D ndash
14
6)3
69(3
32
ndash 4
29)
105
(74
0 ndash
230
)13
3dagger
(87
8 ndash
238
)34
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
81(3
39
ndash 4
29)
673
dagger(lt
LO
D ndash
14
7)1
43(lt
LO
D ndash
17
2)3
83(3
46
ndash 4
50)
108
(94
1 ndash
150
)13
4dagger
(11
0 ndash
201
)28
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
336
(27
9 ndash
405
)lt
LOD
613
(lt L
OD
ndash 1
15)
354
(31
6 ndash
423
)10
1(9
13
ndash 12
6)
136
(11
4 ndash
168
)86
3lt
LO
D m
eans
less
than
the
limit
of d
etec
tion
whi
ch m
ay v
ary
for s
ome
com
poun
ds b
y ye
ar S
ee A
ppen
dix
D fo
r LO
D
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
4 6
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 225a Plasma docosenoic acid (221nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
Plas
ma
doco
seno
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
02
46
02
4
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 245245
246 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population246 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 225a2 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 344 (297 ndash 399) 138 (670 ndash 182) 362 (330 ndash 407) 815 (741 ndash 951) 160420ndash39 years 336 (275 ndash 411) 138 (lt LOD ndash 187) 346 (310 ndash 406) 864 (727 ndash 113) 53340ndash59 years 339 (289 ndash 397) 121 (624 ndash 179) 351 (316 ndash 423) 803 (704 ndash 944) 45460 years and older 367 (318 ndash 424) 155 (813 ndash 194) 393 (355 ndash 447) 786 (743 ndash 868) 617MalesTotal 20 years and older 334 (285 ndash 392) 122 (372 ndash 185) 354 (324 ndash 404) 837 (759 ndash 960) 76720ndash39 years 333 (263 ndash 420) 111 (lt LOD ndash 189) 338 (294 ndash 418) 918 (758 ndash 123) 24940ndash59 years 332 (285 ndash 386) 121 (324 ndash 187) 368 (316 ndash 439) 806 (679 ndash 960) 21960 years and older 342 (295 ndash 395) 133 (641 ndash 175) 365 (335 ndash 395) 793 (745 ndash 969) 299FemalesTotal 20 years and older 354 (304 ndash 412) 147 (937 ndash 184) 366 (333 ndash 423) 782 (724 ndash 941) 83720ndash39 years 340 (283 ndash 408) 144 (483 ndash 170) 358 (295 ndash 423) 758 (698 ndash 146) 28440ndash59 years 346 (285 ndash 419) 116 (666 ndash 176) 344 (303 ndash 443) 792 (718 ndash 115) 23560 years and older 389 (333 ndash 454) 177 (727 ndash 227) 425 (369 ndash 532) 769 (738 ndash 854) 318lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD
Table 225a3 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 338 (283 ndash 403) 147 (698 ndash 186) 369 (332 ndash 429) 740 (631 ndash 123) 34520ndash39 years 370 (296 ndash 462) 158 (lt LOD ndash 235) 397 (354 ndash 450) 741 (618 ndash 162) 11740ndash59 years 297 (204 ndash 431) 120dagger (lt LOD ndash 185) 345 (209 ndash 469) 748dagger (526 ndash 122) 9160 years and older 304 (244 ndash 379) 148 (lt LOD ndash 190) 341 (289 ndash 383) 686 (567 ndash 120) 137MalesTotal 20 years and older 357 (284 ndash 449) 151 (lt LOD ndash 196) 393 (352 ndash 430) 815 (607 ndash 238) 17020ndash39 years 372 (268 ndash 516) 138dagger (lt LOD ndash 215) 400 (327 ndash 492) 788dagger (600 ndash 238) 5840ndash59 years 347 (250 ndash 481) 147dagger (lt LOD ndash 204) 382 (277 ndash 466) 818dagger (528 ndash 115) 4760 years and older 300 (175 ndash 514) 147dagger (lt LOD ndash 217) 341 (176 ndash 576) 710dagger (504 ndash 131) 65FemalesTotal 20 years and older 316 (254 ndash 392) 143 (lt LOD ndash 187) 355 (285 ndash 470) 683 (585 ndash 788) 17520ndash39 years 367 (303 ndash 443) 168dagger (lt LOD ndash 249) 376 (330 ndash 488) 710dagger (569 ndash 182) 5940ndash59 years 248 (154 ndash 398) 740dagger (lt LOD ndash 171) 287 (188 ndash 431) 629dagger (479 ndash 122) 4460 years and older 308 (253 ndash 375) 148dagger (lt LOD ndash 210) 339 (265 ndash 384) 646dagger (482 ndash 108) 72lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2471 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2472 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 225a4 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 381 (339 ndash 429) 176 (712 ndash 222) 383 (346 ndash 450) 837 (702 ndash 134) 28020ndash39 years 352 (285 ndash 434) 168 (lt LOD ndash 211) 354 (315 ndash 417) 810 (561 ndash 234) 11640ndash59 years 404 (353 ndash 464) 164dagger (lt LOD ndash 246) 452 (373 ndash 502) 815dagger (720 ndash 116) 8260 years and older 428 (365 ndash 501) 224dagger (542 ndash 255) 419 (330 ndash 558) 849dagger (712 ndash 190) 82MalesTotal 20 years and older 366 (311 ndash 430) 182 (lt LOD ndash 226) 363 (308 ndash 453) 958 (705 ndash 134) 13020ndash39 years 331 (246 ndash 444) 150dagger (lt LOD ndash 227) 328 (235 ndash 453) 750dagger (546 ndash 238) 5440ndash59 years 395 (314 ndash 496) 176dagger (lt LOD ndash 260) 400 (307 ndash 503) 973dagger (686 ndash 146) 3560 years and older 434 (373 ndash 505) 186dagger (lt LOD ndash 252) 387 (328 ndash 641) 945dagger (802 ndash 190) 41FemalesTotal 20 years and older 394 (340 ndash 456) 175 (128 ndash 216) 414 (339 ndash 492) 810 (684 ndash 162) 15020ndash39 years 370 (287 ndash 477) 168dagger (lt LOD ndash 225) 357 (318 ndash 443) 827dagger (530 ndash 197) 6240ndash59 years 412 (348 ndash 489) 157dagger (381 ndash 246) 486 (340 ndash 624) 808dagger (693 ndash 119) 4760 years and older 424 (322 ndash 558) 230dagger (177 ndash 261) 423 (258 ndash 659) 756dagger (637 ndash 118) 41lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 225a5 Plasma docosenoic acid (221n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 336 (279 ndash 405) 118 (420 ndash 178) 354 (316 ndash 423) 812 (740 ndash 959) 86320ndash39 years 321 (241 ndash 427) 109 (lt LOD ndash 187) 337 (271 ndash 430) 851 (727 ndash 119) 25540ndash59 years 333 (277 ndash 401) 111 (402 ndash 171) 344 (298 ndash 449) 810 (696 ndash 110) 24260 years and older 363 (307 ndash 429) 149 (647 ndash 190) 393 (352 ndash 455) 777 (744 ndash 850) 366MalesTotal 20 years and older 321 (264 ndash 391) 109 (lt LOD ndash 185) 348 (305 ndash 420) 814 (722 ndash 956) 41220ndash39 years 310 (219 ndash 439) 749dagger (lt LOD ndash 186) 320 (256 ndash 488) 897dagger (737 ndash 128) 11040ndash59 years 321 (269 ndash 382) 108 (lt LOD ndash 191) 352 (301 ndash 438) 762 (591 ndash 968) 12260 years and older 338 (285 ndash 402) 137 (534 ndash 182) 363 (333 ndash 415) 779 (698 ndash 924) 180FemalesTotal 20 years and older 351 (289 ndash 425) 136 (604 ndash 176) 366 (321 ndash 430) 792 (738 ndash 104) 45120ndash39 years 331 (257 ndash 424) 137 (lt LOD ndash 189) 361 (273 ndash 430) 762 (664 ndash 169) 14540ndash59 years 346 (274 ndash 436) 109 (381 ndash 171) 343 (289 ndash 500) 843 (734 ndash 139) 12060 years and older 385 (320 ndash 463) 154 (484 ndash 218) 422 (361 ndash 548) 771 (739 ndash 861) 186lt LOD means less than the limit of detection which may vary for some compounds by year See Appendix D for LOD dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
248 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population248 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
26a
1 P
lasm
a ne
rvon
ic a
cid
(24
1n-9
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
749
(72
4 ndash
774
)45
6(4
29
ndash 47
8)
498
(45
9 ndash
520
)75
0(7
20
ndash 77
7)
116
(112
ndash 1
21)
126
(122
ndash 1
34)
169
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
722
(68
7 ndash
758
)44
5(4
01
ndash 45
9)
478
(44
5 ndash
516
)72
1(6
78
ndash 77
2)
109
(103
ndash 1
15)
118
(112
ndash 1
26)
573
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
743
(71
5 ndash
771
)46
4(3
49
ndash 50
4)
512
(46
2 ndash
532
)74
1(7
14
ndash 77
6)
109
(105
ndash 1
21)
123
(113
ndash 1
40)
492
60 y
ears
and
old
er81
0(7
77
ndash 84
6)
441
(41
8 ndash
499
)50
7(4
46
ndash 53
2)
799
(77
2 ndash
848
)12
8(1
21 ndash
138
)13
7(1
29 ndash
161
)63
1G
ende
rM
ales
720
(69
5 ndash
745
)44
3(4
03
ndash 45
9)
470
(44
5 ndash
509
)71
9(6
98
ndash 74
4)
109
(105
ndash 1
14)
118
(113
ndash 1
27)
816
Fem
ales
777
(74
8 ndash
807
)47
9(4
46
ndash 50
0)
516
(47
0 ndash
553
)77
6(7
43
ndash 80
0)
121
(116
ndash 1
26)
131
(124
ndash 1
41)
880
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s74
4(7
10
ndash 78
0)
464
dagger(3
26
ndash 52
8)
514
(43
8 ndash
543
)76
0(7
11
ndash 77
9)
108
(101
ndash 1
21)
115dagger
(108
ndash 1
57)
373
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
773
(72
1 ndash
828
)44
4dagger
(23
7 ndash
492
)49
3(3
89
ndash 53
8)
775
(72
6 ndash
818
)12
3(1
15 ndash
131
)12
9dagger(1
24 ndash
161
)28
8N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
741
(71
3 ndash
770
)45
0(4
25
ndash 46
4)
492
(45
4 ndash
518
)74
0(7
10
ndash 77
4)
117
(111
ndash 1
22)
127
(122
ndash 1
35)
914
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0
Plas
ma
nerv
onic
aci
d(μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
150 NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 226a Plasma nervonic acid (241nndash9) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
nerv
onic
aci
dPl
asm
a ne
rvon
ic a
cid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 0
50
100
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 249249
250 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population250 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 226a2 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 749 (724 ndash 774) 544 (519 ndash 566) 750 (720 ndash 777) 103 (996 ndash 108) 169620ndash39 years 722 (687 ndash 758) 530 (483 ndash 562) 721 (678 ndash 772) 973 (942 ndash 103) 57340ndash59 years 743 (715 ndash 771) 550 (528 ndash 576) 741 (714 ndash 776) 987 (949 ndash 105) 49260 years and older 810 (777 ndash 846) 559 (518 ndash 600) 799 (772 ndash 848) 118 (110 ndash 124) 631MalesTotal 20 years and older 720 (695 ndash 745) 528 (498 ndash 548) 719 (698 ndash 744) 986 (956 ndash 102) 81620ndash39 years 709 (670 ndash 750) 525 (461 ndash 554) 692 (648 ndash 763) 991 (940 ndash 106) 26740ndash59 years 721 (694 ndash 749) 531 (473 ndash 572) 726 (711 ndash 746) 962 (889 ndash 104) 24060 years and older 739 (709 ndash 770) 514 (463 ndash 552) 742 (711 ndash 783) 103 (980 ndash 112) 309FemalesTotal 20 years and older 777 (748 ndash 807) 569 (527 ndash 595) 776 (743 ndash 800) 107 (101 ndash 115) 88020ndash39 years 734 (700 ndash 770) 539 (484 ndash 582) 749 (715 ndash 776) 969 (929 ndash 104) 30640ndash59 years 764 (732 ndash 798) 574 (519 ndash 598) 768 (704 ndash 812) 101 (977 ndash 109) 25260 years and older 873 (828 ndash 920) 620 (557 ndash 654) 863 (807 ndash 926) 123 (119 ndash 135) 322
Table 226a3 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 744 (710 ndash 780) 553 (507 ndash 586) 760 (711 ndash 779) 991 (937 ndash 107) 37320ndash39 years 739 (696 ndash 786) 553 (439 ndash 589) 758 (704 ndash 778) 961 (933 ndash 108) 12940ndash59 years 739 (693 ndash 786) 543dagger (466 ndash 588) 740 (690 ndash 813) 966dagger (894 ndash 122) 9360 years and older 786 (748 ndash 827) 587 (502 ndash 621) 802 (766 ndash 825) 105 (987 ndash 115) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 742 (710 ndash 776) 555 (527 ndash 577) 735 (705 ndash 777) 996 (934 ndash 107) 18720ndash39 years 740 (705 ndash 776) 545dagger (463 ndash 587) 722 (695 ndash 787) 949dagger (912 ndash 107) 6540ndash59 years 741 (684 ndash 802) 557dagger (460 ndash 599) 701 (669 ndash 806) 102dagger (890 ndash 127) 4860 years and older 766 (693 ndash 847) 532dagger (395 ndash 634) 780 (663 ndash 883) 104dagger (975 ndash 157) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 746 (697 ndash 799) 552 (459 ndash 593) 772 (672 ndash 820) 966 (908 ndash 116) 18620ndash39 years 739 (673 ndash 812) 553dagger (431 ndash 591) 771 (636 ndash 797) 986dagger (892 ndash 129) 6440ndash59 years 736 (671 ndash 808) 509dagger (445 ndash 594) 784 (634 ndash 855) 921dagger (862 ndash 121) 4560 years and older 805 (745 ndash 870) 605dagger (326 ndash 670) 806 (735 ndash 883) 104dagger (925 ndash 159) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2511 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2512 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 226a4 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 773 (721 ndash 828) 544 (493 ndash 574) 775 (726 ndash 818) 110 (102 ndash 121) 28820ndash39 years 731 (672 ndash 796) 509 (443 ndash 558) 741 (675 ndash 798) 101 (936 ndash 128) 11640ndash59 years 799 (741 ndash 862) 563dagger (500 ndash 619) 787 (728 ndash 816) 112dagger (996 ndash 137) 9360 years and older 841 (748 ndash 946) 553dagger (433 ndash 592) 877 (772 ndash 942) 122dagger (114 ndash 131) 79MalesTotal 20 years and older 744 (677 ndash 818) 533 (452 ndash 555) 744 (674 ndash 811) 111 (970 ndash 128) 13320ndash39 years 693 (585 ndash 820) 452dagger (237 ndash 539) 674 (603 ndash 806) 104dagger (817 ndash 129) 5440ndash59 years 789 (722 ndash 863) 567dagger (539 ndash 662) 766 (688 ndash 814) 109dagger (942 ndash 133) 4060 years and older 823 (736 ndash 920) 547dagger (496 ndash 622) 845 (597 ndash 104) 117dagger (104 ndash 129) 39FemalesTotal 20 years and older 796 (734 ndash 864) 557 (501 ndash 601) 793 (731 ndash 886) 109 (101 ndash 123) 15520ndash39 years 766 (687 ndash 854) 556dagger (486 ndash 613) 754 (703 ndash 862) 989dagger (920 ndash 123) 6240ndash59 years 806 (723 ndash 900) 555dagger (434 ndash 629) 792 (710 ndash 895) 112dagger (101 ndash 160) 5360 years and older 853 (716 ndash 102) 518dagger (397 ndash 628) 892 (758 ndash 952) 123dagger (101 ndash 167) 40dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 226a5 Plasma nervonic acid (241n-9) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 741 (713 ndash 770) 535 (513 ndash 562) 740 (710 ndash 774) 102 (986 ndash 109) 91420ndash39 years 705 (665 ndash 748) 519 (452 ndash 562) 707 (648 ndash 762) 940 (881 ndash 109) 28140ndash59 years 732 (701 ndash 765) 539 (510 ndash 576) 736 (698 ndash 776) 976 (919 ndash 108) 26560 years and older 810 (771 ndash 851) 554 (518 ndash 587) 799 (757 ndash 854) 118 (109 ndash 132) 368MalesTotal 20 years and older 706 (681 ndash 731) 521 (481 ndash 541) 710 (684 ndash 734) 972 (907 ndash 101) 43720ndash39 years 684 (643 ndash 727) 520 (437 ndash 557) 663 (617 ndash 730) 922 (844 ndash 109) 12040ndash59 years 710 (678 ndash 745) 528 (463 ndash 544) 723 (709 ndash 742) 932 (864 ndash 107) 13560 years and older 730 (700 ndash 761) 509 (435 ndash 548) 737 (685 ndash 788) 102 (939 ndash 113) 182FemalesTotal 20 years and older 775 (738 ndash 813) 562 (519 ndash 592) 774 (724 ndash 810) 108 (101 ndash 119) 47720ndash39 years 725 (679 ndash 775) 519 (452 ndash 576) 741 (689 ndash 783) 961 (900 ndash 115) 16140ndash59 years 755 (717 ndash 794) 572 (519 ndash 593) 747 (684 ndash 807) 100 (947 ndash 109) 13060 years and older 884 (831 ndash 941) 618 (535 ndash 684) 883 (798 ndash 965) 126 (119 ndash 137) 186
252 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population252 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
27a
1 P
lasm
a lin
olei
c ac
id (1
82n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
345
0(3
390
ndash 3
510
)2
210
(20
70 ndash
23
00)
237
0(2
310
ndash 2
450
)3
430
(33
70 ndash
35
20)
498
0(4
810
ndash 5
190
)5
410
(51
40 ndash
58
40)
180
6A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
334
0(3
260
ndash 3
410
)2
150
(18
30 ndash
22
90)
234
0(2
200
ndash 2
460
)3
310
(32
40 ndash
33
70)
481
0(4
630
ndash 5
230
)5
250
(49
10 ndash
62
60)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
352
0(3
440
ndash 3
600
)2
230
(17
40 ndash
23
60)
242
0(2
250
ndash 2
570
)3
500
(34
10 ndash
36
20)
506
0(4
830
ndash 5
610
)5
550
(51
10 ndash
58
80)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er3
520
(34
30 ndash
36
00)
225
0(1
960
ndash 2
320
)2
360
(22
80 ndash
24
90)
357
0(3
480
ndash 3
640
)5
090
(48
70 ndash
52
20)
544
0(5
160
ndash 5
890
)68
1G
ende
rM
ales
338
0(3
300
ndash 3
470
)2
240
(21
20 ndash
23
10)
234
0(2
310
ndash 2
410
)3
360
(32
40 ndash
34
50)
490
0(4
640
ndash 5
360
)5
240
(50
90 ndash
58
10)
863
Fem
ales
350
0(3
430
ndash 3
580
)2
170
(19
10 ndash
23
40)
242
0(2
300
ndash 2
540
)3
530
(34
50 ndash
36
00)
504
0(4
880
ndash 5
280
)5
500
(51
00 ndash
59
00)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s3
730
(35
70 ndash
39
00)
232
0dagger(1
840
ndash 2
480
)2
490
(23
30 ndash
26
10)
366
0(3
510
ndash 3
900
)5
800
(52
70 ndash
65
70)
632
0dagger(5
810
ndash 7
000
)37
5N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks3
210
(30
90 ndash
33
40)
214
0dagger(1
850
ndash 2
200
)2
250
(21
10 ndash
23
60)
313
0(3
030
ndash 3
230
)4
610
(44
60 ndash
48
10)
496
0dagger(4
640
ndash 8
680
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
344
0(3
370
ndash 3
510
)2
210
(20
20 ndash
23
00)
236
0(2
270
ndash 2
500
)3
440
(33
60 ndash
35
40)
495
0(4
800
ndash 5
080
)5
190
(50
50 ndash
57
80)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
00
4000
60
00
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
6000
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 227a Plasma linoleic acid (182nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
Plas
ma
linol
eic
acid
(μm
olL
) (μ
mol
L)
0 20
00
4000
60
00
0 20
00
4000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 253253
254 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population254 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 227a2 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3450 (3390 ndash 3510) 2610 (2550 ndash 2700) 3430 (3370 ndash 3520) 4570 (4410 ndash 4730) 180620ndash39 years 3340 (3260 ndash 3410) 2570 (2470 ndash 2610) 3310 (3240 ndash 3370) 4410 (4280 ndash 4670) 61040ndash59 years 3520 (3440 ndash 3600) 2700 (2520 ndash 2780) 3500 (3410 ndash 3620) 4700 (4510 ndash 4830) 51560 years and older 3520 (3430 ndash 3600) 2690 (2480 ndash 2790) 3570 (3480 ndash 3640) 4580 (4410 ndash 4870) 681MalesTotal 20 years and older 3380 (3300 ndash 3470) 2590 (2480 ndash 2680) 3360 (3240 ndash 3450) 4510 (4240 ndash 4720) 86320ndash39 years 3280 (3190 ndash 3380) 2510 (2420 ndash 2600) 3210 (3150 ndash 3320) 4380 (4030 ndash 4910) 28240ndash59 years 3530 (3430 ndash 3620) 2710 (2600 ndash 2790) 3490 (3350 ndash 3640) 4610 (4350 ndash 4860) 24860 years and older 3320 (3220 ndash 3420) 2420 (2320 ndash 2570) 3370 (3180 ndash 3510) 4310 (4160 ndash 4680) 333FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3500 (3430 ndash 3580) 2640 (2580 ndash 2740) 3530 (3450 ndash 3600) 4660 (4490 ndash 4820) 94320ndash39 years 3390 (3270 ndash 3510) 2590 (2530 ndash 2630) 3390 (3280 ndash 3520) 4420 (4270 ndash 4860) 32840ndash59 years 3510 (3390 ndash 3630) 2630 (2350 ndash 2860) 3530 (3420 ndash 3620) 4790 (4380 ndash 5030) 26760 years and older 3690 (3580 ndash 3800) 2870 (2770 ndash 2940) 3700 (3600 ndash 3790) 4820 (4540 ndash 5080) 348
Table 227a3 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3730 (3570 ndash 3900) 2700 (2500 ndash 2900) 3660 (3510 ndash 3900) 5170 (4740 ndash 5900) 37520ndash39 years 3630 (3350 ndash 3920) 2620 (2350 ndash 2730) 3530 (3280 ndash 3960) 5120 (4570 ndash 6320) 13240ndash59 years 3920 (3720 ndash 4130) 2900dagger (2410 ndash 3150) 3810 (3690 ndash 4100) 5370dagger (4730 ndash 7050) 9360 years and older 3860 (3540 ndash 4210) 2910 (2120 ndash 3360) 3840 (3530 ndash 4250) 5050 (4590 ndash 6170) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 3700 (3460 ndash 3950) 2630 (2330 ndash 2910) 3640 (3280 ndash 4140) 5100 (4650 ndash 6350) 18820ndash39 years 3600 (3220 ndash 4040) 2490dagger (2310 ndash 2860) 3500 (3030 ndash 4300) 5020dagger (4440 ndash 6640) 6740ndash59 years 3890 (3610 ndash 4200) 3010dagger (2020 ndash 3250) 3860 (3600 ndash 4150) 5050dagger (4530 ndash 7450) 4860 years and older 3750 (3490 ndash 4030) 2750dagger (2170 ndash 3290) 3760 (3580 ndash 3990) 4960dagger (4330 ndash 5580) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3780 (3610 ndash 3960) 2710 (2260 ndash 3040) 3680 (3530 ndash 3920) 5260 (4810 ndash 5960) 18720ndash39 years 3660 (3320 ndash 4030) 2710dagger (1840 ndash 3050) 3550 (3470 ndash 3910) 5130dagger (4350 ndash 6500) 6540ndash59 years 3950 (3680 ndash 4250) 2720dagger (2350 ndash 3130) 3780 (3580 ndash 4330) 5440dagger (4800 ndash 6970) 4560 years and older 3970 (3440 ndash 4580) 2920dagger (2120 ndash 3520) 3930 (3450 ndash 4570) 5080dagger (4570 ndash 6220) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2551 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2552 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 227a4 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3210 (3090 ndash 3340) 2430 (2350 ndash 2490) 3130 (3030 ndash 3230) 4250 (4120 ndash 4540) 31020ndash39 years 3140 (2940 ndash 3340) 2360 (2150 ndash 2460) 3050 (2860 ndash 3230) 4200 (4030 ndash 4570) 12640ndash59 years 3280 (3110 ndash 3470) 2540dagger (2240 ndash 2690) 3160 (3040 ndash 3260) 4330dagger (4100 ndash 5000) 9860 years and older 3290 (3080 ndash 3510) 2470dagger (1190 ndash 2710) 3410 (3090 ndash 3550) 4210dagger (3930 ndash 5080) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 3190 (3070 ndash 3320) 2350 (2180 ndash 2480) 3070 (2980 ndash 3190) 4380 (3940 ndash 4840) 14320ndash39 years 3120 (2900 ndash 3350) 2320dagger (1800 ndash 2450) 3030 (2790 ndash 3290) 4110dagger (3750 ndash 7040) 5840ndash59 years 3370 (3190 ndash 3570) 2610dagger (2200 ndash 2750) 3160 (2990 ndash 3280) 4570dagger (4110 ndash 8980) 4260 years and older 3050 (2750 ndash 3380) 2300dagger (1190 ndash 2500) 3070 (2730 ndash 3650) 4010dagger (3800 ndash 4250) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3230 (3050 ndash 3410) 2460 (2390 ndash 2560) 3180 (2970 ndash 3380) 4210 (4040 ndash 5050) 16720ndash39 years 3160 (2920 ndash 3410) 2410dagger (2220 ndash 2470) 3100 (2820 ndash 3340) 4230dagger (3900 ndash 5030) 6840ndash59 years 3220 (3000 ndash 3440) 2490dagger (2160 ndash 2630) 3100 (2910 ndash 3410) 4120dagger (3720 ndash 7490) 5660 years and older 3450 (3190 ndash 3720) 2640dagger (2420 ndash 2910) 3430 (3050 ndash 3750) 4350dagger (4100 ndash 5080) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 227a5 Plasma linoleic acid (182n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3440 (3370 ndash 3510) 2620 (2530 ndash 2710) 3440 (3360 ndash 3540) 4520 (4340 ndash 4720) 99120ndash39 years 3330 (3250 ndash 3420) 2580 (2520 ndash 2620) 3310 (3250 ndash 3380) 4360 (4130 ndash 4730) 30040ndash59 years 3470 (3370 ndash 3580) 2690 (2360 ndash 2830) 3480 (3340 ndash 3620) 4560 (4300 ndash 4820) 28060 years and older 3530 (3430 ndash 3630) 2680 (2420 ndash 2800) 3590 (3490 ndash 3690) 4600 (4440 ndash 4930) 411MalesTotal 20 years and older 3360 (3260 ndash 3470) 2580 (2440 ndash 2690) 3370 (3210 ndash 3500) 4330 (4130 ndash 4740) 47120ndash39 years 3250 (3140 ndash 3370) 2530 (2420 ndash 2600) 3210 (3130 ndash 3330) 4150 (3860 ndash 5070) 12840ndash59 years 3480 (3340 ndash 3630) 2710 (2430 ndash 2830) 3480 (3290 ndash 3650) 4430 (4200 ndash 4930) 14060 years and older 3330 (3210 ndash 3450) 2420 (2300 ndash 2580) 3370 (3090 ndash 3600) 4320 (4110 ndash 4780) 203FemalesTotal 20 years and older 3510 (3430 ndash 3590) 2660 (2570 ndash 2770) 3530 (3420 ndash 3610) 4660 (4480 ndash 4820) 52020ndash39 years 3410 (3240 ndash 3580) 2610 (2430 ndash 2740) 3390 (3250 ndash 3580) 4390 (4180 ndash 4970) 17240ndash59 years 3470 (3330 ndash 3610) 2570 (2220 ndash 2870) 3480 (3340 ndash 3610) 4720 (4290 ndash 4940) 14060 years and older 3720 (3580 ndash 3860) 2900 (2810 ndash 2970) 3760 (3640 ndash 3840) 4860 (4530 ndash 5140) 208
256 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population256 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
28a
1 P
lasm
a al
pha-
linol
enic
aci
d (1
83n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
631
(60
5 ndash
658
)25
2(2
14
ndash 27
5)
300
(26
0 ndash
331
)61
4(5
89
ndash 63
7)
137
(128
ndash 1
51)
165
(153
ndash 1
92)
180
1A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
581
(55
8 ndash
606
)24
9(1
99
ndash 26
6)
273
(25
2 ndash
303
)57
5(5
52
ndash 59
9)
127
(117
ndash 1
50)
159
(137
ndash 2
21)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
650
(60
7 ndash
696
)25
1(1
43
ndash 30
3)
308
(22
7 ndash
356
)61
2(5
82
ndash 66
9)
134
(127
ndash 1
62)
174
(157
ndash 2
03)
513
60 y
ears
and
old
er69
0(6
52
ndash 73
0)
293
(20
8 ndash
332
)33
5(2
84
ndash 36
4)
683
(64
9 ndash
723
)14
3(1
38 ndash
154
)15
9(1
47 ndash
234
)67
8G
ende
rM
ales
621
(58
8 ndash
655
)23
0(1
70
ndash 26
2)
276
(22
4 ndash
317
)59
9(5
73
ndash 64
2)
142
(128
ndash 1
72)
173
(155
ndash 2
10)
859
Fem
ales
641
(61
1 ndash
672
)27
2(2
36
ndash 30
6)
328
(27
5 ndash
347
)62
4(5
99
ndash 65
5)
131
(123
ndash 1
50)
158
(146
ndash 1
84)
942
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s69
0(6
38
ndash 74
5)
239
dagger(2
01
ndash 30
7)
318
(24
3 ndash
361
)66
2(5
96
ndash 73
9)
160
(135
ndash 2
46)
199dagger
(159
ndash 4
21)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
538
(50
4 ndash
574
)24
5dagger
(13
3 ndash
288
)28
8(2
37
ndash 30
8)
505
(48
2 ndash
531
)11
5(1
07 ndash
147
)14
9dagger(1
21 ndash
362
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
633
(59
9 ndash
668
)25
2(2
00
ndash 27
5)
295
(25
8 ndash
330
)62
3(5
89
ndash 65
7)
133
(124
ndash 1
53)
157
(143
ndash 1
93)
986
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0
Plas
ma
alph
aminuslin
olen
icac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
150
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 228a Plasma alphaminuslinolenic acid (183nndash3) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
alph
aminuslin
olen
icPl
asm
a al
phaminus
linol
enic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 0
50
100
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 257257
258 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population258 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 228a2 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Samplesize10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 631 (605 ndash 658) 353 (331 ndash 380) 614 (589 ndash 637) 114 (110 ndash 121) 180120ndash39 years 581 (558 ndash 606) 329 (308 ndash 342) 575 (552 ndash 599) 107 (982 ndash 116) 61040ndash59 years 650 (607 ndash 696) 376 (313 ndash 405) 612 (582 ndash 669) 117 (110 ndash 128) 51360 years and older 690 (652 ndash 730) 393 (348 ndash 432) 683 (649 ndash 723) 123 (112 ndash 137) 678MalesTotal 20 years and older 621 (588 ndash 655) 336 (286 ndash 370) 599 (573 ndash 642) 116 (110 ndash 127) 85920ndash39 years 569 (535 ndash 606) 316 (275 ndash 343) 557 (512 ndash 596) 107 (981 ndash 121) 28240ndash59 years 659 (615 ndash 706) 345 (239 ndash 437) 636 (581 ndash 729) 125 (112 ndash 132) 24660 years and older 654 (601 ndash 712) 353 (317 ndash 398) 638 (572 ndash 738) 120 (107 ndash 147) 331FemalesTotal 20 years and older 641 (611 ndash 672) 381 (351 ndash 397) 624 (599 ndash 655) 113 (106 ndash 122) 94220ndash39 years 593 (561 ndash 627) 340 (307 ndash 362) 591 (560 ndash 626) 105 (934 ndash 125) 32840ndash59 years 642 (584 ndash 704) 385 (341 ndash 406) 588 (553 ndash 657) 112 (103 ndash 125) 26760 years and older 720 (673 ndash 771) 429 (365 ndash 475) 711 (669 ndash 766) 123 (109 ndash 141) 347
Table 228a3 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 690 (638 ndash 745) 394 (302 ndash 430) 662 (596 ndash 739) 133 (117 ndash 159) 37520ndash39 years 656 (562 ndash 766) 368 (252 ndash 413) 614 (546 ndash 738) 125 (111 ndash 215) 13240ndash59 years 738 (654 ndash 832) 438dagger (301 ndash 478) 705 (590 ndash 884) 133dagger (115 ndash 146) 9360 years and older 761 (655 ndash 885) 436 (344 ndash 474) 759 (676 ndash 829) 136 (108 ndash 292) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 689 (611 ndash 777) 405 (258 ndash 435) 659 (546 ndash 802) 134 (113 ndash 201) 18820ndash39 years 662 (523 ndash 839) 393dagger (228 ndash 426) 585 (446 ndash 865) 130dagger (919 ndash 222) 6740ndash59 years 744 (597 ndash 928) 437dagger (227 ndash 508) 704 (556 ndash 959) 133dagger (105 ndash 421) 4860 years and older 706 (603 ndash 825) 396dagger (318 ndash 470) 696 (551 ndash 794) 125dagger (947 ndash 292) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 691 (621 ndash 768) 375 (231 ndash 448) 662 (602 ndash 732) 131 (118 ndash 147) 18720ndash39 years 647 (514 ndash 815) 327dagger (201 ndash 437) 636 (550 ndash 734) 125dagger (102 ndash 278) 6540ndash59 years 730 (634 ndash 841) 414dagger (231 ndash 521) 690 (541 ndash 879) 132dagger (110 ndash 194) 4560 years and older 816 (644 ndash 103) 452dagger (323 ndash 581) 820 (648 ndash 948) 144dagger (111 ndash 197) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2591 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2592 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 228a4 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 538 (504 ndash 574) 318 (294 ndash 340) 505 (482 ndash 531) 917 (810 ndash 112) 31020ndash39 years 504 (446 ndash 568) 307 (264 ndash 331) 481 (430 ndash 530) 768 (690 ndash 142) 12640ndash59 years 562 (520 ndash 606) 328dagger (234 ndash 362) 515 (471 ndash 551) 990dagger (818 ndash 315) 9860 years and older 594 (533 ndash 662) 359dagger (294 ndash 404) 600 (535 ndash 630) 929dagger (814 ndash 142) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 534 (486 ndash 587) 294 (241 ndash 324) 517 (449 ndash 553) 933 (789 ndash 149) 14320ndash39 years 496 (412 ndash 598) 288dagger (133 ndash 335) 455 (424 ndash 579) 757dagger (653 ndash 523) 5840ndash59 years 579 (499 ndash 672) 297dagger (181 ndash 352) 516 (409 ndash 637) 124dagger (974 ndash 284) 4260 years and older 564 (488 ndash 651) 306dagger (253 ndash 399) 598 (462 ndash 725) 907dagger (790 ndash 105) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 541 (500 ndash 585) 344 (321 ndash 370) 503 (475 ndash 546) 889 (774 ndash 120) 16720ndash39 years 510 (457 ndash 569) 327dagger (281 ndash 359) 482 (412 ndash 577) 801dagger (670 ndash 134) 6840ndash59 years 549 (478 ndash 629) 352dagger (231 ndash 399) 512 (443 ndash 576) 847dagger (758 ndash 332) 5660 years and older 614 (537 ndash 701) 388dagger (329 ndash 432) 592 (520 ndash 648) 101dagger (815 ndash 142) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 228a5 Plasma alpha-linolenic acid (183n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 633 (599 ndash 668) 349 (323 ndash 380) 623 (589 ndash 657) 113 (109 ndash 120) 98620ndash39 years 583 (555 ndash 613) 324 (302 ndash 341) 584 (564 ndash 619) 103 (938 ndash 116) 30040ndash59 years 640 (579 ndash 707) 375 (281 ndash 408) 605 (573 ndash 680) 114 (108 ndash 123) 27860 years and older 694 (651 ndash 740) 394 (343 ndash 441) 690 (651 ndash 727) 125 (111 ndash 140) 408MalesTotal 20 years and older 618 (581 ndash 657) 330 (275 ndash 366) 606 (574 ndash 654) 113 (108 ndash 124) 46720ndash39 years 557 (522 ndash 595) 306 (264 ndash 337) 551 (477 ndash 606) 103 (956 ndash 113) 12840ndash59 years 648 (596 ndash 705) 337 (161 ndash 457) 636 (581 ndash 708) 116 (108 ndash 132) 13860 years and older 658 (601 ndash 721) 360 (292 ndash 416) 638 (571 ndash 744) 118 (109 ndash 145) 201FemalesTotal 20 years and older 647 (610 ndash 685) 382 (346 ndash 400) 628 (598 ndash 670) 113 (106 ndash 121) 51920ndash39 years 608 (567 ndash 651) 340 (304 ndash 373) 610 (564 ndash 661) 103 (888 ndash 128) 17240ndash59 years 632 (552 ndash 723) 384 (336 ndash 407) 584 (521 ndash 681) 111 (102 ndash 120) 14060 years and older 725 (670 ndash 785) 419 (347 ndash 481) 712 (673 ndash 766) 127 (108 ndash 154) 207
260 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population260 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
29a
1 P
lasm
a ga
mm
a-lin
olen
ic a
cid
(18
3n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
469
(45
0 ndash
490
)17
1(1
37
ndash 19
1)
202
(19
0 ndash
220
)49
0(4
64
ndash 51
5)
100
(94
2 ndash
106)
117
(107
ndash 1
27)
179
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
417
(39
4 ndash
441
)15
0(1
26
ndash 17
7)
193
(15
1 ndash
212
)41
9(3
87
ndash 46
5)
851
(79
1 ndash
105)
998
(86
2 ndash
140)
603
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
510
(48
4 ndash
538
)18
4(1
50
ndash 19
4)
204
(18
3 ndash
240
)53
3(5
01
ndash 56
4)
108
(96
5 ndash
118)
121
(113
ndash 1
29)
513
60 y
ears
and
old
er49
6(4
59
ndash 53
6)
183
(14
4 ndash
203
)22
0(2
03
ndash 23
6)
512
(46
1 ndash
570
)10
2(9
74
ndash 11
9)11
5(1
04 ndash
142
)67
9G
ende
rM
ales
480
(45
5 ndash
506
)17
1(1
31
ndash 20
3)
220
(18
7 ndash
235
)50
0(4
80
ndash 52
4)
992
(90
5 ndash
120)
120
(105
ndash 1
29)
855
Fem
ales
460
(43
7 ndash
484
)16
8(1
28
ndash 19
1)
195
(17
0 ndash
216
)47
2(4
40
ndash 50
6)
100
(92
8 ndash
106)
110
(106
ndash 1
28)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s41
8(3
81
ndash 45
8)
126
dagger(6
25
ndash 15
0)
151
(99
0 ndash
186
)43
1(3
84
ndash 49
9)
940
(89
7 ndash
115)
116dagger
(96
3 ndash
132)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
425
(40
4 ndash
447
)16
5dagger
(14
9 ndash
183
)20
6(1
58
ndash 23
1)
428
(40
0 ndash
464
)84
1(7
67
ndash 11
2)10
5dagger(8
67
ndash 13
8)30
9N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
488
(46
1 ndash
516
)19
2(1
39
ndash 21
3)
221
(19
7 ndash
238
)50
5(4
75
ndash 53
2)
101
(93
4 ndash
108)
117
(105
ndash 1
28)
981
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icacid (μ
molL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 229a Plasma gammaminuslinolenic acid (183nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icPlasma ga
mmaminus
linolen
icacid (μ
molL)
acid (μ
molL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 261261
262 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population262 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 229a2 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 469 (450 ndash 490) 244 (229 ndash 258) 490 (464 ndash 515) 857 (821 ndash 903) 179520ndash39 years 417 (394 ndash 441) 225 (206 ndash 241) 419 (387 ndash 465) 752 (699 ndash 809) 60340ndash59 years 510 (484 ndash 538) 257 (234 ndash 295) 533 (501 ndash 564) 905 (871 ndash 947) 51360 years and older 496 (459 ndash 536) 267 (239 ndash 291) 512 (461 ndash 570) 908 (828 ndash 101) 679MalesTotal 20 years and older 480 (455 ndash 506) 256 (238 ndash 270) 500 (480 ndash 524) 857 (812 ndash 944) 85520ndash39 years 457 (427 ndash 488) 251 (217 ndash 269) 488 (443 ndash 521) 795 (684 ndash 905) 27740ndash59 years 527 (495 ndash 562) 263 (239 ndash 308) 557 (515 ndash 592) 919 (856 ndash 110) 24660 years and older 443 (403 ndash 487) 247 (195 ndash 277) 445 (424 ndash 484) 798 (705 ndash 101) 332FemalesTotal 20 years and older 460 (437 ndash 484) 230 (215 ndash 248) 472 (440 ndash 506) 851 (804 ndash 898) 94020ndash39 years 382 (353 ndash 413) 215 (166 ndash 231) 373 (347 ndash 413) 730 (626 ndash 790) 32640ndash59 years 495 (463 ndash 530) 245 (201 ndash 278) 517 (482 ndash 558) 897 (819 ndash 101) 26760 years and older 544 (500 ndash 592) 291 (262 ndash 306) 579 (507 ndash 645) 972 (880 ndash 105) 347
Table 229a3 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 418 (381 ndash 458) 195 (152 ndash 228) 431 (384 ndash 499) 835 (773 ndash 898) 37520ndash39 years 385 (332 ndash 445) 181 (130 ndash 202) 404 (326 ndash 511) 712 (670 ndash 870) 13240ndash59 years 474 (429 ndash 523) 242dagger (173 ndash 276) 483 (396 ndash 551) 949dagger (815 ndash 123) 9360 years and older 469 (409 ndash 537) 240 (133 ndash 291) 487 (419 ndash 610) 860 (791 ndash 897) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 442 (381 ndash 512) 206 (145 ndash 263) 459 (384 ndash 548) 873 (740 ndash 916) 18820ndash39 years 433 (346 ndash 542) 201dagger (722 ndash 252) 467 (328 ndash 600) 813dagger (671 ndash 107) 6740ndash59 years 471 (379 ndash 586) 258dagger (942 ndash 317) 447 (380 ndash 552) 942dagger (709 ndash 155) 4860 years and older 411 (335 ndash 505) 213dagger (111 ndash 256) 429 (269 ndash 608) 710dagger (575 ndash 131) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 390 (344 ndash 441) 165 (106 ndash 219) 401 (330 ndash 506) 824 (722 ndash 906) 18720ndash39 years 328 (265 ndash 406) 147dagger (625 ndash 193) 346 (290 ndash 414) 616dagger (506 ndash 896) 6540ndash59 years 476 (414 ndash 548) 210dagger (150 ndash 274) 513 (350 ndash 616) 949dagger (812 ndash 108) 4560 years and older 529 (460 ndash 607) 266dagger (956 ndash 391) 553 (503 ndash 622) 889dagger (864 ndash 982) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2631 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2632 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 229a4 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 425 (404 ndash 447) 237 (220 ndash 251) 428 (400 ndash 464) 737 (683 ndash 800) 30920ndash39 years 380 (351 ndash 412) 221 (182 ndash 241) 371 (327 ndash 418) 673 (618 ndash 762) 12540ndash59 years 492 (455 ndash 532) 270dagger (199 ndash 330) 501 (486 ndash 533) 822dagger (730 ndash 111) 9860 years and older 429 (401 ndash 459) 253dagger (119 ndash 300) 458 (398 ndash 486) 685dagger (663 ndash 740) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 447 (412 ndash 484) 248 (225 ndash 275) 442 (387 ndash 512) 754 (728 ndash 886) 14220ndash39 years 417 (373 ndash 466) 234dagger (147 ndash 263) 425 (325 ndash 520) 731dagger (603 ndash 181) 5740ndash59 years 511 (451 ndash 578) 279dagger (232 ndash 348) 488 (392 ndash 588) 885dagger (731 ndash 121) 4260 years and older 409 (356 ndash 469) 236dagger (200 ndash 263) 398 (333 ndash 513) 694dagger (574 ndash 831) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 409 (389 ndash 430) 224 (189 ndash 252) 417 (378 ndash 462) 693 (659 ndash 786) 16720ndash39 years 353 (326 ndash 382) 212dagger (155 ndash 243) 367 (299 ndash 391) 600dagger (506 ndash 822) 6840ndash59 years 479 (423 ndash 542) 218dagger (178 ndash 333) 508 (464 ndash 540) 781dagger (682 ndash 109) 5660 years and older 442 (396 ndash 494) 254dagger (119 ndash 310) 468 (365 ndash 540) 683dagger (617 ndash 784) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 229a5 Plasma gamma-linolenic acid (183n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 488 (461 ndash 516) 256 (239 ndash 278) 505 (475 ndash 532) 869 (822 ndash 932) 98120ndash39 years 441 (409 ndash 476) 240 (218 ndash 267) 453 (390 ndash 509) 763 (695 ndash 847) 29440ndash59 years 519 (481 ndash 560) 266 (228 ndash 322) 542 (500 ndash 587) 903 (864 ndash 947) 27860 years and older 506 (461 ndash 555) 268 (228 ndash 296) 524 (462 ndash 587) 925 (832 ndash 104) 409MalesTotal 20 years and older 496 (460 ndash 534) 263 (239 ndash 296) 514 (490 ndash 535) 861 (797 ndash 101) 46420ndash39 years 477 (436 ndash 521) 263 (225 ndash 295) 498 (468 ndash 529) 805 (677 ndash 115) 12440ndash59 years 544 (500 ndash 592) 285 (240 ndash 333) 569 (517 ndash 607) 924 (855 ndash 117) 13860 years and older 447 (398 ndash 503) 246 (163 ndash 287) 446 (418 ndash 497) 809 (674 ndash 119) 202FemalesTotal 20 years and older 481 (454 ndash 509) 246 (224 ndash 277) 491 (451 ndash 535) 873 (821 ndash 922) 51720ndash39 years 413 (372 ndash 458) 230 (201 ndash 252) 396 (358 ndash 454) 755 (647 ndash 817) 17040ndash59 years 495 (448 ndash 548) 254 (192 ndash 315) 505 (462 ndash 561) 889 (770 ndash 103) 14060 years and older 561 (506 ndash 622) 296 (228 ndash 335) 606 (528 ndash 660) 974 (883 ndash 107) 207
264 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population264 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
30a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cosa
dien
oic
acid
(20
2n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
212
(20
7 ndash
218
)11
2(1
05
ndash 11
6)
124
(11
9 ndash
128
)20
9(2
03
ndash 21
6)
369
(35
1 ndash
399
)42
2(3
99
ndash 47
3)
180
5A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
202
(19
5 ndash
209
)10
4(9
44
ndash 11
0)
113
(10
7 ndash
120
)19
4(1
86
ndash 20
3)
385
(35
8 ndash
432
)43
9(4
07
ndash 50
1)
607
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
215
(20
6 ndash
223
)11
7(1
03
ndash 12
2)
128
(11
8 ndash
137
)21
2(2
03
ndash 22
4)
354
(33
9 ndash
403
)42
0(3
81
ndash 47
5)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er22
8(2
21
ndash 23
5)
129
(10
6 ndash
140
)14
3(1
31
ndash 15
3)
231
(22
3 ndash
236
)35
4(3
37
ndash 37
4)
386
(36
6 ndash
466
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
204
(19
7 ndash
212
)11
4(1
06
ndash 11
9)
126
(11
8 ndash
130
)20
2(1
93
ndash 21
1)
329
(31
3 ndash
371
)40
0(3
51
ndash 44
9)
865
Fem
ales
220
(21
3 ndash
227
)11
0(1
04
ndash 11
4)
122
(11
4 ndash
130
)21
7(2
10
ndash 22
3)
385
(36
4 ndash
438
)46
5(4
09
ndash 49
6)
940
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s25
2(2
35
ndash 27
1)
114
dagger(8
60
ndash 13
3)
133
(11
3 ndash
144
)24
9(2
28
ndash 26
6)
495
(43
2 ndash
693
)55
0dagger
(49
5 ndash
121)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
192
(18
3 ndash
201
)10
8dagger
(90
0 ndash
112
)11
4(1
05
ndash 12
5)
190
(18
1 ndash
197
)33
5(2
84
ndash 40
5)
363
dagger(3
46
ndash 51
6)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s20
9(2
03
ndash 21
5)
112
(98
3 ndash
118
)12
3(1
17
ndash 12
9)
207
(20
1 ndash
214
)35
0(3
35
ndash 38
1)
407
(36
9 ndash
465
)99
0dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
eico
sadi
enoi
cac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 230a Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
eico
sadi
enoi
cPl
asm
a ei
cosa
dien
oic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 265265
266 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population266 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 230a2 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 212 (207 ndash 218) 141 (135 ndash 146) 209 (203 ndash 216) 320 (308 ndash 338) 180520ndash39 years 202 (195 ndash 209) 130 (120 ndash 137) 194 (186 ndash 203) 331 (309 ndash 366) 60740ndash59 years 215 (206 ndash 223) 145 (132 ndash 153) 212 (203 ndash 224) 308 (300 ndash 337) 51560 years and older 228 (221 ndash 235) 162 (152 ndash 168) 231 (223 ndash 236) 322 (310 ndash 334) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 204 (197 ndash 212) 139 (130 ndash 147) 202 (193 ndash 211) 296 (281 ndash 313) 86520ndash39 years 193 (184 ndash 202) 131 (116 ndash 139) 192 (181 ndash 199) 283 (264 ndash 314) 28240ndash59 years 212 (203 ndash 222) 145 (129 ndash 153) 209 (196 ndash 228) 303 (281 ndash 324) 24860 years and older 214 (206 ndash 222) 153 (132 ndash 166) 210 (203 ndash 219) 295 (281 ndash 334) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 220 (213 ndash 227) 144 (137 ndash 148) 217 (210 ndash 223) 342 (325 ndash 362) 94020ndash39 years 211 (201 ndash 223) 129 (122 ndash 138) 200 (190 ndash 212) 363 (343 ndash 394) 32540ndash59 years 217 (206 ndash 229) 146 (122 ndash 157) 214 (205 ndash 222) 315 (299 ndash 378) 26760 years and older 240 (231 ndash 249) 167 (156 ndash 177) 240 (231 ndash 254) 335 (324 ndash 357) 348
Table 230a3 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 252 (235 ndash 271) 157 (134 ndash 172) 249 (228 ndash 266) 421 (356 ndash 512) 37520ndash39 years 243 (217 ndash 273) 141 (126 ndash 167) 235 (205 ndash 278) 439 (337 ndash 556) 13140ndash59 years 266 (246 ndash 288) 177dagger (123 ndash 202) 255 (245 ndash 265) 423dagger (358 ndash 733) 9360 years and older 268 (254 ndash 283) 199 (181 ndash 204) 264 (247 ndash 276) 370 (351 ndash 493) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 247 (222 ndash 275) 149 (130 ndash 172) 247 (224 ndash 266) 399 (319 ndash 637) 18920ndash39 years 238 (201 ndash 282) 137dagger (121 ndash 159) 239 (198 ndash 288) 365dagger (288 ndash 564) 6740ndash59 years 264 (242 ndash 289) 176dagger (125 ndash 206) 252 (238 ndash 269) 416dagger (347 ndash 733) 4860 years and older 258 (236 ndash 282) 187dagger (107 ndash 205) 256 (221 ndash 279) 370dagger (313 ndash 692) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 259 (240 ndash 280) 167 (114 ndash 174) 251 (222 ndash 277) 458 (376 ndash 559) 18620ndash39 years 251 (218 ndash 288) 145dagger (108 ndash 172) 227 (201 ndash 270) 488dagger (372 ndash 566) 6440ndash59 years 268 (231 ndash 312) 183dagger (860 ndash 206) 257 (230 ndash 283) 422dagger (329 ndash 583) 4560 years and older 278 (240 ndash 322) 202dagger (178 ndash 208) 269 (229 ndash 345) 361dagger (347 ndash 515) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2671 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2672 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 230a4 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean (95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 192 (183 ndash 201) 128 (113 ndash 137) 190 (181 ndash 197) 278 (254 ndash 338) 31020ndash39 years 183 (170 ndash 197) 122 (109 ndash 131) 179 (163 ndash 191) 264 (245 ndash 361) 12640ndash59 years 198 (186 ndash 211) 133dagger (105 ndash 149) 192 (178 ndash 211) 281dagger (261 ndash 349) 9860 years and older 205 (196 ndash 213) 142dagger (126 ndash 154) 211 (197 ndash 224) 275dagger (253 ndash 282) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 184 (173 ndash 195) 123 (109 ndash 133) 179 (165 ndash 192) 264 (243 ndash 316) 14320ndash39 years 172 (164 ndash 181) 113dagger (943 ndash 132) 164 (160 ndash 182) 251dagger (220 ndash 487) 5840ndash59 years 200 (178 ndash 223) 138dagger (102 ndash 155) 182 (168 ndash 204) 319dagger (262 ndash 522) 4260 years and older 189 (167 ndash 213) 124dagger (853 ndash 145) 196 (171 ndash 215) 256dagger (235 ndash 350) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 198 (183 ndash 215) 129 (112 ndash 147) 194 (183 ndash 216) 282 (248 ndash 406) 16720ndash39 years 193 (171 ndash 218) 125dagger (112 ndash 141) 185 (168 ndash 201) 321dagger (245 ndash 478) 6840ndash59 years 197 (180 ndash 215) 129dagger (830 ndash 154) 193 (175 ndash 221) 270dagger (236 ndash 965) 5660 years and older 215 (201 ndash 231) 159dagger (131 ndash 177) 219 (199 ndash 232) 277dagger (243 ndash 405) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 230a5 Plasma eicosadienoic acid (202n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 209 (203 ndash 215) 140 (131 ndash 147) 207 (201 ndash 214) 310 (298 ndash 333) 99020ndash39 years 197 (189 ndash 205) 128 (117 ndash 136) 193 (181 ndash 200) 331 (295 ndash 371) 29840ndash59 years 208 (197 ndash 219) 139 (127 ndash 151) 208 (198 ndash 218) 302 (280 ndash 322) 28060 years and older 227 (219 ndash 235) 160 (145 ndash 168) 230 (220 ndash 238) 319 (299 ndash 335) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 200 (193 ndash 207) 137 (128 ndash 148) 199 (189 ndash 208) 282 (271 ndash 304) 47220ndash39 years 184 (174 ndash 195) 127 (109 ndash 139) 183 (173 ndash 194) 257 (233 ndash 296) 12840ndash59 years 205 (194 ndash 216) 141 (128 ndash 151) 204 (187 ndash 225) 282 (273 ndash 306) 14060 years and older 213 (204 ndash 222) 154 (129 ndash 167) 210 (201 ndash 221) 294 (280 ndash 334) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 218 (209 ndash 227) 143 (132 ndash 148) 215 (209 ndash 222) 338 (318 ndash 362) 51820ndash39 years 209 (195 ndash 225) 128 (120 ndash 137) 200 (185 ndash 214) 369 (341 ndash 404) 17040ndash59 years 211 (197 ndash 227) 138 (118 ndash 154) 211 (202 ndash 220) 309 (282 ndash 365) 14060 years and older 239 (228 ndash 251) 165 (150 ndash 181) 241 (230 ndash 255) 332 (322 ndash 352) 208
268 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population268 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
31a
1 P
lasm
a ho
mo-
gam
ma-
linol
enic
aci
d (2
03n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
151
(147
ndash 1
56)
732
(67
9 ndash
796
)87
5(8
46
ndash 89
9)
151
(145
ndash 1
56)
262
(254
ndash 2
74)
289
(281
ndash 3
20)
180
6
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s14
5(1
40 ndash
149
)71
5(5
77
ndash 78
3)
849
(75
9 ndash
913
)13
9(1
35 ndash
146
)25
1(2
39 ndash
276
)28
1(2
62 ndash
317
)60
940
ndash59
year
s15
5(1
47 ndash
163
)72
0(6
77
ndash 86
3)
883
(83
1 ndash
940
)15
6(1
47 ndash
164
)26
5(2
58 ndash
286
)31
2(2
84 ndash
337
)51
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
156
(148
ndash 1
64)
770
(62
8 ndash
840
)86
6(7
77
ndash 92
8)
158
(148
ndash 1
67)
262
(254
ndash 2
85)
288
(275
ndash 3
57)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es14
5(1
39 ndash
153
)72
8(6
22
ndash 76
4)
861
(76
4 ndash
900
)14
4(1
35 ndash
153
)25
2(2
37 ndash
277
)28
1(2
60 ndash
373
)86
4Fe
mal
es15
7(1
52 ndash
162
)72
9(6
79
ndash 84
9)
885
(84
7 ndash
930
)15
6(1
50 ndash
163
)27
2(2
61 ndash
287
)30
4(2
87 ndash
321
)94
2Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
166
(154
ndash 1
79)
822
dagger(5
89
ndash 89
6)
920
(77
8 ndash
101)
167
(153
ndash 1
80)
297
(260
ndash 3
63)
330dagger
(295
ndash 7
16)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
131
(128
ndash 1
35)
700
dagger(5
28
ndash 75
7)
767
(70
3 ndash
855
)13
1(1
27 ndash
136
)20
3(1
96 ndash
230
)22
3dagger(2
06 ndash
276
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
152
(146
ndash 1
59)
760
(67
7 ndash
846
)88
9(8
49
ndash 92
9)
152
(144
ndash 1
57)
261
(250
ndash 2
81)
287
(275
ndash 3
24)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 10
0 20
0 30
0
Plas
ma
hom
ominusga
mm
aminuslin
olen
icac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 231a Plasma homominusgammaminuslinolenic acid (203nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
hom
ominusga
mm
aminuslin
olen
icPl
asm
a ho
mominus
gam
maminus
linol
enic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 10
0 20
0 30
0 0
100
200
300 NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 269269
270 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population270 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 231a2 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 151 (147 ndash 156) 984 (952 ndash 102) 151 (145 ndash 156) 232 (221 ndash 245) 180620ndash39 years 145 (140 ndash 149) 956 (924 ndash 994) 139 (135 ndash 146) 223 (213 ndash 239) 60940ndash59 years 155 (147 ndash 163) 102 (942 ndash 107) 156 (147 ndash 164) 240 (222 ndash 258) 51460 years and older 156 (148 ndash 164) 100 (943 ndash 104) 158 (148 ndash 167) 236 (222 ndash 250) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 145 (139 ndash 153) 967 (931 ndash 100) 144 (135 ndash 153) 222 (210 ndash 246) 86420ndash39 years 141 (134 ndash 149) 952 (882 ndash 977) 137 (131 ndash 145) 219 (201 ndash 247) 28240ndash59 years 153 (144 ndash 163) 101 (938 ndash 107) 155 (141 ndash 161) 232 (217 ndash 272) 24760 years and older 140 (131 ndash 150) 922 (840 ndash 979) 141 (133 ndash 153) 203 (185 ndash 244) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 157 (152 ndash 162) 102 (966 ndash 105) 156 (150 ndash 163) 241 (227 ndash 258) 94220ndash39 years 148 (142 ndash 154) 973 (919 ndash 103) 142 (135 ndash 156) 226 (209 ndash 270) 32740ndash59 years 157 (148 ndash 167) 104 (933 ndash 107) 157 (151 ndash 166) 241 (214 ndash 264) 26760 years and older 170 (162 ndash 178) 107 (984 ndash 115) 175 (159 ndash 185) 258 (236 ndash 274) 348
Table 231a3 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 166 (154 ndash 179) 103 (903 ndash 109) 167 (153 ndash 180) 258 (245 ndash 293) 37520ndash39 years 158 (140 ndash 177) 967 (828 ndash 104) 158 (131 ndash 189) 254 (239 ndash 295) 13140ndash59 years 178 (166 ndash 192) 110dagger (814 ndash 129) 178 (168 ndash 186) 289dagger (241 ndash 360) 9360 years and older 177 (169 ndash 185) 119 (108 ndash 130) 185 (169 ndash 199) 245 (237 ndash 261) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 161 (143 ndash 181) 103 (850 ndash 114) 161 (138 ndash 192) 246 (222 ndash 296) 18920ndash39 years 157 (133 ndash 185) 102dagger (654 ndash 113) 148 (121 ndash 204) 248dagger (215 ndash 329) 6740ndash59 years 171 (149 ndash 196) 111dagger (841 ndash 132) 168 (148 ndash 194) 244dagger (213 ndash 361) 4860 years and older 160 (146 ndash 176) 113dagger (499 ndash 123) 165 (143 ndash 181) 228dagger (188 ndash 288) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 172 (155 ndash 190) 930 (656 ndash 109) 175 (159 ndash 201) 272 (240 ndash 716) 18620ndash39 years 159 (135 ndash 188) 894dagger (558 ndash 103) 160 (127 ndash 200) 269dagger (225 ndash 716) 6440ndash59 years 188 (162 ndash 217) 106dagger (659 ndash 149) 190 (171 ndash 214) 303dagger (244 ndash 372) 4560 years and older 194 (183 ndash 207) 128dagger (117 ndash 135) 204 (193 ndash 214) 258dagger (238 ndash 328) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2711 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2712 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 231a4 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 131 (128 ndash 135) 915 (813 ndash 961) 131 (127 ndash 136) 187 (181 ndash 200) 31020ndash39 years 129 (122 ndash 136) 880 (725 ndash 960) 128 (117 ndash 139) 186 (172 ndash 206) 12640ndash59 years 136 (130 ndash 143) 988dagger (630 ndash 109) 134 (128 ndash 141) 198dagger (182 ndash 235) 9860 years and older 130 (123 ndash 136) 859dagger (754 ndash 928) 134 (117 ndash 147) 183dagger (173 ndash 215) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 125 (119 ndash 131) 825 (737 ndash 949) 121 (112 ndash 130) 188 (173 ndash 203) 14320ndash39 years 119 (111 ndash 128) 777dagger (531 ndash 947) 115 (106 ndash 130) 174dagger (168 ndash 196) 5840ndash59 years 136 (129 ndash 144) 997dagger (714 ndash 105) 128 (118 ndash 147) 197dagger (174 ndash 261) 4260 years and older 120 (107 ndash 134) 763dagger (459 ndash 902) 118 (105 ndash 141) 184dagger (156 ndash 213) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 136 (129 ndash 144) 930 (854 ndash 103) 135 (124 ndash 150) 186 (180 ndash 206) 16720ndash39 years 137 (125 ndash 149) 926dagger (776 ndash 104) 134 (116 ndash 159) 193dagger (174 ndash 272) 6840ndash59 years 136 (126 ndash 147) 942dagger (490 ndash 116) 135 (128 ndash 145) 189dagger (156 ndash 298) 5660 years and older 136 (124 ndash 149) 926dagger (707 ndash 102) 144 (115 ndash 160) 182dagger (171 ndash 216) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 231a5 Plasma homo-gamma-linolenic acid (203n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 152 (146 ndash 159) 993 (942 ndash 103) 152 (144 ndash 157) 233 (218 ndash 250) 99120ndash39 years 147 (140 ndash 154) 972 (912 ndash 103) 140 (135 ndash 148) 226 (215 ndash 245) 30040ndash59 years 154 (143 ndash 165) 101 (929 ndash 107) 156 (143 ndash 166) 232 (213 ndash 261) 27960 years and older 158 (149 ndash 167) 100 (919 ndash 107) 160 (148 ndash 172) 242 (226 ndash 256) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 146 (137 ndash 155) 970 (908 ndash 101) 144 (134 ndash 155) 222 (206 ndash 254) 47120ndash39 years 142 (129 ndash 156) 952 (736 ndash 101) 136 (126 ndash 147) 222 (187 ndash 279) 12840ndash59 years 152 (139 ndash 165) 100 (904 ndash 107) 155 (134 ndash 165) 227 (210 ndash 284) 13960 years and older 142 (132 ndash 153) 936 (869 ndash 994) 141 (133 ndash 154) 206 (184 ndash 250) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 159 (152 ndash 165) 104 (970 ndash 106) 157 (150 ndash 168) 242 (224 ndash 261) 52020ndash39 years 151 (143 ndash 160) 995 (935 ndash 109) 141 (135 ndash 160) 232 (210 ndash 285) 17240ndash59 years 156 (144 ndash 169) 103 (862 ndash 107) 156 (149 ndash 168) 240 (210 ndash 264) 14060 years and older 172 (161 ndash 184) 107 (881 ndash 124) 177 (161 ndash 191) 260 (245 ndash 271) 208
272 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population272 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
32a
1 P
lasm
a ar
achi
doni
c ac
id (2
04n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
776
(761
ndash 7
91)
445
(418
ndash 4
63)
484
(456
ndash 5
00)
789
(772
ndash 8
05)
118
0(1
150
ndash 1
230
)1
320
(12
40 ndash
14
20)
180
7
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s73
5(7
16 ndash
755
)42
9(3
86 ndash
455
)47
9(4
45 ndash
504
)73
7(7
13 ndash
761
)1
110
(10
50 ndash
12
30)
123
0(1
140
ndash 1
380
)61
040
ndash59
year
s79
3(7
72 ndash
814
)44
5(3
72 ndash
470
)48
0(4
50 ndash
496
)80
8(7
85 ndash
829
)1
220
(11
60 ndash
13
60)
138
0(1
260
ndash 1
560
)51
460
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
819
(798
ndash 8
41)
448
(421
ndash 4
80)
502
(460
ndash 5
35)
841
(814
ndash 8
68)
120
0(1
180
ndash 1
260
)1
430
(13
10 ndash
14
90)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es76
4(7
44 ndash
785
)45
2(4
24 ndash
473
)48
0(4
55 ndash
495
)78
0(7
56 ndash
806
)1
150
(10
90 ndash
12
20)
123
0(1
160
ndash 1
460
)86
4Fe
mal
es78
7(7
69 ndash
806
)42
9(3
86 ndash
465
)49
0(4
36 ndash
520
)79
2(7
69 ndash
821
)1
220
(11
80 ndash
13
00)
137
0(1
320
ndash 1
460
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
722
(678
ndash 7
68)
419dagger
(376
ndash 4
32)
440
(396
ndash 4
87)
726
(675
ndash 7
68)
111
0(1
040
ndash 1
310
)1
290dagger
(11
40 ndash
14
60)
376
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
884
(839
ndash 9
32)
526dagger
(226
ndash 5
72)
576
(493
ndash 6
11)
883
(831
ndash 9
41)
133
0(1
260
ndash 1
580
)1
520dagger
(13
60 ndash
17
70)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s77
3(7
52 ndash
795
)44
5(4
19 ndash
463
)48
5(4
46 ndash
511
)78
5(7
67 ndash
807
)1
160
(11
20 ndash
12
20)
126
0(1
190
ndash 1
480
)99
1dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
0 10
00
1500
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
1500
NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Figure 232a Plasma arachidonic acid (204nndash6) Concentrations by age group Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
Plas
ma
arac
hido
nic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
0 10
00
1500
0
500
1000
20minus39 40minus59 60+ 20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
Age (years) Age (years)
20minus39 40minus59 60+
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 273273
274 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population274 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 232a2 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 776 (761 ndash 791) 538 (516 ndash 560) 789 (772 ndash 805) 1070 (1040 ndash 1110) 180720ndash39 years 735 (716 ndash 755) 529 (510 ndash 542) 737 (713 ndash 761) 1000 (959 ndash 1080) 61040ndash59 years 793 (772 ndash 814) 534 (488 ndash 569) 808 (785 ndash 829) 1090 (1050 ndash 1140) 51460 years and older 819 (798 ndash 841) 562 (533 ndash 591) 841 (814 ndash 868) 1120 (1090 ndash 1140) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 764 (744 ndash 785) 534 (502 ndash 547) 780 (756 ndash 806) 1040 (1000 ndash 1090) 86420ndash39 years 739 (710 ndash 769) 533 (505 ndash 542) 736 (713 ndash 766) 999 (945 ndash 1100) 28240ndash59 years 792 (761 ndash 825) 529 (487 ndash 566) 823 (795 ndash 842) 1070 (1020 ndash 1150) 24760 years and older 761 (726 ndash 798) 532 (453 ndash 570) 796 (740 ndash 839) 1030 (986 ndash 1100) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 787 (769 ndash 806) 549 (517 ndash 575) 792 (769 ndash 821) 1100 (1050 ndash 1160) 94320ndash39 years 732 (710 ndash 755) 523 (497 ndash 552) 738 (705 ndash 766) 1010 (956 ndash 1120) 32840ndash59 years 793 (755 ndash 833) 534 (464 ndash 597) 787 (753 ndash 864) 1130 (1020 ndash 1230) 26760 years and older 870 (844 ndash 896) 620 (551 ndash 654) 878 (854 ndash 904) 1150 (1120 ndash 1200) 348
Table 232a3 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 722 (678 ndash 768) 499 (439 ndash 536) 726 (675 ndash 768) 1030 (975 ndash 1080) 37620ndash39 years 681 (631 ndash 735) 483 (413 ndash 526) 687 (628 ndash 745) 993 (892 ndash 1070) 13240ndash59 years 778 (718 ndash 844) 510dagger (420 ndash 602) 774 (749 ndash 835) 1120dagger (948 ndash 1350) 9360 years and older 811 (777 ndash 846) 567 (496 ndash 592) 826 (769 ndash 874) 1170 (1050 ndash 1330) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 719 (669 ndash 773) 502 (426 ndash 535) 745 (674 ndash 788) 1030 (937 ndash 1090) 18920ndash39 years 689 (637 ndash 746) 503dagger (380 ndash 540) 707 (609 ndash 758) 983dagger (851 ndash 1110) 6740ndash59 years 770 (675 ndash 878) 489dagger (377 ndash 606) 800 (748 ndash 843) 1040dagger (881 ndash 1460) 4860 years and older 776 (714 ndash 842) 527dagger (376 ndash 590) 811 (643 ndash 924) 1090dagger (1000 ndash 1360) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 724 (659 ndash 796) 479 (352 ndash 582) 716 (653 ndash 782) 1020 (945 ndash 1310) 18720ndash39 years 670 (591 ndash 760) 436dagger (352 ndash 539) 676 (626 ndash 723) 987dagger (856 ndash 1310) 6540ndash59 years 788 (711 ndash 874) 567dagger (447 ndash 616) 756 (652 ndash 885) 1250dagger (964 ndash 1430) 4560 years and older 844 (790 ndash 902) 586dagger (580 ndash 600) 835 (810 ndash 873) 1220dagger (987 ndash 1940) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2751 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2752 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 232a4 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 884 (839 ndash 932) 630 (588 ndash 670) 883 (831 ndash 941) 1220 (1160 ndash 1330) 31020ndash39 years 836 (776 ndash 901) 602 (542 ndash 635) 839 (769 ndash 887) 1210 (1040 ndash 1380) 12640ndash59 years 936 (858 ndash 1020) 681dagger (513 ndash 711) 942 (827 ndash 1040) 1230dagger (1170 ndash 1760) 9860 years and older 919 (859 ndash 983) 714dagger (534 ndash 744) 933 (830 ndash 1030) 1200dagger (1160 ndash 1330) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 870 (817 ndash 925) 591 (512 ndash 659) 859 (811 ndash 976) 1200 (1130 ndash 1330) 14320ndash39 years 811 (737 ndash 892) 580dagger (479 ndash 616) 812 (692 ndash 891) 1120dagger (1020 ndash 1660) 5840ndash59 years 953 (875 ndash 1040) 666dagger (501 ndash 727) 984 (780 ndash 1070) 1230dagger (1110 ndash 2240) 4260 years and older 886 (774 ndash 1010) 535dagger (226 ndash 722) 940 (833 ndash 1050) 1180dagger (1130 ndash 1440) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 895 (829 ndash 967) 648 (588 ndash 704) 884 (823 ndash 958) 1230 (1130 ndash 1470) 16720ndash39 years 858 (773 ndash 952) 616dagger (570 ndash 661) 857 (746 ndash 955) 1230dagger (1010 ndash 1390) 6840ndash59 years 923 (818 ndash 1040) 679dagger (468 ndash 714) 912 (824 ndash 1020) 1230dagger (1100 ndash 2020) 5660 years and older 940 (889 ndash 995) 740dagger (715 ndash 762) 916 (809 ndash 1040) 1220dagger (1130 ndash 1490) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 232a5 Plasma arachidonic acid (204n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 773 (752 ndash 795) 539 (497 ndash 569) 785 (767 ndash 807) 1050 (1010 ndash 1100) 99120ndash39 years 733 (711 ndash 755) 533 (490 ndash 569) 736 (706 ndash 766) 971 (929 ndash 1060) 30040ndash59 years 782 (749 ndash 817) 531 (465 ndash 579) 800 (777 ndash 830) 1040 (1010 ndash 1120) 27960 years and older 815 (788 ndash 843) 562 (504 ndash 604) 839 (811 ndash 870) 1110 (1070 ndash 1140) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 760 (733 ndash 788) 534 (488 ndash 558) 783 (752 ndash 810) 1000 (981 ndash 1050) 47120ndash39 years 731 (702 ndash 762) 527 (480 ndash 562) 735 (698 ndash 771) 957 (899 ndash 1160) 12840ndash59 years 789 (748 ndash 832) 539 (476 ndash 569) 823 (786 ndash 863) 1030 (997 ndash 1160) 13960 years and older 752 (711 ndash 795) 524 (444 ndash 573) 769 (715 ndash 833) 998 (962 ndash 1110) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 785 (761 ndash 811) 552 (500 ndash 583) 786 (769 ndash 816) 1080 (1040 ndash 1160) 52020ndash39 years 733 (701 ndash 768) 532 (432 ndash 583) 738 (699 ndash 768) 997 (920 ndash 1150) 17240ndash59 years 776 (722 ndash 835) 530 (403 ndash 598) 780 (726 ndash 858) 1060 (991 ndash 1240) 14060 years and older 873 (841 ndash 905) 610 (541 ndash 665) 889 (857 ndash 916) 1150 (1120 ndash 1200) 208
276 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population276 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
33a
1 P
lasm
a ei
cosa
pent
aeno
ic a
cid
(20
5n-3
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
421
(39
5 ndash
450
)14
8(1
18
ndash 16
1)
171
(15
7 ndash
186
)40
9(3
76
ndash 43
8)
113
(103
ndash 1
38)
151
(136
ndash 1
76)
180
6
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s35
9(3
38
ndash 38
1)
135
(91
0 ndash
149
)15
8(1
36
ndash 16
8)
342
(32
0 ndash
362
)10
6(8
43
ndash 13
7)13
4(1
10 ndash
193
)60
940
ndash59
year
s45
5(4
18
ndash 49
5)
171
(14
6 ndash
174
)19
0(1
71
ndash 20
8)
450
(41
0 ndash
483
)11
4(1
02 ndash
153
)15
6(1
34 ndash
200
)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
485
(43
3 ndash
544
)15
3(7
79
ndash 19
9)
200
(11
8 ndash
231
)49
4(4
35
ndash 53
8)
132
(111
ndash 1
62)
175
(139
ndash 2
07)
682
Gen
der
Mal
es43
1(3
98
ndash 46
6)
157
(11
2 ndash
169
)17
1(1
55
ndash 20
1)
414
(37
6 ndash
451
)12
1(1
03 ndash
150
)15
6(1
36 ndash
199
)86
3Fe
mal
es41
3(3
87
ndash 44
1)
141
(11
2 ndash
157
)16
9(1
52
ndash 18
3)
401
(37
5 ndash
431
)11
1(9
99
ndash 14
3)14
6(1
18 ndash
177
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
310
(28
7 ndash
335
)8
80dagger
(60
3 ndash
109
)10
9(7
53
ndash 15
3)
314
(28
4 ndash
354
)77
1(6
90
ndash 86
4)
865
dagger(7
91
ndash 98
9)
375
Non
-His
pani
c Bl
acks
388
(34
7 ndash
434
)14
9dagger
(10
8 ndash
161
)16
7(1
44
ndash 18
8)
361
(33
0 ndash
416
)11
3(9
53
ndash 16
9)14
1dagger(1
14 ndash
247
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
435
(39
8 ndash
477
)15
8(1
16
ndash 17
3)
181
(14
9 ndash
208
)42
6(3
81
ndash 46
0)
112
(101
ndash 1
42)
152
(133
ndash 1
77)
991
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 20
40 60
80
Plasma eicosape
ntaeno
icacid (μ
molL)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 233a Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plasma eicosape
ntaeno
icPlasma eicosape
ntaeno
icacid (μ
molL)
acid (μ
molL)
0 20
40 60
80
0 20
40 60
80
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 277277
278 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population278 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 233a2 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 421 (395 ndash 450) 208 (189 ndash 222) 409 (376 ndash 438) 899 (800 ndash 999) 180620ndash39 years 359 (338 ndash 381) 182 (167 ndash 202) 342 (320 ndash 362) 745 (648 ndash 942) 60940ndash59 years 455 (418 ndash 495) 228 (194 ndash 262) 450 (410 ndash 483) 928 (815 ndash 103) 51560 years and older 485 (433 ndash 544) 244 (156 ndash 291) 494 (435 ndash 538) 100 (906 ndash 116) 682MalesTotal 20 years and older 431 (398 ndash 466) 210 (185 ndash 230) 414 (376 ndash 451) 928 (814 ndash 104) 86320ndash39 years 387 (356 ndash 420) 187 (168 ndash 206) 361 (343 ndash 405) 861 (708 ndash 108) 28140ndash59 years 473 (425 ndash 527) 234 (208 ndash 266) 457 (400 ndash 489) 974 (822 ndash 136) 24860 years and older 442 (387 ndash 505) 221 (104 ndash 275) 446 (387 ndash 513) 887 (748 ndash 109) 334FemalesTotal 20 years and older 413 (387 ndash 441) 204 (185 ndash 222) 401 (375 ndash 431) 863 (766 ndash 101) 94320ndash39 years 333 (309 ndash 360) 174 (158 ndash 198) 314 (301 ndash 341) 646 (565 ndash 808) 32840ndash59 years 439 (401 ndash 481) 219 (172 ndash 275) 434 (403 ndash 478) 846 (766 ndash 100) 26760 years and older 524 (472 ndash 581) 252 (215 ndash 297) 517 (492 ndash 571) 105 (945 ndash 134) 348
Table 233a3 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 310 (287 ndash 335) 158 (111 ndash 184) 314 (284 ndash 354) 638 (581 ndash 700) 37520ndash39 years 280 (249 ndash 314) 154 (896 ndash 183) 283 (217 ndash 351) 591 (509 ndash 681) 13240ndash59 years 355 (307 ndash 410) 170dagger (122 ndash 190) 359 (310 ndash 408) 762dagger (568 ndash 915) 9360 years and older 382 (358 ndash 407) 179 (129 ndash 216) 405 (343 ndash 435) 729 (611 ndash 956) 150MalesTotal 20 years and older 331 (299 ndash 368) 164 (155 ndash 184) 343 (290 ndash 379) 689 (604 ndash 779) 18820ndash39 years 306 (254 ndash 368) 161dagger (995 ndash 189) 294 (222 ndash 407) 639dagger (502 ndash 780) 6740ndash59 years 393 (316 ndash 488) 162dagger (118 ndash 223) 376 (300 ndash 513) 822dagger (661 ndash 180) 4860 years and older 336 (299 ndash 378) 160dagger (128 ndash 183) 344 (242 ndash 435) 565dagger (489 ndash 161) 73FemalesTotal 20 years and older 286 (249 ndash 328) 138 (713 ndash 183) 291 (234 ndash 351) 602 (491 ndash 765) 18720ndash39 years 248 (201 ndash 307) 108dagger (603 ndash 182) 235 (199 ndash 316) 531dagger (393 ndash 901) 6540ndash59 years 316 (274 ndash 364) 171dagger (881 ndash 198) 313 (268 ndash 379) 559dagger (463 ndash 840) 4560 years and older 429 (367 ndash 501) 222dagger (891 ndash 263) 433 (381 ndash 493) 850dagger (637 ndash 147) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2791 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2792 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 233a4 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 388 (347 ndash 434) 199 (175 ndash 212) 361 (330 ndash 416) 803 (648 ndash 121) 31020ndash39 years 339 (283 ndash 408) 179 (150 ndash 201) 326 (251 ndash 406) 648 (534 ndash 253) 12640ndash59 years 429 (372 ndash 496) 208dagger (164 ndash 248) 399 (353 ndash 442) 963dagger (721 ndash 147) 9860 years and older 460 (392 ndash 539) 272dagger (194 ndash 304) 445 (362 ndash 511) 886dagger (643 ndash 209) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 399 (344 ndash 462) 189 (153 ndash 222) 355 (324 ndash 416) 106 (706 ndash 134) 14320ndash39 years 349 (269 ndash 453) 166dagger (129 ndash 195) 333 (246 ndash 430) 648dagger (519 ndash 150) 5840ndash59 years 444 (375 ndash 525) 210dagger (173 ndash 265) 360 (308 ndash 501) 117dagger (795 ndash 206) 4260 years and older 484 (345 ndash 677) 261dagger (752 ndash 324) 444 (350 ndash 592) 102dagger (611 ndash 209) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 380 (340 ndash 424) 201 (185 ndash 214) 362 (304 ndash 439) 712 (613 ndash 105) 16720ndash39 years 332 (279 ndash 395) 186dagger (132 ndash 204) 297 (256 ndash 357) 643dagger (447 ndash 253) 6840ndash59 years 418 (349 ndash 502) 198dagger (126 ndash 255) 413 (358 ndash 464) 712dagger (640 ndash 193) 5660 years and older 445 (397 ndash 500) 255dagger (200 ndash 305) 441 (352 ndash 511) 759dagger (628 ndash 104) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 233a5 Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (205n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 435 (398 ndash 477) 219 (186 ndash 247) 426 (381 ndash 460) 905 (784 ndash 102) 99120ndash39 years 375 (343 ndash 410) 204 (163 ndash 219) 353 (320 ndash 383) 747 (638 ndash 110) 29940ndash59 years 458 (415 ndash 506) 239 (188 ndash 277) 452 (405 ndash 487) 890 (787 ndash 101) 28060 years and older 490 (425 ndash 565) 235 (117 ndash 296) 499 (442 ndash 548) 101 (917 ndash 117) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 443 (401 ndash 489) 219 (173 ndash 258) 431 (376 ndash 476) 898 (782 ndash 105) 47120ndash39 years 401 (359 ndash 447) 206 (169 ndash 227) 378 (348 ndash 429) 890 (678 ndash 119) 12740ndash59 years 480 (422 ndash 546) 251 (207 ndash 275) 473 (400 ndash 502) 924 (809 ndash 140) 14060 years and older 443 (380 ndash 516) 218 (103 ndash 286) 448 (376 ndash 523) 872 (756 ndash 105) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 429 (390 ndash 472) 218 (183 ndash 246) 420 (379 ndash 456) 913 (767 ndash 104) 52020ndash39 years 354 (317 ndash 394) 182 (158 ndash 219) 319 (302 ndash 370) 682 (543 ndash 112) 17240ndash59 years 438 (391 ndash 489) 223 (123 ndash 300) 433 (378 ndash 484) 810 (742 ndash 100) 14060 years and older 535 (464 ndash 616) 246 (187 ndash 309) 535 (493 ndash 597) 110 (965 ndash 138) 208
280 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population280 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
34a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
tetr
aeno
ic a
cid
(22
4n-6
) Co
ncen
trat
ions
Geo
met
ric m
ean
and
sele
cted
per
cent
iles
of p
lasm
a co
ncen
trat
ions
(in
micromol
L) f
or th
e fa
sted
US
pop
ulat
ion
aged
20
year
s an
d ol
der
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n Ex
amin
atio
n Su
rvey
200
3ndash20
04
Geo
met
ric
mea
n (9
5 c
onf
inte
rval
)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
250
(24
4 ndash
256
)12
1(1
04
ndash 13
1)
144
(13
3 ndash
149
)24
7(2
41
ndash 25
6)
430
(41
6 ndash
447
)47
7(4
54
ndash 53
5)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
244
(23
4 ndash
254
)12
2(1
04
ndash 13
8)
143
(13
1 ndash
150
)23
9(2
31
ndash 24
9)
411
(38
8 ndash
460
)47
1(4
28
ndash 58
0)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
255
(24
5 ndash
264
)11
2(9
62
ndash 12
9)
143
(12
0 ndash
154
)25
0(2
43
ndash 26
6)
445
(42
1 ndash
462
)50
0(4
50
ndash 63
4)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er25
3(2
46
ndash 26
0)
126
(93
4 ndash
144
)14
8(1
29
ndash 15
8)
257
(24
5 ndash
266
)42
2(3
96
ndash 45
3)
471
(44
7 ndash
495
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
253
(24
4 ndash
262
)11
8(9
72
ndash 13
1)
145
(13
5 ndash
149
)25
0(2
43
ndash 26
1)
424
(41
0 ndash
449
)46
8(4
46
ndash 58
2)
865
Fem
ales
247
(24
0 ndash
255
)12
2(9
93
ndash 13
9)
143
(13
0 ndash
151
)24
5(2
36
ndash 25
6)
437
(41
4 ndash
459
)48
0(4
48
ndash 56
3)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s27
5(2
56
ndash 29
5)
131
dagger(1
12
ndash 15
6)
158
(12
9 ndash
166
)27
4(2
51
ndash 29
6)
473
(45
9 ndash
533
)58
5dagger
(48
0 ndash
669
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks26
0(2
51
ndash 26
8)
134
dagger(9
11
ndash 15
0)
150
(13
2 ndash
167
)25
8(2
43
ndash 26
8)
450
(42
0 ndash
467
)50
4dagger
(46
1 ndash
729
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
248
(23
9 ndash
256
)12
1(1
00
ndash 13
5)
145
(13
0 ndash
151
)24
6(2
39
ndash 25
6)
419
(39
6 ndash
447
)47
2(4
45
ndash 56
1)
992
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 234a Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
Plas
ma
doco
sate
trae
noic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 281281
282 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population282 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 234a2 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 250 (244 ndash 256) 168 (157 ndash 174) 247 (241 ndash 256) 377 (367 ndash 394) 180820ndash39 years 244 (234 ndash 254) 167 (150 ndash 175) 239 (231 ndash 249) 371 (347 ndash 391) 61040ndash59 years 255 (245 ndash 264) 170 (148 ndash 180) 250 (243 ndash 266) 394 (374 ndash 416) 51560 years and older 253 (246 ndash 260) 167 (160 ndash 175) 257 (245 ndash 266) 370 (363 ndash 383) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 253 (244 ndash 262) 169 (158 ndash 180) 250 (243 ndash 261) 382 (365 ndash 400) 86520ndash39 years 252 (238 ndash 266) 171 (148 ndash 187) 245 (236 ndash 261) 383 (355 ndash 408) 28240ndash59 years 261 (249 ndash 273) 173 (147 ndash 195) 259 (245 ndash 279) 398 (368 ndash 437) 24860 years and older 241 (229 ndash 253) 160 (148 ndash 168) 243 (225 ndash 265) 359 (342 ndash 376) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 247 (240 ndash 255) 165 (154 ndash 174) 245 (236 ndash 256) 375 (360 ndash 406) 94320ndash39 years 236 (225 ndash 248) 158 (144 ndash 171) 231 (213 ndash 247) 359 (327 ndash 388) 32840ndash59 years 249 (234 ndash 265) 156 (145 ndash 175) 246 (234 ndash 264) 383 (353 ndash 433) 26760 years and older 263 (251 ndash 276) 176 (164 ndash 185) 262 (249 ndash 278) 383 (363 ndash 439) 348
Table 234a3 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 275 (256 ndash 295) 179 (155 ndash 196) 274 (251 ndash 296) 431 (406 ndash 466) 37620ndash39 years 263 (240 ndash 288) 164 (121 ndash 195) 261 (219 ndash 299) 411 (366 ndash 478) 13240ndash59 years 291 (268 ndash 316) 182dagger (132 ndash 202) 284 (262 ndash 312) 456dagger (422 ndash 599) 9360 years and older 305 (293 ndash 318) 206 (176 ndash 224) 302 (283 ndash 321) 436 (404 ndash 485) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 277 (250 ndash 308) 184 (136 ndash 203) 273 (244 ndash 311) 415 (391 ndash 487) 18920ndash39 years 269 (236 ndash 306) 185dagger (126 ndash 207) 262 (225 ndash 299) 404dagger (361 ndash 586) 6740ndash59 years 291 (245 ndash 346) 179dagger (138 ndash 213) 283 (253 ndash 338) 446dagger (370 ndash 635) 4860 years and older 294 (262 ndash 329) 188dagger (170 ndash 212) 285 (246 ndash 341) 450dagger (374 ndash 672) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 272 (246 ndash 301) 169 (114 ndash 197) 276 (238 ndash 303) 435 (403 ndash 505) 18720ndash39 years 255 (222 ndash 292) 156dagger (112 ndash 180) 251 (200 ndash 323) 429dagger (344 ndash 584) 6540ndash59 years 290 (256 ndash 329) 185dagger (132 ndash 216) 272 (237 ndash 316) 458dagger (420 ndash 613) 4560 years and older 316 (302 ndash 331) 208dagger (178 ndash 258) 311 (298 ndash 332) 417dagger (369 ndash 669) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2831 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2832 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 234a4 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 260 (251 ndash 268) 174 (155 ndash 187) 258 (243 ndash 268) 386 (370 ndash 411) 31020ndash39 years 253 (241 ndash 264) 175 (148 ndash 189) 240 (226 ndash 263) 378 (346 ndash 442) 12640ndash59 years 272 (250 ndash 295) 174dagger (143 ndash 198) 267 (247 ndash 282) 411dagger (388 ndash 463) 9860 years and older 256 (229 ndash 286) 168dagger (911 ndash 205) 258 (240 ndash 294) 357dagger (333 ndash 403) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 267 (246 ndash 289) 175 (130 ndash 195) 258 (230 ndash 291) 416 (380 ndash 460) 14320ndash39 years 257 (241 ndash 275) 175dagger (113 ndash 197) 238 (217 ndash 275) 399dagger (340 ndash 759) 5840ndash59 years 286 (248 ndash 330) 180dagger (127 ndash 207) 269 (237 ndash 304) 419dagger (366 ndash 968) 4260 years and older 256 (203 ndash 323) 153dagger (911 ndash 239) 260 (241 ndash 316) 370dagger (320 ndash 475) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 254 (240 ndash 270) 173 (151 ndash 187) 256 (236 ndash 272) 364 (344 ndash 404) 16720ndash39 years 249 (231 ndash 268) 175dagger (134 ndash 192) 245 (223 ndash 277) 359dagger (308 ndash 463) 6840ndash59 years 261 (227 ndash 301) 156dagger (134 ndash 200) 266 (227 ndash 279) 391dagger (311 ndash 118) 5660 years and older 256 (236 ndash 276) 175dagger (134 ndash 213) 251 (235 ndash 274) 355dagger (325 ndash 366) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 234a5 Plasma docosatetraenoic acid (224n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (239 ndash 256) 168 (156 ndash 175) 246 (239 ndash 256) 368 (353 ndash 379) 99220ndash39 years 241 (228 ndash 256) 164 (146 ndash 176) 238 (229 ndash 249) 355 (321 ndash 396) 30040ndash59 years 250 (235 ndash 266) 172 (145 ndash 186) 247 (236 ndash 265) 368 (348 ndash 413) 28060 years and older 252 (243 ndash 260) 166 (156 ndash 174) 256 (241 ndash 270) 369 (363 ndash 382) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 249 (238 ndash 261) 169 (150 ndash 181) 247 (240 ndash 261) 367 (351 ndash 383) 47220ndash39 years 248 (229 ndash 267) 170 (125 ndash 189) 243 (233 ndash 261) 363 (330 ndash 397) 12840ndash59 years 258 (241 ndash 275) 178 (109 ndash 198) 252 (244 ndash 279) 369 (352 ndash 440) 14060 years and older 239 (225 ndash 254) 159 (145 ndash 168) 241 (221 ndash 266) 349 (335 ndash 372) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 246 (237 ndash 256) 166 (154 ndash 174) 244 (235 ndash 256) 369 (344 ndash 410) 52020ndash39 years 236 (219 ndash 254) 158 (143 ndash 172) 230 (210 ndash 251) 346 (319 ndash 456) 17240ndash59 years 244 (224 ndash 266) 159 (137 ndash 180) 243 (225 ndash 259) 355 (329 ndash 445) 14060 years and older 263 (250 ndash 276) 173 (165 ndash 180) 262 (247 ndash 281) 387 (363 ndash 444) 208
284 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population284 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
35a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
ic-3
aci
d (2
25n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
416
(40
2 ndash
431
)22
1(1
72
ndash 23
8)
245
(22
8 ndash
258
)41
4(4
00
ndash 42
8)
727
(69
7 ndash
767
)82
9(7
85
ndash 92
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
381
(37
1 ndash
390
)20
0(1
51
ndash 22
7)
232
(20
9 ndash
244
)38
0(3
68
ndash 39
3)
630
(58
0 ndash
733
)73
0(6
55
ndash 95
1)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
431
(41
1 ndash
453
)22
2(1
35
ndash 24
3)
249
(20
6 ndash
269
)43
2(4
06
ndash 46
0)
770
(72
6 ndash
810
)84
9(7
94
ndash 10
5)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
455
(42
3 ndash
488
)24
5(1
17
ndash 26
7)
265
(23
6 ndash
285
)45
7(4
28
ndash 49
1)
740
(70
7 ndash
819
)82
0(7
66
ndash 97
8)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es42
8(4
10
ndash 44
8)
242
(15
0 ndash
256
)26
2(2
47
ndash 27
1)
425
(40
6 ndash
441
)72
7(6
81
ndash 81
6)
872
(78
7 ndash
972
)86
5Fe
mal
es40
5(3
91
ndash 42
0)
205
(13
6 ndash
228
)23
1(2
07
ndash 24
5)
406
(38
8 ndash
420
)72
7(6
78
ndash 78
6)
804
(75
5 ndash
898
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
399
(37
2 ndash
429
)16
9dagger
(12
1 ndash
223
)22
4(1
41
ndash 25
0)
400
(36
4 ndash
441
)71
5(6
78
ndash 79
3)
809
dagger(7
25
ndash 11
2)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks38
9(3
68
ndash 41
0)
201
dagger(1
75
ndash 21
5)
223
(20
6 ndash
238
)38
1(3
62
ndash 40
0)
645
(62
0 ndash
801
)85
0dagger
(67
0 ndash
108)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s42
1(4
01
ndash 44
1)
228
(15
6 ndash
242
)24
7(2
25
ndash 26
7)
422
(40
4 ndash
438
)71
7(6
79
ndash 78
5)
812
(75
5 ndash
927
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 2
0 40
60
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus3ac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 235a Plasma docosapentaenoicminus3 acid (225nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus3Pl
asm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
icminus3
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 2
0 40
60
0 2
0 40
60
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 285285
286 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population286 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 235a2 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 416 (402 ndash 431) 274 (262 ndash 284) 414 (400 ndash 428) 623 (604 ndash 654) 180820ndash39 years 381 (371 ndash 390) 261 (248 ndash 267) 380 (368 ndash 393) 548 (524 ndash 599) 61040ndash59 years 431 (411 ndash 453) 276 (260 ndash 298) 432 (406 ndash 460) 652 (616 ndash 697) 51560 years and older 455 (423 ndash 488) 296 (258 ndash 337) 457 (428 ndash 491) 676 (630 ndash 724) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 428 (410 ndash 448) 288 (269 ndash 304) 425 (406 ndash 441) 637 (600 ndash 680) 86520ndash39 years 408 (391 ndash 426) 273 (256 ndash 291) 405 (385 ndash 429) 591 (540 ndash 662) 28240ndash59 years 449 (419 ndash 480) 302 (284 ndash 316) 442 (407 ndash 478) 680 (633 ndash 779) 24860 years and older 431 (392 ndash 474) 287 (234 ndash 331) 429 (409 ndash 472) 603 (581 ndash 661) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 405 (391 ndash 420) 262 (248 ndash 274) 406 (388 ndash 420) 614 (599 ndash 650) 94320ndash39 years 356 (344 ndash 367) 239 (228 ndash 257) 358 (342 ndash 377) 504 (484 ndash 566) 32840ndash59 years 416 (393 ndash 441) 261 (231 ndash 277) 419 (393 ndash 447) 612 (586 ndash 712) 26760 years and older 475 (448 ndash 503) 300 (268 ndash 342) 480 (445 ndash 506) 701 (677 ndash 745) 348
Table 235a3 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 399 (372 ndash 429) 259 (202 ndash 295) 400 (364 ndash 441) 612 (578 ndash 679) 37620ndash39 years 369 (334 ndash 407) 244 (152 ndash 272) 368 (342 ndash 399) 549 (501 ndash 751) 13240ndash59 years 445 (394 ndash 503) 278dagger (255 ndash 309) 449 (394 ndash 482) 694dagger (583 ndash 127) 9360 years and older 465 (452 ndash 479) 305 (257 ndash 356) 466 (445 ndash 508) 674 (575 ndash 809) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 416 (376 ndash 460) 268 (221 ndash 309) 405 (363 ndash 464) 674 (591 ndash 745) 18920ndash39 years 389 (340 ndash 444) 254dagger (152 ndash 307) 372 (355 ndash 408) 605dagger (523 ndash 731) 6740ndash59 years 473 (379 ndash 590) 294dagger (262 ndash 319) 466 (333 ndash 601) 768dagger (558 ndash 127) 4860 years and older 443 (408 ndash 480) 279dagger (205 ndash 322) 464 (406 ndash 500) 633dagger (552 ndash 831) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 380 (346 ndash 416) 243 (131 ndash 296) 392 (341 ndash 449) 575 (522 ndash 608) 18720ndash39 years 343 (296 ndash 399) 200dagger (121 ndash 283) 353 (306 ndash 411) 506dagger (471 ndash 854) 6540ndash59 years 416 (384 ndash 450) 259dagger (172 ndash 325) 415 (369 ndash 472) 602dagger (559 ndash 748) 4560 years and older 487 (456 ndash 520) 315dagger (276 ndash 392) 502 (444 ndash 529) 692dagger (574 ndash 902) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2871 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2872 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 235a4 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 389 (368 ndash 410) 256 (246 ndash 265) 381 (362 ndash 400) 593 (551 ndash 624) 31020ndash39 years 360 (327 ndash 395) 243 (215 ndash 258) 352 (320 ndash 381) 546 (486 ndash 635) 12640ndash59 years 411 (374 ndash 452) 266dagger (243 ndash 280) 400 (352 ndash 442) 603dagger (572 ndash 845) 9860 years and older 430 (404 ndash 458) 305dagger (213 ndash 342) 430 (395 ndash 477) 606dagger (546 ndash 636) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 408 (385 ndash 432) 261 (247 ndash 292) 387 (377 ndash 414) 602 (588 ndash 692) 14320ndash39 years 381 (338 ndash 430) 253dagger (203 ndash 285) 377 (323 ndash 399) 598dagger (442 ndash 131) 5840ndash59 years 434 (417 ndash 451) 284dagger (247 ndash 305) 403 (386 ndash 421) 685dagger (572 ndash 108) 4260 years and older 444 (411 ndash 480) 317dagger (178 ndash 367) 449 (409 ndash 505) 605dagger (582 ndash 646) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 374 (350 ndash 401) 244 (224 ndash 262) 368 (343 ndash 401) 544 (518 ndash 625) 16720ndash39 years 343 (312 ndash 377) 219dagger (188 ndash 258) 335 (289 ndash 388) 530dagger (454 ndash 645) 6840ndash59 years 395 (335 ndash 465) 239dagger (206 ndash 271) 393 (339 ndash 448) 580dagger (486 ndash 148) 5660 years and older 422 (390 ndash 457) 295dagger (256 ndash 343) 417 (378 ndash 477) 566dagger (525 ndash 701) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 235a5 Plasma docosapentaenoic-3 acid (225n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 421 (401 ndash 441) 277 (261 ndash 290) 422 (404 ndash 438) 628 (600 ndash 674) 99220ndash39 years 388 (375 ndash 402) 267 (248 ndash 281) 388 (368 ndash 410) 547 (521 ndash 615) 30040ndash59 years 428 (401 ndash 457) 276 (248 ndash 301) 433 (397 ndash 470) 636 (608 ndash 680) 28060 years and older 456 (418 ndash 498) 295 (250 ndash 337) 458 (425 ndash 501) 680 (641 ndash 730) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 431 (407 ndash 456) 292 (269 ndash 312) 431 (406 ndash 453) 630 (596 ndash 669) 47220ndash39 years 415 (394 ndash 436) 275 (264 ndash 293) 423 (391 ndash 444) 564 (530 ndash 721) 12840ndash59 years 445 (411 ndash 482) 308 (271 ndash 322) 442 (397 ndash 483) 661 (616 ndash 750) 14060 years and older 430 (384 ndash 481) 295 (149 ndash 339) 427 (397 ndash 475) 602 (573 ndash 700) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 412 (393 ndash 431) 265 (245 ndash 282) 413 (388 ndash 430) 624 (592 ndash 711) 52020ndash39 years 366 (347 ndash 386) 248 (228 ndash 283) 368 (342 ndash 385) 500 (465 ndash 612) 17240ndash59 years 411 (380 ndash 446) 260 (223 ndash 277) 420 (388 ndash 466) 601 (571 ndash 730) 14060 years and older 480 (444 ndash 518) 295 (248 ndash 345) 484 (441 ndash 526) 724 (684 ndash 751) 208
288 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population288 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
36a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
ic-6
aci
d (2
25n
-6)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles (
95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
196
(18
9 ndash
204
)8
56(7
60
ndash 9
46)
980
(93
0 ndash
105
)19
3(1
86
ndash 20
1)
390
(36
1 ndash
424
)46
5(4
29
ndash 52
2)
180
8A
ge g
roup
20ndash3
9 ye
ars
195
(18
6 ndash
205
)9
15(8
17
ndash 9
51)
988
(92
5 ndash
111
)18
8(1
79
ndash 20
0)
414
(35
5 ndash
463
)47
8(4
51
ndash 54
4)
610
40ndash5
9 ye
ars
194
(18
4 ndash
204
)8
37(4
40
ndash 9
67)
980
(77
9 ndash
111
)19
0(1
83
ndash 20
5)
360
(34
5 ndash
391
)41
6(3
72
ndash 50
8)
515
60 y
ears
and
old
er20
3(1
95
ndash 21
2)
800
(58
8 ndash
884
)9
63(8
26
ndash 10
8)
205
(19
5 ndash
215
)41
4(3
79
ndash 48
4)
521
(46
8 ndash
580
)68
3G
ende
rM
ales
186
(17
7 ndash
197
)8
11(6
96
ndash 9
23)
966
(88
3 ndash
104
)18
6(1
78
ndash 19
3)
346
(32
2 ndash
405
)42
8(3
86
ndash 45
2)
865
Fem
ales
206
(19
8 ndash
214
)8
92(7
74
ndash 9
55)
995
(93
0 ndash
112
)20
5(1
92
ndash 21
7)
419
(38
5 ndash
478
)50
6(4
64
ndash 59
0)
943
Race
eth
nici
tyM
exic
an A
mer
ican
s23
5(2
10
ndash 26
2)
104
dagger(6
86
ndash 11
5)
116
(89
4 ndash
135
)22
8(1
97
ndash 27
1)
476
(44
2 ndash
560
)53
6dagger
(48
5 ndash
602
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks21
3(2
03
ndash 22
4)
927
dagger(5
89
ndash 10
3)
102
(93
5 ndash
116
)20
8(1
97
ndash 22
4)
430
(40
4 ndash
504
)50
6dagger
(45
0 ndash
632
)31
0N
on-H
ispa
nic
Whi
tes
191
(18
3 ndash
199
)8
15(7
49
ndash 9
20)
967
(85
2 ndash
106
)18
9(1
83
ndash 19
8)
360
(34
0 ndash
409
)45
2(4
07
ndash 51
4)
992
dagger Es
timat
e is
sub
ject
to g
reat
er u
ncer
tain
ty d
ue to
sm
all c
ell s
ize
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 1
0 20
30 40
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus6ac
id (μ
mol
L)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 236a Plasma docosapentaenoicminus6 acid (225nndash6) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sape
ntae
noic
minus6Pl
asm
a do
cosa
pent
aeno
icminus6
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 1
0 20
30 40
0
10
20 30
40
NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2 Fat-Soluble 1 WaterVitamins amp Nutr-Soluble Vitaminsients 289289
290 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population290 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 236a2 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 196 (189 ndash 204) 118 (114 ndash 123) 193 (186 ndash 201) 325 (314 ndash 339) 180820ndash39 years 195 (186 ndash 205) 118 (112 ndash 129) 188 (179 ndash 200) 324 (313 ndash 348) 61040ndash59 years 194 (184 ndash 204) 115 (112 ndash 121) 190 (183 ndash 205) 318 (298 ndash 342) 51560 years and older 203 (195 ndash 212) 122 (106 ndash 128) 205 (195 ndash 215) 332 (312 ndash 386) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 186 (177 ndash 197) 117 (110 ndash 123) 186 (178 ndash 193) 298 (288 ndash 321) 86520ndash39 years 184 (173 ndash 196) 121 (108 ndash 131) 180 (171 ndash 187) 296 (272 ndash 334) 28240ndash59 years 190 (177 ndash 203) 118 (106 ndash 124) 190 (176 ndash 207) 294 (281 ndash 333) 24860 years and older 184 (172 ndash 197) 104 (964 ndash 117) 187 (177 ndash 200) 312 (279 ndash 356) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 206 (198 ndash 214) 120 (113 ndash 127) 205 (192 ndash 217) 345 (330 ndash 366) 94320ndash39 years 206 (194 ndash 219) 116 (988 ndash 130) 205 (187 ndash 222) 350 (324 ndash 412) 32840ndash59 years 198 (183 ndash 213) 113 (107 ndash 121) 191 (178 ndash 217) 343 (311 ndash 364) 26760 years and older 220 (207 ndash 233) 137 (124 ndash 144) 220 (207 ndash 231) 355 (314 ndash 485) 348
Table 236a3 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 235 (210 ndash 262) 141 (115 ndash 150) 228 (197 ndash 271) 428 (389 ndash 461) 37620ndash39 years 220 (196 ndash 248) 132 (909 ndash 149) 210 (180 ndash 257) 408 (335 ndash 458) 13240ndash59 years 249 (216 ndash 287) 142dagger (850 ndash 165) 247 (206 ndash 296) 438dagger (384 ndash 526) 9360 years and older 285 (244 ndash 333) 178 (151 ndash 197) 282 (234 ndash 339) 451 (368 ndash 719) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (198 ndash 254) 137 (104 ndash 157) 212 (191 ndash 260) 387 (340 ndash 446) 18920ndash39 years 211 (185 ndash 241) 133dagger (951 ndash 154) 198 (176 ndash 232) 334dagger (290 ndash 512) 6740ndash59 years 241 (197 ndash 296) 138dagger (648 ndash 177) 245 (181 ndash 333) 425dagger (317 ndash 527) 4860 years and older 267 (229 ndash 312) 164dagger (127 ndash 192) 261 (207 ndash 332) 418dagger (353 ndash 561) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 248 (215 ndash 287) 141 (921 ndash 150) 245 (201 ndash 314) 447 (414 ndash 538) 18720ndash39 years 234 (193 ndash 282) 120dagger (852 ndash 148) 221 (150 ndash 321) 455dagger (352 ndash 104) 6540ndash59 years 258 (204 ndash 326) 144dagger (105 ndash 168) 246 (180 ndash 358) 435dagger (374 ndash 709) 4560 years and older 303 (239 ndash 383) 195dagger (143 ndash 210) 288 (224 ndash 415) 488dagger (379 ndash 719) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2911 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2912 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 236a4 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 213 (203 ndash 224) 124 (104 ndash 135) 208 (197 ndash 224) 353 (333 ndash 415) 31020ndash39 years 210 (192 ndash 228) 128 (117 ndash 134) 199 (183 ndash 235) 348 (315 ndash 508) 12640ndash59 years 215 (194 ndash 237) 121dagger (942 ndash 135) 217 (197 ndash 226) 349dagger (305 ndash 440) 9860 years and older 221 (184 ndash 266) 128dagger (589 ndash 149) 229 (176 ndash 284) 377dagger (326 ndash 457) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 200 (181 ndash 222) 117 (926 ndash 132) 198 (183 ndash 216) 348 (309 ndash 436) 14320ndash39 years 188 (172 ndash 206) 114dagger (594 ndash 134) 189 (159 ndash 199) 328dagger (276 ndash 478) 5840ndash59 years 214 (182 ndash 251) 122dagger (972 ndash 138) 217 (181 ndash 232) 329dagger (270 ndash 895) 4260 years and older 211 (156 ndash 287) 926dagger (589 ndash 155) 215 (160 ndash 317) 399dagger (322 ndash 503) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 224 (203 ndash 247) 130 (103 ndash 146) 220 (195 ndash 253) 353 (330 ndash 452) 16720ndash39 years 229 (193 ndash 272) 140dagger (993 ndash 161) 222 (184 ndash 270) 353dagger (318 ndash 100) 6840ndash59 years 216 (187 ndash 249) 111dagger (875 ndash 135) 213 (189 ndash 264) 351dagger (282 ndash 994) 5660 years and older 228 (193 ndash 269) 130dagger (721 ndash 150) 232 (174 ndash 297) 337dagger (324 ndash 477) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 236a5 Plasma docosapentaenoic-6 acid (225n-6) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 191 (183 ndash 199) 117 (110 ndash 123) 189 (183 ndash 198) 311 (294 ndash 326) 99220ndash39 years 190 (179 ndash 202) 116 (968 ndash 129) 185 (173 ndash 203) 313 (291 ndash 330) 30040ndash59 years 187 (173 ndash 203) 114 (101 ndash 126) 186 (176 ndash 196) 296 (276 ndash 333) 28060 years and older 199 (192 ndash 206) 119 (104 ndash 128) 201 (193 ndash 213) 319 (305 ndash 352) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 180 (170 ndash 191) 114 (101 ndash 123) 183 (176 ndash 190) 283 (267 ndash 308) 47220ndash39 years 177 (163 ndash 192) 115 (897 ndash 131) 175 (168 ndash 185) 274 (225 ndash 397) 12840ndash59 years 183 (169 ndash 198) 116 (823 ndash 137) 188 (169 ndash 202) 287 (259 ndash 316) 14060 years and older 181 (168 ndash 195) 104 (964 ndash 117) 186 (169 ndash 204) 299 (267 ndash 331) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 202 (193 ndash 211) 121 (112 ndash 128) 202 (186 ndash 216) 329 (313 ndash 356) 52020ndash39 years 203 (189 ndash 219) 115 (955 ndash 132) 205 (180 ndash 225) 326 (309 ndash 428) 17240ndash59 years 192 (171 ndash 214) 114 (100 ndash 125) 184 (168 ndash 219) 323 (274 ndash 372) 14060 years and older 215 (204 ndash 227) 135 (120 ndash 141) 216 (205 ndash 229) 336 (305 ndash 495) 208
292 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population292 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Tabl
e 2
37a
1 P
lasm
a do
cosa
hexa
enoi
c ac
id (2
26n
-3)
Conc
entr
atio
nsG
eom
etric
mea
n an
d se
lect
ed p
erce
ntile
s of
pla
sma
conc
entr
atio
ns (i
n microm
olL
) for
the
fast
ed U
S p
opul
atio
n ag
ed 2
0 ye
ars
and
olde
r N
atio
nal
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Exam
inat
ion
Surv
ey 2
003ndash
2004
G
eom
etri
c m
ean
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sele
cted
per
cent
iles
(95
con
f in
terv
al)
Sam
ple
size
25t
h5t
h50
th95
th97
5th
Tota
l 20
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
125
(118
ndash 1
33)
549
(52
4 ndash
578
)61
1(5
62
ndash 65
2)
121
(114
ndash 1
28)
277
(248
ndash 3
10)
323
(302
ndash 3
72)
180
8
Age
gro
up20
ndash39
year
s11
5(1
08 ndash
122
)54
3(4
55
ndash 57
3)
581
(53
6 ndash
625
)11
1(1
02 ndash
119
)25
4(2
28 ndash
316
)31
6(2
75 ndash
484
)61
040
ndash59
year
s12
5(1
15 ndash
136
)54
1(5
02
ndash 58
3)
606
(53
8 ndash
656
)12
1(1
11 ndash
136
)27
2(2
37 ndash
303
)30
5(2
90 ndash
400
)51
560
yea
rs a
nd o
lder
145
(135
ndash 1
56)
645
(54
8 ndash
704
)73
5(5
62
ndash 81
9)
142
(132
ndash 1
54)
305
(268
ndash 3
58)
373
(330
ndash 3
98)
683
Gen
der
Mal
es11
7(1
10 ndash
125
)53
9(4
93
ndash 55
7)
579
(54
0 ndash
624
)11
4(1
07 ndash
123
)25
3(2
29 ndash
299
)30
3(2
77 ndash
368
)86
5Fe
mal
es13
3(1
25 ndash
141
)57
8(4
83
ndash 63
0)
652
(56
1 ndash
720
)12
7(1
21 ndash
135
)29
3(2
58 ndash
323
)33
7(3
15 ndash
385
)94
3Ra
cee
thni
city
Mex
ican
Am
eric
ans
111
(105
ndash 1
19)
544
dagger(4
64
ndash 58
0)
588
(55
2 ndash
602
)11
1(9
98
ndash 12
3)21
1(1
91 ndash
251
)25
0dagger(2
18 ndash
342
)37
6N
on-H
ispa
nic
Blac
ks14
0(1
24 ndash
157
)64
9dagger
(47
5 ndash
724
)72
5(5
94
ndash 80
3)
133
(118
ndash 1
52)
304
(254
ndash 4
25)
348dagger
(321
ndash 4
16)
310
Non
-His
pani
c W
hite
s12
2(1
13 ndash
130
)54
7(5
13
ndash 56
2)
595
(55
0 ndash
646
)11
7(1
10 ndash
127
)25
9(2
41 ndash
294
)31
5(2
83 ndash
375
)99
2dagger
Estim
ate
is s
ubje
ct to
gre
ater
unc
erta
inty
due
to s
mal
l cel
l siz
e
2931 Water-Soluble Vitamins
20minus39 40minus59 60+
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
acid
(μm
olL
)
Overall
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Mexican Americans
Females Males
Figure 237a Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226nndash3) Concentrations by age group
Geometric mean (95 confidence interval) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
Plas
ma
doco
sahe
xaen
oic
acid
(μm
olL
) ac
id (μ
mol
L)
0 50
10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 0
50
100
150
200
250 NonminusHispanic Blacks
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Females
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
NonminusHispanic Whites
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Males
20minus39 40minus59 60+
Age (years)
Mexican Americans NonminusHispanic Blacks NonminusHispanic Whites
2932 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
294 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population294 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
Table 237a2 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Total populationGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for the fasted US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 125 (118 ndash 133) 717 (671 ndash 749) 121 (114 ndash 128) 227 (208 ndash 244) 180820ndash39 years 115 (108 ndash 122) 670 (623 ndash 716) 111 (102 ndash 119) 204 (187 ndash 234) 61040ndash59 years 125 (115 ndash 136) 701 (623 ndash 777) 121 (111 ndash 136) 217 (201 ndash 244) 51560 years and older 145 (135 ndash 156) 842 (735 ndash 943) 142 (132 ndash 154) 247 (234 ndash 268) 683MalesTotal 20 years and older 117 (110 ndash 125) 679 (625 ndash 717) 114 (107 ndash 123) 206 (189 ndash 235) 86520ndash39 years 107 (995 ndash 115) 623 (576 ndash 681) 102 (932 ndash 113) 186 (170 ndash 209) 28240ndash59 years 122 (110 ndash 135) 687 (614 ndash 744) 118 (106 ndash 135) 219 (189 ndash 296) 24860 years and older 131 (119 ndash 143) 778 (536 ndash 928) 125 (117 ndash 142) 219 (194 ndash 256) 335FemalesTotal 20 years and older 133 (125 ndash 141) 756 (687 ndash 800) 127 (121 ndash 135) 238 (223 ndash 256) 94320ndash39 years 123 (115 ndash 133) 724 (618 ndash 786) 117 (110 ndash 127) 220 (194 ndash 283) 32840ndash59 years 128 (117 ndash 138) 723 (593 ndash 794) 124 (112 ndash 143) 210 (201 ndash 256) 26760 years and older 158 (148 ndash 169) 914 (825 ndash 991) 154 (144 ndash 168) 272 (249 ndash 307) 348
Table 237a3 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Mexican AmericansGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted Mexican Americans in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 111 (105 ndash 119) 671 (578 ndash 730) 111 (998 ndash 123) 185 (165 ndash 199) 37620ndash39 years 102 (911 ndash 114) 600 (553 ndash 676) 100 (806 ndash 122) 161 (150 ndash 204) 13240ndash59 years 127 (117 ndash 137) 849dagger (566 ndash 943) 125 (112 ndash 139) 189dagger (163 ndash 266) 9360 years and older 129 (118 ndash 142) 812 (611 ndash 922) 131 (114 ndash 144) 202 (185 ndash 246) 151MalesTotal 20 years and older 107 (997 ndash 114) 648 (551 ndash 692) 104 (953 ndash 124) 165 (158 ndash 188) 18920ndash39 years 961 (858 ndash 108) 594dagger (524 ndash 671) 994 (782 ndash 119) 147dagger (136 ndash 158) 6740ndash59 years 129 (110 ndash 152) 833dagger (668 ndash 939) 127 (101 ndash 153) 194dagger (155 ndash 355) 4860 years and older 120 (109 ndash 132) 690dagger (461 ndash 901) 121 (105 ndash 143) 190dagger (159 ndash 272) 74FemalesTotal 20 years and older 118 (105 ndash 131) 688 (523 ndash 833) 116 (102 ndash 133) 191 (166 ndash 250) 18720ndash39 years 110 (905 ndash 134) 604dagger (540 ndash 737) 109 (757 ndash 150) 191dagger (158 ndash 325) 6540ndash59 years 124 (111 ndash 139) 879dagger (523 ndash 991) 119 (110 ndash 139) 173dagger (150 ndash 268) 4560 years and older 139 (115 ndash 168) 889dagger (770 ndash 107) 133 (109 ndash 164) 229dagger (183 ndash 334) 77dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
2951 Water-Soluble Vitamins 2952 Fat-Soluble Vitamins amp Nutrients
Table 237a4 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Non-Hispanic blacksGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic blacks in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 140 (124 ndash 157) 834 (724 ndash 908) 133 (118 ndash 152) 251 (207 ndash 333) 31020ndash39 years 128 (107 ndash 153) 772 (664 ndash 890) 119 (103 ndash 140) 237 (177 ndash 367) 12640ndash59 years 142 (127 ndash 159) 841dagger (699 ndash 958) 133 (119 ndash 157) 234dagger (204 ndash 374) 9860 years and older 173 (155 ndash 193) 117dagger (562 ndash 135) 173 (149 ndash 197) 258dagger (216 ndash 368) 86MalesTotal 20 years and older 129 (114 ndash 147) 724 (604 ndash 822) 124 (110 ndash 145) 233 (198 ndash 361) 14320ndash39 years 112 (899 ndash 141) 679dagger (525 ndash 761) 107 (845 ndash 140) 193dagger (143 ndash 367) 5840ndash59 years 143 (124 ndash 165) 778dagger (621 ndash 894) 131 (113 ndash 171) 283dagger (217 ndash 404) 4260 years and older 161 (138 ndash 189) 113dagger (475 ndash 127) 159 (144 ndash 175) 251dagger (195 ndash 368) 43FemalesTotal 20 years and older 148 (129 ndash 171) 962 (808 ndash 104) 136 (120 ndash 176) 254 (203 ndash 442) 16720ndash39 years 142 (118 ndash 172) 931dagger (807 ndash 988) 127 (106 ndash 186) 254dagger (191 ndash 340) 6840ndash59 years 141 (121 ndash 165) 903dagger (476 ndash 110) 132 (119 ndash 163) 208dagger (184 ndash 442) 5660 years and older 181 (162 ndash 201) 121dagger (638 ndash 136) 182 (149 ndash 213) 258dagger (222 ndash 351) 43dagger Estimate is subject to greater uncertainty due to small cell size
Table 237a5 Plasma docosahexaenoic acid (226n-3) Non-Hispanic whitesGeometric mean and selected percentiles of plasma concentrations (in micromolL) for fasted non-Hispanic whites in the US population aged 20 years and older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003ndash2004
Geometric mean
(95 conf interval)
Selected percentiles (95 conf interval) Sample size10th 50th 90th
Males and FemalesTotal 20 years and older 122 (113 ndash 130) 698 (644 ndash 745) 117 (110 ndash 127) 215 (202 ndash 235) 99220ndash39 years 111 (102 ndash 121) 652 (584 ndash 724) 110 (978 ndash 118) 201 (170 ndash 258) 30040ndash59 years 118 (108 ndash 130) 659 (553 ndash 757) 114 (106 ndash 128) 206 (181 ndash 252) 28060 years and older 142 (131 ndash 155) 842 (678 ndash 953) 136 (125 ndash 154) 244 (233 ndash 266) 412MalesTotal 20 years and older 113 (105 ndash 122) 653 (596 ndash 718) 112 (102 ndash 121) 198 (178 ndash 229) 47220ndash39 years 102 (944 ndash 110) 608 (548 ndash 681) 961 (844 ndash 113) 180 (157 ndash 212) 12840ndash59 years 115 (103 ndash 128) 649 (537 ndash 735) 113 (978 ndash 127) 194 (167 ndash 303) 14060 years and older 128 (116 ndash 142) 770 (493 ndash 930) 121 (113 ndash 141) 213 (188 ndash 254) 204FemalesTotal 20 years and older 130 (120 ndash 140) 744 (653 ndash 790) 124 (116 ndash 133) 229 (209 ndash 259) 52020ndash39 years 121 (109 ndash 134) 724 (543 ndash 792) 114 (104 ndash 127) 204 (178 ndash 315) 17240ndash59 years 122 (111 ndash 133) 680 (525 ndash 789) 120 (106 ndash 139) 207 (188 ndash 244) 14060 years and older 156 (142 ndash 170) 895 (810 ndash 974) 150 (132 ndash 174) 274 (243 ndash 330) 208
296 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population296 2nd National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition in the US Population
ReferencesAstrupADyerbergJElwoodPHermansenKHuFBJakobsenMUetalTheroleofreducingintakesofsaturatedfatinthepreventionofcardiovasculardiseasewheredoestheevidencestandin2010AmJClinNutr201193684ndash688
CleemanJIGrundySMBeckerDClarkLTCooperRSDenkeMAetalExecutivesummaryoftheThirdReportoftheNationalCholesterolEducationProgram(NCEP)expertpanelondetectionevaluationandtreatmentofhighbloodcholesterolinadults(AdultTreatmentPanelIII)JAMA2001285(19)2486ndash2497
HarrisWSMozaffarianDRimmEKris-EthertonPRudelLLAppelLJetalOmega-6fattyacidsandriskforcardiovasculardiseaseascienceadvisoryfromtheAmericanHeartAssociationNutritionSubcommitteeoftheCouncilonNutritionPhysicalActivityandMetabolismCouncilonCardiovascularNursingandCouncilonEpidemiologyandPreventionCirculation2009119902ndash907
HodsonLSkeaffCMFieldingBAFattyacidcompositionofadiposetissueandbloodinhumansanditsuseasabiomarkerofdietaryintakeProgressinLipidResearch200847348ndash80
HuFBArerefinedcarbohydratesworsethansaturatedfatAmJClinNutr2010911541-2
InstituteofMedicineFoodandNutritionBoardDietaryreferenceintakesforenergycarbohydratefiberfatfattyacidscholesterolproteinandaminoacidsWashingtonDCNationalAcademyPress2005
InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute8theditionPresentKnowledgeinNutritionWashingtonDCILSIPress2001
JakobsenMUOrsquoReillyEJHeitmannBLPereiraMABaumllterKFraserGEetalMajortypesofdietaryfatandriskofcoronaryheartdiseaseapooledanalysisof11cohortstudiesAmJClinNutr2009891425ndash1432
JakobsenMUDethlefsenCJoensenAMSteggerJTjonnelandASchmidtEBOvervadKIntakeofcarbohydratescomparedwithintakeofsaturatedfattyacidsandriskofmyocardialinfarctionimportanceoftheglycemicindexAmJClinNutr2010911764ndash1768
Kris-EthertonPMHarrisWSAppelLJfortheNutritionCommitteeFishconsumptionfishoilomega-3fattyacidsandcardiovasculardiseaseCirculation20021062747ndash2757
LagerstedtSAHinrichsDRBattSMMageraMJRinaldoPMcConnellJPQuantitativedeterminationofplasmaC8-C26totalfattyacidsforthebiochemicaldiagnosisofnutritionalandmetabolicdisordersMolGenetMetab20017338ndash45
LichtensteinAHFatsandoilsInBenjaminCedEncyclopediaofHumanNutritionOxfordElsevier2005pp177ndash186
MichaRMozaffarianDSaturatedfatandcardiometabolicriskfactorscoronaryheartdiseasestrokeanddiabetesafreshlookattheevidenceLipids201045893ndash905
SunQMaJCamposHHankinsonSEHuFBComparisonbetweenplasmaanderythrocytefattyacidcontentasbiomarkersoffattyacidintakeinUSwomenAmJClinNutr20078674ndash81
USDepartmentofAgricultureandUSDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesDietaryGuidelinesforAmericans20107thEditionWashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOfficeDecember2010[cited2011]AvailableathttpwwwcnppusdagovDGAs2010-PolicyDocumenthtm
USNationalInstitutesofHealthNationalCancerInstituteSourcesofSaturatedFatStearicAcidampCholesterolRaisingFatamongtheUSPopulation2005ndash06RiskFactorMonitoringandMethodsBranchWebsiteAppliedResearchProgramUpdatedDecember212010aAvailableathttpriskfactorcancergovdietfoodsourcessat_fat
USNationalInstitutesofHealthNationalCancerInstituteSourcesofSelectedFattyAcidsamongtheUSPopulation2005ndash06RiskFactorMonitoringandMethodsBranchWebsiteAppliedResearchProgramUpdatedDecember212010bAvailableathttpriskfactorcancergovdietfoodsourcesfatty_acids
ZelmanKThegreatfatdebateAcloserlookatthecontroversy-Questioningthevalidityofage-olddietaryguidanceJAmDietAssoc2011111(5)655ndash658