2. city life and rise of labor (website)
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City Life
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Tenement Housing
Urban Poor live in Tenements:
low cost apartment buildings denselypacked with residents
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Tenement Housing
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Problems: Tenement Housing
Poor sanitation (open sewers)
Poor air quality (coal heat)
Rapid spread of contagious diseases
Cholera, TB, Typhoid, Malaria, YellowFever, etc.
Risk of FIRE
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Great Chicago Fire (1871)
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Great Chicago Fire (1871)
18,000 buildings burn
100,000 homeless
250 die
$2 billion damage(2012 dollars)
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Workforce Changes
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Women in the Workforce
Low wages mean one person cannotsupport family ($2-$3 per day)
Women enter industrial workforce:
Excluded from skilled or high paying jobs
Paid less than men for similar work
Operate simple machines Piecework
Garment work is popular
Also clerical 2700% increase by 1910
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Women in the Workforce
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Women in the Workforce
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Child Labor
Children work out of NECESSITY
Expected to pay for own basic needs
and help support siblings
2 million children under age 15 work
No time for education
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Why Hire Children?
Value small bodies to fit in smallplaces (Mining)
Value small hands for intricate work(Sewing)
Pay less than Adults!!
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Mining
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Factory Work
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Coal Mining
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Working Conditions
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Working Conditions Difficult
Long hours (12 hr days common) Poor pay ($2-$3 per day for men)
No job security
Work is repetitious and monotonous
Frederick Taylors Principles of ScientificManagement
Increase efficiency via division of labor
Workers lose focus
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Working Conditions Difficult
Workplaces very dangerous
Speed valued over worker safety
675 US workers killed per week No benefits to family if worker dies
Sweatshops: Dimly lit, poorly ventilatedfactories
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Workers who complain are simplyfired and replaced.
Workers Complain at Own Peril
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Rise of Organized Labor
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Workers band together to makedemands of employers as a group.
Harder to replaceALL experiencedworkers than ONE worker who seeksreform
Form Labor Unions
Workers Unite
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Noble Order of the Knights of Labor
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Noble Order of the Knights of Labor
Uriah S. Stephens1869
Terrence V. Powderly1879
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Open to all workers (skilled and unskilled)
Peaked at 700,000 members in 1885
Included women and African-Americans
Claimed not to want strikes
Political/Public Awareness Boycotts
Biggest victory came via strike
Noble Order of the Knights of Labor
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SW RR cuts worker pay
KoL organizes strike
Gains:
Old wages back in place
30 day notificationbefore wage cuts
Time and a half pay forovertime
1885 Southwestern Railroad Strike
Jay GouldOwner Southwestern RR
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1. 8 hour work day
2. Equal Pay regardless of Race or
Gender3. Improved Working Conditions
4. Limits on Child Labor
5. End to Prison Contract Labor
Knights of Labor: 5 Goals
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Series of Failed Strikes after 1885 SW RRstrike never achieved goals
Public turns against them afterHaymarketRiot.
Basically gone by 1890.
Demise of Knights of Labor
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Haymarket Riot
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Lead up to Riot
May 1, 1886 - National protest for 8 hourwork day
Strikes follow, including ChicagoMcCormick Reaper Factory (KoL)
May 3, 1886 police break up fightsbetween strikers and scabs
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May 4, 1886
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May 4, 1886
Knights of Labor prominent in organizing rally
Anarchists join workers in Haymarket Square
When speeches begin to advocate disobeying laws,police step in to disperse crowd
Bomb thrown into police ranks
Police and crowd open fire on each other
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May 4, 1886
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Aftermath
7 Police die 60 wounded
4 protesters die 70 wounded
8 anarchists put on trial 7 sentenced to death
Public Relations disaster for KoL:
People view them as radical and violent
Associate KoL with anarchists
Craft members flea to AF of L
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American Federation of Labor
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AF of L
Founded in 1886 bySamuel Gompers
Only White Males
Only skilled workers incertain crafts
Only major early union to
survive into 20th
Century
8 million members by1955
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AF of L
Favored Collective Bargaining:
Unions negotiating with employer to setterms for all workers
Only strike:
after collective bargaining fails; if union has money to support
workers.
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1. 8 hour work day
2. Higher pay
3. Improved Working Conditions
4. END of Child Labor
5. Limits on Immigration
6. Injury Benefits
AF of L: 6 Goals
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Industrial Workers of the World
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IWW a.k.a. Wobblies
Big Bill Haywood Eugene V. Debs
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Congress of Industrial Organizations
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C I O
Founded in 1938 byJohn L. Lewis
All workers - skilled or
unskilled - in a given industry
Autoworkers, Steelworkers,etc.
Goals are higher pay andfringe benefits
6 million members by 1955
AFL CIO ( )
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AFL-CIO (1955)
AF of L and CIOMerge
Total 14 million
members
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Reactions to Unions
Management Opposition
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Management Opposition
Refuse Recognition/Bargaining
Blacklists
Yellow-dog contracts
Lockouts
Scabs
Pinkertons
Injunctions
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Strikes
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1877 R il d St ik
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1877 Railroad Strike
US in depression starting 1873
RRs cut wages to $1 per day
Baltimore and Ohio RR (B&O) cutswages again on July 14, 1877
others follow suit
Strikes break out across nation (all
RRs)
1877 R il d St ik Pitt b h
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1877 Railroad Strike - Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania RR workers riot inPittsburgh
National Guard troops brought in
to put down riots
1877 R il d St ik Pitt b h
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1877 Railroad Strike - Pittsburgh
1877 R il d St ik Pitt b h
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1877 Railroad Strike - Pittsburgh
President Hayes sends in federaltroops to put down riots
Sets pro-management precedent
that feds will side against labor
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1892 Homestead Strike
1892 H t d St ik
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1892 Homestead Strike
Henry Clay Frick
Amalgamated Association ofIron and Steel Workers (AA)represents 800 of 3800workers
CBA Expires
Frick proposes wagereductions says will bargainfor 29 days and then cease torecognize union
No agreement reached -LOCKOUT
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1892 Homestead Strike
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1892 Homestead Strike
14 hour battle
3 Pinkertons 9 workers die
Pinkertons surrender
Governor calls in State Militia to put down workerrevolt
All strikers blacklisted replacement workers hired
Union-Free until 1930s (US Steel)
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1894 Pullman Strike
1894 Pullman Strike
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1894 Pullman Strike
George Pullman
Maker of RR sleeping cars
IL workers live in company
town
Wages cut rents and costsof goods NOT cut.
140,000 American Railway
Union workers refuse towork on trains pullingPullman cars
1894 Pullman Strike
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1894 Pullman Strike
Shutdown of Western RRs stops delivery
of US Mail
Attorney General uses Sherman AntitrustAct to get injunction forcing strikers backto work
Federal troops sent to force workers toobey
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1902 Coal Strike(Turning Point)
1902 Coal Strike
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1902 Coal Strike
United Mine Workers strike for better wages
and shorter hours
President TR fears coal shortage for winter
Heating Fuel
Threatens to take over coal fields with Army ifsides do not submit to binding arbitration
Neutral stance by Federal Govt